US3834443A - Method and apparatus for manufacture of tubular bodies by electroslag remelting - Google Patents

Method and apparatus for manufacture of tubular bodies by electroslag remelting Download PDF

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Publication number
US3834443A
US3834443A US00322229A US32222973A US3834443A US 3834443 A US3834443 A US 3834443A US 00322229 A US00322229 A US 00322229A US 32222973 A US32222973 A US 32222973A US 3834443 A US3834443 A US 3834443A
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mould
pool
molten metal
metallic electrodes
lower ends
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US00322229A
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English (en)
Inventor
A Ujiie
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Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd
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Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D23/00—Casting processes not provided for in groups B22D1/00 - B22D21/00
    • B22D23/06—Melting-down metal, e.g. metal particles, in the mould
    • B22D23/10—Electroslag casting

Definitions

  • the metallic electrodes are arranged above a stationary metal mould and are fed continuously into the metal mould by feeding means.
  • the metallic electrodes are melted continuously in the metal mould by electroslag melting to form a pool of molten metal which cools and solidifies continuously into the shape of a tubular body and is continuously drawn downwardly from the metal mould by drawing means, to obtain the product tubular body. Therefore, the height of the apparatus for forming a tubular body as described above must be at least equal to the total length of the tubular body to be produced plus the total length of the metallic electrodes.
  • the total length of the metallic electrodes in most cases, is substantially equal to the total length of the tubular body to be produced, so that the total height of the production apparatus is large and is substantially equal to twice the length of the tubular body product.
  • a method may be employed in which each metallic electrode is cut into short pieces and these short pieces are fed into the metal mould one after another upon being connected with each other by welding.
  • This method calls for means for welding the electrode pieces, which renders the construction of the apparatus extremely complicated.
  • the welding operation involves much difficulty particularly when the tubular body to be produced is large in size and thickness, because in this case the thickness of metallic electrodes required is also large. Thus, this method is impracticable.
  • the height of the production apparatus may be reduced by using a metallic electrode in the form of a wire wound on a reel.
  • a metallic electrode in the form of a wire wound on a reel.
  • the use of such metallic electrodes is economically unacceptable, because such metallic electrodes are very expensive and increase the production costs to a commercially unacceptable level.
  • a method of producing a tubular body which comprises continuously melting the lower ends of a plurality of metallic electrodes in an electroslag melting process to form a pool of molten metal in a mould in which the desired tubular body is formed from the molten metal and continuously raising the mould as the metallic electrodes are consumed whereby the pool of molten metal is maintained in contact with the lower ends of the metallic electrodes as the metallic electrodes are consumed.
  • an apparatus suitable for producing tubular bodies which apparatus comprises:
  • control means to raise the mould at a controlled rate from a lower position to an upper position
  • FIG. 1 is a side elevational view of the apparatus, with portions shown in vertical cross-section;
  • FIGS. 2 and 3 are sectional views taken along the line AA of FIG. 1 and respectively showing different arrangement of the metallic electrodes.
  • a relatively shallow pit 2 is formed in a floor l.
  • a base block 3 is provided on the floor of the pit 2 and substantially in the centre thereof.
  • a ring gear 5 having an internal thread on its inner surface and gear teeth on its outer surface is rotatably mounted on the base block 3, by means of a bearing 4.
  • Also situated in the pit 2 is a drive motor 7.
  • a gear 6 is fixedly mounted on the end of the drive shaft of the drive motor 7 and is in meshing engagement with the gear teeth of the ring gear 5.
  • the ring gear 5 is driven from the drive motor 7 in one or other direction about its own axis, while being held in its position.
  • a spindle 8 having an external thread on its outer surface extends through the ring gear 5, with its external threads meshing with the internal threads of the ring gear 5.
  • the top end of this spindle 8 is fixed to the centre of a bottom plate of an annular bracket 9a which projects above the floor 1 through an annular slit 1b formed in a floor plate la.
  • a disc-like table 9 having a central bore 9b is fixed to the upper edge of the annular bracket 9a.
  • the disc-lilte table is situated horizontally and the bore 912 is in axial alignment with the spindle 8.
  • a start piece which is a short tube whose transverse sectional shape is the same as that of the tubular body to be produced is fixedly mounted on the table 9 and is concentric therewith.
  • the apparatus is arranged so that, when a water-cooled metal mould M to be described later is at the lower end of its stroke, the top end of the start piece 10 is received in a central, parallel-walled portion of an annular moulding space in the metal mould, where its upper face closes the annular space at the boundary between the central parallelwalled portion of the annular space and an upwardly opening enlarged portion of the annular space. Since the start piece 10 is connected to the spindle 8 through the table 9 and annular bracket 9a, as described above, when the drive motor 7 is driven in one or the other direction, the start piece 10 is moved upwards or downwards in a vertical direction within the effective stroke of the spindle 8 while rotating in one or the other direction together with the spindle 8.
