US4730621A - Blood pressure measurement - Google Patents

Blood pressure measurement Download PDF

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Publication number
US4730621A
US4730621A US06/804,242 US80424285A US4730621A US 4730621 A US4730621 A US 4730621A US 80424285 A US80424285 A US 80424285A US 4730621 A US4730621 A US 4730621A
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United States
Prior art keywords
pressure
zone
blood
levels
systolic
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Expired - Fee Related
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US06/804,242
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English (en)
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Frank D. Stott
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BTG International Ltd
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National Research Development Corp UK
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Assigned to NATIONAL RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION, A BRITISH CORP. reassignment NATIONAL RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION, A BRITISH CORP. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. Assignors: STOTT, FRANK D.
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Assigned to BRITISH TECHNOLOGY GROUP LIMITED reassignment BRITISH TECHNOLOGY GROUP LIMITED ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. Assignors: NATIONAL RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/02—Detecting, measuring or recording pulse, heart rate, blood pressure or blood flow; Combined pulse/heart-rate/blood pressure determination; Evaluating a cardiovascular condition not otherwise provided for, e.g. using combinations of techniques provided for in this group with electrocardiography or electroauscultation; Heart catheters for measuring blood pressure
    • A61B5/021—Measuring pressure in heart or blood vessels
    • A61B5/022—Measuring pressure in heart or blood vessels by applying pressure to close blood vessels, e.g. against the skin; Ophthalmodynamometers
    • A61B5/0225—Measuring pressure in heart or blood vessels by applying pressure to close blood vessels, e.g. against the skin; Ophthalmodynamometers the pressure being controlled by electric signals, e.g. derived from Korotkoff sounds
    • A61B5/02255—Measuring pressure in heart or blood vessels by applying pressure to close blood vessels, e.g. against the skin; Ophthalmodynamometers the pressure being controlled by electric signals, e.g. derived from Korotkoff sounds the pressure being controlled by plethysmographic signals, e.g. derived from optical sensors
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/02—Detecting, measuring or recording pulse, heart rate, blood pressure or blood flow; Combined pulse/heart-rate/blood pressure determination; Evaluating a cardiovascular condition not otherwise provided for, e.g. using combinations of techniques provided for in this group with electrocardiography or electroauscultation; Heart catheters for measuring blood pressure
    • A61B5/024—Detecting, measuring or recording pulse rate or heart rate
    • A61B5/0245—Detecting, measuring or recording pulse rate or heart rate by using sensing means generating electric signals, i.e. ECG signals
    • A61B5/025—Detecting, measuring or recording pulse rate or heart rate by using sensing means generating electric signals, i.e. ECG signals within occluders, e.g. responsive to Korotkoff sounds

