US3888054A - Method for abrasive cutting in a liquid - Google Patents

Method for abrasive cutting in a liquid Download PDF

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Publication number
US3888054A
US3888054A US416553A US41655373A US3888054A US 3888054 A US3888054 A US 3888054A US 416553 A US416553 A US 416553A US 41655373 A US41655373 A US 41655373A US 3888054 A US3888054 A US 3888054A
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United States
Prior art keywords
liquid
abrasive
stream
aperture
abrasive particles
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Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
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US416553A
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English (en)
Inventor
Nicholas F Maselli
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AT&T Corp
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Western Electric Co Inc
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Publication date
Application filed by Western Electric Co Inc filed Critical Western Electric Co Inc
Priority to US416553A priority Critical patent/US3888054A/en
Priority to GB526974A priority patent/GB1395426A/en
Priority to CA192,355A priority patent/CA990508A/en
Priority to FR7407039A priority patent/FR2251405B1/fr
Priority to DE2409783A priority patent/DE2409783A1/de
Priority to JP49024888A priority patent/JPS5080586A/ja
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US3888054A publication Critical patent/US3888054A/en
Assigned to AT & T TECHNOLOGIES, INC., reassignment AT & T TECHNOLOGIES, INC., CHANGE OF NAME (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). EFFECTIVE JAN. 3,1984 Assignors: WESTERN ELECTRIC COMPANY, INCORPORATED
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
    • B24C—ABRASIVE OR RELATED BLASTING WITH PARTICULATE MATERIAL
    • B24C1/00—Methods for use of abrasive blasting for producing particular effects; Use of auxiliary equipment in connection with such methods
    • B24C1/04—Methods for use of abrasive blasting for producing particular effects; Use of auxiliary equipment in connection with such methods for treating only selected parts of a surface, e.g. for carving stone or glass
    • B24C1/045—Methods for use of abrasive blasting for producing particular effects; Use of auxiliary equipment in connection with such methods for treating only selected parts of a surface, e.g. for carving stone or glass for cutting

