US3867832A - Method of forging of various shaped elements on elongated bars and a device for the use of this method - Google Patents

Method of forging of various shaped elements on elongated bars and a device for the use of this method Download PDF

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Publication number
US3867832A
US3867832A US276722A US27672272A US3867832A US 3867832 A US3867832 A US 3867832A US 276722 A US276722 A US 276722A US 27672272 A US27672272 A US 27672272A US 3867832 A US3867832 A US 3867832A
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United States
Prior art keywords
rod
upset
forces
plates
upsetting
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US276722A
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English (en)
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Tadeusz Rut
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21K—MAKING FORGED OR PRESSED METAL PRODUCTS, e.g. HORSE-SHOES, RIVETS, BOLTS OR WHEELS
    • B21K1/00—Making machine elements
    • B21K1/06—Making machine elements axles or shafts
    • B21K1/08—Making machine elements axles or shafts crankshafts
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21J—FORGING; HAMMERING; PRESSING METAL; RIVETING; FORGE FURNACES
    • B21J5/00—Methods for forging, hammering, or pressing; Special equipment or accessories therefor
    • B21J5/06—Methods for forging, hammering, or pressing; Special equipment or accessories therefor for performing particular operations
    • B21J5/08—Upsetting
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21J—FORGING; HAMMERING; PRESSING METAL; RIVETING; FORGE FURNACES
    • B21J9/00—Forging presses
    • B21J9/02—Special design or construction
    • B21J9/06—Swaging presses; Upsetting presses
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/17—Crankshaft making apparatus
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/49229—Prime mover or fluid pump making
    • Y10T29/49286—Crankshaft making

