US4419981A - Sun tracking apparatus - Google Patents

Sun tracking apparatus Download PDF

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US4419981A
US4419981A US06/393,386 US39338682A US4419981A US 4419981 A US4419981 A US 4419981A US 39338682 A US39338682 A US 39338682A US 4419981 A US4419981 A US 4419981A
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pair
photosensors
sunlight
axis
lens
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US06/393,386
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Kei Mori
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S3/00—Direction-finders for determining the direction from which infrasonic, sonic, ultrasonic, or electromagnetic waves, or particle emission, not having a directional significance, are being received
    • G01S3/78—Direction-finders for determining the direction from which infrasonic, sonic, ultrasonic, or electromagnetic waves, or particle emission, not having a directional significance, are being received using electromagnetic waves other than radio waves
    • G01S3/782—Systems for determining direction or deviation from predetermined direction
    • G01S3/785—Systems for determining direction or deviation from predetermined direction using adjustment of orientation of directivity characteristics of a detector or detector system to give a desired condition of signal derived from that detector or detector system
    • G01S3/786—Systems for determining direction or deviation from predetermined direction using adjustment of orientation of directivity characteristics of a detector or detector system to give a desired condition of signal derived from that detector or detector system the desired condition being maintained automatically
    • G01S3/7861—Solar tracking systems
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S23/00—Arrangements for concentrating solar-rays for solar heat collectors
    • F24S23/30—Arrangements for concentrating solar-rays for solar heat collectors with lenses
    • F24S23/31—Arrangements for concentrating solar-rays for solar heat collectors with lenses having discontinuous faces, e.g. Fresnel lenses
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S50/00—Arrangements for controlling solar heat collectors
    • F24S50/20—Arrangements for controlling solar heat collectors for tracking
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • C10M2201/02—Water
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    • C10N2040/20—Metal working
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    • C10N2070/00—Specific manufacturing methods for lubricant compositions
    • C10N2070/02—Concentrating of additives
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/40—Solar thermal energy, e.g. solar towers
    • Y02E10/47—Mountings or tracking