Definitions

  • ABSTRACT 52 us. (:1 51/319; 51/323 Materials are immmed a liquid and cut by 51 Int. Cl. B24c 1/00- B24c 1/04 propelling a Stream of abrasive Particles whim are 58 Field of Search 51/8 R 51 319-323, carried in a fluid towards the material The liquid 5.1326 covering the material restricts the stream of abrasive particles to the area to be cut so as to avoid the disad- [56] References Cited vantage of abrading away the material surface adja- UNITED STATES PATENTS cent 2,4l9,687 4/1947 Luckey 5l/8 R x 9 Claims, 3 Drawing Figures PATENTEDJLIN 10 m5 1:,054
  • the instant invention relates to a method for cutting materials.
  • the invention is directed to abrasive cutting of materials while the materials are covered by a liquid.
  • Quartz may also be cut by the use of an air abrasive tool wherein a high velocity stream of abrasive particles is directed towards the quartz to erode or abrade the material.
  • the instant invention solves the foregoing problems with a method for cutting material by covering the surface of the material at the cutting site with a liquid, and propelling a stream of abrasive particles, carried in a fluid under pressure, towards the material to cut the material to a predetermined configuration.
  • This method results in minimal abrasive damage to the surface of the material adjacent to the cut and provides substantially parallel edges at the cut or severed areas which advantageously decreases the loss of quartz.
  • the abrasive particles are restricted to a limited path from the nozzle to the material to be cut.
  • the liquid about this path acts as a funnel or a mask which confines and directs the movement of the particles towards the material to be cut.
  • the velocity of any abrasive particles leaving the restricted path will be quickly dampened by the surrounding liquid.
  • Another advantage is that in cutting piezoelectric material such as quartz the instant method has been found to cause a minimal amount of stress at the severed or cut sections resulting in a more accurate and reproducible electromechanical response characteristic.
  • a further advantage is in cutting under a liquid that electrostatic adhesion of abrasive particles to the surface of the material to be cut is precluded.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates a prior art abrasive cutting method.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates the instant inventive abrasive cutting method.
  • FIG. 3 is an isometric view of an illustrative embodiment of the instant invention showing a monolithic crystal filter being abrasively severed using the instant inventive method.
  • FIG. 1 shows a prior art abrasivecutting operation wherein a tool nozzle 10 is located proximate an object 11 to be cut or severed.
  • the nozzle 10 has a restrictive discharge orifice 12 through which an abrasive material 13 carried in a fluid 14 is propelled towards the object 11.
  • the propelled fluid 14 expands or flares outwardly from the discharge orifice 12 to form a substantially triangular cross-section between the nozzle discharge orifice I2 and the surface 15 of the object 11 to be cut or severed.
  • the stream of abrasive material 13, carried in fluid 14, is moved across the surface 15 of the object 11.
  • a cut defined by walls 21-21 when viewed in crosssection, forms an opening wherein the width of exit 22 is narrower than the width 'of entrance 23 with the walls having a steepening angle from entrance to exit.
  • This steepening angle from entrance 23 to exit 22 results in a rounded shoulder appearance which is caused by both the flaring out of the fluid 14 and by a secondary cutting action resulting from the abrasive material 13 in the fluid l4 striking the surface 15 of the object 11 and rebounding to strike the object again.
  • These rebounding particles of abrasive material 13 not only cause an undesirable enlargement of the entrance 23 but also disadvantageously abrades the surface 15 at points remote from the actual cut.
  • FIG. 2 depicts the same tool nozzle 10 and object 11; however, the surface of the object to be cut is covered by a liquid 26 which surprisingly has been found to substantially limit the aforementioned flaring out and secondary cutting action of the abrasive material 13.
  • the liquid 26 acts as a mask or shield which dampens the secondary action of the rebounding particles of abrasive material 13 while restricting the abrasive particles to a narrow stream to provide a smaller cut entrance 23 resulting in a cut, when viewed in cross-section. having nearly parallel sides.
  • This restriction of the path of the abrasive material 13 and the dampening action of the liquid 26 essentially eliminates the undesirable abrading of the surface 15 adjacent to opening 23 and lessens the amount of material removed in the locale of the cut.
  • the type of liquid 26 which can be used is substantially unlimited, for a wide variety of liquids such as freon, oil, alcohol, and water have been found to be effective.
  • FIG. 3 shows an illustrative embodiment of the instant invention wherein a Monolithic Crystal Filter (MCF) 27 is abrasively out under a liquid 26, into two sections.
  • MCF Monolithic Crystal Filter
  • Such a MCF 27 is used as a band pass filter. By cutting the MCF 27 into two sections certain undesirable response modes of the filter are eliminated.
  • the structure and function of the MCF 27 is fully described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,564,463 to W. D. Beaver and R. A. Sykes and US. Pat. No. 3,576,506 to R. L. Reynolds and R. A. Sykes.
  • the instant invention is not limited to the cutting of quartz crystal, for a variety of hard or brittle materials such as ceramics, aluminum, sheet steel, glass, etc. have been cut using the instant method. Any material that can be abrasively cut whilee not in a liquid can be cut under a liquid with attendant advantages herein described.
  • the MCF 27 is shown seated in recessed sections 28-28 of supports 29-29 under the surface of the liquid 26 in container 30.
  • the supports 29-29 can be moved in unison, to wards and away from the top edge 36 of the container 30 along guide rails 31 under the control of an actuating apparatus 37 which communicates with the supports via a Y-shaped member 38.
