US5887930A - Device for damping the movement of a movably supported structural part, in particular of a flap in an automotive vehicle of the like - Google Patents

Device for damping the movement of a movably supported structural part, in particular of a flap in an automotive vehicle of the like Download PDF

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Publication number
US5887930A
US5887930A US08/746,954 US74695496A US5887930A US 5887930 A US5887930 A US 5887930A US 74695496 A US74695496 A US 74695496A US 5887930 A US5887930 A US 5887930A
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United States
Prior art keywords
structural part
damping element
rotary damping
toothed pinion
toothed
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US08/746,954
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English (en)
Inventor
Roland Klein
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ITW Ateco GmbH
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ITW Ateco GmbH
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Publication date
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Assigned to ITW-ATECO GMBH reassignment ITW-ATECO GMBH ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: KLEIN, ROLAND
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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B62—LAND VEHICLES FOR TRAVELLING OTHERWISE THAN ON RAILS
    • B62D—MOTOR VEHICLES; TRAILERS
    • B62D25/00—Superstructure or monocoque structure sub-units; Parts or details thereof not otherwise provided for
    • B62D25/08—Front or rear portions
    • B62D25/10—Bonnets or lids, e.g. for trucks, tractors, busses, work vehicles
    • B62D25/12—Parts or details thereof
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E05—LOCKS; KEYS; WINDOW OR DOOR FITTINGS; SAFES
    • E05F—DEVICES FOR MOVING WINGS INTO OPEN OR CLOSED POSITION; CHECKS FOR WINGS; WING FITTINGS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR, CONCERNED WITH THE FUNCTIONING OF THE WING
    • E05F5/00—Braking devices, e.g. checks; Stops; Buffers
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16F—SPRINGS; SHOCK-ABSORBERS; MEANS FOR DAMPING VIBRATION
    • F16F9/00—Springs, vibration-dampers, shock-absorbers, or similarly-constructed movement-dampers using a fluid or the equivalent as damping medium
    • F16F9/10—Springs, vibration-dampers, shock-absorbers, or similarly-constructed movement-dampers using a fluid or the equivalent as damping medium using liquid only; using a fluid of which the nature is immaterial
    • F16F9/14—Devices with one or more members, e.g. pistons, vanes, moving to and fro in chambers and using throttling effect
    • F16F9/145—Devices with one or more members, e.g. pistons, vanes, moving to and fro in chambers and using throttling effect involving only rotary movement of the effective parts
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E05—LOCKS; KEYS; WINDOW OR DOOR FITTINGS; SAFES
    • E05F—DEVICES FOR MOVING WINGS INTO OPEN OR CLOSED POSITION; CHECKS FOR WINGS; WING FITTINGS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR, CONCERNED WITH THE FUNCTIONING OF THE WING
    • E05F3/00—Closers or openers with braking devices, e.g. checks; Construction of pneumatic or liquid braking devices
    • E05F3/14—Closers or openers with braking devices, e.g. checks; Construction of pneumatic or liquid braking devices with fluid brakes of the rotary type
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E05—LOCKS; KEYS; WINDOW OR DOOR FITTINGS; SAFES
    • E05Y—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES E05D AND E05F, RELATING TO CONSTRUCTION ELEMENTS, ELECTRIC CONTROL, POWER SUPPLY, POWER SIGNAL OR TRANSMISSION, USER INTERFACES, MOUNTING OR COUPLING, DETAILS, ACCESSORIES, AUXILIARY OPERATIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR, APPLICATION THEREOF
    • E05Y2201/00—Constructional elements; Accessories therefor
    • E05Y2201/20—Brakes; Disengaging means; Holders; Stops; Valves; Accessories therefor
    • E05Y2201/21—Brakes
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E05—LOCKS; KEYS; WINDOW OR DOOR FITTINGS; SAFES
    • E05Y—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES E05D AND E05F, RELATING TO CONSTRUCTION ELEMENTS, ELECTRIC CONTROL, POWER SUPPLY, POWER SIGNAL OR TRANSMISSION, USER INTERFACES, MOUNTING OR COUPLING, DETAILS, ACCESSORIES, AUXILIARY OPERATIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR, APPLICATION THEREOF
    • E05Y2201/00—Constructional elements; Accessories therefor
    • E05Y2201/20—Brakes; Disengaging means; Holders; Stops; Valves; Accessories therefor
    • E05Y2201/252—Type of friction
    • E05Y2201/254—Fluid or viscous friction
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E05—LOCKS; KEYS; WINDOW OR DOOR FITTINGS; SAFES
    • E05Y—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES E05D AND E05F, RELATING TO CONSTRUCTION ELEMENTS, ELECTRIC CONTROL, POWER SUPPLY, POWER SIGNAL OR TRANSMISSION, USER INTERFACES, MOUNTING OR COUPLING, DETAILS, ACCESSORIES, AUXILIARY OPERATIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR, APPLICATION THEREOF
    • E05Y2201/00—Constructional elements; Accessories therefor
    • E05Y2201/20—Brakes; Disengaging means; Holders; Stops; Valves; Accessories therefor
    • E05Y2201/262—Type of motion, e.g. braking
    • E05Y2201/266—Type of motion, e.g. braking rotary
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E05—LOCKS; KEYS; WINDOW OR DOOR FITTINGS; SAFES
    • E05Y—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES E05D AND E05F, RELATING TO CONSTRUCTION ELEMENTS, ELECTRIC CONTROL, POWER SUPPLY, POWER SIGNAL OR TRANSMISSION, USER INTERFACES, MOUNTING OR COUPLING, DETAILS, ACCESSORIES, AUXILIARY OPERATIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR, APPLICATION THEREOF
    • E05Y2900/00—Application of doors, windows, wings or fittings thereof
    • E05Y2900/50—Application of doors, windows, wings or fittings thereof for vehicles
    • E05Y2900/53—Type of wing
    • E05Y2900/538—Interior lids

