US8759024B2 - Process for the production of riboflavin - Google Patents

Process for the production of riboflavin Download PDF

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US8759024B2
US8759024B2 US13/139,896 US200913139896A US8759024B2 US 8759024 B2 US8759024 B2 US 8759024B2 US 200913139896 A US200913139896 A US 200913139896A US 8759024 B2 US8759024 B2 US 8759024B2
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ccpc
riboflavin
microorganism
nucleic acid
gene
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US20110312026A1 (en
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Florian Kirchner
Klaus Mauch
Joachim Schmid
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DSM IP Assets BV
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
    • C12P25/00—Preparation of compounds containing alloxazine or isoalloxazine nucleus, e.g. riboflavin
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/195—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from bacteria
    • C07K14/32—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from bacteria from Bacillus (G)

Definitions

  • the invention relates to processes and means for the biotechnologically fermentative production of riboflavin (hereinafter also referred to as vitamin B2) and means for the implementation of this process, in particular a modified microbial host cell with increased riboflavin yield.
  • the invention thus provides new processes and means for the regulation of the expression of enzyme activities involved in the riboflavin production of the host cell.
  • Riboflavin is a precursor molecule of flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). These are essential cofactors for a large number of enzymatic redox reactions in biological cells and organisms. Riboflavin is thus an important additive in the food and animal feed industry. In microorganisms and plants, riboflavin is as a rule synthesized via seven enzymatic reactions from guanosine triphosphate (GTP) from the purine metabolism and ribulose-5-phosphate from the pentose phosphate pathway.
  • GTP guanosine triphosphate
  • riboflavin are produced biotechnologically in various microorganisms.
  • the most important host organisms are bacilli, in particular Bacillus subtilis .
  • Bacillus subtilis Apart from these, other microbial cells, including lower eukaryotes, are also used. Examples are the organisms Eremothecium ashbyii, Ashbya gossypii and Candida famata.
  • CcpC has a positive influence on the riboflavin production rate.
  • CcpC belongs to the family of the LysR transcription factors and is known to regulate genes which code for enzyme activities of the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA), above all citB and citZ.
  • TCA tricarboxylic acid cycle
  • CcpC tricarboxylic acid cycle
  • the riboflavin yield is directly dependent on the activity and/or intracellular concentration of the transcription factor CcpC.
  • Reduced activity of CcpC leads to an increase in the yield. This effect was surprising and not foreseeable from the state of the art, since the enzyme activities in the TCA known to be regulated by CcpC have no direct connection with the metabolic pathways of riboflavin synthesis.
  • biomass production that is in particular the growth rate of the cells modified according to the invention, in particular CcpC-depleted cells, for example ccpC knockout transformants of Bacillus subtilis , remains essentially unchanged.
  • the present invention thus relates to a modified riboflavin-producing cell or cell line, prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell, in particular a microbial cell, which is characterized in that the activity or concentration of the transcription factor of the CcpC type and/or a homolog or ortholog thereof present and/or expressed in the cell is modified, in particular reduced. Through this modification the cell or cell line is enabled for increased riboflavin production.
  • a modified riboflavin-producing microorganism wherein the expression and/or the activity of the transcription factor of the CcpC type is reduced, preferably by at least 25%, in comparison to a non-modified or wild type microorganism.
  • the aforesaid cell or cell line is modified such that the gene coding for CcpC is either not expressed at all (suppression of expression) or at least exhibits reduced expression (underexpression), which leads to absent or decreased/reduced activity of the CcpC protein in said cell/cell line.
  • the cell/cell line is preferably a CcpC-depleted mutant or transformant, in particular a knockout mutant of at least one gene coding for CcpC and/or a homolog and/or ortholog thereof.
  • Reduced is understood to mean both decreased and in particular absent activity of the CcpC protein, or a homolog or ortholog thereof, in its function as a transcription factor, and also decreased and in particular absent expression of the ccpC gene or a homolog or ortholog thereof, which as a result leads to a low copy number or concentration of the gene product CcpC in the cell, in particular a CcpC-depleted cell.
  • Reduced expression is understood to mean a decrease by at least 25%, preferably at least 50, 75, 80, 90, 95, 98 or 100% based on the expression of the ccpC gene in a non-modified (CcpC wild type) cell/cell line. This reduction relates both to the activity of the gene and also the corresponding gene product.
  • ccpC gene and/or its gene product is suppressed, “knocked-out” or its function (activity) impaired, in particular in comparison to the CcpC wild type, as it is expressed for example in bacilli, preferably in the organism Bacillus subtilis.