  • Nozzle is located directly above the MCF 27 within container 30 and is mounted for movement transverse to the MCF.
  • the MCF 27 is comprised of a quartz crystal plate 39 upon which upper metallic electrodes 41-41, such as gold, are deposited on a first surface 42 of the quartz crystal plate and corresponding aligned lower metallic electrodes 43-43 (indicated by hidden lines) are deposited on a second surface 44 thereof.
  • the upper metallic electrodes 41-41 are connected by upper conductors 46-46 to upper terminals 4747 which in turn are terminated on a rectangular shaped ceramic ring 48.
  • the lower metallic electrodes 43-43 are connected in a similar manner to the rectangular shaped ceramic ring 48 via lower conductors 49-49 and lower terminals 56-56.
  • Upper terminals 4747 and lower terminals 56-56 provide output terminations for electrically connecting the MCF 27 when in an operational circuit while also providing mounting support for the crystal plate 39 to the ceramic ring 48.
  • the nozzle 10 is located to one side of the MCF 27 and supports 29-29 are in a full upward position, above the surface of the liquid 26.
  • the operator places the MCF 27 in the recessed sections 28- 28 of supports 29-29 which are then lowered into the liquid 26 under the control of the actuating apparatus 37 and the Y-shaped member 38.
  • the nozzle 10 is then positioned proximate an edge 57 of the crystal plate 39.
  • the fluid 14 containing the abrasive 13 is activated to project the stream of abrasive material through the orifice 12 of nozzle 10 as the nozzle is moved across the first surface 42 of the quartz plate 39 causing a cut 58 which severs the quartz plate into two sections.
  • the abrasive 13 carrying fluid 14 from the 1ozzle 10 is stopped and the nozzle moved back again to one side of the MCF 27.
  • Supports 29-29 are then raised to the full upward position, the MCF 27 is removed and a new MCF is placed on the supports and the foregoing steps repeated.
  • the quartz crystal plate 39 having dimensions of l l1/32 X 7/16 inches and a thickness of 0.008 inch, was cut using 27 micron aluminum oxide powder as the abrasive 13 with shop air under a pressure of psi as the carrying fluid 14.
  • the MCF 27 was submerged to a depth of one-fourth inch in water with the nozzle 10, having a round orifice 12 of 0.01 1 inches, placed at a distance of 0.015 inch from the quartz crystal plate 39.
  • the cut was accomplished at a cutting rate of 0.40 inch per minute resulting in a clean cut58 with an average entrance or shoulder opening of 0.013 inch and an exit opening of 0.0085 inch in the quartz. Acceptable cuts have been made up to speeds of 0.56 inch per minute.
  • the aluminum oxide powder used as the abrasive material 13 in the above example may be replaced with any of a variety of abrasive materials depending upon the type of cut that would be acceptable.
  • Abrasive materials 13 such as sand, silicon carbide, boron carbide, carborundum powder or the like carried in a fluid 14 such as air, nitrogen, alcohol, water, or other gas or liquids under pressures between 20 and psi could be used.
  • the parameters of speed of cut, pressure of the propelling fluid 14, orifice 12 size and shape, distance between the nozzle orifice l2 and the material 11 to be cut, and the abrasive 13 to be used will vary depending on the type and thickness of material 11 to be cut and steepness required at the walls 21-21 of the cut.
  • the important concept, to which the instant invention is directed is that the material 11 to be cut or severed be placed under the surface of the liquid 26 while directing a stream of abrasive particles 13 thereat.
  • any part of the nozzle 10 be immersed in the liquid 26. Cutting may be accomplished with the nozzle orifice 12 above the surface of the liquid 26 while the material 11 to be cut is fully immersed in the liquid. This may result in uneven cuts but could be acceptable where there are less stringent requirements as to the slope of the sides 21-21 and the loss of material 11.
  • the MCF 27 can easily be immersed or submerged in the liquid 26.
  • the liquid 26 could be confined to cover the surface of the material at the cutting site only.
  • the instant inventive concept is not so limited.
  • the instant method for abrasivcly cutting under a liquid could be used to advantageously cut an unlimited number of shapes. slots, holes, or other configurations by the simple expedient of causing the nozzle and/or the supporting structure to move along a predetermined path. Circular and arcuate shaped designs have been cut in quartz crystal using the instant method.
  • the instant embodiment can be arranged in a well-known manner to have the liquid 26 continuously flowing.
  • the liquid 26 could then be filtered to remove the debris and reintroduced or discharged as waste and makeup liquid added.
  • the liquid 26 has been found to substantially preclude any electrostatic adhesion of abrasive particles 13 to the surface 15 of the material 11 to be cut.
  • the instant abrasive cutting method by providing a cut with substantially parallel sides, has been found to produce a minimal amount of stress in the cut material 11. This is clearly advantageous when cutting piezoelectric materials where such stresses would affect the electromechanical response characteristics of the material.
  • a method of forming an aperture in material comprising the steps of:
  • a method of forming an aperture in material comprising the steps of:
  • An improved method of forming an aperture in material with abrasive particles comprising the step of: propelling a stream of abrasive particles, carried in a fluid under pressure, against the surface of the material to form the aperture in the material;
  • a method for cutting a quartz crystal plate having 5 metallic electrodes deposited thereon comprising the steps of:
  • a method for cutting a monolithic crystal filter plate having metallic electrodes thereon comprising the steps of:
  • a method of cutting out a desired configuration from material comprising the steps of:
  • a method of severing material into sections comprising the steps of:
  • a method of forming an aperture in quartz comprising the steps of:

