US5223124A - Method for immobilizing a polypeptide in a polymer and a membrane produced thereby - Google Patents

Method for immobilizing a polypeptide in a polymer and a membrane produced thereby Download PDF

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Publication number
US5223124A
US5223124A US07/543,770 US54377090A US5223124A US 5223124 A US5223124 A US 5223124A US 54377090 A US54377090 A US 54377090A US 5223124 A US5223124 A US 5223124A
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Prior art keywords
polypeptide
membrane
polyurethane
enzyme
anode
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US07/543,770
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English (en)
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Henrik Ege
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Novo Nordisk AS
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Novo Nordisk AS
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
    • C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
    • C12Q1/001—Enzyme electrodes
    • C12Q1/002—Electrode membranes
    • C12Q1/003—Functionalisation
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N11/00—Carrier-bound or immobilised enzymes; Carrier-bound or immobilised microbial cells; Preparation thereof
    • C12N11/02—Enzymes or microbial cells immobilised on or in an organic carrier
    • C12N11/04—Enzymes or microbial cells immobilised on or in an organic carrier entrapped within the carrier, e.g. gel or hollow fibres
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S435/00—Chemistry: molecular biology and microbiology
    • Y10S435/817—Enzyme or microbe electrode

Definitions

  • the present invention relates generally to the immobilization or incorporation of polypeptides, especially enzymes or other bioactive polypeptides into polymeric matrixes, membranes produced by said polymers, and the utilization of such membranes in biosensors or electrochemical sensors.
  • enzymes have been utilized industrially as catalysts, particularly in the fermentation industry, and the like.
  • the enzymes were dissolved or dispersed in various aqueous media for promoting a chemical reaction. After completion of the reaction the enzyme is not recovered, but discarded.
  • enzyme immobilization techniques have been developed, which enable repeated or continuous use of enzymes in a stable and active immobilized state, whereby the areas of use for enzymes have been rapidly expanded, for example in the process industry, and to analyses such as EIA (Enzyme Immuno Assay), and ELISA (Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay).
  • Biosensors are typical examples of sensors utilizing enzymes immobilized in membranes for the measurement of chemical substances.
  • a biosensor comprises an enzyme immobilized in a membrane and a transducer adapted to detect substances consumed or produced in the membrane, which generates an electrical signal upon detection of such a substance.
  • the enzyme immobilized in the membrane serves to discriminate a specific chemical substance to be measured, and causes a change in quantity of a material which corresponds to a change in the chemical substance and which is able to be detected by the transducer.
  • biosensors there are known those which employ glucose oxidase for the measurement of glucose.
  • Glucose oxidase acts to decompose glucose according to the following reaction:
  • sensors which comprise multi-layer membranes of substantial complexity.
  • the immobilization has been achieved by chemically binding the enzyme to the polymeric matrix.
  • Such sensors are difficult and costly to produce in demanding considerable skill in the production, and the number of sensors that must be discarded is relatively large.
  • biosensors are described in the following patents and patent applications.
  • German Patent Publication No. DE-A1-3335691 to Hitachi Ltd. discloses a urea electrode with a membrane comprising immobilized enzyme, which membrane is based on cross-linked albumin and treated with ethylenediamine in order to introduce and increase the number of amino groups, whereby an increased permeability for ammonium ions is achieved.
  • German Patent Publication No. DE-A1-2625544 a process for immobilizing biological material is disclosed, by which process the biological material is covalently bound to free isocyanate groups in a polyurethane polymer through reactive amino groups in the biological material.
  • a further object of the present invention is to provide for membranes produced by said polymeric matrices.
  • a still further object is related to the utilization of such membranes in biosensors.
  • Yet another object of the invention is to provide for a robust and reliable high quality biosensor incorporating membranes produced according to the method mentioned above.
  • FIG. 1 shows a longitudinal cross section of a single layer membrane needle electrode according to the invention
  • FIG. 2 shows an electrode according to the invention as used in a measuring set up
  • FIG. 3 shows a cross section of a multi-layer membrane electrode of the invention corresponding to the longitudinal cross section of a single layer membrane needle electrode in FIG. 1.