  • Suitable processes are for example a Northern blot or the use of “gene chip” processes for the measurement of the activity of the ccpC gene and a Western blot by means of specific antibodies against CcpC or a quantitative “2-D SDS-PAGE gel” for the determination of the protein concentration in the cell.
  • the activity of a transcription factor, in particular CcpC can also be determined indirectly via “gel shift” experiments wherein the quantity of bound CcpC at the corresponding binding sites of the gene to be regulated, such as for example citB or citZ, is measured.
  • Suitable cells or cell lines for the implementation of the present invention are all known riboflavin-producing cells in which the expression of the ccpC gene or homolog or ortholog thereof can be reduced.
  • Examples are prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells, preferably Gram negative or Gram positive bacteria, in particular a microbial cell such as for example Bacillus, Corynebacterium or Pseudomonas .
  • Preferred are cells of the genus Bacillus , e.g.
  • Bacillus anthracis Bacillus cereus, Bacillus stearothermophilus, Bacillus halodurans, Bacillus amyloliquifaciens or Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus subtilis being particularly preferred, such as for example B. subtilis 168.
  • a particularly preferred host cell which is suitable for the present invention is B. subtilis RB50::[pRF69] n , which comprises multiple copies (e.g. ca. 5 to ca. 20 copies) of the plasmid pRF69, which codes for a modified riboflavin (rib) operon, wherein the modification consists in the insertion of a strong promoter P spo15 , which results in the intensification of the transcription of the riboflavin genes (see for example EP 405370 and Perkins et al., J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 22:8-18, 1999 for the construction of the strain and the culturing conditions for increasing the riboflavin synthesis).
  • rib riboflavin
  • subtilis RB 50 and the plasmid pRF69 are respectively deposited in accordance with the provisions of the Budapest Treaty at the “Agricultural Research Culture Collection” (NRRL), Peoria, Ill., USA, Culture Collection Division under the number (“accession number”) B 18502 and at the “American Type Culture Collection” (ATCC), P.O. Box 1549, Manassas, Va. 20108 USA under the number (“accession number”) ATCC 68338.
  • the modification in the ccpC gene is effected in a strain of the genus Bacillus , in particular Bacillus subtilis .
  • Bacillus subtilis particularly preferred here is a Bacillus strain as host cell, in particular B. subtilis strain, deregulated in the riboflavin operon. Examples of a deregulated riboflavin operon are known and include so-called “ribO” and “ribC” mutations.
  • the deregulation causes intensified gene expression of the rib genes.
  • a host cell in particular Bacillus subtilis , wherein the gene which codes for the transcription regulator Spo0A is (over)expressed.
  • the present invention is implemented in B. subtilis RB50 which is mutated to the effect that an active form of the spo0A gene is expressed.
  • microorganisms suitable for the present invention are publicly available via for example the following deposition sites: German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures (DSMZ), Inhoffenstrasse 7B, D-38124 Brunswick, Germany, “NITE Biological Resource Center”, 2-5-8, Kazusakamatari, Kisarazu-shi, Chiba, 292-0818, Japan (previously known as “Institute for Fermentation”, Osaka (IFO), 17-85, Juso-honmachi 2-chome, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 532-8686, Japan) or the “ Bacillus Genetic Stock Center” (BGSC), The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 USA.
  • the aforesaid microorganisms also include synonyms and basonyms with the same physiological properties, which are laid down by the “International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes”.
  • the nomenclature of the microorganisms in the present invention is that which was officially accepted by the “International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes and the Bacteriology and Applied Microbiology Division of the International Union of Microbiological Societies” and was officially published in the “International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology” (IJSEM) at the time of the priority application.
  • the invention relates to mutated and in particular non-functional genes.
  • the invention relates to mutated and in particular non-functional transcripts therefrom.
  • the invention also relates to mutated and in particular non-functional polypeptides therefrom.
  • Such mutated structures are in the sense of the invention particularly suitable in order to provide genetically modified host cells wherein the function of the CcpC wild type or a homolog or ortholog thereof is reduced or inhibited.
  • an essential element of the teaching according to the invention is to reduce the effective, that is active, concentration of the ccpC gene, the CcpC transcript or the translated transcription factor in the cell in order to increase the riboflavin biosynthesis in a host cell.
  • concentration of the ccpC gene, the CcpC transcript or the translated transcription factor in the cell in order to increase the riboflavin biosynthesis in a host cell.
  • the reduction of the activity and/or the intracellular concentration of CcpC or homologs or orthologs thereof can be achieved in a manner known per se.
  • Those skilled in the art know biotechnological processes and means appropriate for obtaining so-called CcpC-depleted or ccpC knockout mutants or transformants. The invention is therefore not limited to the preferred variants and embodiments described in more detail herein.