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Perforating, Stamping-Out Or Severing By Means Other Than Cutting (AREA)
  • Processing Of Stones Or Stones Resemblance Materials (AREA)
US416553A 1973-11-16 1973-11-16 Method for abrasive cutting in a liquid Expired - Lifetime US3888054A (en)

Priority Applications (6)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US416553A US3888054A (en) 1973-11-16 1973-11-16 Method for abrasive cutting in a liquid
GB526974A GB1395426A (en) 1973-11-16 1974-02-05 Abrasive cutting of material
CA192,355A CA990508A (en) 1973-11-16 1974-02-13 Method for abrasive cutting in a liquid
FR7407039A FR2251405B1 (fr) 1973-11-16 1974-03-01
DE2409783A DE2409783A1 (de) 1973-11-16 1974-03-01 Verfahren zum schneiden von material
JP49024888A JPS5080586A (fr) 1973-11-16 1974-03-05

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US416553A US3888054A (en) 1973-11-16 1973-11-16 Method for abrasive cutting in a liquid

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US3888054A true US3888054A (en) 1975-06-10

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US (1) US3888054A (fr)
JP (1) JPS5080586A (fr)
CA (1) CA990508A (fr)
DE (1) DE2409783A1 (fr)
FR (1) FR2251405B1 (fr)
GB (1) GB1395426A (fr)

Cited By (16)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1982003591A1 (fr) * 1981-04-13 1982-10-28 Int Co Harvester Decoupage au moyen d'un jet de liquide abrasif
US4507898A (en) * 1981-04-13 1985-04-02 International Harvester Company Abrasive liquid jet cutting apparatus
US4631244A (en) * 1986-02-18 1986-12-23 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Process for preparation of liquid toners for electrostatic imaging using polar additive
US4703591A (en) * 1985-04-15 1987-11-03 Libbey-Owens-Ford Co. Ultra-high pressure abrasive jet cutting of glass
US4711056A (en) * 1984-09-27 1987-12-08 Libbey-Owens-Ford Co. Abrasive fluid jet radius edge cutting of glass
US4872293A (en) * 1986-02-20 1989-10-10 Kawasaki Jukogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Abrasive water jet cutting apparatus
US4896464A (en) * 1988-06-15 1990-01-30 International Business Machines Corporation Formation of metallic interconnects by grit blasting
US5003729A (en) * 1988-10-11 1991-04-02 Ppg Industries, Inc. Support system for abrasive jet cutting
US5170245A (en) * 1988-06-15 1992-12-08 International Business Machines Corp. Semiconductor device having metallic interconnects formed by grit blasting
US5273405A (en) * 1992-07-07 1993-12-28 Jet Edge, Inc. Fluid cushioning apparatus for hydraulic intensifier assembly
RU2172237C2 (ru) * 1999-05-17 2001-08-20 Кравченко Дмитрий Владимирович Способ получения отверстий абразивно-жидкостной струей
EP1449619A1 (fr) * 2003-02-22 2004-08-25 Tecnopat AG Procédé et dispositif pour rendre rugueux des surfaces
US20140065930A1 (en) * 2012-08-30 2014-03-06 Fuji Manufacturing Co., Ltd. Scribing method and blasting machine for scribing
US20140087632A1 (en) * 2012-09-26 2014-03-27 Rolls-Royce Plc Machining of an article
WO2015168196A1 (fr) * 2014-04-29 2015-11-05 Corning Incorporated Façonnage de structures de verre feuilleté par jet abrasif
CN108724024A (zh) * 2017-03-30 2018-11-02 波音公司 制造用的提升箱

