US5335790A - Method and device for separating pieces of wood - Google Patents

Method and device for separating pieces of wood Download PDF

Info

Publication number
US5335790A
US5335790A US07/833,847 US83384792A US5335790A US 5335790 A US5335790 A US 5335790A US 83384792 A US83384792 A US 83384792A US 5335790 A US5335790 A US 5335790A
Authority
US
United States
Prior art keywords
wood
pieces
brightness
measuring
logs
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US07/833,847
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Bertram Geiger
Rainer Grabher
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
ANDRITZ-PATENTVERWALTUNGS-GESELLSCHAFT MBH A CORP OF AUSTRIA
Andritz Patentverwaltungs GmbH
Original Assignee
Andritz Patentverwaltungs GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Andritz Patentverwaltungs GmbH filed Critical Andritz Patentverwaltungs GmbH
Assigned to ANDRITZ-PATENTVERWALTUNGS-GESELLSCHAFT M.B.H. A CORP. OF AUSTRIA reassignment ANDRITZ-PATENTVERWALTUNGS-GESELLSCHAFT M.B.H. A CORP. OF AUSTRIA ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. Assignors: GEIGER, BERTRAM, GRABHER, RAINER
Priority to US08/239,979 priority Critical patent/US5544757A/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US5335790A publication Critical patent/US5335790A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Images

Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B07—SEPARATING SOLIDS FROM SOLIDS; SORTING
    • B07C—POSTAL SORTING; SORTING INDIVIDUAL ARTICLES, OR BULK MATERIAL FIT TO BE SORTED PIECE-MEAL, e.g. BY PICKING
    • B07C5/00—Sorting according to a characteristic or feature of the articles or material being sorted, e.g. by control effected by devices which detect or measure such characteristic or feature; Sorting by manually actuated devices, e.g. switches
    • B07C5/34—Sorting according to other particular properties
    • B07C5/342—Sorting according to other particular properties according to optical properties, e.g. colour
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B07—SEPARATING SOLIDS FROM SOLIDS; SORTING
    • B07C—POSTAL SORTING; SORTING INDIVIDUAL ARTICLES, OR BULK MATERIAL FIT TO BE SORTED PIECE-MEAL, e.g. BY PICKING
    • B07C5/00—Sorting according to a characteristic or feature of the articles or material being sorted, e.g. by control effected by devices which detect or measure such characteristic or feature; Sorting by manually actuated devices, e.g. switches
    • B07C5/04—Sorting according to size
    • B07C5/12—Sorting according to size characterised by the application to particular articles, not otherwise provided for
    • B07C5/14—Sorting timber or logs, e.g. tree trunks, beams, planks or the like
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S209/00—Classifying, separating, and assorting solids
    • Y10S209/939—Video scanning

