US5499507A - Apparatus for cooling plastic profiles - Google Patents

Apparatus for cooling plastic profiles Download PDF

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Publication number
US5499507A
US5499507A US08/362,764 US36276494A US5499507A US 5499507 A US5499507 A US 5499507A US 36276494 A US36276494 A US 36276494A US 5499507 A US5499507 A US 5499507A
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United States
Prior art keywords
trough
profile
cooling medium
opening
cooling
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Expired - Lifetime
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US08/362,764
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English (en)
Inventor
Frank P. Dorninger
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Technoplast Kunststofftechnik GmbH
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Technoplast Kunststofftechnik GmbH
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Application filed by Technoplast Kunststofftechnik GmbH filed Critical Technoplast Kunststofftechnik GmbH
Assigned to TECHNOPLAST KUNSTSTOFFTECHNIK GESELLSCHAFT M.B.H. reassignment TECHNOPLAST KUNSTSTOFFTECHNIK GESELLSCHAFT M.B.H. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: DORNINGER, FRANK
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C48/25—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
    • B29C48/88—Thermal treatment of the stream of extruded material, e.g. cooling
    • B29C48/90—Thermal treatment of the stream of extruded material, e.g. cooling with calibration or sizing, i.e. combined with fixing or setting of the final dimensions of the extruded article
    • B29C48/901—Thermal treatment of the stream of extruded material, e.g. cooling with calibration or sizing, i.e. combined with fixing or setting of the final dimensions of the extruded article of hollow bodies
    • B29C48/903—Thermal treatment of the stream of extruded material, e.g. cooling with calibration or sizing, i.e. combined with fixing or setting of the final dimensions of the extruded article of hollow bodies externally
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C48/03—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor characterised by the shape of the extruded material at extrusion
    • B29C48/09—Articles with cross-sections having partially or fully enclosed cavities, e.g. pipes or channels
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C48/03—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor characterised by the shape of the extruded material at extrusion
    • B29C48/12—Articles with an irregular circumference when viewed in cross-section, e.g. window profiles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C48/25—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
    • B29C48/88—Thermal treatment of the stream of extruded material, e.g. cooling
    • B29C48/911—Cooling
    • B29C48/9115—Cooling of hollow articles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C48/25—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
    • B29C48/88—Thermal treatment of the stream of extruded material, e.g. cooling
    • B29C48/90—Thermal treatment of the stream of extruded material, e.g. cooling with calibration or sizing, i.e. combined with fixing or setting of the final dimensions of the extruded article
    • B29C48/904—Thermal treatment of the stream of extruded material, e.g. cooling with calibration or sizing, i.e. combined with fixing or setting of the final dimensions of the extruded article using dry calibration, i.e. no quenching tank, e.g. with water spray for cooling or lubrication
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C48/25—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
    • B29C48/88—Thermal treatment of the stream of extruded material, e.g. cooling
    • B29C48/90—Thermal treatment of the stream of extruded material, e.g. cooling with calibration or sizing, i.e. combined with fixing or setting of the final dimensions of the extruded article
    • B29C48/905—Thermal treatment of the stream of extruded material, e.g. cooling with calibration or sizing, i.e. combined with fixing or setting of the final dimensions of the extruded article using wet calibration, i.e. in a quenching tank
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C48/25—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
    • B29C48/88—Thermal treatment of the stream of extruded material, e.g. cooling
    • B29C48/911—Cooling
    • B29C48/9115—Cooling of hollow articles
    • B29C48/912—Cooling of hollow articles of tubular films
    • B29C48/913—Cooling of hollow articles of tubular films externally
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C48/25—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
    • B29C48/88—Thermal treatment of the stream of extruded material, e.g. cooling
    • B29C48/919—Thermal treatment of the stream of extruded material, e.g. cooling using a bath, e.g. extruding into an open bath to coagulate or cool the material