  • control box 1 1 which is electrically connected with the drive motor 7.
  • the drive motor 7 is driven in one or the other direction at an optional speed by a signal given thereto from the control box 1 l.
  • the control box 11 is connectedelectrically with a Geiger counter 27 which is a part of detecting means, to be described later, which is provided for detecting the surface level of a molten metal pool formed in the metal mould M.
  • the control box 11 transmits a signal to the drive motor 7 according to the intensity of radiant ray sensed by the Geiger counter 27, to control the operation of the drive motor 7.
  • the drive motor 7, the spindle 8, the table 9, the start piece 10 and the control box 11 all together constitute control means, to be described later, which always maintains the surface of the pool of molten metal in the metal mould at a predetermined constant level.
  • An AC. power source 12 is provided on the floor 1 and is electrically connected to the table 9 and to a ring-shaped disc 16, to be described later, by wires a and b respectively which are arranged in such a manner that they will not interfere with rotation or vertical movement of the table 9 and disc 16.
  • a ceiling plate 13 is provided squarely above the floor plate 1a and a vertical threaded spindle 30 extends between the centres of the ceiling plate 13 and floor plates la.
  • the spindle 30 is in axial alignment with the spindle 8 and rotatably supported by the plates 13 and 1a by means of bearings 32 and 31.
  • the top end of the spindle 30 extends upwards through the ceiling plate 13 and is connected to the drive shaft of a motor 33 which is mounted on a bracket 13a provided on the upper surface of the ceiling plate 13.
  • the motor 33 is electrically connected to the aforesaid control box 11 and is driven at an optional speed or stopped by a signal supplied from the control box.
  • the ring-shaped disc 16 has teeth formed on its outer peripheral surface and is rotatably supported by means of a bearing 15 on a bracket 14 which projects downwards from the lower surface of the ceiling plate 13.
  • the disc 16 acts as a support member for supporting a plurality of metallic electrodes 19 in their pre-set positions respectively. It is provided on its lower surface with a plurality of equally spaced fixing means arranged around the circumference of a circle of a predetermined diameter, to which the top ends of the metallic electrodes 19 are fixed so that the electrodes are substantially vertical.
  • Each metallic electrode 19 is of such a length that, when the water-cooled metal mould M, to be described later, is at the lower end of its stroke, the lower end of the metallic electrode is located at'about the centre of the enlarged upwardly opening portion of the annular moulding space in the metal mould.
  • the arrangement of the metallic electrodes 19 in a horizontal plane is as shown in FIGS. 2 or 3.
  • Another motor 17 is mounted, by means of a bracket 13b, at a suitable location on the ceiling plate 13.
  • a gear 18 is fixedly mounted on the drive shaft of the motor 17 and meshes with the teeth provided on the outer peripheral surface of the ring-shaped disc 16.
  • the arrangement is such that when the motor 17 is set in motion the metallic electrodes periodically move bodily round the axis of the disc 16 at an optional speed and integrally with the disc 16 in one or other direction, without moving in a vertical direction.
  • Each of the metallic electrodes 19 is electrically connected via a contact shoe 20 and the disc 16 to the aforesaid AC. power source 12 to be supplied with a current therefrom.
  • the metal mould M consists of a water-cooled core mould 21 and a water-cooled outer mould 22.
  • Both of the core and outer moulds 21, 22 are cooled by water circulating therethrough. Cooling water is supplied from a water tank not shown by a pump and a distributor, also not shown, and is introduced into each mould from an inlet port 23. After passing through the mould, the water is discharged from an outlet 24 to be returned to the water tank.
  • the core mould 21 and outer mould 22 define therebetween an annular moulding space which, in a vertical cross-section, has an enlarged upwardly opening portion in the shape of a hopper, a cylindrical parallel-walled central portion and a downwardly expanding conical portion as shown in FIG. 1.
  • the transverse cross-sectional shape of the central parallel-walled portion is the same as that of the tubular body to be produced.
  • the core mould 21 is provided at a suitable location therein with a radiation emitter in the form of an isotope 26.
  • This isotope 26 emits y-radiation in a horizontal direction from a position slightly lower than the boundary between the central parallel portion and the upwardly opening portion of the annular moulding space of the metal mould M.
  • the 'y-rays emitted by the isotope 26 penetrate through the central parallel portion of the moulding space and enter a radiation detector, a Geiger counter 27 which is provided in the outer mould 22 at the same level as the isotope 26.