  • mutation is understood to mean any genetic modification, that is in particular modification at the molecular level, of a nucleic acid molecule which leads to a non-functional “mutated” gene product.
  • it is understood to mean a change in the genome of a microorganism, which interferes with the synthesis of the gene product, that is herein with the synthesis of the transcription factor of the CcpC type and/or leads to the expression of a “mutated” or modified polypeptide, which has a changed “mutated” amino acid sequence and the function whereof has been partly or completely lost in comparison to the CcpC wild type.
  • a mutation according to the invention in the gene or in the gene product leads to changes in at least one step in the expression selected from transcription, translation and if applicable post-translational modification.
  • This mutation is preferably selected from: point mutation, deletion, substitution, insertion and inversion of at least one nucleotide within the gene sequence.
  • the measures for the genetic mutation are however not limited to these preferred embodiments. Those skilled in the art know further possibilities for placing mutations in a gene.
  • the purpose of the mutations according to the invention is the suppression of the expression of at least one gene coding for CcpC.
  • a purpose connected therewith is the expression of a modified transcription factor which compared to the wild type displays a decreased activity, in particular regulatory activity, in the cell.
  • the “mutation” relates not only to the direct modification of the coding sequence of a gene, but also to the modification of other structures or sequences which are connected with expression. These preferably include structures of the operon of the gene, in particular regulating structures, preferably selected from promoters, regulators, operators, transcription factor binding sites, terminators and cofactors thereof, without wishing to be limited exclusively thereto.
  • function particularly in connection with the terms “function-relevant”, “function-analogous” and “functioning”, is understood to mean the transcription factor function of the CcpC wild type, or a homolog or ortholog thereof for the regulation of the expression of operons or genes, which has an operator structure to which the transcription factor binds.
  • the function of a protein, in particular of a transcription factor such as for example CcpC, is according to the invention also expressed as activity, where the transcription factor function of the CcpC wild type corresponds to a transcription factor activity of 100%.
  • a subject matter of the invention is an isolated nucleic acid molecule which represents the ccpC gene, and homologs and orthologs thereof.
  • the invention relates in particular to this gene as represented in the nucleotide sequence SEQ ID No.:1 and as it occurs for example in the organism Bacillus subtilis .
  • the invention also relates to the gene product thereof (CcpC protein), represented for example by the amino acid sequence SEQ ID No.:2.
  • the gene ccpC is in particular part of an operon in one of the aforesaid suitable host cells, preferably in Bacillus subtilis .
  • CcpC sequences are known to those skilled in the art, for example performing a “BLAST” search in a suitable database such as for example EMBL, Genbank, SwissProt, etc. These sequences serve as CcpC wild type, which are then modified according to the present invention, which in an appropriate host organism leads to an increase in the riboflavin biosynthesis.
  • a microorganism which contains this wild type sequence is referred to in connection with the present invention as a wild type microorganism.
  • the invention thus relates to a—preferably isolated—mutated (modified) nucleic acid molecule, which codes for a “mutated” transcription factor, which is in particular derived from the CcpC type or a homolog or ortholog thereof, where the non-mutated (wild type) nucleic acid molecule is selected from the group consisting of:
  • nucleic acid molecules which comprise or consist of the nucleotide sequence SEQ ID No.:1;
  • nucleic acid molecules which code for a polyamino acid molecule (protein) comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence SEQ ID No.:2;
  • nucleic acid molecules which under stringent conditions hybridize with one of the nucleic acid molecules of a) or b);
  • nucleic acid molecules according to a) or b), which code for proteins with the function/activity of a transcription factor of the CcpC type, where the mutated nucleic acid molecule exhibits at least one genetic mutation which leads to reduced activity of the CcpC protein in comparison to the activity of the CcpC wild type.
  • the ccpC gene is completely knocked out (so-called knockout mutation).
  • a further subject matter of the invention is a polyamino acid molecule (protein or polypeptide), preferably a molecule present as isolated, selected from the group consisting of:
  • the protein of a) to d) is the wild type CcpC, which—as described above—is modified, which results in a reduction of the activity as transcription factor.
  • the invention also relates to such nucleic acid molecules or proteins which exhibit considerable sequence identity, that is in particular considerable “homology”, towards those in the preferred SEQ ID No.:1 or SEQ ID No.:2 respectively.
  • this is understood to mean a homology of at least 70%, preferably at least 75%, particularly preferably at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95% and at least 98% sequence identity.
  • the sequence relates to identity to SEQ ID No.:1 or SEQ ID No.:2 respectively over the whole length.
  • the aforesaid sequence identity relates exclusively to the function-relevant regions of the sequences SEQ ID No.:1 and SEQ ID No.:2. Examples of such regions are the DNA binding domains in the ccpC gene. Those skilled in the art know programs for identifying these gene regions.