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method and a device for carrying out the method for classifying and separating pieces of wood into different qualities in a wood sorting process.
  • Subsequent processing of pieces of wood following the bark peeling device require the wood to have a certain quality.
  • the pieces of wood are examined as to the degree of unbarking, dimensions, shape, possibly insufficient disbranching and wood quality (impaired e.g. by rotting, pests, damage done by game).
  • the inspected logs are at present divided into two material streams (wood - bark) or three material streams (wood - bark - discard).
  • Mechanical sorting is complicated, since determining and measuring bark content in a mass flow of wood is extremely difficult. Mechanical recognition of different wood qualities is further complicated by the similar appearance of dark wood, insufficiently peeled wood and bad wood (rotting, pests, etc.). Mechanical recognition of the quality of wood is also difficult since the pieces of wood are usually arranged on a constantly moving conveyor and the pieces of wood are often overlying each other or stacked upon each other within one observation zone.
  • the invention has the objective to avoid the aforesaid disadvantages and to provide an automatic method for separating the pieces of wood into different qualities.
  • wood is intended to be used generically to encompass whole logs, cut lumber or timber.
  • the method is characterized in that the brightness and the structure or texture of the wood surface are measured and the pieces of wood are divided up into different quality groups on the basis of the measurement results.
  • the method has the advantage of being readily adaptable to an existing installation without significant redesign of the apparatus. It further has the advantage of high capacity and good reliability.
  • a preferred form of the apparatus and method according to the invention eliminates badly peeled wood from the bark removing process in an especially economic way. By measuring the brightness and structure of the wood surface it is easily possible to distinguish and separate dark, good wood from insufficiently peeled wood and to determine the amount of bark remaining on the wood.
  • the apparatus is further able to determine structural defects in the wood, such as splits, the presence of branches or limbs, rot, and insect damage.
  • a further development of the invention is characterized in that pieces of wood unsuitable for the subsequent process (secunda) are eliminated from the conveyor.
  • the bark removing apparatus such as a peeling drum
  • the wood pieces are illuminated by a light source positioned directly overhead such that the illumination source directs light downwardly perpendicular to the conveyor.
  • An appropriate development of the method is characterized in that in analyzing the measuring results obtained, logs contacting each other are recognized and thus the individual data separated. With this development of the invention, it is possible to evaluate the individual pieces of wood separately even if the conveying belt carriers are occupied by several pieces at once.
  • the apparatus is calibrated before the wood pieces are measured. This can be done by measuring a calibrated plane on the conveyor when the installation is at a standstill and empty and accordingly taking into account these values when analyzing measurements.
  • a favorable development of the method is achieved by using the measurement results for statistical purposes or for controlling parts of the installation either upstream or downstream of the brightness measuring zone. For example, measurements indicating large amounts of bark remaining on the pieces of wood can be used for controlling the preceding bark peeling drum.
  • the results concerning number of pieces, length or volume offer additional information, making it possible to make assessments on throughput and possibly also on the quality of the wood supplied.
  • An advantageous development of the method is achieved by feeding the brightness measurement data into a data processing system, such as, e.g., a micro computer, for the purpose of producing and transmitting a control signal responsive to the brightness measurement to a sorting device.
  • the control signal actuates the sorting device to direct all of the pieces of wood of a predetermined quality to a further zone for subsequent processing.
  • the control signal further actuates to sorting device to direct undesirable pieces of wood to a waste zone or other zone for appropriate processing.
  • the invention also relates to a device for carrying out the aforesaid method comprising a feeding conveyor and a conveyor for receiving the pieces of wood from the feeding conveyor and carrying one or more pieces of wood while lying transversely to the conveying direction in an intermediate carrier field or shovel space.
  • the invention is characterized by at least one camera assessing the brightness of a measuring field of the pieces of wood and the roughness of the pieces of wood.
  • a data processing unit such as a micro computer is provided, processing data received from the camera and transmitting a control signal to a sorting device which directs the pieces of wood to one of at least two discharge conveyors in response to the data and the signal.
  • At least one additional camera with a different observation or measuring field is used to obtain a second brightness measurement.
  • Such an arrangement is especially well suited for compensating for the shadows on the wood pieces resulting from incidental light.
  • the roughness of the pieces of wood can be determined especially well.
  • a preferred embodiment of the invention is characterized in that a distance transmitter is included in the camera region to determine the distance between the camera and wood. By determining the distance between the camera and the pieces of wood, the diameter of the pieces of wood and possible overlapping of several pieces of wood can be determined.
  • At least one, preferably two lighting or illumination means for illuminating the measuring field on the pieces of wood.
  • illumination with special lighting means unfavorable influences of the incidental light present in the surroundings may be largely ignored and become inconsequential in measuring the brightness.
  • By directing the light source on the measuring field differences in brightness are more pronounced, leading to better recognition and distinction of different pieces of wood.
  • two lighting means shadows occurring and other irregularities can compensated for and usually avoided.
  • a further improvement of the device according to the invention is characterized in that the conveying surface and rolling surface in the region of the sorting station is covered with a black, wear-resistant plastics material.
  • FIG. 1 is a plan view of a complete installation
  • FIG. 2 shows the complete installation according to FIG. 1, seen from the side where discharge of the logs takes place;
  • FIG. 3 represents a side view of the installation of FIGS. 1 and 2;
  • FIGS. 4a and 4b represent the definition of the measuring field, FIG. 4a being the division of the fields across the length of the log and FIG. 4b being the division of the fields of observation on the periphery of the log;
  • FIG. 5 is a schematic view of a graph of intensity of the brightness measurement (x) versus the position on the peripheral and longitudinal surface of the log (y);
  • FIG. 6 is a graph of the distance measurement converted to thickness of the pieces of wood (x) versus the distance (y) the conveyor carries the wood through the viewing zone.
  • the invention is directed to a method and apparatus for classifying pieces of wood and in particular logs moving on a conveyor and directing the logs to a desired location.
  • the apparatus is particularly adapted for classifying logs which have come from a conventional bark removing apparatus.
  • the apparatus classifies the logs by measuring the brightness of the logs in a plurality of measuring fields on the logs and recording an image of the surface of the logs and determining the extent of the bark removal from the brightness measurement.
  • the apparatus in a preferred embodiment of the invention comprises a bark removing apparatus 20, a feed conveyor 22 for receiving logs from the bark removing apparatus, and a main conveyor 1 of a classifying and sorting apparatus 18.
  • the conveyor 1 includes a plurality of spaced carriers or shovels 3 extending upward from the conveyor belt surface to push the logs and define a carrier field 24.
  • the carriers 3 serve to separate the logs while being conveyed through a viewing zone 6.
  • the logs are randomly deposited on the conveyor i so that the logs are positioned substantially transverse to the direction of travel of the conveyor 1.
  • the conveyor 1 carries the logs through the apparatus 18 in the direction of arrow 2 shown in FIG. 1.
  • the conveyor 1 is of the type to rotate the logs in a rolling manner as the logs are conveyed along the length of the conveyor by the carriers 3.
  • the ends of the logs 8 ride on stationary outer rails 36 which causes the logs to roll as they are pushed by the carriers 3.
  • the logs 8 are conveyed through an observation or viewing zone 6 above the conveyor 1 while being rotated.
  • a photometer or camera 10 and preferably at least one illuminating device 11 shown in FIG. 3 are positioned above the viewing zone 6 to illuminate the logs 8 and measure the brightness of the logs.
  • the logs subsequently reach the discharge end of the conveyor belt 1 where the logs are discharged to one of two discharge conveyors 4 and 5. As shown in FIG. 1, two discharge conveyors are included in this embodiment, although more discharge conveyors may be provided.
  • the camera 10 measures the brightness in a plurality of viewing fields 12 on each of the logs as they are rotating to obtain a plurality of brightness measurements for each log.
  • the camera 10 views the surface of the logs 8 in a plurality of viewing fields 12 which may be arranged around the periphery of the logs, along the longitudinal length of logs or a combination thereof.
  • the viewing fields 12 are contiguous with one another.
  • the viewing fields 12 may be spaced apart or overlap with each other.
  • the viewing fields 12 are slightly spaced from the ends of the logs since the ends are often split or damaged and result in brightness measurements which would not be an accurate representation of the major portions of the log.
  • the camera 10 views the logs passing along the conveyor, produces signals responsive to the brightness measurements for each measuring field 12 and transmits the signals to a data processing unit 26 such as for example, a micro-processor.
  • the data processing unit 26 receives the signals from the camera 10 and calculates an average brightness value for each log by averaging each of the measurements corresponding to each log.
  • a storage unit to store the data received from the camera 10.
  • the data processing unit is also connected to a printer 48, display monitor 50 and a keyboard 52 for entering and retrieving information from the data processing unit 26.
  • a speed sensor 46 is also connected to the data processing unit 26.
  • the data processing unit 26 compares the calculated average brightness value with a known value to obtain a comparative value and produces a control signal in response to the comparison.
  • the control signal is transmitted to an actuator 28 controlling the sorting apparatus to actuate the apparatus in response to the calculated average brightness value in the form of the control signal.