Families Citing this family (15)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS5463489A (en) * 1977-10-28 1979-05-22 Inoue Japax Res Inc Jet working
CA1252711A (fr) * 1984-09-27 1989-04-18 Richard A. Herrington Decoupage du verre au jet abrasif sous tres haute pression
BR8604330A (pt) * 1985-09-16 1987-05-12 Libbey Owens Ford Co Processo e aparelho para corte de vidro com borda radial por meio de jato fluido abrasivo
US4733503A (en) * 1986-05-01 1988-03-29 Airsonics License Partnership Abrasive jet machining
FR2644720B1 (fr) * 1989-03-24 1991-07-12 Sercao Dispositif support de materiau devant etre decoupe par jet fluide a haute pression
WO1992011116A1 (fr) * 1990-12-17 1992-07-09 Tadeusz Stec Procede de decoupage de materiaux amorphes a l'aide d'un liquide
US5127199A (en) * 1991-01-08 1992-07-07 Progressive Blasting Systems, Inc. Abrasive water jet catch tank media transporting means
DE19529749C2 (de) * 1995-08-12 1997-11-20 Ot Oberflaechentechnik Gmbh Verfahren zum schichtweisen Abtragen von Material von der Oberfläche eines Werkstückes sowie Vorrichtung zur Durchführung dieses Verfahrens
US6612910B1 (en) * 1998-03-11 2003-09-02 Hitachi, Ltd. Liquid crystal glass substrate, method of cutting the liquid crystal glass substrate, cutter for the liquid crystal glass substrate and display using the liquid crystal glass substrate
EP0947873B1 (fr) * 1998-04-01 2008-07-02 EM Microelectronic-Marin SA Procédé de fabrication de cellules électro-optiques, notamment à cristaux liquides, ou de cellules photovoltaiques électrochimiques
US7749049B2 (en) * 2006-05-25 2010-07-06 Lightmachinery Inc. Submerged fluid jet polishing
EP2431128A1 (fr) 2010-09-17 2012-03-21 Inflotek B.V. Procédé de fabrication d'un insert de filtrage ou de criblage à forme stable
TR201600898A2 (tr) * 2016-01-21 2016-07-21 Kartal Fuat Su jeti̇ i̇le uyumlu tornalama düzeneği̇
DE102019004685A1 (de) * 2019-06-28 2020-12-31 Technische Universität Chemnitz Verfahren zum Materialabtrag an einer Halbzeugoberfläche
DE102019004686A1 (de) * 2019-06-28 2020-12-31 Technische Universität Chemnitz Verfahren zur Bearbeitung einer Schneidkante eines Zerspanungs- oder Schneidwerkzeuges und Vorichtung zur Durchführung des Verfahrens

Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2419687A (en) * 1945-11-24 1947-04-29 Hamilton Watch Co Method of oliving jewels
US2955387A (en) * 1958-11-10 1960-10-11 Western Electric Co Apparatus for abrasively treating objects
US2985050A (en) * 1958-10-13 1961-05-23 North American Aviation Inc Liquid cutting of hard materials
US3212378A (en) * 1962-10-26 1965-10-19 Union Carbide Corp Process for cutting and working solid materials
US3323257A (en) * 1964-08-20 1967-06-06 Rocco P Fonti Systems for underwater sandblasting
US3524367A (en) * 1968-05-31 1970-08-18 Norman C Franz High velocity liquid jet
US3694972A (en) * 1969-06-20 1972-10-03 Reimer Emeis Method and apparatus for subdividing a crystal wafer

Patent Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2419687A (en) * 1945-11-24 1947-04-29 Hamilton Watch Co Method of oliving jewels
US2985050A (en) * 1958-10-13 1961-05-23 North American Aviation Inc Liquid cutting of hard materials
US2955387A (en) * 1958-11-10 1960-10-11 Western Electric Co Apparatus for abrasively treating objects
US3212378A (en) * 1962-10-26 1965-10-19 Union Carbide Corp Process for cutting and working solid materials
US3323257A (en) * 1964-08-20 1967-06-06 Rocco P Fonti Systems for underwater sandblasting
US3524367A (en) * 1968-05-31 1970-08-18 Norman C Franz High velocity liquid jet
US3694972A (en) * 1969-06-20 1972-10-03 Reimer Emeis Method and apparatus for subdividing a crystal wafer