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a device for damping the movement of a movably supported structural part, in particular of a flap in an automotive vehicle or the like.
  • Rotary dampers usually include a rotor rotatably supported in a housing.
  • a pinion is mounted upon the shaft of the rotor which meshes with a tooth segment. If a flap, cover or lid or the like is moved, the rotor is contemporarily rotated.
  • a gap is formed between the rotor and the housing filled with a viscous medium adapted to perform a rotary dampening operation.
  • a typical rotary damper is disclosed in the German patent publication DE 33 20 069.
  • Rotary dampers which include a pinion and a tooth segment may develop noise. Above all, if the space between the pinion and segment changes, noise may not be avoided. Conventional arrangements of the kind described, however, cannot avoid tolerances.
  • the invention includes two alternative solutions.
  • a rotary damper element is attached to a pivotally supported arm.
  • the arm has a guide portion which co-operates with a guide path on the structural part. The co-operation of the guide portion and the guide path results in a constant distance being maintained between the pinion and the tooth segment.
  • the arm is subjected to a force of a spring which biases the pinion into permanent contact with the tooth segment. Also in this manner the space between the pinion and the tooth segment is constant. In both cases a smooth actuation of the rotary damper is achieved upon movement of the structural part.
  • the damping effect is only achieved in one rotational direction.
  • the rotor has a shaft, and a coil spring having at least one winding is wound onto the shaft, with one end of the spring being attached to a follower shaft for the pinion.
  • the coil spring In one rotational direction, the coil spring is thus contracted and coacts with a portion of the shaft so that the shaft is driven jointly with the spring.
  • the spring In the other rotational direction the spring moves loosely on the shaft portion so that a free wheel mechanism is established.
  • FIG. 1 is a plan view of a damping device according to the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view through the device of FIG. 1 taken along line 2--2;
  • FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a rotary damper used in connection with the device of FIGS. 1 and 2;
  • FIG. 4 is a side view of the rotary damper of FIG. 3 and
  • FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view through the damper of FIG. 4 taken along line 5--5.
  • FIG. 1 a flap, a cover, a lid or the like is indicated by the reference number 10.
  • the flap 10 is pivotally supported between a position shown with continuous lines and another position shown with dash-dotted lines.
  • An arcuate arm 12 is attached to the inner surface of flap 10, the arm 12 extending through a recess or an opening 14 of a stationary structure which is formed by a wall portion 16.
  • the flap 10 for example is the cover of a glove compartment in an automotive vehicle.
  • the arm 12 has a tooth segment 18 which co-operates with a pinion 20 of a rotary damper 22.
  • the arm 12 has a stop 24 on the opposite side which coacts with wall portion 16 and thus limits the opening movement of flap 10.
  • An arcuate slot 26 is formed in the arm 12.
  • FIGS. 2 and 3 The arrangement of the rotary damper 22 can be seen in FIGS. 2 and 3.
  • the housing 28 of the rotary damper 22 is formed integrally with an arm 30.
  • a bushing 32 is integrally formed with arm 30.
  • An extension 34 disposed at an angle relative to arm 30 is formed upon the housing 28, and a sleeve-like guide portion 36 is formed upon extension 34.
  • the guide portion 36 has a flattened portion on the surface facing the pinion 20, with the flattened portion co-operating with the lower wall of slot 26.
