US4247398A - High gradient magnetic separation apparatus - Google Patents

High gradient magnetic separation apparatus Download PDF

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Publication number
US4247398A
US4247398A US06/088,937 US8893779A US4247398A US 4247398 A US4247398 A US 4247398A US 8893779 A US8893779 A US 8893779A US 4247398 A US4247398 A US 4247398A
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particles
magnetic separation
gradient magnetic
high gradient
separation apparatus
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US06/088,937
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Kaneo Mohri
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TDK Corp
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TDK Corp
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Assigned to TDK ELECTRONICS CO. LTD. reassignment TDK ELECTRONICS CO. LTD. CHANGE OF NAME (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: TOKYO DENKI KAGAKU KOGYO KABUSHIKI KAISHA
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C—MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C1/00—Magnetic separation
    • B03C1/02—Magnetic separation acting directly on the substance being separated
    • B03C1/025—High gradient magnetic separators
    • B03C1/031—Component parts; Auxiliary operations
    • B03C1/033—Component parts; Auxiliary operations characterised by the magnetic circuit
    • B03C1/034—Component parts; Auxiliary operations characterised by the magnetic circuit characterised by the matrix elements
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
    • Y10T428/12424—Mass of only fibers

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a high gradient magnetic separation apparatus for removing, for example, iron particles from waste water from, for example, an industrial plant.
  • a high gradient magnetic separation apparatus which comprised a vessel, steel wool or stainless wool and a magnet for applying a magnetic field from outside of the vessel to the wool.
  • Ther term "wool” means fine long fibers of steel or stainless steel, put together in a form suitable for a filtering means.
  • the high gradient magnetic separation apparatus enabled the effective removal and collection from a fluid of ferromagnetic particles, such as iron particles, as well as paramagnetic particles, such as MnO 2 particles.
  • the high gradient magnetic separation apparatus can be broadly applied in the field of, for example, desulfurizing of liquefied coal, concentration of iron oxides in iron ore, and treatment of industrial and urban, waste water.
  • the known high gradient magnetic separation apparatuses are, however, disadvantageous in the fact the separating ability of these apparatuses deteriorates during the operation of these apparatuses. Namely, smaller amounts of particles are adsorbed on the surface of the metallic fibers as the operation time increases. This decrease in adsorbtion is attributed to the reduction of the magnetic field gradient in the neighbourhood of the metallic fibers, on which fibers rust is formed because of the low corrosion resistance of the steel or stainless steel fibers against the liquid being treated.
  • the rust particles which can be peeled off from the surface of the fibers, are incorporated, during the operation of the conventional magnetic separation apparatuses, into a filtered liquid free from the ferromagnetic and paramagnetic particles, with the result that the operation of the magnetic separation apparatuses becomes unsatisfactory.
  • the separating ability is reduced not only by the low corrosion resistance, but also by the low mechanical strength of the conventional metallic fibers, such as iron fibers. Namely, several parts of the metallic fibers are broken down into fragments by the liquid being treated in the conventional high gradient magnetic separation apparatuses and, then, the fragments are incorporated into this liquid. This incorporation of the fragments is a particularly serious problem when treating a highly viscous liquid or oil, such as a lubricating oil.
  • the known high gradient magnetic separation apparatuses also involves a problem when the metallic fibers are renewed by a washing water. That is, since the steel or stainless steel fine fibers used in the known high gradient magnetic separation apparatuses exhibit a high residual flux density, a large amount of washing water is necessary for separating the particles, which are firmly adsorbed on the fine wires, from these fine fibers. As a result, large amount of the washing water must be treated to recover the particles mentioned above from the washing water.
  • an object of the present invention to provide a high gradient magnetic separation apparatus, which can separate ferromagnetic and paramagnetic particles from a fluid at higher separating ratio than in the conventional apparatuses.
  • high gradient magnetic separation apparatus comprising:
  • a vessel having an inlet or inlets for introducing thereinto a fluid, which contains particles of at least one number selected from the group consisting of ferromagnetic fine particles and paramagnetic fine particles, and also having an outlet or outlets for the fluid essentially free from said particles of at least one member;
  • a ferromagnetic filter means for both admitting passage of the fluid therethrough and separating said particles of at least one memeber from the fluid, said means being positioned within the vessel;
  • a magnetizing means for applying a magnetic field to the filter means positioned outside of the vessel
  • An amorphous substance is generally characterized by the fact that its structure is noncrystalline.