Cited By (24)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1982003591A1 (fr) * 1981-04-13 1982-10-28 Int Co Harvester Decoupage au moyen d'un jet de liquide abrasif
US4380138A (en) * 1981-04-13 1983-04-19 International Harvester Co. Abrasive liquid jet cutting
US4507898A (en) * 1981-04-13 1985-04-02 International Harvester Company Abrasive liquid jet cutting apparatus
US4711056A (en) * 1984-09-27 1987-12-08 Libbey-Owens-Ford Co. Abrasive fluid jet radius edge cutting of glass
US4703591A (en) * 1985-04-15 1987-11-03 Libbey-Owens-Ford Co. Ultra-high pressure abrasive jet cutting of glass
US4631244A (en) * 1986-02-18 1986-12-23 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Process for preparation of liquid toners for electrostatic imaging using polar additive
US4872293A (en) * 1986-02-20 1989-10-10 Kawasaki Jukogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Abrasive water jet cutting apparatus
US5018317A (en) * 1986-02-20 1991-05-28 Kawasaki Jukogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Abrasive water jet cutting apparatus
US4896464A (en) * 1988-06-15 1990-01-30 International Business Machines Corporation Formation of metallic interconnects by grit blasting
US5170245A (en) * 1988-06-15 1992-12-08 International Business Machines Corp. Semiconductor device having metallic interconnects formed by grit blasting
US5003729A (en) * 1988-10-11 1991-04-02 Ppg Industries, Inc. Support system for abrasive jet cutting
US5273405A (en) * 1992-07-07 1993-12-28 Jet Edge, Inc. Fluid cushioning apparatus for hydraulic intensifier assembly
RU2172237C2 (ru) * 1999-05-17 2001-08-20 Кравченко Дмитрий Владимирович Способ получения отверстий абразивно-жидкостной струей
EP1449619A1 (fr) * 2003-02-22 2004-08-25 Tecnopat AG Procédé et dispositif pour rendre rugueux des surfaces
US20140065930A1 (en) * 2012-08-30 2014-03-06 Fuji Manufacturing Co., Ltd. Scribing method and blasting machine for scribing
US9144884B2 (en) * 2012-08-30 2015-09-29 Fuji Manufacturing Co., Ltd. Scribing method using blasting machine
US20160023325A1 (en) * 2012-08-30 2016-01-28 Fuji Manufacturing Co., Ltd. Scribing method and blasting machine for scribing
US9505102B2 (en) * 2012-08-30 2016-11-29 Fuji Manufacturing Co., Ltd. Blasting machine for scribing
US20140087632A1 (en) * 2012-09-26 2014-03-27 Rolls-Royce Plc Machining of an article
WO2015168196A1 (fr) * 2014-04-29 2015-11-05 Corning Incorporated Façonnage de structures de verre feuilleté par jet abrasif
CN106457514A (zh) * 2014-04-29 2017-02-22 康宁股份有限公司 用于形成层压玻璃结构的研磨射流
US10549401B2 (en) 2014-04-29 2020-02-04 Corning Incorporated Abrasive jet forming laminated glass structures
CN108724024A (zh) * 2017-03-30 2018-11-02 波音公司 制造用的提升箱
CN108724024B (zh) * 2017-03-30 2022-05-03 波音公司 制造用的提升箱

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
GB1395426A (en) 1975-05-29
FR2251405B1 (fr) 1976-12-10
CA990508A (en) 1976-06-08
FR2251405A1 (fr) 1975-06-13
DE2409783A1 (de) 1975-05-22
JPS5080586A (fr) 1975-06-30

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Owner name: AT & T TECHNOLOGIES, INC.,

Free format text: CHANGE OF NAME;ASSIGNOR:WESTERN ELECTRIC COMPANY, INCORPORATED;REEL/FRAME:004251/0868

Effective date: 19831229