  • hybridization under “stringent conditions” can be understood as one criterion.
  • stringent conditions reference is made to the known technical context as described for example in Maniatis et al., 1989: “Molecular cloning, a laboratory manual”, 2 nd Edition, Cold Spring Harbours Laboratory, N.Y. “Stringent conditions” are dependent on the actual sequence. As a rule, this is understood to mean a hybridization temperature which is 5 to 10 K lower than the melting point of a specific sequence, at which 50% sequence-identical complementary probes hybridize to the target sequence. Conditions under which nucleic acid sequences of at least 50%, 60, 70% or particularly preferably of at least 80%, most preferably of at least 85% to 90%, in particular of at least 95% are homologous to one another are preferred.
  • the reaction is performed in 6 ⁇ sodium chloride/sodium citrate (SSC) at ca. 45° C. with subsequent washing in 1 ⁇ SSC, 0.1% SDS at 50° C., preferably 55° C., particularly preferably 60° C., especially preferably at 65° C.
  • SSC sodium chloride/sodium citrate
  • “highly stringent conditions” for example comprise an incubation for 2 hours to 4 days at 42° C.
  • DIG-labeled probe prepared for example by means of the “DIG labeling system”, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, 68298 Mannheim, Germany
  • a solution such as for example “DigEasyHyb solution” (Roche Diagnostics GmbH) and the optional addition of 100 ⁇ g/ml salmon sperm nucleic acid, or in a solution containing 50% formamide, 5 ⁇ SSC, 0.02% SDS, 0.1% N-laurylsarcosine and 2% “blocking reagent” (Roche Diagnostics GmbH), followed by washing twice for 5 to 15 minutes in 2 ⁇ SSC, 0.1% SDS at room temperature and washing twice for 15 to 30 minutes in 0.5 ⁇ SSC, 0.1% SDS or in 0.1 ⁇ SSC, 0.1% SDS at 65 to 68° C.
  • both sequences are adjusted for the optimal comparison (thus for example gaps are introduced into one sequence for the optimal alignment of the two sequences).
  • the nucleotides at corresponding positions are then compared. If a position in the first nucleic acid sequence is occupied by the same nucleotide at the corresponding position in the second sequence, both molecules are identical at this position, which corresponds to a homology or identity of 100%.
  • the sequences to be compared preferably have the same length.
  • GAP Garnier-Prot al.
  • orthologs should be understood to mean genes of different genera which have all arisen starting from one common original gene. Normally, the function of these orthologous genes is conserved during evolution. The identification of orthologs is important in order to be able to make a reliable prediction of gene function in previously unsequenced genomes.
  • the invention provides the modification, in particular reducing the activity, of the binding affinity of the transcription factor CcpC, or a homolog or ortholog thereof, and/or the interaction thereof with an operon of the regulated gene, in particular the transcription factor binding structure, and/or of a cofactor thereof, such that modified or “mutated” gene products derived from CcpC, or homologs or orthologs thereof, i.e. proteins, are obtained showing decreased or no binding activity and/or interaction with the operator structures which are connected with the regulated gene or operon.
  • this is carried out by direct genetic modification of the original ccpC gene (wild type) or homologs or orthologs thereof, so that a gene product with a modified “mutated” amino acid sequence is obtained, in particular with a modified protein structure.
  • this is carried out by modifying at least one process, selected from transcription, translation and if applicable post-translational processing, particularly preferred modification of at least one molecular structure connected with these processes or of a cofactor for these.
  • This is in particular effected by use of at least one structure or of a construct, which binds and/or inactivates the structure or sequence involved in at least one of these processes.
  • This structure or the construct is preferably selected from antisense constructs and antibodies, without being exclusively limited thereto.
  • the activity and/or concentration of the transcription factor CcpC, or homologs or orthologs thereof is directly reduced by means of specific inhibitors.
  • specific inhibitors are antisense constructs of the CcpC gene, or homologs or orthologs thereof, or of other structurally related nucleic acid molecules according to the invention, which are transiently or stably introduced into the host cell in a manner known per se and which are expressed therein.
  • the invention provides the modification, in particular reduction of concentration/activity, i.e. in particular the copy number, of expression of the transcription factor CcpC and its homologs or orthologs, respectively, and/or if necessary the expression of a Co-factor thereof, in particular to reduce or completely suppress said expression.
  • this is effected by direct genetic modification of the operon of the ccpC gene or homologs or orthologs thereof.
  • the modification of the promoter controlling the expression of the gene is provided for this, and preferably such that underexpression occurs or the expression does not occur at all, in other words is “knocked out”.