  • the invention in one of its aspects relates to a method for immobilizing a polypeptide such as an enzyme in a polymeric matrix comprising the following steps:
  • a simple and reliable method of immobilizing a polypeptide, such as an enzyme wherein only one mixing step is necessary between the active component and an inert aqueous dispersion of a polymer, and wherein no chemical or physical finishing treatment is necessary.
  • the active component thus retains a maximum of its activity, since no covalent binding to the polymer matrix is required.
  • polypeptide is an enzyme such as glucose oxidase, catalase, or lactase.
  • the permeability modifying agent mentioned above is incorporated into the polymer matrix in order to control the permeability of the end product for small hydrophilic molecules, and it was found that use of various charged high molecular substances was successful.
  • a membrane of the invention for producing enzyme sensors, it is possible to control the permeability of various interfering substances by the addition of compounds such as heparin, alginic acid, or albumin.
  • Negatively charged substances such as heparin and alginic acid are especially useful for reducing the permeability of interfering anions, whereas neutral substances such as albumin are useful in controlling the permeability of the substance to be determined.
  • the plasticizer used may be any of the plasticizers normally used within the polymer industry, but for the purposes of this invention preferably dibutyl phthalate was used.
  • step a) It was also found that the addition of a coalescence agent to said aqueous dispersion in step a) was of great use for the fusion (coalescence) of the individual particles in the dispersion.
  • Any suitable high boiling solvent well known to the practitioneer may be used, among such solvents ethyl carbitol, butyl carbitol, or N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone may be mentioned.
  • said heat treatment improves the process by evaporating organics, such as the coalescence agent, and provides a smooth surface free of cracks or pores in the finished product.
  • the subject membrane is advantageously applied by dip-coating, viz. the detecting surface of a biosensor, onto which the membrane must be applied, is carefully dipped into the above dispersion prior to the drying and optional heating steps.
  • the membrane may of course also be applied to a surface by spraying or any other conventional method of applying a coating (brushing, rolling, etc.).
  • a shaped body comprising a polypeptide, such as an enzyme immobilized in a polymer matrix, such as polyurethane.
  • Said shaped body may have any convenient form, but preferred are small beads and membranes, especially membranes.
  • the invention also provides for an electrochemical sensor comprising an anode, a cathode, and a detection surface, wherein said detection surface is coated with one or more layers of a membrane produced and applied by any of the above mentioned methods.
  • said layer(s) are provided with one or more - outer - membranes of similar composition as said layers except for being devoid of any immobilized polypeptide or enzyme.
  • sensors according to the invention could be sterilized easily by using a thiomersal containing test buffer during the conditioning period for the sensor.
  • the electrode is shown in a longitudinal cross section in FIG. 1, and is generally designated 1. It comprises a core platinum anode 2 coated with an insulating lacquer 3, the anode 2 is situated inside a stainless steel reference cathode 4 which is insulated from the anode 2 by the lacquer 3 and a layer of epoxy resin 5. At one end, the tip, the electrode 1 has a detection surface 6, which is in an acute angle to the general direction of the electrode 1. At the other end, the base, the electrode 2 is provided with terminals 7 and 8 for the anode 2 and cathode 4, respectively. The terminals 7 and 8 are soldered to leads 9 and 10, respectively, which are connected to instrumentation used when performing measurements.
  • the electrode assembly is produced by inserting the commercially available lacquer insulated platinum wire 2, 3 with a diameter of 0.16 mm including the lacquer coating, into a stainless steel tube 4 with an outer diameter of 0.46 mm and finally the anode 2 is fixed in a non-conductive position in relation to the cathode 4 by embedding it in epoxy resin 5 inside the tube 4.
  • Working and reference electrodes 2 and 4 are subsequently at 7 and 8 soldered to the leads 9 and 10 of a low-loss or sub-miniature coaxial cable. All soldered connections are then embedded into epoxy resin.