  • the control signal is used to actuate the sorting apparatus to divert logs to a desired work station. For example, brightness measurements indicating an unacceptable amount of bark remaining on the log may be used to divert a log to a further bark removing apparatus. Alternatively, a brightness measurement indicating an acceptable log may be used to divert the log to a milling apparatus.
  • the data received from the camera 10 may also be transmitted to an upstream or a downstream apparatus indicated by lines 30 and 32, respectively, to adjust the apparatus in response to a brightness measurement. For example, an unacceptably large number of logs having excessive amounts of bark on the logs can be transmitted to the bark removing apparatus to adjust the apparatus to increase the bark removal.
  • the camera 10 as used in the invention is a conventional photometric brightness measuring device as known in the art.
  • the illumination devices 11 are similarly conventional light sources to illuminate the viewing zone 6 and particularly the measuring fields 12 on the logs.
  • the term brightness is intended to refer to the characteristic of the ability of the wood to reflect light.
  • the camera 10 thus detects and records the amount of light reflected from the illumination source 11. Measuring the brightness of the wood has been found to be a good tool for determining defects in the surface of the wood and the amount of bark remaining on the log. For example, the bark of the logs is typically darker than the wood and has a dull, matte appearance and readily absorbs light with little reflectance. After the bark is removed to expose the wood, the logs typically have a higher reflectance of light. The camera 10 is able to measure and record the amount of reflected light or brightness of the logs as an indicator of the quality of the log and the extent of bark removal.
  • the camera 10 and the data processing unit 26 record the brightness of each viewing field 12 on the log 8 as the logs are conveyed through the observation zone 6 of the apparatus 18.
  • the compilation of brightness measurements for each log are recorded to form a recorded image of each log.
  • the logs 8 are rotated while being conveyed through the observation zone 6 so that the camera 10 is able to obtain a brightness measurement of each viewing field substantially around the entire periphery and along the length of the log. In this manner, the camera is able to obtain a brightness measurement for the entire surface area of each log as illustrated in FIGS. 4a and 4b.
  • the camera 10 may be a conventional photometer device capable of measuring the intensity of reflected light from the logs.
  • the camera is positioned to view the logs and measure the brightness in a plurality of viewing fields 12 positioned along the longitudinal length and around the periphery of the logs.
  • Camera 10 produces a signal corresponding to the measured brightness of each field and transmits the signals to the data processing unit 26.
  • the data processing unit receives the signals for each viewing field 12 and calculates an average value for the fields aligned in the longitudinal direction as shown in FIG. 4a and for the fields aligned around the periphery as shown in FIG. 4b. Since the logs are rolling through the observations field 6, the data processing unit produces a plurality of signals corresponding to each measuring field which occurs in the form of pulses. These pulses form an image of each log in the data processing unit.
  • the data processing unit records the pulsed image signals which form a kind of finger print for each log. By retrieving the data at a later time, and comparing the recorded image with the log, an individual log can be identified.
  • the conveying surface is coated with a black material, such as a wear resistance plastic material.
  • a black material such as a wear resistance plastic material.
  • the black conveyor surface produces a sharp contrast to the logs and allows easy recognition of the brightness corresponding to the logs.
  • the more intense brightness measurements of the logs followed by the low intensity measurements from the conveyor surface enables the data processing unit to easily determine the number of logs in a conveying field 24.
  • the signals corresponding to the brightness of each measuring field 12 arranged longitudinally and peripherally on the logs may be used to determine the amount of bark remaining on the logs, texture and defects in the wood.
  • the longitudinal and peripheral fields of a log free of defects will produce a series of pulses of brightness measurement signals that are of substantially uniform intensity.
  • the pulse signals will have a low frequency since the surface of each measuring field will be about the same.
  • a log having blemishes or defects will produce a pulsed signal having a higher frequency since the defective areas will not have the same measured brightness as the unblemished areas and thus produce different brightness measurements around the different surfaces of the log.
  • the frequency of the pulse of the brightness may be used to detect defects in the logs and the types of defects.
  • a log having longitudinal cracks or splits 40 will produce substantially uniform brightness measurements 42 in the viewing fields arranged longitudinally, while the viewing fields arranged around the periphery will differ significantly and produce a high frequency pulsed measurement or signal 44.
  • (x) is the intensity of the brightness and (y) is the position of the measurement on the log in either the peripheral or longitudinal dimension.
  • the uneven surface of a log completely covered with bark will result in a low intensity brightness measurement due to the dark color.
  • the surface irregularities of the bark will produce a high frequency pulse of the brightness of the viewing field in the peripheral and longitudinal directions.
  • a dark colored log with the bark removed indicating rot or insect damage will produce a low intensity signal of relatively low frequency.
  • Logs overlaying each other can be detected by the resulting shadows and the extreme differences in brightness measurements in the longitudinal and peripheral directions.
  • the camera 10 transmits a signal corresponding to each brightness measurement of each field 12 to the data processing unit 26. Each signal is then compared to a known value and produces a comparative value for each field.
  • the data processing unit records each comparative value for the plurality of viewing fields on the logs and averages the comparative values for comparison with a known value. The logs are then classified according to the average comparative value.
  • the logs are separated by transmitting a signal from the data processing unit 26 to the sorting actuator 28 to direct the logs 8 to a desired location.
  • the camera 10 and the data processing unit 26 having a recorded image of each log is able to recognize and detect each log 8 as it approaches the sorting apparatus.
  • the actuator 28 via connection 34 operates the gate 7 so as to divert the logs 8 being discharged from the discharge end of conveyor 1 to the desired conveyor 4 or 5 in response to a signal from the data processing unit 26.
  • the camera in a preferred embodiment of the invention has sufficient resolution to measure a sufficient number of fields 12 to form an image of the logs as well as other surface characteristics.
  • the image of each individual log may be stored in the data processing unit and retrieved to identify a log at a later time to direct the log to the desired location.
  • the image of the logs may further be used to classify the logs by length, dimension or shape.
  • a distance detecting device 38 is positioned adjacent the camera to determine the distance from the camera to the uppermost surface of the log 8. This distance is transmitted to the data processing device by a line 40 to assist in the calculation of the dimension of the log.
  • the distance detecting device is able to determine the number of logs in a conveying field. Each log 8 in the conveying field will produce a maximum measurement 56 as the log passes under the distance detector as illustrated schematically in FIG. 6. Typically, the number of maximum measurements 56 will correspond to the number of logs 8 in the carrier field 24. As shown in FIG. 6, the space between the peaks of the curve indicate the width of the logs and the number of logs in a conveyor field. The measurement may further be indicative of logs overlaying each other.
  • FIG. 2 represents an end view of the apparatus 18 and the discharge end of the conveyor belt 1 where discharge of the logs takes place.
  • an operator views the logs and operates a control device 9 to transmit a signal to a sorting apparatus for separating the pieces of wood into the discharge branches according to optical observation of observation field 6.
  • FIG. 2 The position of cameras 10 are schematically illustrated in FIG. 2.
  • the cameras serve to carry out the method according to the invention and is intended to replace the operators.
  • FIG. 2 also shows a further advantage of the method according to the invention, namely the possibility to employ it with existing installations without requiring major changes in construction. Only framings for mounting the camera and, if required, the illumination means are necessary here.
  • FIG. 3 shows conveyor 1 with carriers or shovels 3. Furthermore, it illustrates the distribution of pieces of wood 8 to conveyors 4 and 5.
  • a hydraulic gate 7 is positioned in such a way that the logs drop on respective discharge conveyors 4 and 5. Distribution to several discharge conveyors can be carried out in a similar way.
  • This figure especially shows the position of camera 10 and of illumination means 11 to illuminate and view the observation zone 6 on the logs. Normally there are several transporting fields formed by the carriers within observation zone 6. While being transported on the conveyor belt 1, the individual logs 8 roll around their longitudinal axis, which can also be promoted by known measures as, e.g., toothed racks or toothed fields in the observation zone 6.
  • FIGS. 4a and 4b represent the arrangement of the viewing fields 12 on logs 8.
  • FIG. 4b shows the arrangement of viewing fields 12 around the periphery of log 8
  • FIG. 4a shows the respective arrangement in longitudinal direction of logs 8.
  • the complete observation window is made up of several smaller viewing fields 12 that follow each other in longitudinal direction of the log and may be arranged laterally displaced relative to each other.
  • both ends of the log are in most cases heavily split or damaged after passage through a bark peeling drum or other bark removing apparatus, the properties of the wood are no longer recognizable in these regions by the camera. To compensate for the possible inaccurate measurements of damaged areas, those parts of the log surface at the extreme ends are not taken into consideration for analysis and determination of the brightness value.
  • each individual picture point taken of the viewing fields is now compared to a predetermined adjustable bark threshold value and classified according to the amount of bark on the log. This procedure is repeated throughout the whole period of observation. Only after complete observation of the periphery of the log, the decision on bark or wood is made by comparison with a predetermined and adjustable limiting value for the overall degree of unbarking.