Definitions

  • ABSTRACT Forging of shaped elements on or from bars is performed by the upsetting of a section of the bar along its axis with a simultaneous squeezing of a part of this section which takes place in a direction transverse to the axis of the bar. Shaping of the product takes place in a device which cooperates with a press or is driven in another way.
  • the device consists of two sets.
  • a set consists of a plate with bearing rollers, a housing for dies with bearing rollers for connectors located between these rollers and linking elements which suspend the housing of the dies to the plates.
  • shaping punches are fixed.
  • the bar is fastened between split dies.
  • the invention relates to methods for the shaping of various shaped elements on or from elongated bars by means of forging and apparatus for the use of this method.
  • plastic strain is caused by two or more tools performing a rectilinear-return movement or a swinging movement towards each other.
  • This kind of plastic shaping of a body of metal takes place, according to known techniques, in two ways.
  • the shaping tools move in the direction of the longitudinal axis of the material involved.
  • the effect of such plastic strain is upsetting of the material which means the shortening of the height or the length of the worked material.
  • This relates to operations taking place on or in hammers, presses and horizontal forging machines.
  • the other known method requires the shaping tools to move in a direction perpendicular to the axis of the material to be worked. Such movement of tools causes the lengthening or widening of the worked material.
  • This type of shaping is achieved on or in hammers, presses or swaging machines.
  • An object of the present invention is to remove the above faults and disadvantages.
  • a bar section with a length L is upset in the direction of the bar axis with a simultaneous squeezing perpendicularly to the axis of the rod whereby the squeezing may occur from the beginning of upsetting or can follow the initial upsetting and takes place in the upset part of the bar.
  • Such shaping of the product is achieved with both split dies approaching each other or a buffer punch. This causes the upsetting of the part of the bar closed between the faces of the dies or between the faces of the dies and the buffer punch. During this operation, simultaneous shift in the direction perpendicular to the bar axis of two or more shaping punches takes place.
  • punches have cavities chosen according to the shape of the product and they squeeze a part of the rod which is within their reach.
  • a device which has symmetric connectors located symmetrically in relation to its axis. In the center of the device, two shaping punches are fixed to an upper and to a lower plate.
  • An advantage in theapplication of this invention is a substantial decrease of the cost connected with the useage of the machines involved, a decrease of material losses due to elimination of flashing and an increase of tool life. Furthermore the invention gives new technological possibilities enabling the shaping of some products which hitherto could not be made by plastic working.
  • FIGS. l(a)-l(c) illustrate three steps in the forging of a product
  • FIGS. 1(a') and 1(2) are cross-sectional views along lines I(d)-I(d) and I(e) l(e) respectively;
  • FIGS. 2(a)2(d) illustrate several steps in the forging of different products
  • FIGS. 2(e), 2(j) and 2(g) are cross-sectional views along lines II(e)-II(e), II())II(f) and II(g)II(g) respectively;
  • FIGS. 3(a) and 3(b) are respectively a side view and a cross-sectional view along line III(b)III(b) of a rod with a profiled part having a contraction in the middle of the rod;
  • FIGS. 4(a) and 4(b) are respectively a side view an a cross-sectional view along line IV(b)-IV(b) of a rod on the end of which there is a brake cam with two shoulders;
  • FIG. 5 schematically illustrates split dies and shaping v punches with a rod fixed, the arrows indicating the direction of the movement of the tools during a shaping operation;
  • FIG. 6 illustrates the positions of the tools in the final phase of shaping
  • FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view along line VII-VII in FIG. 6;
  • FIG. 8 illustrates a rod fastened in the split dies while the end of the rod rests on the face of a buffer punch
  • FIG. 9 illustrates the position of the tools at the end of the shaping operation, where the shaping punches have a cavity for forging brake cams
  • FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view along line X-X in FIG. 9;
  • FIG. 11 is a sectional similar to that of FIG. 10, but with the application of tools of different shape and including shaping punches with a different die division than shown in FIG. 10;
  • FIGS. 12(a) and 12(b) are respectively a side view and a cross-sectional view along line XII(b)XII(b) of a bar with lateral protrusions;
  • FIG. 13 schematically illustrates split dies with a fastened bar and shaping punches before the shaping operation of the forging shown in FIGS. 12(0) and 12(b);
  • FIG. I4 illustrates the position of the tools at the end of the shaping operation
  • FIG. 15 is a cross-sectional view along line XVXV in FIG. 14 illustrating the shape of the shaping punches
  • FIG. 16 is a longitudinal section of a device for forging in accordance with the invention. the left side showing the position of the tool at starting and the right side showing the position of the tool at the meeting of the fixed dies with the rod being worked; and
  • FIG. 17 illustrates the same tool in the final phase of the shaping of the product.
  • FIG. 1(a) is shown a rod 20 having a portion with a length L1 and having a longitudinal axis 22 perpendicular to which is an orthagonal axis 24.
  • the rod 20 has ends 26 and 28.
  • opposing longitudinal forces may be applied to the rod 20 as indicated by arrows 30 and 32. These forces are applied along the longitudinal axis 22 so that the length L1 indicated hereinbelow is reduced to length L2, thus causing the rod or bar 20 to be upset".
  • FIG. 1(c) illustrates that the portions 34 and 36 may be further shaped to form disc like elements or cams or whatever other specific shape is desired, such shape being applied to the upset portion as the upset portion is being formed.