  • the bushing 32 is rotatably supported on a support projection or pin 38 which is circular in cross section.
  • arm 30 and also rotary damper 22 are rotatably supported.
  • the rotatable support of the rotary damper 22 and of the pinion 20 has the effect that due to the engagement of the guide portion 36 with the lower wall of slot 26, the pinion 20 is maintained at a constant distance from the tooth segment 18 independent of the rotational position and the tolerances of flap 10.
  • FIGS. 1 and 2 a coil spring 40 is shown located on the bushing 32, one end of the spring engaging a stationary abutment 42 whereas the other end engages the housing 28 of rotary damper 22.
  • spring 40 By means of spring 40 a bias is generated toward the tooth segment 18 of arm 12. It is understood that spring 40 or guide portion 36, respectively, can be used cojointly or optionally to obtain the same result, that is, the constant engagement of pinion 20 with tooth segment 18.
  • a shoulder 41 on the support pin 38 is provided, and a screw not shown is threaded into a bore 44 of pin 38, the head of the screw forming an axial limit for bushing 32.
  • FIG. 4 the rotary damper 22 according to FIGS. 1 to 3 is illustrated on a larger scale. From this illustration the pivotal support of lever arm 30 and the guidance of the guide portion 36 at the lower wall of slot 26 can be easily seen. In FIG. 4 there is also shown the head of a screw 46, with the shaft thereof being threaded into the bore 44 of support pin 38.
  • FIG. 5 illustrates that the housing 28 has a cavity which is covered by a lid 50.
  • An annular sealing ring 52 is located between lid 50 and a shoulder of the wall of the cavity.
  • a rotor 54 is located in the cavity with one side thereof being rotatably supported by a support pin 56 secured to the housing 28. On the other side the rotor 54 is supported by a support pin 58 which is fixedly located on the pinion 20.
  • the rotor 54 has an annular recess 51 on the side facing the bearing pin 56, and an annular flange 60 of the housing 28 extends into the recess 51.
  • the shape of the rotor 54, the recess 51 and the flange 60, respectively, is such that radial and axial gaps are formed into which a viscous medium is supplied.
  • the viscous medium generates a braking effect if the rotor 54 is rotated.
  • axial cuts are provided (not shown). They allow all gaps to be completely filled with the braking fluid. Furthermore, they serve as a restricted reservoir for the fluid.
  • the sealing ring 52 coacts with the rotor 54 in order to prevent leakage of the fluid through the cover or lid 50.
  • the lid 50 forms a bearing for support or bearing pin 58.
  • An inner shaft portion 64 of the rotor 54 forms an annular space 66 which accommodates a coil spring 68, one end 70 thereof coacting with a recess 72 in the pin 58.
  • the size of the coil spring 68 is radially reduced in one rotational direction of the pin 58 so that a frictional engagement with the shaft portion 64 occurs.
  • rotor 54 is moved jointly with the rotation of pin 58.
  • the coil spring 58 slides loosely on the shaft portion 64 so that a free wheeling operation is achieved.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Transportation (AREA)
  • Fluid-Damping Devices (AREA)
  • Mechanical Operated Clutches (AREA)
  • Vehicle Step Arrangements And Article Storage (AREA)
US08/746,954 1995-11-16 1996-11-18 Device for damping the movement of a movably supported structural part, in particular of a flap in an automotive vehicle of the like Expired - Lifetime US5887930A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE29518173U DE29518173U1 (de) 1995-11-16 1995-11-16 Vorrichtung zur Dämpfung der Bewegung eines beweglich gelagerten Bauteils, insbesondere einer Klappe in einem Automobil o.dgl.
DE29518173.7 1995-11-16