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an apparatus for concentrating and collecting solar light energy for many uses, more particularly to an automatic sun tracking apparatus for moving lens means to follow the seasonal, daily, and hourly changes in the sun's azimuth and altitude, so that the lens means continually faces the sun and effectively collects solar light energy.
  • the primary object of the present invention is, therefore, to provide a simple sun tracking apparatus which ensures that the solar energy collecting apparatus always faces the sun and which can be easily and inexpensively manufactured.
  • the sun tracking apparatus of the present invention has a possible minumum number of optical detectors for detecting the sun's location.
  • the optical detectors comprise two pairs of photosensors or photocells arranged at opposing points along two perpendicular axes.
  • the first pair of photosensors or photocells is substantially arranged at two ends of a first axis rotatable around a third axis orthogonal to the first exis and the grounds.
  • the photosensors have substantially vertical parallel outer sunlight receiving surfaces which face outside.
  • the second pair of photosensors or photocells is substantially arranged at two ends of a second axis perpendicular to and rotatable around the first axis.
  • the photosensors have substantially parallel inner sunlight receiving surfaces which face inside.
  • the first axis is rotated around the third axis by a first drive means in accordance with outputs of the first pair of photosensors.
  • the second axis is rotated around the first axis by a second drive means in accordance with outputs of the second pair of photosensors.
  • the first and second drive means operate only when there are differences in outputs between the first pair of photosensors and between the second pair of photosensors, respectively.
  • a fifth optical detector which has an outer sunlight receiving surface substantially parallel to the plane defined by the first and second axis may be provided to detect the total amount of the sunlight.
  • the output of one of the second pair of photosensors may be modified in accordance with the sun's location.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic perspective view of a sun tracking apparatus according to the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is a front elevational view of the apparatus illustrated in FIG. 1, shown at a different position;
  • FIG. 3 is a side elevational view of FIG. 1;
  • FIG. 4 is a diagram of an example of a drive circuit operating in accordance with differential outputs of the photosensors.
  • FIG. 5 is a schematic view showing successive positions of the plane defined by the first and second axis which follows the movement of the sun.
  • the apparatus of this invention has a rotatable vertical shaft 15 substantially orthogonal to the ground, i.e., lying along the above-mentioned third axis 14.
  • the vertical shaft 15 supports a generally U-shaped arm 7 arranged symmetrical to the shaft.
  • the apparatus also has a horizontal shaft 5 perpendicular to the axis of vertical shaft 15, i.e., lying along the above-mentioned first axis 16.
  • the horizontal shaft 5 supports therebetween a circular ring frame 3, arranged symmetrical to the shaft, and is rotatably supported by the arm 7.
  • An optical lens means preferably composed of a circular Fresnel lens 1, is supported by and held in the ring frame 3.
  • the vertical shaft 15 is rotatably supported on a base frame 10 by means of a bearing 19.
  • the vertical shaft 15 has a gear wheel 21 integral therewith which is engaged with a gear wheel 23 which is, in turn, connected to a first driving motor 27.
  • the first motor 27 can be supported, for example, by a bracket 11 integral with the base frame 10. The first motor 27 rotates the verical shaft 15 together with the arm 7.
  • a second driving motor 13 which is supported by a bracket 9 integral with base frame 10.
  • the second motor 13 rotates the horizontal shaft 5 together with the ring frame 3.
  • the ring frame 3 has supporting frames 29 (FIG. 3) which are secured thereto and which generally form an inverted imaginary cone.
  • the bottom apex of the imaginary cone defined by the supporting frames 29 is located at the focus point of the Fresnel lens 1.
  • An inlet end 31a of an optical fiber cable 31 is located at and connected to the bottom apex of the imaginary cone of the supporting frames 29.
  • the sunlight collected by the lens 1 is collected by the cable 31.
  • the vertical shaft 15 is preferably hollow, so that the cable 31 extending through the arm 7 can extend in the vertical shaft 15 to a solar energy utilizing device (not shown).
  • photosensors 50E, 50W, 50N, and 50S are provided to detect the amount of sunlight. These photosensors, which are themselves known, issue electrical outputs when they receive sunlight and feed the outputs to a central processing unit (CPU) 70 on the base frame 10.
  • CPU central processing unit
  • the photosensors 50E, 50W, 50N, and 50S are located at the four cardinal point, i.e. east, west, north, and south, respectively. Accordingly, they are represented by the suffixes E. W, N, and S for convenience's sake. It should be, however, noted that the location of the photosensors changes in accordance with the azimuth and altitude of the sun, as will be described hereinafter.
  • the first pair of photsensors 50E and 50W are held by and secured to vertical plates 53E and 53W, respectively, which are in turn secured to the ends of the arm 7.
  • the photosensors 50E and 50W are located at diametrically opposed positions substantially on the axis of the horizontal shaft 5.