  • X-ray diffraction measurement is generally employed.
  • an amorphous metal alloy produces a diffraction profile referred to as a halo pattern which varies slowly with the diffraction angle, but does not have sharp diffraction peaks which are reflected from the lattice planes of crystals. It is therefore, possible to determine the amorphous degree of any substance by calculating the ratio of the observed height of peaks with respect to the theoretical height of the known standard peaks of crystals.
  • alloy compositions employed within the scope of this invention include any metals which can be produced in the amorphous form, particularly those compositions represented by the general formula:
  • M is at least one metallic element selected from the group consisting of iron, nickel and cobalt
  • N is at least one metalloid element selected from the group consisting of phosphorous, boron, carbon and silicon
  • the percentage represented by atomic percentages in X and Y are defined by the relationships:
  • the corrosion resistance of the filter means is superior to that of the conventional steel or stainless steel wool.
  • the percentage value X should be 75 atomic % or lower, because the alloy composition M x N y , mentioned above, is amorphous but not ferromagnetic.
  • M is at least one metallic element selected from the group consisting of iron, nickel and cobalt
  • N is at least one metalloid element selected from the group consisting of phosphorous, boron, carbon and silicon
  • T is at least one additional metallic element selected from the group consisting of molybdenum, chromiun, tungsten, tantalum, niobium, vanadium, copper, manganese, zinc, antimony, tin, gemanium, indium, zirconium and aluminum
  • percentages represented by atomic percent X, Y and Z are defined by the relationships:
  • the amorphous metal alloy When at least one additional element T is selected from the group consisting of Mo, Cr, W, Ta, Nb, V, Cu, Mn, Zn, Sb, Sn, Ge, In, Zr and Al, and is included in the amorphous alloy of the fine fibers in an amount of 15 atomic % or less, the amorphous metal alloy possesses a superior corrosion resistance to that of the amorphous alloy having the general formula M x N y , mentioned above.
  • the amount of the additional element T should preferably be from 0.1 atomic % to 5 atomic %.
  • the additional element T is selected from the group consisting of molybdenum, chromium and tungsten, the corrosion resistance of the amorphous alloy is excellent.
  • the molar fraction of every one of the metallic elements i.e. Fe, Co and Ni, based on the total moles of these elements, is set either in the area surrounded by the lines connecting the points denoted as Fe, Co, P 1 and P 2 of FIG. 1 attached hereto or on these lines. It is more preferable when the molar fraction mentioned above is set either in the area surrounded by the lines connecting the points Fe, P 3 and P 4 in FIG. 1 or on these lines.
  • the percentage value Y of the metalloids elements is from 5 to 20 atomic %.
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic, cross sectional view of the main part of the high gradient magnetic separation apparatus
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic view with liquid flow lines illustrated according to an embodiment of the present invention, and;
  • FIG. 4 is a graph representing the recovery change of the iron particles depending upon the operation time of the tested apparatus.
  • the main part of the high gradient magnetic separation apparatus which may be hereinafter referred to as the HGMS apparatus, consists of the vessel 1, the filter 2 and the magnetizing coils or electromagnets 3.
  • the vessel 1 possesses an inlet 1a for admitting the liquid to be treated thereinto.
  • liquids as oil, for example a lubricating oil, and a water, for example waste water from industrial plants including a steel rolling plant and a steel pickling plant, are treated in this vessel 1, when it is required to remove or collect the ferromagnetic or paramagnetic powders from these liquids.
  • the filter 2 consisting of fine fibers of an amorphous alloy, is packed in the vessel 1.
  • the filter 2 is provided in the form of metal wool and is packed at such a packing degree as to enable effective filtering of the liquids mentioned above.
  • the fine fibers of the amorphous metal wool should have a diameter ranging from 10 to 200 microns.
  • a pair of the electromagnet coils 3 applies a magnetic field to the filter means 2 in the form of the metal wool during the magnetic separation process.