Landscapes

  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Biodiversity & Conservation Biology (AREA)
  • Forests & Forestry (AREA)
  • Sorting Of Articles (AREA)
  • Investigating Or Analysing Materials By Optical Means (AREA)
  • Length Measuring Devices By Optical Means (AREA)
  • Compounds Of Unknown Constitution (AREA)
US07/833,847 1991-02-08 1992-02-10 Method and device for separating pieces of wood Expired - Lifetime US5335790A (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US08/239,979 US5544757A (en) 1991-02-08 1994-05-09 Method and device for seperating pieces of wood

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT275 1991-02-08
AT0027591A AT398174B (de) 1991-02-08 1991-02-08 Verfahren und vorrichtung zum trennen von entrindeten holzknüppeln

Related Child Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US08/239,979 Division US5544757A (en) 1991-02-08 1994-05-09 Method and device for seperating pieces of wood

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US5335790A true US5335790A (en) 1994-08-09

Family

ID=3486219

Family Applications (2)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US07/833,847 Expired - Lifetime US5335790A (en) 1991-02-08 1992-02-10 Method and device for separating pieces of wood
US08/239,979 Expired - Lifetime US5544757A (en) 1991-02-08 1994-05-09 Method and device for seperating pieces of wood

Family Applications After (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US08/239,979 Expired - Lifetime US5544757A (en) 1991-02-08 1994-05-09 Method and device for seperating pieces of wood

Country Status (7)

Country Link
US (2) US5335790A (de)
AT (1) AT398174B (de)
CA (1) CA2060845C (de)
DE (1) DE4202168C2 (de)
FI (1) FI116276B (de)
NO (1) NO303971B1 (de)
SE (1) SE508013C2 (de)