  • the photosensors 50E and 50W have substantially vertical outer sunlight receiving surfaces 51E and 51W, respectively, facing outside in opposite directions.
  • the second pair of photosensors 50N and 50S are held by and secured to vertical plates 53N and 53W, respectively, which are in turn secured to the peripheral surface of the ring frame 3.
  • the photosensors 50N and 50S are located at diametrically opposed positions substantially on an axis perpendicular to the horizontal shaft 5, i.e., substantially on the above-mentioned second axis 18.
  • the photosensors 50N and 50S have substantially vertical inner sunlight receiving surfaces 51N and 51S, respectively, which face inside.
  • a fifth optical detector, such as photosensor (or photocell) 60 is also provided on the ring frame 3.
  • the fifth photosensor 60 has an upper sunlight receiving surface 61 substantially parallel to the plane of the lens 1.
  • the sunlight receiving surface 61 faces the sun when the lens 1 faces the sun.
  • the fifth photosensor 60 detects the presence or absence of sunlight and effects the sun tracking operation, described later, only when there is sunlight and stops the sun tracking operation when there is no sunlight, for example, at night.
  • the apparatus of this invention operates as follows. In the discussion to follow, the movement of the lens is described in reference to installation sites in the northern hemisphere.
  • the photosensor 50S when the direct sunlight is received at an angle from the third axis in the plane defined by the third axis and second axis, the photosensor 50S will receive direct sunlight in directions L 1 (FIG. 3), while the photosensor 50N will not, or the photosensor 50N will receive direct sunlight in direction L 2 , while photosensor 50S will not.
  • the CPU 70 has a differential amplifier DIF1 (FIG. 4) which compares the outputs of the photosensors 50N and 50S. When there is a difference between said outputs, it drives the second motor 13 in a predetermined direction until that difference is eliminated. When the direct sunlight is received at an angle from the third axis in the plane defined by the third axis and the first axis, the same situation occurs.
  • the CPU 70 also has a differential amplifier DIF 2 which compares the outputs of the photosensors 50E and 50W. When there is a difference between said outputs, it drives the first motor 27 in a predetermined direction until that difference is eliminated.
  • the apparatus according to the present invention can therefore track the daily, hourly and seasonal movement of the sun to keep the lens continuously and directly facing the sun, thus allowing effective collection of solar light energy.
  • FIG. 5 The movement of the lens 1 as it follows the sun is schematically shown in FIG. 5.
  • FIG. 5 only rotation of the horizontal shaft 5 is shown.
  • direct sunlight falls along the direction L 0 .
  • the direction L 0 changes from a 75° altitude ⁇ just after high noon to a 15° altitude ⁇ near sunset.
  • the total quantity Q 0 of sunlight is the sum of the quantity Q 1 of direct sunlight and the quantity Q 2 of indirect sunlight (indirect spacious rays). That is,
  • the angle ⁇ of the incline of the lens 1 is large. Also at sunset (or sunrise), however, the quantity of indirect sunlight falling from above is large while the quantity of indirect sunlight rising from below is small. In such a position, there is a large difference between the quantity of indirect sunlight received by the photosensors 50S and 50N. That is, the quantity of the indirect spacious rays which the photosensor 50S receives is considerably larger than that received by the photosensor 50N. The quantity of the indirect sunlight which the photosensor 50N receives is very small, almost zero, when the angle ⁇ of incline of the lens 1 is almost 90°.
  • the following table shows experimental findings on the relationship between the altitude ⁇ of the sun and the ratio between the total quantities Q N and Q S of the sunlight received by the photosensors 50N and 50S, respectively.
  • the lens was positioned to directly face the sun, that is, the sum of the altitude ⁇ of the sun and the inclined angle ⁇ of the lens 1 was always 90° ( ⁇ is a complementary angle of ⁇ ).
  • the simplest solution is to multiply the output of the photosensor 50S by an adjusting coefficient ⁇ which is a reciprocal number of the ratio and which is a function of the altitude ⁇ of the sun or the inclined angle ⁇ of the lens 1.
  • ⁇ which is a reciprocal number of the ratio and which is a function of the altitude ⁇ of the sun or the inclined angle ⁇ of the lens 1.
  • the sunlight receiving surfaces of the two pairs of photosensors may be slightly inclined with respect to the incident direct sunlight when the lens is put in the desired position.
  • the lens 1 it is also possible to control the movement of the lens 1 in such a way that the output of the photosensor 50S is multiplied by the adjusting coefficient ⁇ only when the total amount Q S of the sunlight received by the photosensor 50S is larger than the total amount Q C of sunlight received by the photosensor 60.
  • Q C which is usually larger than Q S in the daytime, is smaller than Q S at about sunset or sunrise. This is because of sunset or sunrise, on the one hand, the direct sunlight received by the photosensor 60 is small and, on the other hand, the indirect sunlight received by the photosensor 50S is large.
  • the motor 13 is controlled in such a way that lens 1 rotates until
  • 0 under the condition of Q C >Q S and until
  • 0 under the condition of Q C ⁇ Q S .