  • this is effected by modulating at least one process, selected from transcription, translation and if applicable post-translational processing, preferably in particular of at least one molecular structure connected with these processes or of a cofactor for these.
  • modulating at least one process selected from transcription, translation and if applicable post-translational processing, preferably in particular of at least one molecular structure connected with these processes or of a cofactor for these.
  • These include in particular knockout mutations, which can for example be obtained by means of homologous recombination, and also the use of antisense constructs in a manner known per se.
  • nucleic acids or antisense constructs according to the invention can be introduced into the host cell by generally known methods.
  • Preferred methods are the disintegration of the cell wall and/or membrane of the host cell preferably by electroporation, detergents or analogous means and alternatively or preferably in addition by ballistic processes (e.g. “gene gun”) or analogous processes, without the invention being limited to these processes and means.
  • one aspect of the invention is an externally and in particular synthetically produced DNA or RNA molecule with a nucleotide sequence according to the invention in antisense orientation, which can be introduced into the host cell.
  • This in particular includes vectors which comprise one or more copies of this nucleic acid molecule in antisense orientation.
  • a preferred embodiment of the invention is a modified microbial cell which is modified for suppression of the expression of CcpC, or homologs or orthologs thereof.
  • the cell is modified for underexpression of CcpC, or homologs or orthologs thereof.
  • the cell is a knockout mutant of at least one gene which codes for CcpC.
  • the invention thus also includes modified cells which are knockout mutants of homologs of the CcpC coding gene of Bacillus subtilis .
  • the invention thus also includes knockout mutants of orthologs of the CcpC coding gene of Bacillus subtilis .
  • the invention also includes knockout mutants of other function-analogs of CcpC and the gene(s) thereof.
  • the genetic modification takes place at least one and preferably several binding structures and fragments thereof of the CcpC transcription factor.
  • These are preferably the operator structures of the genes regulated by CcpC in the host cell. Regulated genes are in particular citB and citZ, without the invention being intended to be limited thereto.
  • the binding of the transcription factor to the operator should be prevented or decreased, so that the regulating effect with regard to the transcription of the gene occurs to a reduced extent or not at all.
  • Binding sequences of the regulated genes citB and citZ and in the ccpC gene itself are for example published/referenced in the “database of transcriptional regulation in Bacillus subtilis ” (DBTBS; see http://dbtbs.hgc.jp/).
  • Examples of known binding sequences in regulatory sequences of the ccpC gene itself are located at position ⁇ 10 to +15 (SEQ ID No.:3), in particular position ⁇ 5 to +10 (SEQ ID No.:8), relative to the start codon.
  • Known binding sequences of citB are located at position ⁇ 75 to ⁇ 52 (SEQ ID No.:4), in particular position ⁇ 73 to ⁇ 68 (SEQ ID No.:9) or position ⁇ 64 to ⁇ 60 (SEQ ID No.:10), and at position ⁇ 35 to ⁇ 22 (SEQ ID No.:5) or position ⁇ 35 to ⁇ 17 (SEQ ID No.:11), in particular position ⁇ 27 to ⁇ 22 (SEQ ID No.:12), relative to the start codon, and known binding sequences of citZ are located at position ⁇ 11 to +5 (SEQ ID No.:6), in particular position ⁇ 11 to ⁇ 8 (SEQ ID No.:13), and at position +21 to +44 (SEQ ID No.:7), in particular position +23 to +26 (SEQ ID No.:14) or position +34 to +37 (SEQ ID No.:15), relative to the start codon.
  • the aforesaid known binding sequences and the corresponding operons are listed in table 1.
  • the present invention thus relates to a modified host cell which contains a modification/mutation in the ccpC gene which leads to reduced expression of the gene (see above).
  • the host cell can also be modified such that it comprises a modification/mutation in a binding sequence for the ccpC gene product, preferably in one of the binding sequences described above according to SEQ ID No.:3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 or 15, whereby the binding of CcpC is reduced.
  • This reduced binding should be understood as reduced activity of CcpC, as described above, a reduced activity of at least 25% in comparison to the activity of the wild type being preferred, which corresponds to binding reduced by at least 25%.
  • the invention also relates to the use of transcripts thereof and the proteins synthesizable therefrom and antisense constructs thereof for regulating, in particular increasing, the riboflavin synthesis in host cells in the sense of the teaching described herein.
  • Processes for the introduction of mutations and subsequent measurement of the binding activity such as for example the implementation of a “gel-shift” experiment or of a “footprint” experiment (see e.g. Maniatis et al., 1989: “Molecular cloning, a laboratory manual”, 2 nd Edition, Cold Spring Harbours Laboratory, N.Y.), are known to those skilled in the art.