  • An intense direct magnetic field of, for example, 2 to 4 KG is required to magnetically saturate the amorphous alloy fibers. Due to the high magnetic gradient in the neighbourhood of the fine fibers, the ferromagnetic or paramagnetic particles in the liquid are adsorbed on the surface of the fine fibers, and then, the purified liquid moves out of the vessel 1 through an outlet 1b.
  • the HGMS apparatus comprises the separation vessel 1 enclosed by an iron box 4.
  • the separation vessel 1 is connected via a conduit 11 to a tank 6 for a liquid 7, such as a waste water from a steel pickling plant.
  • a pump 5 supplies the liquid 7 through the conduit via a valve 18 into the separation vessel 1.
  • the water purified in the separation vessel 1 is led through a conduit 10a and conduit 10c provided with a valve 14 into a tank 8.
  • the purified water, denoted as 9, can be used again for pickling of the steel articles or renewing the filter 2.
  • a not shown switching means deenergizes the coils or electromagnets 3
  • a valve 15 is opened and the valve 14 is closed.
  • the valve 18 of the conduit 11 is closed and a valve 17 of a conduit 19, which is branched off from the conduit 11, is opened.
  • the particles adsorbed on the surface of the fine fibers are then washed by the washing water 13 and returned to the tank 6. It is, however, possible to provide a separate tank for collecting the washed particles.
  • the fine fibers of the amorphous alloy can be produced by various processes already proposed for the super rapid-cooling of an alloy melt at a rate of approximately 10 6 ° C. per second.
  • the same filter as mentioned above was produced from soft steel fibers having a diameter of 0.1 mm.
  • the magnetic properties of the Fe 8 Co 72 P 14 B 6 alloy and the soft steel were as shown in Table 1.
  • Fine fibers of an amorphous alloy were produced by the procedure proposed by H. S. Chen and C. E. Miller in the magazine, the title of which is abbreviated as Rev. Sci. Instrum 41 (1970), page 1237.
  • An alloy melt was injected by an argon stream of high pressure into a space between a pair of metallic rollers, which were rotated at 6000 rpm.
  • the diameter of the fine fibers was controlled so that it was 0.1 mm.
  • the filter was produced from these fibers in the form of wool.
  • the amorphous alloy produced had a composition of Fe 8 Co 72 P 14 B 6 .
  • the high gradient magnetic separationn was performed under the following conditions.
  • Packing Density 0.5% (percentage of the cross section of the wool fibers relative to the cross section of the separation vessel 1 in FIG. 2).
  • Treated Liquid water containing 100 ppm of the magnetite particles.
  • the ratio of collecting the magnetite powders to the magnetite content in the water was measured and the results are shown in FIG. 4, in which the solid lines A and B indicate the collecting ratio of the amorphous filter and the crystalline, soft steel filter, respectively.
  • the collecting ratio mentioned above is indicated in FIG. 4 as Recovery and can be considered a value representing the separating efficiency of the HGMS apparatuses. It is clear from FIG. 4 that the collecting ratio is higher in the present invention (A) than in the known soft steel filter (B).
  • Example 1 The procedure of Example 1 was repeated, except for the following conditions of the HGMS operation.
  • Amorphous alloy (invention): Fe 80 P 14 B 6
  • Crystalline alloy (control) stainless steel in addition to soft steel
  • Example 1 The procedure of Example 1 was repeated, except for the following condition of the HGMS operation.
  • Amorphous alloy (invention): Ni 40 Fe 40 P 14 B 6
  • the collecting ratio of the particles in the liquid to be treated is indicated as Recovery in Table 2, above, and was superior to the collecting ratio of the HGMS apparatus using the stainless steel wool. Neither rust formation on nor incorporation of fragments from the amorphous fine fibers into the liquid were observed at all.
  • Example 1 The procedure of Example 1 was repeated, except for the following condition of the HGMS operation.
  • Amorphous alloy (invention): Co 8 Fe 62 Mo 5 Si 15 B 10
  • the collecting ratio of the particles in the liquid to be treated is indicated in Table 3, above, and was superior to that of the HMGS apparatus using the stainless steel wool. Neither rust formation on nor the incorporation of the fragments from the amorphous fine fibers into the liquid were observed at all, even after the HGMS operation was repeated for a long period of time.