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Radar, Positioning & Navigation (AREA)
  • Remote Sensing (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Mounting And Adjusting Of Optical Elements (AREA)
  • Control Of Position Or Direction (AREA)
  • Photovoltaic Devices (AREA)
US06/393,386 1981-07-01 1982-06-29 Sun tracking apparatus Expired - Lifetime US4419981A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP56103600A JPS585704A (ja) 1981-07-01 1981-07-01 太陽光自動追尾装置
JP56-103600 1981-07-01

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US4419981A true US4419981A (en) 1983-12-13

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US06/393,386 Expired - Lifetime US4419981A (en) 1981-07-01 1982-06-29 Sun tracking apparatus

Country Status (9)

Country Link
US (1) US4419981A (de)
EP (1) EP0069891B1 (de)
JP (1) JPS585704A (de)
KR (1) KR850001899B1 (de)
AU (1) AU533871B2 (de)
DE (1) DE3261538D1 (de)
HK (1) HK21687A (de)
MY (1) MY8700356A (de)
NZ (1) NZ201045A (de)

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US4484565A (en) * 1982-08-11 1984-11-27 Kei Mori Device for sensing moving light source
US4589400A (en) * 1983-09-19 1986-05-20 Kei Mori Solar ray collecting device
US4791533A (en) * 1986-06-24 1988-12-13 Shimizu Construction Co., Ltd. Natural lighting apparatus
US4930493A (en) * 1988-05-09 1990-06-05 Sallis Daniel V Multi-lever rim-drive heliostat
US6005236A (en) * 1995-10-02 1999-12-21 Phelan; John J. Automatic sun tracking apparatus
US6442937B1 (en) 2001-08-21 2002-09-03 The Boeing Company Solar receiver adaptive tracking control
US20080264409A1 (en) * 2007-04-25 2008-10-30 Arun Gomtishanker Shukla Sun-light-redirector useful in day-lighting, photo-voltaics and solar heating
US20090095342A1 (en) * 2007-10-15 2009-04-16 Chien-Feng Lin Sun-tracking power generating apparatus
US20090241937A1 (en) * 2008-03-25 2009-10-01 Derrel Ashcraft Sunshine tracker
KR100926108B1 (ko) 2008-01-09 2009-11-17 (주)티엠테크 태양광 에너지 집적 장치 연동 제어 시스템
US7884308B1 (en) * 2010-02-22 2011-02-08 Mejia Manuel J Solar-powered sun tracker
US20110122606A1 (en) * 2009-11-20 2011-05-26 Fu Zhun Precision Industry (Shen Zhen) Co., Ltd. Solar energy collector and lamp using the same
US20120073564A1 (en) * 2010-09-24 2012-03-29 Ching-Hsiang Cheng Auto-focusing device for solar heat energy power generators and power generator cluster
US8251054B1 (en) 2008-03-25 2012-08-28 Ashcraft Derrell G Device for collecting solar energy to produce heat
CN103148436A (zh) * 2013-02-06 2013-06-12 西安理工大学 基于物联网的自然光、电力混合照明系统
US8540382B1 (en) * 2012-06-28 2013-09-24 Donald E. Hultberg Spherical mechanical linkage and multi-axis trackers
US8979286B2 (en) 2012-06-28 2015-03-17 Donald E. Hultberg Spherical mechanical linkage and multi-axis trackers
US20150136944A1 (en) * 2013-11-21 2015-05-21 Avraham Segev Sunlight tracking sensor and system
WO2016145184A3 (en) * 2015-03-10 2016-11-17 KRISHNAN, Neel A system and method for continuously reorienting the surface of a solar collection device
GR20160100034A (el) * 2016-02-01 2017-10-23 Κωνσταντινος Σταυρου Αλεξανδρης Συστημα υπερσυγκεντρωσης ηλιακης ακτινοβολιας για την παραγωγη υψηλων θερμοκρασιων
CN113467524A (zh) * 2021-08-05 2021-10-01 安徽理工大学 一种新型的太阳追踪仪

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FR2571138B1 (fr) * 1984-10-03 1987-08-07 Electricite De France Pyrheliometre automatique et autonome
AU581977B2 (en) * 1985-04-09 1989-03-09 Raymond Henry Dow Solar array assembly
JPH0619669B2 (ja) * 1985-10-22 1994-03-16 工業技術院長 太陽追尾装置
JPS63310010A (ja) * 1987-06-11 1988-12-19 Mitsubishi Rayon Co Ltd 太陽光追尾装置
JPS6426211A (en) * 1987-07-22 1989-01-27 Aarude Syst Kk Sun tracking device
JPS6488413A (en) * 1987-09-29 1989-04-03 Ube Industries Converging device for solar light
JPH02198405A (ja) * 1989-01-27 1990-08-06 Yazaki Corp 太陽光追尾式反射鏡装置
DE4424571A1 (de) * 1994-07-13 1996-01-25 Christoph Keller Strahlungsreflektor, mit automatischer Nachführung zur Reflexion einfallender Strahlung von einer sich bwegenden Quelle in eine vorgegebene Richtung
KR100789691B1 (ko) * 2006-08-03 2008-01-02 미래에너지기술(주) 태양광 발전장치
KR100914273B1 (ko) * 2007-05-22 2009-08-27 심포니에너지주식회사 음영방지기능을 갖춘 태양광 모듈의 태양광 추적 장치 및 그 제어방법
CN101887272B (zh) * 2010-06-04 2012-01-11 河北工业大学 一种双轴太阳跟踪平台
AU2011244918B2 (en) * 2011-02-17 2013-05-02 Shaw, Ian Henry Mr A Solar Tracking System