Definitions

  • the normal method of measuring blood pressure by non-invasive means entails the use of an inflatable cuff for location around the upper arm and some means for detecting the flow of blood at a location distal to the cuff.
  • the cuff is inflated to a pressure at which the embraced tissue is compressed and all blood vessels therein, including the arteries, are occluded.
  • the pressure in the cuff is then gradually reduced and the arteries start to open transiently to allow blood flow as soon as the cuff pressure falls below the peak systolic level.
  • the arteries remain patent for an increasing proportion of the cardiac cycle as the cuff pressure is further reduced, until the pressure falls below the diastolic level. Following this last event, the arteries remain patent throughout the cycle and the flow of blood is determined only by the normal pressure cycle.
  • the distally located detecting means which is commonly a stethoscope or an electronic equivalent, readily enables the first onset of blood flow to be detected at systolic pressure.
  • the change in flow is much more subtle and difficult to detect because the flow approaches its unobstructed level at this time in an asymptotic manner. In the result, measurements of diastolic pressure are commonly inaccurate and of poor reproducibility.
  • a cuff or equivalent device can be employed in association, at the same sit, with some means for detecting variations in the blood volume in the body zone embraced by the cuff as that zone is variably occluded.
  • One such proposal (Wood et al, Staff Meetings of the Mayo Clinic, July 5, 1950, pages 398-405) suggests that systolic and diastolic pressure measurements are given by the cuff pressure when the detector respectively shows a first output and then a maximum output as the cuff pressure is continuously decreased from a level above systolic to one below diastolic.
  • the results given with this proposal are such as to suggest no marked improvement over conventional methods of measuring blood pressure by non-invasive means. Again, the measurement of diastolic pressure is of poor accuracy.
  • An object of the present invention is to improve the above situation and this improvement rests on the finding that the blood volume in a body zone changes in two distinct phases when subjected to a progressive variation of externally applied pressure to or from a level causing occlusion of the zone, and that these two phases are respectively associated with transition of the external pressure through the systolic and diastolic levels.
  • FIG. 1 graphically illustrates the operational basis for the invention
  • FIG. 2 diagrammatically illustrates one presently preferred form of the invention
  • FIG. 3 graphically illustrates an output obtained with an embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 4 is a histogram indicating the relative accuracy of a series of results obtained with the last-mentioned embodiment.
  • FIG. 1 is in three parts of which the first, denoted (a), shows a cyclically repetitive waveform 1 having a triangular waveshape to represent in an idealised manner the pulsatile arterial blood pressure in a body zone to which the invention is to be applied. Across this waveform is superimposed a linearly declining characteristic 2 to represent external pressure applied to the body zone to occlude variably the same by uniform reduction from a pressure above systolic to one below diastolic.
  • the second part of FIG. 1, denoted (b), shows the resultant variation in blood volume which might be expected, from an idealised point of view, to be detected by the invention in the relevant zone.
  • This detector output is noted at 3 and is seen to be of pulsatile form defining an envelope, shown in broken outline, of which the upper and lower boundaries 4 and 5 are respectively determined by the peaks and troughs of the individual pulses in the output 3.
  • the reason for this shift is that the vessels of the vascular system are not responsive to the various pressure changes in an ideal manner. More particularly, it is found that the vessels are not absolutely occluded by an external pressure equal to systolic, but rather a higher pressure is required. Correspondingly therefore, the first detector output occurs in FIG. 1(c) when the external pressure falls to this higher value, or some other value close thereto if there is any hysteresis in the action of the vessel.
  • the present invention provides apparatus for carrying out the procedure just described and accordingly comprises means for variably occluding a body zone by progressive application of external pressure between levels respectively above systolic and below diastolic, means for detecting variations in the blood volume in said zone during variable occlusion thereof, and means responsive to said occluding and detecting means to indicate the relevant values of said external pressure corresponding to the systolic and diastolic pressures.
  • This apparatus is open to variation in respect of the occluding and detecting means, but the former is at present preferably adapted for location around a relatively thin body zone, such as an ear lobe or finger, which allows detection on the basis of variation, with blood content, of light transmission through the zone.
  • a relatively thin body zone such as an ear lobe or finger
  • FIG. 2 diagrammatically illustrates one form of such preferred apparatus adapted for application about an ear lobe.
  • This apparatus comprises a pincer-like structure formed by a generally U-shaped rigid body 10 having an inflatable capsule 11 mounted on the inner face of the free end portion of one U-arm of the body 10.
  • the capsule is made of an elastomeric material which is substantially uniformly light transmissive, and the capsule is inflatable by any suitably controllable source 12 of pressurised fluid communicated with the interior of the capsule by a tube 13 passing through the relevant arm portion of the body 10.
  • the body 10 is located about an ear lobe 16, and the capsule is first pressurised to occlude totally all blood vessels between the capsule and opposed arm, this being denoted by a constant output from the detector in response to light transmitted thereto by the source through the lobe. Thereafter the pressure in the capsule is reduced and an indication given of its values corresponding to systolic and diastolic pressures.
  • One such location is within the capsule or other pressure applying means, where the transducer will detect the pressure applied without error due to losses along the pressure fluid supply tube. This is relevant particularly when the pressure fluid is air or other gas.
  • the hydrostatic pressure variations in the vascular system relative to the heart as blood pressure source are preferably off-set by locating the transducer at the level of the heart. Location of the transducer within the capsule or other pressure applying means is accordingly best suited to apparatus applicable to a finger or other body zone readily movable to maintain this level.
  • the pressure fluid is preferably water or other liquid so that pressure variations within the apparatus are minimised.
  • FIG. 2 shows in broken line a pressure transducer 17 in each of these alternative locations.
  • the light source is preferably energised from a pulsed supply 18 to minimise power consumption, and the detector output is gated at 19 by the supply 18 so that response to external light sources, whether generally constant or flickering, is minimal.
  • the light source 14 suitably produces green light when applied to a body zone such as the ear lobe which is thin and without the presence of bone.
  • the coefficient of absorption of green light in blood is high and transmission variations with blood content will be maximised in these circumstances.
  • infrared light will normally be preferred because of its enhanced transmission through tissue.
  • this is suitably an appropriately designed microprocessor 20 responsive to the detector 16 and pressure transducer 17 to determine the relevant values by reference to the detector output variations as described above.
  • the indicator output can involve digital display and/or printed record.
  • blood volume detection by optical means is applicable in association with a conventional form of cuff for the finger or arm, the cuff preferably having the optical means moulded into is inner wall flush with the surface thereof.
  • FIG. 3 shows a typical pen recorder output obtained in such development, it being noted that blood volume level is shown by a downward excursion from the zero datum in this case.
  • the overall improvement of the invention relative to the prior art is shown by the histogram of FIG. 4 in which the hatched area shows the errors obtained by conventional auscultation compared to intravascular measurement based on data from Bruneret et al (Medical Instrumentation 15; 1, 2 and 3; 1981) and the non-hatched area shows the clearly lesser errors obtained with a finger cuff according to the invention.
  • the possibility for variation also extends to the blood volume detecting means and alternatives to optical forms include a strain gauge to respond to variations of the body zone geometry with blood volume, proton magnetic resonance to respond to variation of fluid content, and microwave absorption, for example.
US06/804,242 1981-08-21 1985-12-03 Blood pressure measurement Expired - Fee Related US4730621A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB8125592 1981-08-21
GB8125592 1981-08-21