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US5887930A true US5887930A (en) 1999-03-30

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Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US08/746,954 Expired - Lifetime US5887930A (en) 1995-11-16 1996-11-18 Device for damping the movement of a movably supported structural part, in particular of a flap in an automotive vehicle of the like

Country Status (3)

Country Link
US (1) US5887930A (de)
DE (1) DE29518173U1 (de)
FR (1) FR2741414B1 (de)

Cited By (41)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6131242A (en) * 1997-07-12 2000-10-17 Daimlerchrysler Ag Damping device
US6213533B1 (en) * 1998-08-05 2001-04-10 Fischerwerke Artur Fischer Gmbh & Co. Kg Device having a pop-out part for installation in a motor vehicle
US20020148665A1 (en) * 2001-03-23 2002-10-17 Katsuichi Yagisawa Hinged lid structure for a vehicle
US20030052502A1 (en) * 2001-09-04 2003-03-20 Robert Schmidt Control panel for a vehicle
US20030071047A1 (en) * 2001-10-11 2003-04-17 Nifco Inc. Damping mechanism of opening and closing member, and container holder and automobile door including the same
EP1331343A2 (de) * 2002-01-25 2003-07-30 Illinois Tool Works Inc. Dämpfungseinrichtung
US20030178434A1 (en) * 2002-03-25 2003-09-25 Nifco Inc. Guide mechanism, opening-closing mechanism of covering member using the guide mechanism and interior equipment for automobile using the opening-closing mechanism
US20030228918A1 (en) * 2002-06-11 2003-12-11 Doornbos David A. One-way damper
US6662683B1 (en) * 1999-08-05 2003-12-16 Nifco Inc. Oil cylindrical rotational damper
US6669258B1 (en) * 2002-03-22 2003-12-30 Nifco Inc. Guide mechanism, open-close mechanism of covering member using the guide mechanism, interior equipment for automobile using the open-close mechanism
US6722718B2 (en) 2002-09-16 2004-04-20 Intier Automotive Inc. Latch mechanism for an automotive storage compartment
AT412186B (de) * 2000-04-20 2004-11-25 Blum Gmbh Julius Möbel
US20040262937A1 (en) * 2003-06-27 2004-12-30 Peck John F. Glove box door assembly
EP1503111A2 (de) * 2003-07-31 2005-02-02 Nifco Inc. Dämpfungsvorrichtung
US20050082863A1 (en) * 2003-10-17 2005-04-21 Hyundai Mobis Structure of ashtray for automobile
US20050104401A1 (en) * 2003-11-19 2005-05-19 Hyundai Mobis Co., Ltd. Damper assembly for a glove box
EP1552972A3 (de) * 2004-01-08 2005-11-16 Webasto AG Luftklappenantriebsvorrichtung