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US4484565A (en) * 1982-08-11 1984-11-27 Kei Mori Device for sensing moving light source
US4589400A (en) * 1983-09-19 1986-05-20 Kei Mori Solar ray collecting device
US4791533A (en) * 1986-06-24 1988-12-13 Shimizu Construction Co., Ltd. Natural lighting apparatus
US4930493A (en) * 1988-05-09 1990-06-05 Sallis Daniel V Multi-lever rim-drive heliostat
US6005236A (en) * 1995-10-02 1999-12-21 Phelan; John J. Automatic sun tracking apparatus
US6442937B1 (en) 2001-08-21 2002-09-03 The Boeing Company Solar receiver adaptive tracking control
US20080264409A1 (en) * 2007-04-25 2008-10-30 Arun Gomtishanker Shukla Sun-light-redirector useful in day-lighting, photo-voltaics and solar heating
US20090095342A1 (en) * 2007-10-15 2009-04-16 Chien-Feng Lin Sun-tracking power generating apparatus
US7645973B2 (en) * 2007-10-15 2010-01-12 Chien-Feng Lin Sun-tracking power generating apparatus
KR100926108B1 (ko) 2008-01-09 2009-11-17 (주)티엠테크 태양광 에너지 집적 장치 연동 제어 시스템
US20090241937A1 (en) * 2008-03-25 2009-10-01 Derrel Ashcraft Sunshine tracker
US8251054B1 (en) 2008-03-25 2012-08-28 Ashcraft Derrell G Device for collecting solar energy to produce heat
US20110122606A1 (en) * 2009-11-20 2011-05-26 Fu Zhun Precision Industry (Shen Zhen) Co., Ltd. Solar energy collector and lamp using the same
US7884308B1 (en) * 2010-02-22 2011-02-08 Mejia Manuel J Solar-powered sun tracker
US20120073564A1 (en) * 2010-09-24 2012-03-29 Ching-Hsiang Cheng Auto-focusing device for solar heat energy power generators and power generator cluster
US8540382B1 (en) * 2012-06-28 2013-09-24 Donald E. Hultberg Spherical mechanical linkage and multi-axis trackers
US8770768B2 (en) 2012-06-28 2014-07-08 Donald E. Hultberg Spherical mechanical linkage and multi-axis trackers
US8979286B2 (en) 2012-06-28 2015-03-17 Donald E. Hultberg Spherical mechanical linkage and multi-axis trackers
CN103148436A (zh) * 2013-02-06 2013-06-12 西安理工大学 基于物联网的自然光、电力混合照明系统
US20150136944A1 (en) * 2013-11-21 2015-05-21 Avraham Segev Sunlight tracking sensor and system
WO2016145184A3 (en) * 2015-03-10 2016-11-17 KRISHNAN, Neel A system and method for continuously reorienting the surface of a solar collection device
GR20160100034A (el) * 2016-02-01 2017-10-23 Κωνσταντινος Σταυρου Αλεξανδρης Συστημα υπερσυγκεντρωσης ηλιακης ακτινοβολιας για την παραγωγη υψηλων θερμοκρασιων
GR1009200B (el) * 2016-02-01 2018-01-23 Κωνσταντινος Σταυρου Αλεξανδρης Συστημα υπερσυγκεντρωσης ηλιακης ακτινοβολιας για την παραγωγη υψηλων θερμοκρασιων
CN113467524A (zh) * 2021-08-05 2021-10-01 安徽理工大学 一种新型的太阳追踪仪
CN113467524B (zh) * 2021-08-05 2024-02-13 安徽理工大学 一种新型的太阳追踪仪

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KR850001899B1 (ko) 1985-12-30
EP0069891B1 (de) 1984-12-12
MY8700356A (en) 1987-12-31
DE3261538D1 (en) 1985-01-24
KR830010357A (ko) 1983-12-30
AU8545082A (en) 1983-01-06
AU533871B2 (en) 1983-12-15
JPS585704A (ja) 1983-01-13
NZ201045A (en) 1984-11-09
EP0069891A1 (de) 1983-01-19
HK21687A (en) 1987-03-20

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