US06/088,937 1977-04-05 1979-10-29 High gradient magnetic separation apparatus Expired - Lifetime US4247398A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP52-38692 1977-04-05
JP3869277A JPS53130572A (en) 1977-04-05 1977-04-05 Highhgradient magnetic separator using amorphous magnetic alloy

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DE (1) DE2814463A1 (fr)
GB (1) GB1586651A (fr)

Cited By (36)

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US4342640A (en) * 1980-11-24 1982-08-03 Chevron Research Company Magnetic separation of mineral particles from shale oil
US4388179A (en) * 1980-11-24 1983-06-14 Chevron Research Company Magnetic separation of mineral particles from shale oil
US4495074A (en) * 1981-08-20 1985-01-22 Unitika, Ltd. Method and apparatus for filtration using ferromagnetic metal fibers
US4539040A (en) * 1982-09-20 1985-09-03 Mawardi Osman K Beneficiating ore by magnetic fractional filtration of solutes
US4594215A (en) * 1983-11-04 1986-06-10 Westinghouse Electric Corp. Augmented high gradient magnetic filter
US4664796A (en) * 1985-09-16 1987-05-12 Coulter Electronics, Inc. Flux diverting flow chamber for high gradient magnetic separation of particles from a liquid medium
US4668591A (en) * 1981-07-24 1987-05-26 Hitachi, Ltd. Magnetic separator matrix of cut pieces of an elongated crystalline magnetic alloy
US4959155A (en) * 1989-05-23 1990-09-25 Luis Gomez Method for the purification of fluids such as water, aqueous fluids and fuel fluids
US5013450A (en) * 1989-05-23 1991-05-07 Luis Gomez Method and solid material body for the purification of fluids such as water, aqueous fluids and liquid fuels
US5034138A (en) * 1989-09-18 1991-07-23 Shinki Sangyo Co., Ltd. Method and apparatus for producing activated mineral water
US5126046A (en) * 1989-05-23 1992-06-30 Luis Gomez Solid material body for the purification of fluids such as water, aqueous fluids and liquid fuels
US5128121A (en) * 1988-04-08 1992-07-07 Nycomed As Mixture of a positive and negative contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging
US5258108A (en) * 1991-12-27 1993-11-02 Blue Star Technologies, Ltd. Fluid-treatment and conditioning apparatus and method
US5693539A (en) * 1988-12-28 1997-12-02 Miltenyi; Stefan Methods for coating metal matrices for use in high gradient magnetic separation of biological materials and method for coating the same
US5786040A (en) * 1994-08-25 1998-07-28 The University Of Iowa Research Foundation Methods for coating surfaces with magnetic composites exhibiting distinct flux properties
CN1039701C (zh) * 1990-01-23 1998-09-09 路易斯·戈麦斯 用于净化流体如水、含水液体和液体燃料的固体材料体
US5817221A (en) * 1994-08-25 1998-10-06 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Composites formed using magnetizable material, a catalyst and an electron conductor
US5871625A (en) * 1994-08-25 1999-02-16 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Magnetic composites for improved electrolysis
US6015487A (en) * 1997-04-19 2000-01-18 Yamaha Hatsudoki Kabushiki Kaisha Coolant purification system
US6274037B1 (en) * 1998-04-01 2001-08-14 Yamaha Hatsudoki Kabushiki Kaisha Coolant purification system
US6322676B1 (en) 1998-03-25 2001-11-27 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Magnetic composites exhibiting distinct flux properties due to gradient interfaces
WO2002018667A2 (fr) * 2000-09-01 2002-03-07 A.M.T.P. Advanced Metal Production Ltd. Nouveaux alliages amorphe a base de ver contenant du chrome
US6355166B1 (en) 1994-08-25 2002-03-12 The University Of Iowa Research Foundation Magnetically enhanced composite materials and methods for making and using the same
US20030232223A1 (en) * 1994-08-25 2003-12-18 Johna Leddy Methods for forming magnetically modified electrodes and articles produced thereby
US20040026253A1 (en) * 1994-08-25 2004-02-12 Johna Leddy Methods for forming magnetically modified electrodes and articles produced thereby
US20050213187A1 (en) * 1994-08-25 2005-09-29 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Methods for forming magnetically modified electrodes and articles produced thereby