  • the cross-section of FIG. I(c) is in FIG. l(e).
  • FIGS. 2(a)-2(d) illustrate the formation of a different shape by the forging of a rod or bar 50.
  • a portion having a length L] which is the portion of the rod 50 which is to be upset by opposed longitudinal forces applied along the longitudinal axis of the rod 50, there being a simultaneous squeezing of the portion being upset to give the rod a portion of increased diameter as indicated at 52 in FIG. 2(b), the cross-section of portion 52 appearing in FIG. 2(e).
  • FIGS. 2(a) and 2(d) shown in cross-section respectively in FIGS. 29) and 2(g) illustrate that the portion 52 may be given a further reduction in length as indicated by L3 and L4.
  • the result is a key shape involving opposed keys 54 and 56 as appears in FIGS. 2(d) and (8)- FIGS. 3(u) and 3(d) show a rod 60 having a central portion 62 which is upset and shaped in the manner indicated hereinabove with the upset and shaped portion being positioned exactly in the center of the rod.
  • FIGS. 4(a) and 4(1)) show an upset portion wherein the shape is imparted as indicated at 70 at one end of the rod.
  • the shaping of the profiled part of a rod Rtakes place as is seen in FIGS. 5 and 6, by simultaneous movement of dies 1 and l' in the direction of the center as shown by arrow A1 and by the same movement of the shaping punches 2 and 2'.
  • the dies 1 and I by movement in the direction of arrows A2 cause the upsetting of part of the rod 3 between the faces of the dies while the shaping punches 2 and 2' cause squeezing of the upset part of the rod.
  • FIG. 7 a cross-section is shown of the central part of the rod of FIG. 3 shaped by this method.
  • FIGS. 8 and 9 show the shaping of a similar profiled part on the end ofa rod RI.
  • FIGS. 10 and 11 represent different forms of shaping punches P1 and P2.
  • FIGS. 12(a) and 12(b) illustrate a rod 80 having lateral protrusions 82 and 84.
  • FIG. 13 schematically illustrates apparatus for obtaining the forging of a rod as indicated hereinabove with respect to FIGS. 12(0) and 12(b).
  • FIG. 14 illustrates the bringing of the die elements 2 and 2 together and the sandwiching of the elements by the dies 1, I to form an upset portion in the manner discussed hereinabove.
  • FIG. 15 is a cross-sectional view of FIG. 14 taken along line XVXV.
  • FIGS. 16 and 17 shown an example of a multiconnector device which, being fixed on a mechanical or hydraulic press or having its own drive, imparts to the dies 1 and 1, self fastening to the worked rod 3 as well as to the shaping punches 2 and 2', a movement in the direction of the center of the device causing plastic shaping of that part of the rod which is enclosed between the faces of the dies.
  • This device is composed of two similar sets, as upper one and a lower one.
  • the upper set fastened to a press ram, is composed of a plate to which bearing rollers 8 are fixed. Similar bearing rollers are fixed to the housing of the die 9. Between the rollers, there is a toggle connector 10.
  • the rollers 8 are connected with each other by linking elements II (FIG. I7).
  • the lower set of the multiconnectcr device is fastened to the press table.
  • the organization of the parts I is similar to the upper set.
  • the device is provided with springs or corresponding pneumatic cylinders (not shown) and which urge the housing of the dies to their starting position as controlled by an end stop 12.
  • Both sets, the upper and the lower, are guided towards each other by means of sliding columns 13.
  • the corresponding symmetrically inclined toggle connectors l0 and 10' cause, as a consequence of the press pressure, the self fastening of the worked rod 3 during the downward movement of the press ram at the moment the fastening dies 1 and 1' meet.
  • a method of forging a predetermined shape into an elongated rod comprising upsetting the rod by applying opposed longitudinal forces on the rod and squeezing the rod perpendicularly thereof at the thusly resulting upset portion of the rod concurrently with the upsetting of the rod to apply transverse forces sufficient to deform said upset portion of the rod, the transverse forces being applied from opposite sides of the rod so that the upset and deformed portion of the rod is coaxial with the remainder of the rod, said portions of the rod to which the longitudinal forces are applied being moved towards one another in the course of upsetting of the rod, while the transverse forces are simultaneously applied and moved towards one another to progressively deform the portion of the rod being upset during the course of said longitudinal movement of the portion of the rod during upsetting.
  • a method as claimed in claim 1 comprising squeezing the upset portion to said predetermined shape.
  • a method as claimed in claim 2 comprising clamping the ends of the rod by opposed perpendicular forces prior to upsetting the rod.
  • Apparatus for forging a shape into an elongated rod comprising first means for clamping the rod at the ends thereof and for applying opposed longitudinal forces to said rod towards the center of the latter to upset the rod, and second means for effecting simultaneously with the upsetting of the rod squeezing ofthe thusly upset portion with forces directed perpendicularly of said rod in opposite directions to apply transverse forces sufficient to deform the portion of the rod being upset, said first and second means collectively comprising upper and lower plates, die elements respectively associated with said plates, rollers on said plates and die elements, links between the rollers on the plates and on said elements, and toggle connectors between the rollers on the plates and on said elements, the die elements being positioned in pairs at the ends and center of the rod, in symmetrical disposition, and the links and toggles also being arranged in symmetrical disposition with respect to the upper and lower plates and die elements so as to apply said longitudinal forces and the perpendicular squeezing forces in concert through said die elements as the said plates are respectively moved together, said pair
US276722A 1971-07-31 1972-07-31 Method of forging of various shaped elements on elongated bars and a device for the use of this method Expired - Lifetime US3867832A (en)