Cited By (35)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5470274A (en) * 1993-07-09 1995-11-28 Normaclass R.D. Device for classifying carcasses of large cattle, calves, hogs or sheep
US5513782A (en) * 1992-01-01 1996-05-07 Rosso Industrie S.P.A. Device for removing merely partially turned stockings on a stocking turning machine
US5544757A (en) * 1991-02-08 1996-08-13 Andritz-Patentverwaltungs-Gesellschaft M.B.H. Method and device for seperating pieces of wood
US5577671A (en) * 1992-06-08 1996-11-26 Valtion Teknillinen Tutkimuskeskus Method for manufacturing low bark content wood chips from whole-tree chips
WO1997018045A1 (en) * 1995-11-15 1997-05-22 Rosebay Terrace Pty. Ltd. Automated sorting apparatus and system
US5738224A (en) * 1990-10-29 1998-04-14 National Recovery Technologies, Inc. Method and apparatus for the separation of materials using penetrating electromagnetic radiation
US5944598A (en) * 1996-08-23 1999-08-31 Her Majesty The Queen In Right Of Canada As Represented By The Department Of Agriculture Method and apparatus for using image analysis to determine meat and carcass characteristics
WO1999066729A1 (en) * 1998-06-15 1999-12-23 Electro Scientific Industries Multi-function viewer/tester for miniature electric components
USRE36537E (en) * 1990-10-29 2000-02-01 National Recovery Technologies, Inc. Method and apparatus for sorting materials using electromagnetic sensing
WO2000025116A1 (de) * 1998-10-28 2000-05-04 Peter Werth Verfahren und anlage zum lokalisieren von diskontinuitäten, insbesondere harzeinschlüssen, in holz
AU725416B2 (en) * 1995-11-15 2000-10-12 Tic (Retail Accessories) Pty Ltd Automated sorting apparatus and system
US6137894A (en) * 1996-09-19 2000-10-24 Valtion Teknillinen Tutkimuskeskus On-line method for determining the wood-bark ratio from a flow of material
FR2797975A1 (fr) * 1999-09-01 2001-03-02 Ct Regional D Innovation Et Tr Procede d'identification de pieces en matiere ligneuse, dispositif et procedes industriels de transformations mettant en oeuvre le procede d'identification
WO2002098830A1 (en) * 2001-06-06 2002-12-12 Bjarne Holmbom A method for isolating phenolic substances or juvabiones from wood comprising knotwood
EP1287912A1 (de) * 2001-09-04 2003-03-05 Finnforest Oy Untersuchen und Sortieren von Holzfunieren
US6539830B1 (en) * 1999-10-13 2003-04-01 The Koskovich Company Automated board processing apparatus
WO2003080922A1 (en) * 2002-03-22 2003-10-02 M-Real Oyj Method for adjusting the fibrous properties of pulp
US20030183559A1 (en) * 2002-04-02 2003-10-02 Hermann Steven E. Log handling apparatus and methods
US20040098164A1 (en) * 2002-11-18 2004-05-20 James L. Taylor Manufacturing Company Color and size matching of wooden boards
US20040199032A1 (en) * 2001-06-06 2004-10-07 Bjarne Holmbom Method for isolating phenolic substances or javabiones from wood comprising knotwood
US20050161118A1 (en) * 2003-07-24 2005-07-28 Carman George M. Wood tracking by identification of surface characteristics
US20060288831A1 (en) * 2005-06-28 2006-12-28 Mitek Holdings, Inc. Automated system for precision cutting short pieces of lumber
US20080083476A1 (en) * 2006-10-06 2008-04-10 Bret Jones Wood indexing rack
US20080306702A1 (en) * 2005-11-28 2008-12-11 Navy Island Plywood, Inc. Method of Rating Wood Product Quality
US20110061479A1 (en) * 2009-09-11 2011-03-17 Microtec S.R.L. Method and apparatus for determining the nodosity of a wooden plank
US20110298889A1 (en) * 2008-07-18 2011-12-08 Koichiro Seto Administration method of lumber
CN103861825A (zh) * 2014-04-01 2014-06-18 大连丰和草本箸业有限公司 一种植物枝条筷子原料全自动高速分选设备及其工艺
US20150314333A1 (en) * 2014-05-05 2015-11-05 Arol S.P.A. Elevator for caps
US10099400B2 (en) 2012-06-19 2018-10-16 CENTRE DE RECHERCHE INDUSTRIELLE DU QUéBEC Method and system for detecting the quality of debarking at the surface of a wooden log
US10173450B2 (en) 2012-10-16 2019-01-08 Vekta Automation Pty Ltd. Element marking device
US10207421B1 (en) 2016-09-26 2019-02-19 Wein Holding LLC Automated multi-headed saw and method for lumber
US10210607B1 (en) 2015-04-08 2019-02-19 Wein Holding LLC Digital projection system and method for workpiece assembly
US10239225B1 (en) * 2016-01-14 2019-03-26 Wein Holding LLC Automated system and method to enhance safety and strength of wood truss structures
EP3478466A4 (de) * 2016-06-29 2020-02-12 C. Gunnarssons Verkstads AB Verfahren zur optimierung der strömung in einem system zur handhabung von holzteilen
CN116175659A (zh) * 2023-02-23 2023-05-30 浙江国立包装有限公司 一种以纸代木成型板材的加工设备及其生产方法