US20050275235A1 (en) * 2004-06-11 2005-12-15 Hyundai Mobis Co., Ltd. Opening/closing structure for vehicular tray
US20060037965A1 (en) * 2004-08-18 2006-02-23 Nifco Inc. Acceleration/deceleration mechanism and vehicle small article compartment having acceleration/deceleration mechanism
US20060066120A1 (en) * 2004-09-30 2006-03-30 Richard Svenson Articulating door for a storage compartment
US20060102439A1 (en) * 2004-11-18 2006-05-18 Anton Jamison J Floating damper
US20060186686A1 (en) * 2005-02-18 2006-08-24 Schmidt Robert M Movable panel assembly
US20060208506A1 (en) * 2005-03-04 2006-09-21 Sidler Inc. Latching mechanism
US20060220408A1 (en) * 2005-04-05 2006-10-05 Lear Corporation Rising hinge system for compartment lid
KR100750313B1 (ko) 2006-11-28 2007-08-17 현대모비스 주식회사 회전형 댐퍼
US20090008962A1 (en) * 2004-11-15 2009-01-08 Rolf Sauer Cubby Hole Device
US20090096246A1 (en) * 2007-10-10 2009-04-16 Ventra Group, Inc. Hinge with a viscous rotary damper
CN100513828C (zh) * 2004-11-18 2009-07-15 伊利诺斯器械工程公司 浮置缓冲器
US20100084885A1 (en) * 2008-10-08 2010-04-08 Gm Global Technology Operations, Inc. Viscous Rotary Damper for Vehicle End Gate Assembly
US20120073919A1 (en) * 2009-06-03 2012-03-29 Illinois Tool Works Inc. Hinge damper assembly
US20130247330A1 (en) * 2012-03-26 2013-09-26 Itt Manufacturing Enterprises, Llc Rotary hydraulic damper for pivoting stowage bin
US20140339031A1 (en) * 2012-01-25 2014-11-20 Fulterer Gesellschaft Mbh Device for damping the movement of a movably mounted component
US8899390B2 (en) 2012-02-14 2014-12-02 C&D Zodiac, Inc. Freewheeling rotary damping mechanism
US20140353096A1 (en) * 2012-01-25 2014-12-04 Fulterer Gesellschaft Mbh Device for damping the movement of a movably mounted component
US20160121953A1 (en) * 2013-05-31 2016-05-05 Honda Motor Co., Ltd. Article storage structure for automatic two-wheeled vehicles
US9759002B2 (en) 2012-03-20 2017-09-12 Fulterer Gesellschaft Mbh Pull-closed device for a movably mounted furniture part
US9777513B2 (en) 2012-01-25 2017-10-03 Fulterer Gesellschaft Mbh Pull-out device for at least two pull-out furniture parts
US10145164B2 (en) 2016-10-27 2018-12-04 Ford Global Technologies, Llc Vehicle tailgate assembly
US11156025B2 (en) * 2018-07-05 2021-10-26 Schlage Lock Company Llc Latchbolt damping module
US11186227B2 (en) * 2018-10-30 2021-11-30 Hyundai Motor Company Storage device for vehicles
US11433823B2 (en) * 2019-05-29 2022-09-06 Ford Global Technologies, Llc Hinge mechanism and armrest console including hinge mechanism