US20050266394A1 (en) * 2003-12-24 2005-12-01 Massachusette Institute Of Technology Magnetophoretic cell clarification
US20080060710A1 (en) * 2006-08-24 2008-03-13 Carlson J D Controllable magnetorheological fluid valve, devices, and methods
WO2011099730A2 (fr) 2010-02-12 2011-08-18 메디스커브 주식회사 Procédé pour identifier des modulateurs qui modulent des activités physiologiques de composants cellulaires dans une cellule
WO2013081705A1 (fr) 2011-11-30 2013-06-06 General Electric Company Procédés de traitement de l'eau pour l'élimination de matière radioactive naturelle (norm)
US20130277293A1 (en) * 2010-12-14 2013-10-24 King Abdulaziz City For Science And Technology Magnetic extractants, method of making and using the same
US9796934B2 (en) 2015-06-18 2017-10-24 Luis Gomez System and method to decrease the viscosity of the crude oil and the potentiation of dehydration
US9969943B2 (en) 2013-09-30 2018-05-15 Maersk Olie Og Gas A/S Use of magnetic nanoparticles for depletion of aromatic compounds in oil
US9975790B2 (en) 2013-09-30 2018-05-22 Maersk Olie Og Gas A/S Water treatment suited for oil production wells
US10138410B2 (en) 2013-09-30 2018-11-27 Total E&P Danmark A/S Method and system for the enhanced recovery of oil, using water that has been depleted in ions using magnetic particles
US10150908B2 (en) 2013-09-30 2018-12-11 Total E&P Danmark A/S Method and system for the recovery of oil, using water that has been treated using magnetic particles

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JPS5589451A (en) * 1978-12-28 1980-07-07 Takeshi Masumoto Amorphous alloy containing iron group element and carbon
JPS55147807U (fr) * 1979-04-11 1980-10-24
JPS6323938Y2 (fr) * 1979-06-12 1988-07-01
DE2929468A1 (de) * 1979-07-20 1981-02-05 Siemens Ag Vorrichtung zur hochgradienten-magnetseparation
JPS5638117A (en) * 1979-09-06 1981-04-13 Hitachi Plant Eng & Constr Co Ltd Magnetic filter
JPS5676215A (en) * 1979-11-26 1981-06-23 Hitachi Plant Eng & Constr Co Ltd Magnetic filter
JPS56105452A (en) * 1980-01-23 1981-08-21 Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd Amorphous alloy
JPS5759613A (en) * 1980-09-27 1982-04-10 Nireko:Kk Cleaner for working oil
JPS58107113U (ja) * 1981-12-31 1983-07-21 日本レギユレ−タ−株式会社 作動油浄化装置
JPS58123850A (ja) * 1982-01-19 1983-07-23 Olympus Optical Co Ltd 非晶質磁性合金
JPS58157940A (ja) * 1982-03-12 1983-09-20 Olympus Optical Co Ltd 非晶質磁性合金
JPS58219930A (ja) * 1982-06-14 1983-12-21 Japan Atom Energy Res Inst 磁性粉粒体の造粒方法
JPS60163182U (ja) * 1984-04-06 1985-10-30 ヤマハ発動機株式会社 自動二輪車の前フエンダ
JP4319206B2 (ja) * 2006-07-20 2009-08-26 独立行政法人科学技術振興機構 軟磁性Ｆｅ基金属ガラス合金
KR100961220B1 (ko) * 2008-02-27 2010-06-03 창원대학교 산학협력단 철-주석-보론 비정질 합금

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Cited By (54)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4388179A (en) * 1980-11-24 1983-06-14 Chevron Research Company Magnetic separation of mineral particles from shale oil
US4342640A (en) * 1980-11-24 1982-08-03 Chevron Research Company Magnetic separation of mineral particles from shale oil
US4668591A (en) * 1981-07-24 1987-05-26 Hitachi, Ltd. Magnetic separator matrix of cut pieces of an elongated crystalline magnetic alloy
US4495074A (en) * 1981-08-20 1985-01-22 Unitika, Ltd. Method and apparatus for filtration using ferromagnetic metal fibers
US4539040A (en) * 1982-09-20 1985-09-03 Mawardi Osman K Beneficiating ore by magnetic fractional filtration of solutes
US4594215A (en) * 1983-11-04 1986-06-10 Westinghouse Electric Corp. Augmented high gradient magnetic filter
US4664796A (en) * 1985-09-16 1987-05-12 Coulter Electronics, Inc. Flux diverting flow chamber for high gradient magnetic separation of particles from a liquid medium
US5128121A (en) * 1988-04-08 1992-07-07 Nycomed As Mixture of a positive and negative contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging
US5693539A (en) * 1988-12-28 1997-12-02 Miltenyi; Stefan Methods for coating metal matrices for use in high gradient magnetic separation of biological materials and method for coating the same