Families Citing this family (33)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE9315506U1 (de) * 1993-10-13 1993-12-02 Fagus-Grecon Greten Gmbh & Co Kg, 31061 Alfeld Vorrichtung zur maschinellen Festigkeitssortierung von Schnittholz
DE4421763C1 (de) * 1994-06-22 1995-03-23 Wild Maschinen Gmbh Vorrichtung zum Sortieren von fertig zusammengesetzten Furnierblättern
DE4421787C1 (de) * 1994-06-22 1995-03-09 Wild Maschinen Gmbh Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Vereinzeln, Sortieren und Ablegen von Furnierstapeln
FI952028A0 (fi) * 1995-04-28 1995-04-28 Jorma Reponen Automatisk maetnings- och kvalifeceringsstation
FI102521B2 (fi) * 1997-05-19 2004-05-25 Andritz Patentverwaltung Menetelmä ja laite kuorintaprosessin puuhäviöiden vähentämiseksi
CA2228023A1 (en) * 1998-01-23 1999-07-23 Centre De Recherche Industrielle Du Quebec Method and apparatus for classifying batches of wood chips or the like
US6539993B1 (en) * 2000-11-15 2003-04-01 Weyerhaeuser Company Method and apparatus for singulating, debarking, scanning and automatically sawing and sorting logs into lengths
US6755297B2 (en) * 2001-07-03 2004-06-29 Hi-Tech Engineering, Inc. Symbol printer
CA2356477A1 (fr) * 2001-08-31 2003-02-28 Automatismes Industriels Syst-M Inc. Reconnaissance de planches par biometrie
CA2382347A1 (fr) * 2002-05-01 2003-11-01 Autolog Inc. Poste de classement avec zone de decision dynamique
AU2003257404A1 (en) * 2002-08-27 2004-03-19 Dralle Aps A method and a system for automatic measurement and tracking of logs, industrial wood and boards
ES2276103T3 (es) * 2002-10-11 2007-06-16 Force Technology Un sistema y un metodo para clasificar objetos automaticamente.
NZ544882A (en) * 2003-07-24 2008-06-30 Lucidyne Technologies Inc Wood tracking system by identification of surface characteristics
FI6021U1 (fi) * 2003-09-12 2003-11-18 Pc Koneistus Oy Otantamittauslaite
WO2005080949A1 (en) * 2004-02-20 2005-09-01 Dralle Aps A system for grading of industrial wood
US20060226380A1 (en) * 2005-04-11 2006-10-12 Meinan Machinery Works, Inc. Method of inspecting a broad article
FI122331B (fi) * 2006-06-30 2011-12-15 Teknosavo Oy Menetelmä puun tilavuuden mittaamiseen ja laadun tarkkailuun
AU2007299719B2 (en) * 2006-09-20 2011-06-02 Lucidyne Technologies, Inc. Grain angle sensor
US7751612B2 (en) * 2006-10-10 2010-07-06 Usnr/Kockums Cancar Company Occlusionless scanner for workpieces
CA2629264C (en) * 2007-04-19 2014-11-18 4170083 Canada Inc. System and method of sorting elongated wood boards for preparing rows
CA2691128C (en) * 2007-05-04 2014-04-29 Feng Ding System and method for optimizing lignocellulosic granular matter refining
US20090024247A1 (en) * 2007-07-20 2009-01-22 Christopher Scott Lovchik Slip sensor
US20090020688A1 (en) * 2007-07-20 2009-01-22 Christopher Scott Lovchik Workpiece sensor
ITVR20070104A1 (it) * 2007-07-27 2009-01-28 Microtec Srl Metodo per valutare la qualita' di frutti
US8186399B2 (en) * 2008-03-10 2012-05-29 Unilin Flooring Nc Llc Automated floor board texturing cell and method
US8502180B2 (en) 2009-01-26 2013-08-06 Centre De Recherche Industrielle Du Quebec Apparatus and method having dual sensor unit with first and second sensing fields crossed one another for scanning the surface of a moving article
DE102009059724A1 (de) * 2009-12-18 2011-06-22 RWE Power AG, 45128 Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Prüfen eines Brennstoffformkörpers
CA2714235C (en) 2010-04-27 2014-01-07 Centre De Recherche Industrielle Du Quebec Method and system for stabilizing dry-based density of wood chips to be fed to a chip refining process
US20130144568A1 (en) 2011-08-31 2013-06-06 Rodrigo A. Palma-Amestoy System and Method for Variable Detection in Objects
FR3002469A3 (fr) * 2013-02-26 2014-08-29 Renault Sa Procede et systeme de classement de materiaux en fonction de leurs caracteristiques de surface determinees par une observation optique.
US9588098B2 (en) 2015-03-18 2017-03-07 Centre De Recherche Industrielle Du Quebec Optical method and apparatus for identifying wood species of a raw wooden log
SE543138C2 (en) * 2018-11-03 2020-10-13 Tracy Of Sweden Ab Arrangement and method for capturing image of log
SE2151276A1 (sv) * 2021-10-20 2023-04-21 Renholmen Ab Automatiskt virkessorteringsverk

Citations (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3456700A (en) * 1964-07-28 1969-07-22 Ahlstedt Gunnar L Method of timber sorting
US3642041A (en) * 1967-05-12 1972-02-15 Canadian Internationl Paper Co Mobile tree-processing machine
US3812965A (en) * 1971-03-25 1974-05-28 Nippon Musical Instruments Mfg Method for automatically sorting block-type objects of different categories and apparatus therefor
US4185672A (en) * 1974-02-06 1980-01-29 Reed Ltd. Integrated tree processing mill
DE3039979A1 (de) * 1980-10-23 1982-04-29 Matthias Ing.(grad.) 8219 Rimsting Heinhaus Anordnung zum optoelektronischen klassieren von festkoerpern nach farbe und/oder strukturbeschaffenheit
DE3211344A1 (de) * 1981-03-30 1982-10-07 Kone Oy, 00330 Helsinki Verfahren und vorrichtung zur laengensortierung von holzabschnitten, insbesondere baumstaemmen
US4679075A (en) * 1985-04-29 1987-07-07 Emhart Industries, Inc. Glassware inspection using optical streak detection
US4924088A (en) * 1989-02-28 1990-05-08 George Carman Apparatus for reading information marks
DE3910378A1 (de) * 1989-03-31 1990-10-04 Hans Kroenig Sortieranlage fuer parkettstaebe
US4992949A (en) * 1989-01-27 1991-02-12 Macmillan Bloedel Limited Color sorting of lumber

Family Cites Families (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3138258A (en) * 1961-06-12 1964-06-23 Crown Zellerbach Corp Method and apparatus for sorting automatically logs and like objects
FI64301C (fi) * 1981-03-30 1983-11-10 Kone Oy Foerfarande och anordning foer avskiljning av daoligt avbarkattvaevirke
KR890002004B1 (ko) * 1984-01-11 1989-06-07 가부시끼 가이샤 도오시바 지폐류 판별장치
US4657144A (en) * 1985-02-25 1987-04-14 Philip Morris Incorporated Method and apparatus for detecting and removing foreign material from a stream of particulate matter
US4691231A (en) * 1985-10-01 1987-09-01 Vistech Corporation Bottle inspection system
DK155274C (da) * 1986-05-30 1989-07-31 Stormax Int As Apparat til kontrol af traeemne
GB8625953D0 (en) * 1986-10-30 1986-12-03 G B E International Plc Programmable zone size in detection system
US4805679A (en) * 1988-01-25 1989-02-21 Integrated Wood Research Inc. Apparatus and method for processing lumber
SE466420B (sv) * 1989-11-14 1992-02-10 Svenska Traeforskningsinst Foerfarande och anordning foer detektering av bark samt bestaemning av barkningsgrad paa ved eller i flis
AT398174B (de) * 1991-02-08 1994-10-25 Andritz Patentverwaltung Verfahren und vorrichtung zum trennen von entrindeten holzknüppeln