  • the Geiger counter 27 Upon receiving the y-rays, the Geiger counter 27 generates a signal according to the intensity of the y-rays, which signal is transmitted to, and actuates, the control box 11.
  • the isotope 26 and the Geiger counter 27 together constitute the detecting means for detecting the surface level of the pool of molten metal 45 to be described later.
  • the annular core mould 21 has at the central portion thereof arms 28 each having a nut 29 fixed thereto, which nuts 29 are held in meshing engagement with the vertical threaded spindle 30.
  • the core mould 21 moves upwards or downwards in a vertical direction at a predetermined speed, corresponding to the rate of rotation of the spindle 30.
  • Elongate worms 38 and 38' extend upwards between the floor 1 and ceiling plate 13 and are rotatably supported by the floor and ceiling plates by means of bearings 39, 40 and 39, 40 respectively, as shown in FIG. 1.
  • elongate worms 38 and 38' project upwards through the ceiling plate 13 and pulleys 35 and 35 are fixedly mounted on their projecting ends, respectively.
  • Pulleys 34 and 34' are fixedly mounted on the upwardly projecting end of the spindle 30, and belts engage around the pulleys 34, 35 and 34, 35'.
  • the elongate worms 38 and 38 are driven simultaneously by the motor 33, by means of these pulleys and belts, in one or the other direction, in the same direction of rotation and at the same speed as the spindle 30.
  • the annular outer mould 22 is provided with support arms 36 and 36, respectively having nuts 37 and 37' fixed to the outer ends thereof, which nuts 37 and 37 are held in meshing engagement with the worms 38 and 38' respectively. Therefore, the outer mould 22 moves upwards or downwards corresponding to the rotation of the worms 38 and 38 in one or other direction in synchronism with the movement of the core mould 21.
  • Flux supplying hoppers 42 and 42' are respectively supported by support arms 42a and 42a, with their bottom openings located above the upwardly opening portion of the annular moulding space of the metal mould M.
  • the support arms 42a and 42a respectively have nuts 41 and 41 threadably mounted on the worms 38 and 38'.
  • These hoppers 42 and 42' also move upwards or downwards corresponding to the rotation of the worms 38 and 38 in one or the other direction, in synchronism with the movement of the metal mould M.
  • the motor 33 is first set in motion to bring the metal mould M to the lower end of its stroke.
  • the top end of the start piece is received in the central parallel-walled portion of the annular moulding space in the metal mould M, whereby the annular moulding space is closed by the start piece at the boundary between the top opening portion and the central parallel-walled portion of the annular moulding space.
  • a plurality of metallic electrodes 19 are fixed to the lower surface of the ring-shaped disc 16 by suitable means in a positional relation as shown in FIGS. 2 or 3, in such a manner that the lower end of each metallic electrode 19 is located within the top opening of the annular moulding space of the metal mould M.
  • molten slag prepared previously by melting a flux is poured into the top opening of the metal mould M to form a slag pool 43, into which the lower end of each metallic electrode 19 dips.
  • a current flows through the electric wire a, the contact shoe 20, the disc 16, the metallic electrodes 19, the slag pool 43, the start piece 10 and the electric wire b, and electroslag re-melting of the metallic electrodes 19 takes place in the slag pool 43.
  • each metallic I electrode 19 is melted from its lower end and the resultant droplets 44 of molten metal fall through the slag pool 43 and accumulate on the upper face of the start piece 10, forming a molten metal pool 45.
  • the metal mould M is continuously raised by the motor 33 at a predetermined speed and consequently the start piece 10 slides downwards relative to the central parallelwalled portion of the annular moulding space, so that the molten metal accumulating continuously on the start piece 10 is drawn through the central parallelwalledportion of the annular moulding space.
  • the molten metal is moulded into a tubular body having the same transverse cross-sectional shape as that of the central parallel-walled portion of the annular moulding space, and the inner and outer surfaces of the tubular body are cooled and solidified by the water-cooled core and outer moulds 21 and 22 of the metal mould M.
  • the tubular body 25 is continuously formed.
  • each metallic electrode 19 Due to the upward movement of the metal mould M, the lower end of each metallic electrode 19 is maintained in the slag pool 43 and is continuously melted. This continues until the metal mould M nears the upper end of its stroke, or in other words, until each of the metallic electrodes 19 is substantially completely melted by electroslag melting and the tubular body 25 having a length substantially equal to the initial length of the metallic electrodes 19 is formed on the start piece 10.
  • the metal mould M is elevated to the upper end of its stroke to permit removal of the tubular body from the metal mould, following which the tubular body 25 is cut off the start piece 10 and removed from the apparatus by suitable conveying means, whereby one cycle of production of the tubular body 25 is completed.