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PL14978871A PL82101B1 (de) 1971-07-31 1971-07-31

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US3867832A true US3867832A (en) 1975-02-25

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US (1) US3867832A (de)
JP (1) JPS5311937B2 (de)
BE (1) BE786997A (de)
CH (1) CH557702A (de)
CS (1) CS174183B2 (de)
DD (1) DD98217A5 (de)
DE (1) DE2236733A1 (de)
ES (2) ES405360A1 (de)
FR (1) FR2148109B1 (de)
GB (1) GB1395542A (de)
IT (1) IT969526B (de)
NL (1) NL7210361A (de)
NO (1) NO136336C (de)
PL (1) PL82101B1 (de)
SE (1) SE390906B (de)
SU (1) SU568341A3 (de)

Cited By (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4094048A (en) * 1976-09-25 1978-06-13 Franz Berrenberg Method of heat forming of workpieces
US4272979A (en) * 1978-01-14 1981-06-16 Instytut Obrobki Plastycznej Method and apparatus for forging crank throws
US4646551A (en) * 1983-12-13 1987-03-03 Instytut Obrobki Plastycznej Apparatus for forging of crankshafts in presses
US20050262916A1 (en) * 2004-05-28 2005-12-01 B R Metal Products Stamping apparatus for forming rod with configured ends
US20070056345A1 (en) * 2005-09-09 2007-03-15 Showa Denko K.K. Upsetting method and upsetting apparatus
US20100065145A1 (en) * 2007-03-14 2010-03-18 Deneire Michael Method and apparatus to deform the cross section of one or more longitudinal sections of an oblong object
US20140230206A1 (en) * 2013-02-21 2014-08-21 Dusan Milicevic Method of Eliminating the Heat Affected Zone in a Welded Crankshaft
US20160175918A1 (en) * 2014-12-23 2016-06-23 Ellwood National Investment Corp. Net shaped forging for fluid ends and other work pieces
US20180056371A1 (en) * 2015-05-14 2018-03-01 Neturen Co., Ltd. Method and apparatus for manufacturing stepped member
CN109877266A (zh) * 2019-04-10 2019-06-14 中铁宝桥集团有限公司 一种非对称断面钢轨镦粗装置
US11285570B2 (en) * 2018-10-26 2022-03-29 Nittan Valve Co., Ltd. Method of manufacturing engine valve intermediate product with boss portion
FR3133773A1 (fr) * 2022-03-28 2023-09-29 Aubert & Duval Procédé et installation de fabrication par forgeage à chaud d’une pièce intermédiaire allongée
CN117000940A (zh) * 2023-09-04 2023-11-07 常州市丰乐精锻有限公司 一种燃油管粗材锻造模具、设备及方法