  • the electrode tip is ground to an angle of approximately 15 degrees and polished by honing the tip on a honing stone, whereby a smooth detection surface 6 level with the electrode tip, and an easy insertion of the electrode for in vivo measurements is obtained.
  • Mono-layer membranes were produced according to the following procedure:
  • the electrode assembly as produced by a) above is defatted and cleansed by piercing multiply folded lens tissue soaked in Ethyl Cellosolve® 4 to 6 times, whereafter a potential of 650 mV is applied to the platinum anode 2, and the detection surface 6 dip-coated by dipping into the aqueous polymer dispersion of the invention to produce a coating A.
  • the coating A is dried at room temperature while the detection surface 6 is kept in a horizontal position for a time sufficient for the current to decrease to at least 0.1 nA. Subsequent to this drying the coating A is subjected to a heat treatment at 45° C. for 24 hours.
  • the dry sensor 1 Prior to use or testing the dry sensor 1 must be conditioned by immersing it into a buffer solution of for example the following composition
  • the sensor is deemed usable when a stable signal is generated. This typically is obtained within a period of from 5 to 24 hours. If it is impossible to obtain a stable signal within the specified period, the sensor is discarded.
  • this conditioning also serves to sterilize the sensor through the activity of the thiomersal in the buffer solution.
  • the thiomersal has no effect on the electrochemical characteristics of the biosensor.
  • FIG. 2 a glucose containing sample buffer 11 is contained in a beaker 12.
  • a sensor 1 is placed in a test stand 13 in a position where the detection surface 6 is immersed into the sample buffer, and the lead 9 from the anode 2 is connected to the positive terminal on a stabilized power supply 14 applying a voltage of 650 mV.
  • the cathode 4 is connected to a current monitoring device 15, such as an amperometer, a recorder, or similar equipment through a cable 10.
  • the monitor 15 and the power supply 14 are in turn connected through a cable 16.
  • the monitor 15 used was a Keithley picoamperometer Model 485, and the power supply 14 was an 1.5 V dry cell connected to a voltage divider.
  • Polyurethane dispersion A stock dispersion produced by incorporating 16 weight % dibutylphthalate (Merck-Schuchardt) in 84 weight % commercial polyurethane dispersion (NeoRez® R-974 from Polyvinyl Chemie Holland bv, Waalwijk, Holland), and adding an equal amount by weight of water.
  • Glucose oxidase A stock solution of 4.78 mg/ml (240 U pr. mg)(Serva).
  • Sensor 2 was also tested in Vivo in a pig.
  • the sensor was introduced in an ear vene through a Venflon® catheter. Blood samples were taken at intervals from the other ear and the glucose concentration measured by standard analysis in order to determine the correlation between the observed current in the sensor and the blood glucose content.
  • the physical construction of multi-layer electrodes was identical to the mono-layer type except for the number of layers in the membrane.
  • the multi-layer membranes were produced according to the following procedure:
  • Each layer A, B, C, D shown in FIG. 3 is applied as for the mono-layer electrode except for the heat treatment which is only performed when the desired number of layers A, B, C, D has been applied.
  • composition of the layers is usually identical except for one or two outermost layers which are devoid of enzyme.
  • the senor must be conditioned prior to testing and/or use in the test buffer.
  • compositions of the two mixtures are indicated in Table III below.
  • each individual layer was allowed to dry at room temperature for approximately 5 minutes prior to application of the next coating, and finally the four-layer membrane was heat treated at 65° C. for 45 minutes.
  • FIG. 3 The structure of this four-layer needle sensor is shown in FIG. 3, where it is seen that in all other respects than the membrane A, B, C, D the structure is identical to the structure of the mono-layer sensor shown in FIG. 1.
  • the multi-layer electrodes proved more successful in respect of "yield" of usable electrodes.
  • a number of the sensors from this batch were tested for "long-term” stability by placing them in the test buffer containing 5 mM glucose at 23° C. and monitoring the result for at least 80 hours.