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US5839548A (en) * 1995-10-30 1998-11-24 Illinois Tool Works Inc. Motion control device for rotary dampers
DE10022436B4 (de) * 2000-05-09 2004-09-09 Daimlerchrysler Ag Dämpfungseinrichtung
DE10210917C1 (de) * 2002-03-13 2003-11-13 Itw Automotive Prod Gmbh & Co Bremsvorrichtung mit Freilauf
DE10341969A1 (de) * 2003-09-11 2005-04-21 Volkswagen Ag Verzögerungsvorrichtung zum Abbremsen einer Öffnungsbewegung einer Klappe eines Aufbewahrungsbehältnisses
DE102004028477A1 (de) * 2004-06-11 2005-12-29 Georg Piontek Mechanischer Energie - Transformator
DE102010039139B4 (de) * 2010-08-10 2017-01-19 Lisa Dräxlmaier GmbH Führungseinrichtung mit Toleranzausgleich
DE102011011580B3 (de) * 2011-02-18 2012-07-19 Kesseböhmer Warenpräsentation GmbH & Co.KG Ausgabevorrichtung zur Selbstbedienungsentnahme von Backwaren
DE202011102704U1 (de) 2011-07-01 2012-10-09 Hörauf & Kohler Verwaltungs KG Lineardämpfer mit Freilauf
DE102011106184A1 (de) 2011-07-01 2013-01-03 Hörauf & Kohler Verwaltungs KG Lineardämpfer mit Freilauf
DE102015212838A1 (de) 2015-07-09 2017-01-12 Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft Federkinematik zur Geräuschdämpfung beim Schließen einer Tankklappe
DE102017207359B4 (de) 2017-05-02 2023-08-31 Witte Automotive Gmbh Bewegungsdämpfungsvorrichtung
CN108505865A (zh) * 2018-06-06 2018-09-07 四川大学 一种关门阻尼器
CN108533111A (zh) * 2018-06-06 2018-09-14 四川大学 关门阻尼器

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Cited By (84)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6131242A (en) * 1997-07-12 2000-10-17 Daimlerchrysler Ag Damping device
US6213533B1 (en) * 1998-08-05 2001-04-10 Fischerwerke Artur Fischer Gmbh & Co. Kg Device having a pop-out part for installation in a motor vehicle
US6662683B1 (en) * 1999-08-05 2003-12-16 Nifco Inc. Oil cylindrical rotational damper
AT412186B (de) * 2000-04-20 2004-11-25 Blum Gmbh Julius Möbel
US6851499B2 (en) * 2001-03-23 2005-02-08 Honda Giken Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Hinged lid structure for a vehicle
US20020148665A1 (en) * 2001-03-23 2002-10-17 Katsuichi Yagisawa Hinged lid structure for a vehicle
EP1243500A3 (de) * 2001-03-23 2006-03-15 Honda Giken Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Deckel mit Scharnierstruktur für ein Fahrzeug
US20030052513A1 (en) * 2001-09-04 2003-03-20 Uleski Michael A. Control panel for a vehicle
US6739640B2 (en) * 2001-09-04 2004-05-25 Lear Corporation Control panel for a vehicle
US6820921B2 (en) * 2001-09-04 2004-11-23 Lear Corporation Control panel for a vehicle
US6789831B2 (en) * 2001-09-04 2004-09-14 Lear Corporation Control panel for a vehicle
US6746067B2 (en) 2001-09-04 2004-06-08 Lear Corporation Control panel for a vehicle
US20030052501A1 (en) * 2001-09-04 2003-03-20 Robert Schmidt Control panel for a vehicle
US6719358B2 (en) 2001-09-04 2004-04-13 Lear Corporation Control panel for a vehicle
US20030052502A1 (en) * 2001-09-04 2003-03-20 Robert Schmidt Control panel for a vehicle
US20030071047A1 (en) * 2001-10-11 2003-04-17 Nifco Inc. Damping mechanism of opening and closing member, and container holder and automobile door including the same
US7231692B2 (en) * 2001-10-11 2007-06-19 Nifco Inc. Damping mechanism of opening and closing member, and container holder and automobile door including the same
US20030140451A1 (en) * 2002-01-25 2003-07-31 Bivens Steven L. Damper apparatus
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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
FR2741414B1 (fr) 1998-12-18
DE29518173U1 (de) 1996-01-11
FR2741414A1 (fr) 1997-05-23

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