Families Citing this family (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
PL121730B1 (en) * 1979-06-09 1982-05-31 Instytut Obrobki Plastycznej Forging apparatus
DE3015893A1 (de) * 1980-04-24 1981-10-29 Hilti AG, 9494 Schaan Verfahren zum herstellen von mitnahmenuten an werkzeugen
FR2529113B1 (fr) * 1982-06-24 1985-08-23 Mo Otdely Sp Dispositif pour le refoulement bilateral de tiges
JPH03503262A (ja) * 1988-11-25 1991-07-25 スウェルドロフスキー、インジェネルノ‐ペダゴギチェスキー、インスチツート 連続ストリップを周期的に変形させるための機械
DE19742519B4 (de) * 1997-09-27 2007-08-30 Volkswagen Ag Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Stulpensitzes auf einer Gelenkwelle
FR2929141B1 (fr) * 2008-03-25 2010-06-18 Faurecia Sieges Automobile Procede et outillage de formage de collet sur une barre tel qu'un tuve ou un fil
DE102010018791A1 (de) * 2010-04-29 2011-11-03 Illinois Tool Works Inc. Verfahren zur Herstellung eines länglichen Werkzeugs mit einem Arbeitsabschnitt und einem Einsteckabschnitt

Citations (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US426652A (en) * 1890-04-29 Method of manufacturing axles
US1946117A (en) * 1929-11-18 1934-02-06 Charles H Bickell Method of and apparatus for extruding valves and multiflanged pipe fittings
US2249984A (en) * 1940-10-04 1941-07-22 William F Stahl Swaging apparatus for cores and spools
US2534613A (en) * 1944-12-07 1950-12-19 Cie Forges Et Acieries Marine Apparatus for forging parts showing important variations in their cross section
US2535295A (en) * 1946-07-05 1950-12-26 Cie Forges Et Acieries Marine Forging apparatus
US2790227A (en) * 1948-05-06 1957-04-30 Amelia S Fine Process of making crank shafts
US3120769A (en) * 1960-08-29 1964-02-11 Hatebur Fritz Bernhard Pressing device for cold forming or hot forming workpieces
US3373593A (en) * 1964-05-08 1968-03-19 Rut Tadeusz Forging machine for upsetting or simultaneous upsetting and bending
US3406555A (en) * 1966-04-05 1968-10-22 Western Electric Co Cold forming of articles
US3592040A (en) * 1967-09-07 1971-07-13 Forges De La Loire St Chamond Device for forging crankshafts and the like
US3650143A (en) * 1968-07-19 1972-03-21 Forges De La Loire St Chamond Apparatus for forging crankshafts and the like

Patent Citations (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US426652A (en) * 1890-04-29 Method of manufacturing axles
US1946117A (en) * 1929-11-18 1934-02-06 Charles H Bickell Method of and apparatus for extruding valves and multiflanged pipe fittings
US2249984A (en) * 1940-10-04 1941-07-22 William F Stahl Swaging apparatus for cores and spools
US2534613A (en) * 1944-12-07 1950-12-19 Cie Forges Et Acieries Marine Apparatus for forging parts showing important variations in their cross section
US2535295A (en) * 1946-07-05 1950-12-26 Cie Forges Et Acieries Marine Forging apparatus
US2790227A (en) * 1948-05-06 1957-04-30 Amelia S Fine Process of making crank shafts
US3120769A (en) * 1960-08-29 1964-02-11 Hatebur Fritz Bernhard Pressing device for cold forming or hot forming workpieces
US3373593A (en) * 1964-05-08 1968-03-19 Rut Tadeusz Forging machine for upsetting or simultaneous upsetting and bending
US3406555A (en) * 1966-04-05 1968-10-22 Western Electric Co Cold forming of articles
US3592040A (en) * 1967-09-07 1971-07-13 Forges De La Loire St Chamond Device for forging crankshafts and the like
US3650143A (en) * 1968-07-19 1972-03-21 Forges De La Loire St Chamond Apparatus for forging crankshafts and the like