US5013450A (en) * 1989-05-23 1991-05-07 Luis Gomez Method and solid material body for the purification of fluids such as water, aqueous fluids and liquid fuels
US5126046A (en) * 1989-05-23 1992-06-30 Luis Gomez Solid material body for the purification of fluids such as water, aqueous fluids and liquid fuels
US4959155A (en) * 1989-05-23 1990-09-25 Luis Gomez Method for the purification of fluids such as water, aqueous fluids and fuel fluids
US5034138A (en) * 1989-09-18 1991-07-23 Shinki Sangyo Co., Ltd. Method and apparatus for producing activated mineral water
CN1039701C (zh) * 1990-01-23 1998-09-09 路易斯·戈麦斯 用于净化流体如水、含水液体和液体燃料的固体材料体
US5258108A (en) * 1991-12-27 1993-11-02 Blue Star Technologies, Ltd. Fluid-treatment and conditioning apparatus and method
US5368705A (en) * 1991-12-27 1994-11-29 Blue Star Technologies, Ltd. Fuel treatment and conditioning apparatus
US20100173068A1 (en) * 1994-05-26 2010-07-08 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Methods for forming magnetically modified electrodes and articles produced thereby
US7709115B2 (en) 1994-08-25 2010-05-04 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Methods for forming magnetically modified electrodes and articles produced thereby
US6355166B1 (en) 1994-08-25 2002-03-12 The University Of Iowa Research Foundation Magnetically enhanced composite materials and methods for making and using the same
US5928804A (en) * 1994-08-25 1999-07-27 The University Of Iowa Research Foundation Fuel cells incorporating magnetic composites having distinct flux properties
US5981095A (en) * 1994-08-25 1999-11-09 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Magnetic composites and methods for improved electrolysis
US6001248A (en) * 1994-08-25 1999-12-14 The University Of Iowa Research Foundation Gradient interface magnetic composites and systems therefor
US5786040A (en) * 1994-08-25 1998-07-28 The University Of Iowa Research Foundation Methods for coating surfaces with magnetic composites exhibiting distinct flux properties
US6207313B1 (en) 1994-08-25 2001-03-27 The University Of Iowa Research Foundation Magnetic composites and methods for improved electrolysis
US20100178537A1 (en) * 1994-08-25 2010-07-15 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Methods for forming magnetically modified electrodes and articles produced thereby
US6303242B1 (en) 1994-08-25 2001-10-16 The University Of Iowa Research Foundation Gradient interface magnetic composites and methods therefor
US20050213187A1 (en) * 1994-08-25 2005-09-29 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Methods for forming magnetically modified electrodes and articles produced thereby
US5871625A (en) * 1994-08-25 1999-02-16 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Magnetic composites for improved electrolysis
US5817221A (en) * 1994-08-25 1998-10-06 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Composites formed using magnetizable material, a catalyst and an electron conductor
US6375885B1 (en) 1994-08-25 2002-04-23 The University Of Iowa Research Foundation Methods for coating surfaces with magnetic composites exhibiting distinct flux properties
US20100225987A1 (en) * 1994-08-25 2010-09-09 The University Of Lowa Research Foundation Methods for forming magnetically modified electrodes and articles produced thereby
US6479176B2 (en) 1994-08-25 2002-11-12 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Gradient interface magnetic composites and methods therefor
US6514575B2 (en) 1994-08-25 2003-02-04 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Magnetic composites exhibiting distinct flux properties due to gradient interfaces
US20030232223A1 (en) * 1994-08-25 2003-12-18 Johna Leddy Methods for forming magnetically modified electrodes and articles produced thereby
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JPS53130572A (en) 1978-11-14
DE2814463A1 (de) 1978-10-12
DE2814463C2 (fr) 1987-02-05
GB1586651A (en) 1981-03-25

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