  • the invention also relates to molecules binding to the aforesaid molecules and structures.
  • Such molecules are suitable according to the invention for modifying, in particular suppressing, the function or activity of CcpC, or the homologs or orthologs.
  • Preferably such molecules bind to at least one of the structures or molecules definable by the nucleotide sequences, selected from SEQ ID No.:1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, and SEQ ID No.:15, in particular operator structures.
  • the binding molecules are specific antibodies against the structures thus definable.
  • a subject matter of the invention is a, monoclonal or polyclonal, antibody, which can bind specifically to one according to the aforesaid polyamino acid sequences or molecules.
  • binding of the antibody to CcpC binding of the transcription factor to the operator sequences in the genes to be regulated, such as for example citB or citZ, is prevented.
  • the modified nucleic acid molecules and modified host cells described above are used for increasing riboflavin synthesis.
  • the present invention thus also relates to a process for the biotechnological synthesis of riboflavin, which in particular includes the following steps:
  • a particular aspect of the invention is the fermentative production of riboflavin by means of the aforesaid modified host cells.
  • riboflavin includes both riboflavin, and also flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and precursor molecules thereof (“precursors”), derivatives and/or salts of riboflavin, FMN or FAD.
  • precursors precursor molecules thereof
  • salts are in particular riboflavin-5-phosphate and sodium riboflavin-5-phosphate.
  • Precursor molecules and derivatives of riboflavin, FMN or FAD include for example DRAPP, 5-amino-6-ribosylamino-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione-5′-phosphate, 2,5-diamino-6-ribitylamino-4 (3H)-pyrimidinone-5′-phosphate, 5-amino-6-ribitylamino-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione-5′-phosphate, 5-amino-6-ribitylamino-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione, 6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine (DMRL) and flavoproteins.
  • DRAPP 5-amino-6-ribosylamino-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione-5′-phosphate
  • 2,5-diamino-6-ribitylamino-4 (3H)-pyrimidinone-5′-phosphate 3,5-di
  • Suitable carbon sources can be selected from compounds with 3, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, for example. D-glucose, glycerin, “thick juice”, dextrose, starch, saccharose or ribose. Preferably the carbon source is D-glucose.
  • D-glucose glycerin
  • glycerin glycerin
  • thick juice dextrose
  • starch starch
  • saccharose or ribose ribose
  • the carbon source is D-glucose.
  • production substrate in connection with the process described herein are used mutually interchangeably.
  • the (culture) medium for the process according to the invention for riboflavin synthesis by means of modified host cells all media suitable for riboflavin synthesis can be used.
  • This is typically an aqueous medium which contains for example salts and substrate(s) and has a specific pH.
  • the medium in which the substrate is converted into riboflavin is also referred to as the production medium.
  • “Fermentation” or “production” or “fermentation process” in connection with the present invention refers to both the use of growing cells in a medium under conditions which are known to those skilled in the art, and also the use of no longer growing cells (so-called “resting cells”), after these have grown in the appropriate medium under the conditions known to those skilled in the art. These growing or no longer growing cells are used for the conversion of a suitable substrate into riboflavin, under conditions which are known to those skilled in the art.
  • the synthesized riboflavin can be obtained/isolated from the host cells by suitable methods. This can for example mean the separation of the riboflavin from the production medium. Optionally, the riboflavin obtained can then be further processed, for example purified.
  • the growth phase of the microorganisms normally takes place under aerobic conditions in an aqueous medium with addition of appropriate nutrients.
  • the culturing can for example take place in a batch, fed-batch, semi-continuous or continuous process, fed-batch or semi-continuous being preferred.
  • the duration of the culturing is for example ca. 10 hours to ca. 10 days, preferably ca. 4 to ca. 7 days, particularly preferably ca. 2 to ca. 6 days.
  • the optimal conditions for the selected host cell Those skilled in the art know the optimal conditions for the selected host cell.
  • the culturing is for example performed at a pH of ca. 7.0, preferably between ea. 6 to ca. 8, particularly preferably between ca. 6.5 to 7.5 and a suitable temperature from ca. 13° C. to ca. 70° C., preferably from ca. 35° C. to ca. 39° C., particularly preferably from ca. 30° C. to ca. 39° C., in particular from ca. 36° C. to ca. 39° C.
  • the culture medium normally comprises D-glucose, glycerin, “thick juice”, dextrose, starch, saccharose or ribose as the carbon source, nitrogen sources, such as for example peptone, yeast extract or amino acids.
  • salts can be present, for example magnesium sulfate, manganese sulfate, calcium phosphate or calcium carbonate.