Patent Citations (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3456700A (en) * 1964-07-28 1969-07-22 Ahlstedt Gunnar L Method of timber sorting
US3642041A (en) * 1967-05-12 1972-02-15 Canadian Internationl Paper Co Mobile tree-processing machine
US3812965A (en) * 1971-03-25 1974-05-28 Nippon Musical Instruments Mfg Method for automatically sorting block-type objects of different categories and apparatus therefor
US4185672A (en) * 1974-02-06 1980-01-29 Reed Ltd. Integrated tree processing mill
DE3039979A1 (de) * 1980-10-23 1982-04-29 Matthias Ing.(grad.) 8219 Rimsting Heinhaus Anordnung zum optoelektronischen klassieren von festkoerpern nach farbe und/oder strukturbeschaffenheit
DE3211344A1 (de) * 1981-03-30 1982-10-07 Kone Oy, 00330 Helsinki Verfahren und vorrichtung zur laengensortierung von holzabschnitten, insbesondere baumstaemmen
US4679075A (en) * 1985-04-29 1987-07-07 Emhart Industries, Inc. Glassware inspection using optical streak detection
US4992949A (en) * 1989-01-27 1991-02-12 Macmillan Bloedel Limited Color sorting of lumber
US4924088A (en) * 1989-02-28 1990-05-08 George Carman Apparatus for reading information marks
DE3910378A1 (de) * 1989-03-31 1990-10-04 Hans Kroenig Sortieranlage fuer parkettstaebe

Cited By (55)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5738224A (en) * 1990-10-29 1998-04-14 National Recovery Technologies, Inc. Method and apparatus for the separation of materials using penetrating electromagnetic radiation
USRE36537E (en) * 1990-10-29 2000-02-01 National Recovery Technologies, Inc. Method and apparatus for sorting materials using electromagnetic sensing
US5544757A (en) * 1991-02-08 1996-08-13 Andritz-Patentverwaltungs-Gesellschaft M.B.H. Method and device for seperating pieces of wood
US5513782A (en) * 1992-01-01 1996-05-07 Rosso Industrie S.P.A. Device for removing merely partially turned stockings on a stocking turning machine
US5577671A (en) * 1992-06-08 1996-11-26 Valtion Teknillinen Tutkimuskeskus Method for manufacturing low bark content wood chips from whole-tree chips
US5470274A (en) * 1993-07-09 1995-11-28 Normaclass R.D. Device for classifying carcasses of large cattle, calves, hogs or sheep
AU725416B2 (en) * 1995-11-15 2000-10-12 Tic (Retail Accessories) Pty Ltd Automated sorting apparatus and system
WO1997018045A1 (en) * 1995-11-15 1997-05-22 Rosebay Terrace Pty. Ltd. Automated sorting apparatus and system
US6149016A (en) * 1995-11-15 2000-11-21 Rosebay Terrace Pty Ltd. Automated sorting apparatus and system
US5944598A (en) * 1996-08-23 1999-08-31 Her Majesty The Queen In Right Of Canada As Represented By The Department Of Agriculture Method and apparatus for using image analysis to determine meat and carcass characteristics
US6137894A (en) * 1996-09-19 2000-10-24 Valtion Teknillinen Tutkimuskeskus On-line method for determining the wood-bark ratio from a flow of material
WO1999066729A1 (en) * 1998-06-15 1999-12-23 Electro Scientific Industries Multi-function viewer/tester for miniature electric components
WO2000025116A1 (de) * 1998-10-28 2000-05-04 Peter Werth Verfahren und anlage zum lokalisieren von diskontinuitäten, insbesondere harzeinschlüssen, in holz
FR2797975A1 (fr) * 1999-09-01 2001-03-02 Ct Regional D Innovation Et Tr Procede d'identification de pieces en matiere ligneuse, dispositif et procedes industriels de transformations mettant en oeuvre le procede d'identification
US20040002787A1 (en) * 1999-10-13 2004-01-01 The Koskovich Company Automated board processing apparatus
US7011006B2 (en) 1999-10-13 2006-03-14 Mitek Holdings, Inc. Automated board processing apparatus
US6539830B1 (en) * 1999-10-13 2003-04-01 The Koskovich Company Automated board processing apparatus
WO2002098830A1 (en) * 2001-06-06 2002-12-12 Bjarne Holmbom A method for isolating phenolic substances or juvabiones from wood comprising knotwood
US20040199032A1 (en) * 2001-06-06 2004-10-07 Bjarne Holmbom Method for isolating phenolic substances or javabiones from wood comprising knotwood
US6851559B2 (en) 2001-09-04 2005-02-08 Finnforest Oy Analyzing and sorting of wood veneers
EP1287912A1 (de) * 2001-09-04 2003-03-05 Finnforest Oy Untersuchen und Sortieren von Holzfunieren
WO2003080922A1 (en) * 2002-03-22 2003-10-02 M-Real Oyj Method for adjusting the fibrous properties of pulp
US20050109474A1 (en) * 2002-03-22 2005-05-26 Jukka Ranua Method for adjusting fibrous properties of pulp
CN100342985C (zh) * 2002-03-22 2007-10-17 M-真实公司 用于调节浆料纤维性能的方法
US20030183559A1 (en) * 2002-04-02 2003-10-02 Hermann Steven E. Log handling apparatus and methods
US20040098164A1 (en) * 2002-11-18 2004-05-20 James L. Taylor Manufacturing Company Color and size matching of wooden boards
US7571818B2 (en) * 2002-11-18 2009-08-11 James L. Taylor Manufacturing Company Color and size matching of wooden boards
US20070119518A1 (en) * 2003-07-24 2007-05-31 Carman George M Wood tracking by identification of surface characteristics
US7406190B2 (en) 2003-07-24 2008-07-29 Lucidyne Technologies, Inc. Wood tracking by identification of surface characteristics
US7426422B2 (en) 2003-07-24 2008-09-16 Lucidyne Technologies, Inc. Wood tracking by identification of surface characteristics
US20050161118A1 (en) * 2003-07-24 2005-07-28 Carman George M. Wood tracking by identification of surface characteristics
US20060288831A1 (en) * 2005-06-28 2006-12-28 Mitek Holdings, Inc. Automated system for precision cutting short pieces of lumber
US7950316B2 (en) 2005-06-28 2011-05-31 Mitek Holdings, Inc. Automated system for precision cutting short pieces of lumber
US20080306702A1 (en) * 2005-11-28 2008-12-11 Navy Island Plywood, Inc. Method of Rating Wood Product Quality
US20080083476A1 (en) * 2006-10-06 2008-04-10 Bret Jones Wood indexing rack
US20110298889A1 (en) * 2008-07-18 2011-12-08 Koichiro Seto Administration method of lumber
US20110061479A1 (en) * 2009-09-11 2011-03-17 Microtec S.R.L. Method and apparatus for determining the nodosity of a wooden plank
US8408081B2 (en) * 2009-09-11 2013-04-02 Microtec S.R.L. Method and apparatus for determining the nodosity of a wooden plank
US10099400B2 (en) 2012-06-19 2018-10-16 CENTRE DE RECHERCHE INDUSTRIELLE DU QUéBEC Method and system for detecting the quality of debarking at the surface of a wooden log
US10173450B2 (en) 2012-10-16 2019-01-08 Vekta Automation Pty Ltd. Element marking device
CN103861825B (zh) * 2014-04-01 2016-05-18 大连丰和草本箸业有限公司 一种植物枝条筷子原料全自动高速分选设备及其工艺
CN103861825A (zh) * 2014-04-01 2014-06-18 大连丰和草本箸业有限公司 一种植物枝条筷子原料全自动高速分选设备及其工艺
US20150314333A1 (en) * 2014-05-05 2015-11-05 Arol S.P.A. Elevator for caps
US9352361B2 (en) * 2014-05-05 2016-05-31 Arol S.P.A. Elevator for caps
US10706532B1 (en) 2015-04-08 2020-07-07 Wein Holding LLC Digital projection system for workpiece assembly and associated method
US10210607B1 (en) 2015-04-08 2019-02-19 Wein Holding LLC Digital projection system and method for workpiece assembly
US11087457B1 (en) 2015-04-08 2021-08-10 Wein Holding LLC Digital projection system and associated method
US10239225B1 (en) * 2016-01-14 2019-03-26 Wein Holding LLC Automated system and method to enhance safety and strength of wood truss structures
US10580126B1 (en) 2016-01-14 2020-03-03 Wein Holding LLC Automated system and method for lumber analysis
EP3478466A4 (de) * 2016-06-29 2020-02-12 C. Gunnarssons Verkstads AB Verfahren zur optimierung der strömung in einem system zur handhabung von holzteilen
US10207421B1 (en) 2016-09-26 2019-02-19 Wein Holding LLC Automated multi-headed saw and method for lumber
US10780604B1 (en) 2016-09-26 2020-09-22 Wein Holding LLC Automated multi-headed saw for lumber and associated method
US10493636B1 (en) 2016-09-26 2019-12-03 Wein Holding LLC Automated system and method for lumber picking
CN116175659A (zh) * 2023-02-23 2023-05-30 浙江国立包装有限公司 一种以纸代木成型板材的加工设备及其生产方法
CN116175659B (zh) * 2023-02-23 2023-09-19 浙江国立包装有限公司 一种以纸代木成型板材的加工设备及其生产方法