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US06409345 Continuation 1982-08-18

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US4730621A true US4730621A (en) 1988-03-15

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US (1) US4730621A (fr)
EP (1) EP0073123B1 (fr)
JP (1) JPS5841529A (fr)
DE (1) DE3275900D1 (fr)
GB (1) GB2104223B (fr)

Cited By (19)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5054494A (en) * 1989-12-26 1991-10-08 U.S. Medical Corporation Oscillometric blood pressure device
US5072736A (en) * 1990-01-19 1991-12-17 Nihon Kohden Corporation Non-invasive automatic blood pressure measuring apparatus
US5282467A (en) * 1992-08-13 1994-02-01 Duke University Non-invasive method for detecting deep venous thrombosis in the human body
US5388585A (en) * 1990-05-17 1995-02-14 Tomita; Mitsuei Apparatus for detecting and displaying blood circulatory information
US5406954A (en) * 1992-01-13 1995-04-18 Tomita; Mitsuei Apparatus for detecting and displaying blood circulatory information
US5447163A (en) * 1989-12-20 1995-09-05 Critikon, Inc. Peripheral arterial monitoring instruments
US5613050A (en) * 1993-01-15 1997-03-18 International Business Machines Corporation Method and apparatus for reducing illumination calculations through efficient visibility determination
US5651369A (en) * 1992-01-13 1997-07-29 Tomita; Mitsuei Apparatus for detecting and displaying blood circulatory information
US6172743B1 (en) 1992-10-07 2001-01-09 Chemtrix, Inc. Technique for measuring a blood analyte by non-invasive spectrometry in living tissue
US20030109773A1 (en) * 1996-01-17 2003-06-12 Spectrx, Inc. Method and system for determining bilirubin concentration
US20050283083A1 (en) * 2004-06-11 2005-12-22 Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. Blood pressure measuring system and method
US20070135717A1 (en) * 2003-10-09 2007-06-14 Nippon Telegraph And Telephone Corp Organism information detection device and sphygmomanometer
US20070276263A1 (en) * 2002-10-30 2007-11-29 Eide Per K Method for analysis of single pulse pressure waves
US20070276264A1 (en) * 2002-10-30 2007-11-29 Eide Per K Method for analysis of single pulse pressure waves
EP1867276A1 (fr) * 2005-04-08 2007-12-19 Terumo Kabushiki Kaisha Dispositif de mesure de pression sanguine et procédé de mesure de pression sanguine
US20080091112A1 (en) * 2005-04-08 2008-04-17 Terumo Kabushiki Kaisha Blood pressure measuring apparatus
US20080319325A1 (en) * 2004-10-06 2008-12-25 Nippon Telegraph And Telephone Corporation Biologic Information Detecting Apparatus
US20130138001A1 (en) * 2010-08-06 2013-05-30 Shenzhen Raycome Health Technology Co., Ltd. Non-invasive blood pressure measuring apparatus and measuring method thereof
CN103815892A (zh) * 2012-09-18 2014-05-28 卡西欧计算机株式会社 脉搏数据检测装置和脉搏数据检测方法