  • VF medium An example of fermentative production of riboflavin by means of cells of Bacillus subtilis is described in WO 04/113510 (VF medium), which is incorporated herein as a reference. This method should preferably be used for the present invention.
  • the (modified) host cell is capable of increased riboflavin synthesis.
  • the riboflavin yield of a host cell according to the invention in particular of the strain Bacillus subtilis , can be increased by at least 10%, compared with the yield of riboflavin of a non-modified or wild type cell. Increases by at least 20%, in particular at least 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 80% and more, are preferred.
  • Analytical methods for the determination of the yield/productivity of riboflavin are known. Examples are HPLC or the use of indicator strains (see for example Bretzel et al., J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 22, 19-26, 1999). After fermentation has taken place, the riboflavin produced is separated from the other components (culture medium, biomass, etc.), purified and the concentration determined by the known methods, a control reaction being performed with a wild type strain.
  • 100 ⁇ trace element solution A 12.5 g MgCl 2 .6H 2 O; 0.55 g CaCl 2 ; 1.35 g FeCl 2 .6H 2 O; 0.1 g MnCl 2 .4H 2 O; 0.17 g/l ZnCl 2 ; 0.043 g CuCl 2 .2H 2 O; 0.06 g CoCl 2 .6H 2 O; 0.06 g Na 2 MoO 4 .2H 2 O; made up to 1 l H 2 O, autoclaved.
  • 5 ⁇ minimal salt solution 0.057 M K 2 SO 4 ; 0.31 M K 2 HPO 4 .5H 2 O; 0.22 M KH 2 PO4; 0.017 M Na citrate.7H 2 O; 0.004 M MgSO 4 H 2 O, pH 7.0, autoclaved.
  • 100 ⁇ trace element solution B 0.55 g CaCl 2 ; 0.17 g ZnCl 2 ; 0.043 g CuCl 2 .2H 2 O; 0.06 CoCl 2 .6H 2 O; 0.06 g Na 2 MoO 4 .2H 2 O; made up to 1 l H 2 O, autoclaved.
  • Riboflavin screening medium 200 ml 10 ⁇ Spizizen salts; 10 ml 100 ⁇ trace element solution A; 2 ml 50% glucose; 36 ml 25% raffinose; 10 ml 10% yeast extract; made up to 1 l H 2 O.
  • Spizizen minimal medium 100 ml 10 ⁇ Spizizen salts; 10 ml 50% glucose; 1 ml 40% sodium glutamate; 10 ml trace element solution A; made up to 1 l H 2 O.
  • Riboflavin production in shaker flasks was tested as follows: 5 ml VY medium were inoculated starting from a frozen glycerin stock and cultured for 6-8 hrs at 37 C with shaking (280 rpm). The 5 ml cultures were used directly for the inoculation of 25 ml RSM medium in 250 ml flasks. After incubation for 48 hrs at 39 C with shaking (220 rpm), 500 ⁇ l of culture liquid were treated with 35 ml 4 N NaOH and shaken vigorously for one minute. The samples were treated with 465 ml potassium phosphate buffer (pH 6.8) and centrifuged for 5 mins at 13200 rpm.
  • riboflavin, 6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazin (DMRL) and oxolumazine content was determined by HPLC.
  • a second culture sample was centrifuged (5 min, 13200 rpm) and the supernatant was used for the determination of residual glucose and raffinose. The determination of the values enabled the calculation of the yield.
  • a UV signal at 280 nm was used for the detection. Riboflavin was detected as an isolated peak after 15.2 mins. The calibration of the method was performed with riboflavin from Fluka and was linear from 10 mg/l to 1 g/l. For the determination of glucose and raffinose from the culture broth, an Agilent 1100 HPLC system, to which a quaternary pump, an autosampler, and refractive index detector were attached, was also used. The separation was achieved on a CAPCELL PAK NH2 UG80 column (4.6 mm ⁇ 250 mm, 5 ⁇ ) from Shiseido. The optimal column temperature was 35 C. The mobile phase was a mixture of acetonitrile and deionized water in a ratio of 65/35. The flow rate was set at 1 ml/min. The injection volume was 5 ⁇ l. The refractive index detector signal was used for the detection. The method could be used for concentrations from 0.5 g/l to 30 g/l.
  • subtilis 168 1 ⁇ l of a 100 ⁇ M solution of primer p436 (SEQ ID No.:16), 1 ⁇ l of a 100 ⁇ M solution of primer p439 (SEQ ID No.:17), 1 ⁇ l of a 10 mM dNTP solution, 5 ⁇ l 10 ⁇ buffer, and 0.5 ⁇ l Pfu polymerase (Stratagene) in 50 ⁇ l.