  • a batch of sensors were produced wherein the membrane comprise two layers from mix 4 and two layers from mix 3 modified by substituting 100 ⁇ l sodium alginate solution with 10 ⁇ l sodium alginate solution plus 90 ⁇ l water.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Zoology (AREA)
  • Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Genetics & Genomics (AREA)
  • Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
  • Microbiology (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • Proteomics, Peptides & Aminoacids (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Biotechnology (AREA)
  • Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
  • Immunology (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • Biophysics (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Apparatus Associated With Microorganisms And Enzymes (AREA)
  • Peptides Or Proteins (AREA)
  • Measuring Or Testing Involving Enzymes Or Micro-Organisms (AREA)
  • Measurement Of The Respiration, Hearing Ability, Form, And Blood Characteristics Of Living Organisms (AREA)
  • Immobilizing And Processing Of Enzymes And Microorganisms (AREA)
  • Manufacture Of Macromolecular Shaped Articles (AREA)
  • Electrical Discharge Machining, Electrochemical Machining, And Combined Machining (AREA)
  • Medicines Containing Plant Substances (AREA)
US07/543,770 1988-02-05 1989-02-03 Method for immobilizing a polypeptide in a polymer and a membrane produced thereby Expired - Lifetime US5223124A (en)

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DK061488A DK61488D0 (da) 1988-02-05 1988-02-05 Fremgangsmaade
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EP (1) EP0397784B1 (de)
JP (1) JP2790348B2 (de)
AT (1) ATE95562T1 (de)
AU (1) AU613157B2 (de)
CA (1) CA1319633C (de)
DE (1) DE68909777T2 (de)
DK (2) DK61488D0 (de)
WO (1) WO1989007139A1 (de)

Cited By (17)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5354449A (en) * 1991-01-10 1994-10-11 Band David M pH electrode
US5611900A (en) * 1995-07-20 1997-03-18 Michigan State University Microbiosensor used in-situ
US6346103B1 (en) * 1996-10-22 2002-02-12 Philippe Korsec Heating acupuncture needle
EP1266607A2 (de) * 2001-06-12 2002-12-18 Lifescan, Inc. Messgerät und Verfahren zur perkutanen Entnahme von Bestandteilen biologischer Flüssigkeit
EP1266625A2 (de) * 2001-06-12 2002-12-18 Lifescan, Inc. Gerät zur perkutanen Entnahme einer Probe aus einer biologischen Flüssigkeit und Analytenmessung
US20030201192A1 (en) * 2002-03-13 2003-10-30 The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Inc. Disposable, self-administered electrolyte test
US20030209451A1 (en) * 2002-03-13 2003-11-13 The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Inc. Microfluidic ion-selective electrode sensor system
WO2005051183A1 (en) * 2003-11-25 2005-06-09 Novo Nordisk A/S A needle sensor and a mechanism for inserting the needle sensor through the skin
US20050261602A1 (en) * 2004-05-18 2005-11-24 Excel-Tech Ltd. Needle having multiple electrodes
US20060289307A1 (en) * 2004-08-24 2006-12-28 University Of South Florida Epoxy Enhanced Polymer Membrane to Increase Durability of Biosensors
US20080108745A1 (en) * 2001-07-24 2008-05-08 University Of Pittsburgh Irreversible immobilization of enzymes into polyurethane coatings
US20090062752A1 (en) * 2001-09-28 2009-03-05 Gonnelli Robert R Switchcable microneedle arrays and systems and methods relating to same
US20090232700A1 (en) * 2005-08-19 2009-09-17 Javier Alarcon Sterilization of Biosensors