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CA2060845C (en) 2000-09-12
NO920512D0 (no) 1992-02-07
FI116276B (fi) 2005-10-31
DE4202168C2 (de) 1995-10-12
US5544757A (en) 1996-08-13
SE9200206D0 (sv) 1992-01-24
AT398174B (de) 1994-10-25
DE4202168A1 (de) 1992-08-13
FI920524A (fi) 1992-08-09
CA2060845A1 (en) 1992-08-09
FI920524A0 (fi) 1992-02-07
SE9200206L (sv) 1992-08-09
NO920512L (no) 1992-08-10
SE508013C2 (sv) 1998-08-10
ATA27591A (de) 1994-02-15
NO303971B1 (no) 1998-10-05

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
US5335790A (en) Method and device for separating pieces of wood
US5538142A (en) Sorting apparatus
AU606015B2 (en) Lumber optimizer
US5675419A (en) Scattered/transmitted light information system
US9910024B2 (en) Method, sensor unit and machine for detecting “sugar top” defects in potatoes
US6353197B1 (en) Determination of characteristics of material
US5954206A (en) Optical inspection system
US5873470A (en) Sorting apparatus
EP0738186B1 (de) Verfahren und vorrichtung zur erfassung von oberflächenmerkmalen durchsichtiger gegenstände
EP1830176A1 (de) Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur optischen Messung kleiner Partikel wie Getreide und änlichen Planzen
EP0105453B1 (de) Vorrichtung zur Behandlung von Früchten und dergleichen
US5903341A (en) Produce grading and sorting system and method
US4436207A (en) Automatic corn sorting and inspection system
US5729473A (en) Method and device for generating colorimetric data for use in the automatic sorting of products, notably fruits or vegetables
CN111545483A (zh) 一种筷子分拣检测装置及其检测算法
US4025422A (en) Method and apparatus for inspecting food products
EP0772498B1 (de) System zur optischen inspektion
JP2000180369A (ja) 穀粒品位測定方法及びその装置
JP2000180369A5 (de)
US5018864A (en) Product discrimination system and method therefor
JP3614980B2 (ja) 農産物の外観検査方法及び装置
US4655110A (en) Method and apparatus for cutting blemishes from elongate articles
CA1206917A (en) Automatic corn sorting and inspection system
JP3217347B2 (ja) 青果物の選別装置
JPH02179452A (ja) 米粒品位判別方法

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
AS Assignment

Owner name: ANDRITZ-PATENTVERWALTUNGS-GESELLSCHAFT M.B.H. A

Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:GEIGER, BERTRAM;GRABHER, RAINER;REEL/FRAME:006058/0269

Effective date: 19920221

STCF Information on status: patent grant

Free format text: PATENTED CASE

FEPP Fee payment procedure

Free format text: PAYOR NUMBER ASSIGNED (ORIGINAL EVENT CODE: ASPN); ENTITY STATUS OF PATENT OWNER: LARGE ENTITY

FPAY Fee payment

Year of fee payment: 4

FPAY Fee payment

Year of fee payment: 8

FPAY Fee payment

Year of fee payment: 12