  • the PCR reaction consisted of 35 cycles: (i) denaturation at 94° C. for 30 sec; (ii) annealing at 52° C. for 30 see; (iii) amplification at 72° C. for 1 min. Before the actual PCR reaction, the template DNA was denatured for 3 mins at 95° C.
  • the primer pair primer p437 (SEQ ID No.:18) and primer p438 (SEQ ID No.:19) was used.
  • the DNA fragment which coded for neomycin resistance gene cassette was prepared under the same conditions with the primer pair p9 (SEQ ID No.:20) and p10 (SEQ ID No.:21).
  • the three DNA fragments were now bound together via their homologous, overlapping regions. For this, 50 ng of each of the DNA fragments purified by an agarose gel electrophoresis were used. Compared to the PCR conditions stated above, the amplification time was increased to 2.5 mins. All other parameters remained unchanged.
  • primers p45 and p51 were used as the primer pair.
  • the resulting PCR product was purified by means of the QiaQuick PCR purification kit from Qiagen. Competent B. subtilis 168 cells were transformed with 2 ⁇ g of purified product. Selection for neomycin-resistant colonies was performed on TBAB medium which contained 2 mg/l neomycin. By means of a further PCR (primer pair p45 and p10 under the aforesaid conditions) the genotype of selected neomycin-resistant transformants was confirmed. One positive transformant was given the designation BS5878.
  • strain BS3914 and BS3917 are descendants of the riboflavin-overproducing strain BS3534 (for the construction of BS3534 see WO 2007/051552).
  • BS3534 is based on the strain B. subtilis RB50, which was described in the patent EP 405370 and was deposited under the number NRRL B-18502.
  • the plasmid pRF69 integrated in the riboflavin locus was replaced by a neomycin resistance gene cassette.
  • the PCR method described above was used.
  • the PCR product consisted of a 526 bp long 3′ region upstream from the riboflavin operon promoter (primer pair p50; SEQ ID No.:22 and p51; SEQ ID No.:23) on the genomic DNA of B. subtilis 168 and a 502 bp long 5′ region in the ribD gene (primer pair p44; SEQ ID No.:24 and p45; SEQ ID No.:25) on the genomic DNA of B.
  • subtilis 168 which were fused with the neomycin resistance gene cassette (primer p9 and p10 on the plasmid pUB110) by means of PCR. The exact reaction conditions are described further above.
  • the purified PCR product was used for the transformation of competent B. subtilis 168 cells. The selection took place on TBAB plates which contained 100 mg/l riboflavin and 2 mg/l neomycin. The genotype of grown colonies was confirmed by means of PCR and sequencing. One confirmed, isolated transformant was designated as BS3813.
  • a PBS-1 phage lysate of BS3813 was prepared for the transfer of the construct into strain BS3534. The strain thus prepared was given the designation BS3798.
  • the neomycin resistance cassette of the riboflavin-auxotrophic strain BS3813 was again replaced by a functional riboflavin operon.
  • minimal medium plates (2 g/l glucose dissolved in the 1 ⁇ mineral salt solution—trace element solution) were used.
  • the native promoter was replaced with the promoter of the veg gene of B. subtilis .
  • a cytosine in the leader region was replaced with a thymidine (SEQ ID No.:26). Competent cells of the strain BS3813 were transformed with a DNA fragment which possessed the sequence according to SEQ ID No.:26.
  • Transformed cells again possessed the ability to grow in a medium without addition of riboflavin.
  • the genotype of grown colonies was confirmed by PCR and subsequent sequencing.
  • One confirmed colony was designated as BS3953.
  • a PBS-1 phage lysate of the strain BS3953 was used for the transduction of BS3798. The selection was performed as described above. Two types of transductants were isolated. In the first case, the inactivated spo0A gene of BS3798 had not been replaced with the wild type allele. One confirmed transductant received the designation BS3914. In the second case, the inactivated spo0A gene had been replaced with the active wild type form owing to the transfer of a larger piece of DNA during the transduction. One tested, Spo0A-positive mutant was named BS3917.
  • BS3914 and BS3917 were now transducted with the lysate from BS5878. Once again, the selection took place on TBAB plates which contained 2 mg/l neomycin. The genotype of selected transductants was confirmed with the aforesaid PCR. Five confirmed transductants from the transduction of the strain BS3914 were given the designations BS5891, BS5893, BS5894 and BS5895. Four transductants which were derived from BS3917 received the designation BS5887 to BS5890.
  • Transductants which are derived from the strain (BS3914) produced riboflavin with the same yield as the host strain BS3914.
  • the ccpC knockout strains of the Spo0A-plus strain BS3917 produced riboflavin with a yield markedly improved over the host strain BS3917.

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