Cited By (21)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4094048A (en) * 1976-09-25 1978-06-13 Franz Berrenberg Method of heat forming of workpieces
US4272979A (en) * 1978-01-14 1981-06-16 Instytut Obrobki Plastycznej Method and apparatus for forging crank throws
US4646551A (en) * 1983-12-13 1987-03-03 Instytut Obrobki Plastycznej Apparatus for forging of crankshafts in presses
US20050262916A1 (en) * 2004-05-28 2005-12-01 B R Metal Products Stamping apparatus for forming rod with configured ends
US7213436B2 (en) 2004-05-28 2007-05-08 Shape Corporation Stamping apparatus for forming rod with configured ends
US20070056345A1 (en) * 2005-09-09 2007-03-15 Showa Denko K.K. Upsetting method and upsetting apparatus
US20100065145A1 (en) * 2007-03-14 2010-03-18 Deneire Michael Method and apparatus to deform the cross section of one or more longitudinal sections of an oblong object
US8707750B2 (en) * 2007-03-14 2014-04-29 Darvan Invest N.V. Method and apparatus to deform the cross section of one or more longitudinal sections of an oblong object
US9254518B2 (en) 2013-02-21 2016-02-09 Dusan Milicevic Method of eliminating the heat-affected zone in a welded article
US9095891B2 (en) * 2013-02-21 2015-08-04 Dusan Milicevic Method of eliminating the heat affected zone in a welded crankshaft
US20140230206A1 (en) * 2013-02-21 2014-08-21 Dusan Milicevic Method of Eliminating the Heat Affected Zone in a Welded Crankshaft
US20160175918A1 (en) * 2014-12-23 2016-06-23 Ellwood National Investment Corp. Net shaped forging for fluid ends and other work pieces
US10239113B2 (en) * 2014-12-23 2019-03-26 Ellwood National Investment Corp. Net shaped forging for fluid ends and other work pieces
US20180056371A1 (en) * 2015-05-14 2018-03-01 Neturen Co., Ltd. Method and apparatus for manufacturing stepped member
US10654092B2 (en) * 2015-05-14 2020-05-19 Neturen Co., Ltd. Method and apparatus for manufacturing stepped member
US11285570B2 (en) * 2018-10-26 2022-03-29 Nittan Valve Co., Ltd. Method of manufacturing engine valve intermediate product with boss portion
CN109877266A (zh) * 2019-04-10 2019-06-14 中铁宝桥集团有限公司 一种非对称断面钢轨镦粗装置
FR3133773A1 (fr) * 2022-03-28 2023-09-29 Aubert & Duval Procédé et installation de fabrication par forgeage à chaud d’une pièce intermédiaire allongée
WO2023186795A1 (fr) * 2022-03-28 2023-10-05 Aubert & Duval Procédé et installation de fabrication par forgeage à chaud d'une pièce intermédiaire allongée
CN117000940A (zh) * 2023-09-04 2023-11-07 常州市丰乐精锻有限公司 一种燃油管粗材锻造模具、设备及方法
CN117000940B (zh) * 2023-09-04 2023-12-19 常州市丰乐精锻有限公司 一种燃油管粗材锻造模具、设备及方法

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
NO136336C (no) 1977-08-24
ES405359A1 (es) 1975-07-16
IT969526B (it) 1974-04-10
CS174183B2 (de) 1977-03-31
FR2148109B1 (de) 1979-04-13
NO136336B (de) 1977-05-16
SU568341A3 (ru) 1977-08-05
FR2148109A1 (de) 1973-03-11
SE390906B (sv) 1977-01-31
CH557702A (de) 1975-01-15
DD98217A5 (de) 1973-06-12
BE786997A (fr) 1972-11-16
GB1395542A (en) 1975-05-29
JPS5311937B2 (de) 1978-04-25
JPS4834751A (de) 1973-05-22
DE2236733A1 (de) 1973-02-15
ES405360A1 (es) 1975-09-01
NL7210361A (de) 1973-02-02
PL82101B1 (de) 1975-10-31

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