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JPH0626540B2 (ja) * 1985-04-12 1994-04-13 オムロン株式会社 脈波検出器
DE3829456A1 (de) * 1988-08-31 1990-03-01 Nicolay Gmbh Verfahren und vorrichtung zum nichtinvasiven untersuchen des blutkreislaufes eines lebenden organismus
JPH02126830A (ja) * 1988-11-07 1990-05-15 Nippon Koden Corp 非観血式自動血圧測定装置
JP2751441B2 (ja) * 1989-08-08 1998-05-18 オムロン株式会社 血圧計用カフの巻付装置
DE69021145T2 (de) * 1989-07-13 1996-04-18 Omron Tateisi Electronics Co Umhüllungsmanchette für Blutdruckmessgerät.
WO2006038589A1 (fr) * 2004-10-06 2006-04-13 Terumo Kabushiki Kaisha Dispositif de mesure de la pression arterielle et procede de mesure de la pression arterielle
JP4673031B2 (ja) * 2004-10-06 2011-04-20 テルモ株式会社 自律神経機能評価装置
JP4673030B2 (ja) * 2004-10-06 2011-04-20 テルモ株式会社 血圧測定装置
EP1797819B1 (fr) * 2004-10-06 2011-01-19 Nippon Telegraph And Telephone Corporation Appareil de mesure de pression sanguine
JP4673032B2 (ja) * 2004-10-06 2011-04-20 テルモ株式会社 血圧計
JP4185036B2 (ja) * 2004-10-06 2008-11-19 日本電信電話株式会社 血圧計
JP4523867B2 (ja) * 2005-04-06 2010-08-11 日本電信電話株式会社 血圧測定装置
JP4468854B2 (ja) * 2005-04-08 2010-05-26 テルモ株式会社 血圧測定装置
JP4559280B2 (ja) * 2005-04-08 2010-10-06 テルモ株式会社 血圧測定装置
JP4745704B2 (ja) * 2005-04-08 2011-08-10 テルモ株式会社 血圧測定装置
DE102006009942B4 (de) * 2006-03-03 2012-02-09 Infineon Technologies Austria Ag Laterales Halbleiterbauelement mit niedrigem Einschaltwiderstand
JP4773177B2 (ja) * 2005-10-07 2011-09-14 テルモ株式会社 血圧測定装置
DE102013017716A1 (de) 2013-10-24 2015-04-30 Nicolay Verwaltung Gmbh Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur nicht-invasiven Blutdruckmessung

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Cited By (42)