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an apparatus for cooling plastic profiles, with a trough for receiving a cooling medium through which the profile can be guided and with several guiding means for calibrating the profile as well as with at least one inflow opening and with at least one outflow opening for the cooling water.
  • Plastic profiles are required as frame elements for windows or doors, for example.
  • a plastic mass such as PVC is extruded at first through an opening corresponding to the profile.
  • the profile has a doughy consistency.
  • an apparatus for dry calibration is usually provided, in which a first cooling and form stabilization is made.
  • a further cooling process follows thereafter by means of a cooling medium, which is generally water, so as to carry off the heat from the inner regions of the profile.
  • the invention relates in particular to such an apparatus for wet calibration.
  • the other known wet cooling system is the so-called full bath.
  • the profile is guided through an upwardly open trough which is filled with a cooling medium such as water.
  • a cooling medium such as water.
  • the supply of water is only required to the extent as is needed to regulate the temperature of the bath.
  • Apparatuses according to said full bath principle are simple, easy to handle and consume little water. As, however, they are considerably less efficient than spray bath apparatuses they are presently used only for smaller profiles or applications of lesser importance.
  • the guiding means are arranged as separating walls which subdivide the trough into several sections in the longitudinal direction of the profile and that said separating walls are provided with openings for producing a turbulent flow of the cooling water.
  • the guiding means subdivide the trough into a plurality of sections which are arranged successively in the axial direction of the profile.
  • the substantial element in the invention is that openings are provided which allow a flow of the cooling medium from one section to the next.
  • turbulences are produced in the region of said openings which continue to the adjacent sections. In this way it is possible to achieve a heat transmission between profile and cooling medium which is comparable to that of spray bath systems.
  • a part of the openings is arranged in the region of surface sections of the profile which are to be cooled especially.
  • profile sections that are difficult to cool such as re-entering angles, concave sections or accumulations of mass are cooled especially by being subjected to regions of the highest turbulence. In this way, it is possible to ensure a particularly even cooling of the profile, which is important for preventing tensions and for increasing accuracy to size.
  • an inflow opening is arranged in the region of an opening of the trough through which the profile exits and that an outflow opening is arranged in the region of an opening of the trough through which the profile enters the trough.
  • an outflow opening is arranged in the region of an opening of the trough through which the profile enters the trough.
  • a particularly preferable embodiment of the apparatus in accordance with the invention is provided with a trough in which a pressure below atmospheric can be produced.
  • atmospheric pressure prevails in the hollow chambers of a closed profile this measure ensures that the profiles sit close to the guiding means in a particularly favorable manner.
  • the pressure below atmospheric in the trough is generally at 0.1 bar to 0.3 bar below normal pressure. It is particularly favorable if the pressure below atmospheric is produced by a self-sucking water pump. In addition it is also possible, however, that vacuum pumps are provided for sucking off air.
  • the invention relates further to a method for cooling plastic profiles, in which the profile is introduced into a trough filled with a cooling medium and is guided out therefrom at the other end of the trough, with the profile being calibrated by guiding means arranged in the trough.
  • This method is characterized in accordance with the invention that a turbulent flow of the cooling medium is produced in the trough.
  • the water circulation is set in this method in connection with the geometry of the apparatus in such a way that the flow within the openings of the separating walls is provided with Reynolds' numbers Re which are between 5000 and 40000, preferably between 8000 and 25000.
  • the Reynolds' number Re is defined by the equation
  • d being the hydraulic diameter of the opening in m
  • v the mean flow speed in m/s
  • v the kinematic viscosity of the cooling medium in m 2 /s.
  • a value is used as hydraulic diameter which is calculated according to the following formula:
  • the hydraulic diameter corresponds to the geometric diameter
  • the mean speed v is the result of the volume flow moving through the opening divided by the cross section of the opening.
  • the kinematic viscosity v is calculated from:
  • FIG. 1 is a side view of an apparatus in accordance with the invention
  • FIG. 2 is a top view of the apparatus of FIG. 1;
  • FIG. 3 is a section along line III--III of FIG. 1 on an enlarged scale.
  • the apparatus of FIG. 1 consists of a dry calibrating device 1 and a wet calibrating device 2.
  • the wet calibrating device 2 consists of a trough which consists of a base plate 3 and side walls 4 as well as an end plate 5. Trough 2 is upwardly covered by a cover plate 6.
  • the profile 7 exiting from the dry calibrating device 1 enters the trough directly and leaves it again through end plate 5 at the other end.
  • Several guiding means 8 are provided within the trough which are used for calibrating profile 7.
  • FIG. 3 shows the arrangement of the apparatus in accordance with the invention in a cross-sectional view.
  • Guiding means 8 enclose the profile 7 and fill the cross section of the trough nearly completely which is limited by base plate 3, side walls 4 and cover plate 6.
  • openings 9 and 10 remain free, which enable the exchange of liquid between the sections 11a and 11b of the trough which are separated by the separating wall 8a.
  • Opening 9 is arranged as a slot in the zone of one side wall 4 of the trough.
  • the opening 10 is provided circular in the region of a concave profile section so as to increase the cooling here.
  • FIG. 3 it is possible to provide different openings 9 and 10 in the same separating wall 8a, as is shown in FIG. 3. It is, however, also possible to provide a part of the separating walls with longitudinal openings 9 and to provide another part of the separating walls with openings 10 in the region of profile 7. In any case it is favorable to arrange the openings 9, 10 of two adjacent separating walls 8a, 8b in a mutually offset manner, as is indicated in the broken line in FIG. 3 and as is also shown in FIG. 2. Arrows 11 in FIG. 2 indicate the main path of flow of the cooling medium. In the zone of end plate 5 there is provided an inflow opening 12 for the cooling water. The outflow opening 13 in the region of entrance of profile 7 is connected to a self-sucking water pump 14.
  • suctions 15 are provided which are connected to a vacuum pump 16.
  • the pressure in the interior of the system can be checked with a gauge 17.
  • a ball valve 18 allows for regulating the pressure below atmospheric by hand.
  • a throttle valve 19 is provided at the inflow opening 12, with which the pressure below atmospheric and the volume flow of the cooling medium can be influenced.
  • a separating wall 8 is provided with a single reactangular opening 9 of 140 mm length and 20 mm width.
  • the hydraulic diameter d thus is 0.35 m.
  • the volume flow of the cooling medium is 2 L/sec.
  • the mean flow speed thus is 0.714 m/sec.
  • Water is used as a cooling medium whose kinematic viscosity ⁇ is 10 -6 m 2 /sec.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Extrusion Moulding Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
  • Devices That Are Associated With Refrigeration Equipment (AREA)
  • Cold Air Circulating Systems And Constructional Details In Refrigerators (AREA)
  • Heating, Cooling, Or Curing Plastics Or The Like In General (AREA)
  • Processing And Handling Of Plastics And Other Materials For Molding In General (AREA)
  • Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)
US08/362,764 1993-12-23 1994-12-22 Apparatus for cooling plastic profiles Expired - Lifetime US5499507A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT2616/93 1993-12-23
AT261693 1993-12-23