US20110180405A1 (en) * 2008-09-19 2011-07-28 Bayer Healthcare Llc Analyte Sensors, Systems, Testing Apparatus and Manufacturing Methods
CN102551674A (zh) * 2012-01-30 2012-07-11 东南大学 具有生物检测功能的针头及其应用
US9439585B2 (en) 2008-02-04 2016-09-13 Ascensia Diabetes Care Holdings Ag Semiconductor based analyte sensors and methods
US10408782B2 (en) 2008-09-19 2019-09-10 Ascensia Diabetes Care Holdings Ag Electrical devices with enhanced electrochemical activity and manufacturing methods thereof

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GB8909613D0 (en) * 1989-04-27 1989-06-14 Pickup John C Glucose-sensing electrode
DE4027728A1 (de) * 1990-08-31 1992-03-05 Bayer Ag Immobilisierung von organischen makromolekuelen oder biopolymeren in einer polymermembran
EP0643833A1 (de) * 1991-06-04 1995-03-22 FISONS plc Analysevorrichtung
AT401653B (de) * 1994-10-05 1996-11-25 Avl Verbrennungskraft Messtech Verfahren zur immobilisierung biologischer komponenten in einer polymermatrix sowie biosensoren unter verwendung derartiger immobilisate
US6299980B1 (en) 1998-09-29 2001-10-09 Medtronic Ave, Inc. One step lubricious coating
US6379691B1 (en) 1998-09-29 2002-04-30 Medtronic/Ave, Inc. Uses for medical devices having a lubricious, nitric oxide-releasing coating
US6833260B1 (en) 1999-10-08 2004-12-21 Protein Scientific, Inc. Lactose hydrolysis
US6592730B1 (en) * 2000-02-07 2003-07-15 Steris Inc. Durable carbon electrode
EP1604609A4 (de) * 2003-02-17 2008-09-03 Toyo Prec Parts Mfg Co Ltd Lineare vorrichtung
US9044178B2 (en) 2007-08-30 2015-06-02 Pepex Biomedical, Llc Electrochemical sensor and method for manufacturing
US8702932B2 (en) 2007-08-30 2014-04-22 Pepex Biomedical, Inc. Electrochemical sensor and method for manufacturing
US8951377B2 (en) 2008-11-14 2015-02-10 Pepex Biomedical, Inc. Manufacturing electrochemical sensor module
WO2010056878A2 (en) 2008-11-14 2010-05-20 Pepex Biomedical, Llc Electrochemical sensor module
WO2012162151A2 (en) 2011-05-20 2012-11-29 Pepex Biomedical, Inc. Manufacturing electrochemical sensor modules
BR112015012958B1 (pt) 2012-12-03 2022-03-15 Pepex Biomedical, Inc Módulo sensor para detectar um analito em uma amostra de sangue
WO2015187959A1 (en) 2014-06-04 2015-12-10 Pepex Biomedical, Inc. Electrochemical sensors and methods for making electrochemical sensors using advanced printing technology

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Cited By (34)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5354449A (en) * 1991-01-10 1994-10-11 Band David M pH electrode
US5611900A (en) * 1995-07-20 1997-03-18 Michigan State University Microbiosensor used in-situ
US6346103B1 (en) * 1996-10-22 2002-02-12 Philippe Korsec Heating acupuncture needle
EP1266607A3 (de) * 2001-06-12 2004-07-21 Lifescan, Inc. Messgerät und Verfahren zur perkutanen Entnahme von Bestandteilen biologischer Flüssigkeit
EP1266607A2 (de) * 2001-06-12 2002-12-18 Lifescan, Inc. Messgerät und Verfahren zur perkutanen Entnahme von Bestandteilen biologischer Flüssigkeit
EP1266625A2 (de) * 2001-06-12 2002-12-18 Lifescan, Inc. Gerät zur perkutanen Entnahme einer Probe aus einer biologischen Flüssigkeit und Analytenmessung
US20030055326A1 (en) * 2001-06-12 2003-03-20 Borzu Sohrab Percutaneous biological fluid sampling and analyte measurement devices and methods
EP1266625A3 (de) * 2001-06-12 2003-08-20 Lifescan, Inc. Gerät zur perkutanen Entnahme einer Probe aus einer biologischen Flüssigkeit und Analytenmessung
US20050261606A1 (en) * 2001-06-12 2005-11-24 Borzu Sohrab Percutaneous biological fluid constituent sampling and measurement devices and methods