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US5447163A (en) * 1989-12-20 1995-09-05 Critikon, Inc. Peripheral arterial monitoring instruments
US5054494A (en) * 1989-12-26 1991-10-08 U.S. Medical Corporation Oscillometric blood pressure device
US5072736A (en) * 1990-01-19 1991-12-17 Nihon Kohden Corporation Non-invasive automatic blood pressure measuring apparatus
US5388585A (en) * 1990-05-17 1995-02-14 Tomita; Mitsuei Apparatus for detecting and displaying blood circulatory information
US5406954A (en) * 1992-01-13 1995-04-18 Tomita; Mitsuei Apparatus for detecting and displaying blood circulatory information
US5651369A (en) * 1992-01-13 1997-07-29 Tomita; Mitsuei Apparatus for detecting and displaying blood circulatory information
US5282467A (en) * 1992-08-13 1994-02-01 Duke University Non-invasive method for detecting deep venous thrombosis in the human body
US6172743B1 (en) 1992-10-07 2001-01-09 Chemtrix, Inc. Technique for measuring a blood analyte by non-invasive spectrometry in living tissue
US5613050A (en) * 1993-01-15 1997-03-18 International Business Machines Corporation Method and apparatus for reducing illumination calculations through efficient visibility determination
US20030109773A1 (en) * 1996-01-17 2003-06-12 Spectrx, Inc. Method and system for determining bilirubin concentration
US6882873B2 (en) * 1996-01-17 2005-04-19 Respironics, Inc. Method and system for determining bilirubin concentration
US20070276263A1 (en) * 2002-10-30 2007-11-29 Eide Per K Method for analysis of single pulse pressure waves
US20070276264A1 (en) * 2002-10-30 2007-11-29 Eide Per K Method for analysis of single pulse pressure waves
CN101904739B (zh) * 2003-10-09 2013-01-16 日本电信电话株式会社 血压计
US20100292588A1 (en) * 2003-10-09 2010-11-18 Nippon Telegraph And Telephone Corp. Living body information detection apparatus and blood-pressure meter
US20070135717A1 (en) * 2003-10-09 2007-06-14 Nippon Telegraph And Telephone Corp Organism information detection device and sphygmomanometer
US20100298722A1 (en) * 2003-10-09 2010-11-25 Nippon Telegraph And Telephone Corp. Living body information detection apparatus and blood-pressure meter
US20100298667A1 (en) * 2003-10-09 2010-11-25 Nippon Telegraph And Telephone Corp. Living body information detection apparatus and blood-pressure meter
US20100298727A1 (en) * 2003-10-09 2010-11-25 Nippon Telegraph And Telephone Corp. Living body information detection apparatus and blood-pressure meter
US20100292585A1 (en) * 2003-10-09 2010-11-18 Nippon Telegraph And Telephone Corp. Living body information detection apparatus and blood-pressure meter
US20050283083A1 (en) * 2004-06-11 2005-12-22 Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. Blood pressure measuring system and method
US7497831B2 (en) * 2004-06-11 2009-03-03 Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. Blood pressure measuring system and method
US8652052B2 (en) 2004-10-06 2014-02-18 Nippon Telegraph And Telephone Corporation Biologic information detecting apparatus
US8382675B2 (en) 2004-10-06 2013-02-26 Nippon Telegraph And Telephone Corporation Biologic information detecting apparatus
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US8657752B2 (en) 2004-10-06 2014-02-25 Nippon Telegraph And Telephone Corporation Biologic information detecting apparatus
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US20080319325A1 (en) * 2004-10-06 2008-12-25 Nippon Telegraph And Telephone Corporation Biologic Information Detecting Apparatus
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US8382676B2 (en) 2004-10-06 2013-02-26 Nippon Telegraph And Telephone Corporation Biologic information detecting apparatus
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US20080071179A1 (en) * 2005-04-08 2008-03-20 Terumo Kabushiki Kaisha Blood pressure measuring apparatus and blood pressure measuring method
EP1867276A4 (fr) * 2005-04-08 2014-01-08 Terumo Corp Dispositif de mesure de pression sanguine et procédé de mesure de pression sanguine
EP1867276A1 (fr) * 2005-04-08 2007-12-19 Terumo Kabushiki Kaisha Dispositif de mesure de pression sanguine et procédé de mesure de pression sanguine
US20080091112A1 (en) * 2005-04-08 2008-04-17 Terumo Kabushiki Kaisha Blood pressure measuring apparatus
CN101150978B (zh) * 2005-04-08 2010-11-17 泰尔茂株式会社 血压测定装置
CN100542480C (zh) * 2005-04-08 2009-09-23 泰尔茂株式会社 血压测量装置和血压测量方法
US20130138001A1 (en) * 2010-08-06 2013-05-30 Shenzhen Raycome Health Technology Co., Ltd. Non-invasive blood pressure measuring apparatus and measuring method thereof
US11064896B2 (en) * 2010-08-06 2021-07-20 Shenzhen Raycome Health Technology Co., Ltd. Non-invasive blood pressure measuring apparatus and measuring method thereof
CN103815892A (zh) * 2012-09-18 2014-05-28 卡西欧计算机株式会社 脉搏数据检测装置和脉搏数据检测方法
CN103815892B (zh) * 2012-09-18 2016-07-06 卡西欧计算机株式会社 脉搏数据检测装置和脉搏数据检测方法

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EP0073123A3 (en) 1984-07-18
EP0073123B1 (fr) 1987-04-01
DE3275900D1 (en) 1987-05-07
GB2104223A (en) 1983-03-02
JPS5841529A (ja) 1983-03-10
GB2104223B (en) 1984-11-21
EP0073123A2 (fr) 1983-03-02
JPH0417651B2 (fr) 1992-03-26

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