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US5499507A true US5499507A (en) 1996-03-19

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ID=3537443

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US08/362,764 Expired - Lifetime US5499507A (en) 1993-12-23 1994-12-22 Apparatus for cooling plastic profiles

Country Status (6)

Country Link
US (1) US5499507A (de)
EP (1) EP0659536B1 (de)
AT (1) ATE143627T1 (de)
DE (1) DE59400769D1 (de)
DK (1) DK0659536T3 (de)
ES (1) ES2095737T3 (de)

Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6003330A (en) * 1996-09-14 1999-12-21 Sms Schloemann-Siemag Aktiengesellschaft Device for water cooling of rolled steel sections
USRE36585E (en) * 1994-02-22 2000-02-29 C.A. Greiner & Sohne Gesellschaft M.B.H. Process for cooling and calibrating elongated objects made of plastic together with cooling and calibrating device
US6244847B1 (en) * 1997-12-22 2001-06-12 Technoplast Kunststofftechnik Gmbh Apparatus for cooling and calibrating extruded plastic profiles
US6401480B2 (en) * 2000-02-01 2002-06-11 A + G Extrusion Technology Gmbh Device for calibrating cooling of an extruded synthetic profile
US6813576B1 (en) 1999-11-08 2004-11-02 Topf Kunstsofftechnik Gesellschaft Mbh Method and device for cooling and calibrating a section
CN100498630C (zh) * 2002-12-12 2009-06-10 工艺塑料艺术材料技术有限公司 调节校准工具真空供应的方法和装置
CN101985243A (zh) * 2010-07-15 2011-03-16 王维东 一种双螺杆挤出机冷却水槽
US8807163B2 (en) 2011-03-02 2014-08-19 Richard C. Bell Vacuum sizing tank with electro-mechanical controlled water flows
US9056419B2 (en) 2011-03-02 2015-06-16 Richard C. Bell Sizing tank with electro-mechanical controlled water flows

Families Citing this family (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2313570A (en) * 1994-02-22 1997-12-03 Greiner & Soehne C A Apparatus and process for cooling extruded objects
AT408532B (de) * 1996-01-30 2001-12-27 Greiner & Soehne C A Formgebungseinrichtung für eine extrusionsanlage
AT408969B (de) * 1996-02-13 2002-04-25 Greiner & Soehne C A Verfahren sowie vorrichtung zum kühlen und gegebenenfalls kalibrieren von gegenständen aus kunststoff
AT408533B (de) * 1996-04-11 2001-12-27 Greiner & Soehne C A Kühleinrichtung zum abkühlen von extrudierten gegenständen
DE19622419C2 (de) * 1996-06-04 2000-09-14 Koemmerling Kunststoff Verfahren zum Kühlen, insbesondere Kalibrieren, von Kunststoffprofilen sowie Kalibriervorrichtung für eine Kunststoffextrusionsanlage
DE19653667C2 (de) * 1996-12-20 2000-07-13 Thyssen Polymer Gmbh Kalibrier- und Kühlvorrichtung für Kunststoffprofile
DE59703571D1 (de) * 1997-11-13 2001-06-21 Koemmerling Kunststoff Gmbh Vorrichtung zum Abkühlen und Kalibrieren extrudierter Kunststoffprofile
DE19857574B4 (de) * 1998-12-14 2005-10-27 Profine Gmbh Vorrichtung zum Abkühlen und Kalibrieren extrudierter Kunststoffprofile
AT510731B1 (de) * 2010-07-22 2012-09-15 Politsch Kunststofftechnik Gmbh Tanksystem zur energiesparenden kalibrierung und kühlung von kunststoffprofilen

Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE86081C (de) *
DE1923490A1 (de) * 1969-05-08 1970-11-12 Motor Patent Ag Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Herstellen kalibrierter Hohlprofile aus thermoplastischem Kunststoff
DE2239746A1 (de) * 1972-08-12 1974-02-21 Reifenhaeuser Kg Vorrichtung zum kalibrieren von stranggepressten profilen, insbes. hohlprofilen, aus thermoplastischem kunststoff
US3990257A (en) * 1973-05-09 1976-11-09 Inland Steel Company Method for cooling workpieces in a liquid bath
US4000625A (en) * 1973-12-07 1977-01-04 Schloemann-Siemag Aktiengesellschaft Method of cooling a moving strand of hot material
US4212171A (en) * 1977-10-08 1980-07-15 Messer Griesheim Gmbh Device in the form of a double-walled pipe for cooling continuous profiles

Family Cites Families (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2456986B2 (de) * 1974-12-03 1978-02-16 Barmag Barmer Maschinenfabrik Ag, 5630 Remscheid Vorrichtung zum kalibrieren und kuehlen von stranggepressten kunststoffrohren
CH617128A5 (en) * 1977-05-26 1980-05-14 Maillefer Sa Method for cooling a tube or a profile made from plastic coming out of an extrusion head, and device for implementing the method
SU1380990A1 (ru) * 1986-06-23 1988-03-15 Украинский Научно-Исследовательский И Конструкторский Институт По Разработке Машин И Оборудования Для Переработки Пластических Масс ,Резины И Искусственной Кожи Ванна дл охлаждени пластмассовых изделий

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE86081C (de) *
DE1923490A1 (de) * 1969-05-08 1970-11-12 Motor Patent Ag Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Herstellen kalibrierter Hohlprofile aus thermoplastischem Kunststoff
DE2239746A1 (de) * 1972-08-12 1974-02-21 Reifenhaeuser Kg Vorrichtung zum kalibrieren von stranggepressten profilen, insbes. hohlprofilen, aus thermoplastischem kunststoff
US3990257A (en) * 1973-05-09 1976-11-09 Inland Steel Company Method for cooling workpieces in a liquid bath
US4000625A (en) * 1973-12-07 1977-01-04 Schloemann-Siemag Aktiengesellschaft Method of cooling a moving strand of hot material
US4212171A (en) * 1977-10-08 1980-07-15 Messer Griesheim Gmbh Device in the form of a double-walled pipe for cooling continuous profiles

Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
USRE36585E (en) * 1994-02-22 2000-02-29 C.A. Greiner & Sohne Gesellschaft M.B.H. Process for cooling and calibrating elongated objects made of plastic together with cooling and calibrating device
US6003330A (en) * 1996-09-14 1999-12-21 Sms Schloemann-Siemag Aktiengesellschaft Device for water cooling of rolled steel sections
US6244847B1 (en) * 1997-12-22 2001-06-12 Technoplast Kunststofftechnik Gmbh Apparatus for cooling and calibrating extruded plastic profiles
US6813576B1 (en) 1999-11-08 2004-11-02 Topf Kunstsofftechnik Gesellschaft Mbh Method and device for cooling and calibrating a section
US6401480B2 (en) * 2000-02-01 2002-06-11 A + G Extrusion Technology Gmbh Device for calibrating cooling of an extruded synthetic profile
CN100498630C (zh) * 2002-12-12 2009-06-10 工艺塑料艺术材料技术有限公司 调节校准工具真空供应的方法和装置
CN101985243A (zh) * 2010-07-15 2011-03-16 王维东 一种双螺杆挤出机冷却水槽
US8807163B2 (en) 2011-03-02 2014-08-19 Richard C. Bell Vacuum sizing tank with electro-mechanical controlled water flows
US9056419B2 (en) 2011-03-02 2015-06-16 Richard C. Bell Sizing tank with electro-mechanical controlled water flows

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
ES2095737T3 (es) 1997-02-16
EP0659536A2 (de) 1995-06-28
EP0659536B1 (de) 1996-10-02
ATE143627T1 (de) 1996-10-15
DK0659536T3 (da) 1997-03-10
DE59400769D1 (de) 1996-11-07
EP0659536A3 (de) 1995-08-16

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