US7521504B2 (en) * 2001-07-24 2009-04-21 University Of Pittsburgh Irreversible immobilization of enzymes into polyurethane coatings
US20080108745A1 (en) * 2001-07-24 2008-05-08 University Of Pittsburgh Irreversible immobilization of enzymes into polyurethane coatings
US20090062752A1 (en) * 2001-09-28 2009-03-05 Gonnelli Robert R Switchcable microneedle arrays and systems and methods relating to same
US20030209451A1 (en) * 2002-03-13 2003-11-13 The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Inc. Microfluidic ion-selective electrode sensor system
US7101472B2 (en) 2002-03-13 2006-09-05 The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Inc. Microfluidic ion-selective electrode sensor system
US7407570B2 (en) 2002-03-13 2008-08-05 The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Inc. Disposable, self-administered electrolyte test
US20030201192A1 (en) * 2002-03-13 2003-10-30 The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Inc. Disposable, self-administered electrolyte test
WO2005051183A1 (en) * 2003-11-25 2005-06-09 Novo Nordisk A/S A needle sensor and a mechanism for inserting the needle sensor through the skin
US20070163106A1 (en) * 2004-05-18 2007-07-19 Excel-Tech Ltd. Needle having multiple electrodes
US7283866B2 (en) * 2004-05-18 2007-10-16 Hatch Ltd Needle having multiple electrodes
US20050261602A1 (en) * 2004-05-18 2005-11-24 Excel-Tech Ltd. Needle having multiple electrodes
WO2006127023A3 (en) * 2004-08-24 2007-05-24 Univ South Florida Epoxy enhanced polymer membrane to increase durability of biosensors
US20080206829A1 (en) * 2004-08-24 2008-08-28 University Of South Florida Epoxy enhanced polymer membrane to increase durability of biosensors
US20060289307A1 (en) * 2004-08-24 2006-12-28 University Of South Florida Epoxy Enhanced Polymer Membrane to Increase Durability of Biosensors
US7534330B2 (en) * 2004-08-24 2009-05-19 University Of South Florida Epoxy enhanced polymer membrane to increase durability of biosensors
US7799191B2 (en) 2004-08-24 2010-09-21 University Of South Florida Epoxy enhanced polymer membrane to increase durability of biosensors
US20090232700A1 (en) * 2005-08-19 2009-09-17 Javier Alarcon Sterilization of Biosensors
US9439585B2 (en) 2008-02-04 2016-09-13 Ascensia Diabetes Care Holdings Ag Semiconductor based analyte sensors and methods
US10307092B2 (en) 2008-02-04 2019-06-04 Ascenia Diabetes Care Holdings AG Semiconductor based analyte sensors and methods
US9173597B2 (en) * 2008-09-19 2015-11-03 Bayer Healthcare Llc Analyte sensors, systems, testing apparatus and manufacturing methods
US20110180405A1 (en) * 2008-09-19 2011-07-28 Bayer Healthcare Llc Analyte Sensors, Systems, Testing Apparatus and Manufacturing Methods
US10022080B2 (en) 2008-09-19 2018-07-17 Ascensia Diabetes Care Holdings Ag Analyte sensors, systems, testing apparatus and manufacturing methods
US10408782B2 (en) 2008-09-19 2019-09-10 Ascensia Diabetes Care Holdings Ag Electrical devices with enhanced electrochemical activity and manufacturing methods thereof
CN102551674A (zh) * 2012-01-30 2012-07-11 东南大学 具有生物检测功能的针头及其应用
CN102551674B (zh) * 2012-01-30 2015-04-22 东南大学 具有生物检测功能的针头及其应用

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EP0397784B1 (de) 1993-10-06
EP0397784A1 (de) 1990-11-22
WO1989007139A1 (en) 1989-08-10
JP2790348B2 (ja) 1998-08-27
DK61488D0 (da) 1988-02-05
DE68909777T2 (de) 1994-03-10
ATE95562T1 (de) 1993-10-15
CA1319633C (en) 1993-06-29
JPH03503480A (ja) 1991-08-08
AU613157B2 (en) 1991-07-25
DE68909777D1 (de) 1993-11-11

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