  • the slag forming the slag pool 43 flows downward through the slight gaps between the inner surface of the tubular body 25 and the core mould 21 and between the outer surface of said tubular body and the outer mould 22, and solidifies on the inner and outer surfaces of the tubular body, forming a thin slag film 46 thereon.
  • These slag films 46 provide lubrication between the tubular body 25 and the core and outer moulds 21 and 22, and also prevent the molten metal from attaching to the core and outer moulds 21 and 22, thereby providing for smooth elevation of the metal mould M and increasing the available percentage of the material of which the tubular body 25 is made.
  • the amount of slag thus consumed is made up by an equivalent amount of the granular flux supplied from the slag supplying hoppers 42, so that the volume of the slag pool 43 is always maintained constant.
  • the a-rays emitted from the isotope 26 which is provided in the core mould 21 pass at a level close to the boundary between the top opening portion and central parallel-walled portion of the annular moulding space of the metal mould M.
  • the intensity of the radiation being received by the Geiger counter varies due to passage of the y-rays through the molten metal pool.
  • the Geiger counter transmits to the control box 11 a signal which corresponds to the dosage variation, and thereby actuates the control box 1 1.
  • the motor 7 Upon actuation of the control box 11, the motor 7 is driven in the normal direction to move the start piece 10 downward through the gears 6 and 5, the threaded spindle 8 and the table 9, and thereby to bring the surface level of the molten metal pool 45 back to the predetermined position.
  • the surface level of the molten metal pool 45 drops excessively the intensity of radiation sensed by the Geiger counter through the molten slag 43 differs from that in the preceding case, so that the aforesaid respective members operate in the reverse manner, elevating the start piece 10 and thereby raising the surface level of the molten metal pool back to the predetermined position.
  • the surface level of the molten metal pool 45 is always maintained in the predetermined position, providing for smooth formation of the tubular body 25..
  • the arrangement, in a horizontal plan view, of the metallic electrodes 19 may be as shown in either FIGS. 2 or 3, and smooth formation of the tubular body 25 is assisted particularly when the metallic electrodes are arranged substantially uniformly over the entire transverse cross-section of the tubular body as shown in FIG. 2.
  • the interval of the metallic electrodes 19 is too large as seen in the arrangement of FIG. 3, there may arise the problem that heat concentration occurs at a portion below each electrode or accumulation of the molten metal becomes non-uniform. This problem can be eliminated by periodically rotating or reciprocating the disc 16 at a suitable speed by means of the motor 17. This is indicated by the arrows 47 and 48 in FIG. 3.
  • the respective metallic electrodes are rotated bodily together with the disc 16.
  • the height required to accommodate the apparatus can be reduced to as low as about the length of the metallic electrodes 19 plus the height of the start piece 10 and other accessories. Therefore, the height of the apparatus according to the invention is substantially lower than that of the apparatus used previously in J apan. This is advantageous in eliminating, not only the considerable construction work which has heretofore been necessary for increasing the height of a building in which the apparatus is to be installed or for constructing a deep pit for reducing the height of the building, but also provision of a tall jack means.
  • the construction cost of the apparatus can be reduced because such facilities as metallic electrode feeding means and product drawing means are not required.
  • the metallic electrodes 19 are bodily rotated with the disc 16 rotated by the motor 17, so that the temperature throughout the slag pool 43 is maintained uniform as a result of said slag pool being 6 stirred by the electrodes. Furthermore, the droplets 44 formed by continuous melting of the electrodes are distributed uniformly in the molten metal pool 45. This brings about the advantage that the quality of the product can be further enhanced.
  • Apparatus suitable for producing tubular bodies comprising:
  • a support member for supporting a plurality of metallic electrodes so that their lower ends project 10 into the annular moulding space
  • control means to raise the mould at a controlled rate from a lower position to an upper position
  • 5 d. means to supply an electric current to the metallic l electrodes to melt the lower ends of the metallic electrodes; the arrangement of the apparatus being such that in operation the lower ends of the metallic electrodes are melted to form a pool of molten metal in the annular moulding space, from which pool the desired tubular body is formed, and the mould is raised as the lower ends of the metallic electrodes are consumed whereby the pool of molten metal is maintained in contact with 2 the lower ends of the metallic electrodes as the lower ends of the metallic electrodes are consumed; the apparatus further comprising:
  • f. means for raising and lowering the table to raise or lower the start piece and assist in maintaining a constant surface level of the pool of molten metal.
  • the mould comprises a core mould and an outer mould which define the annular moulding space between them and are adapted to be water-cooled.
  • Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 which comprises means to observe the surface level of the pool of molten metal in the annular moulding space and to actuate the control means to raise the mould at a rate which maintains the surface level of the pool of molten metal in the annular moulding space constant.
  • Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 in which the said observing means comprise a radiation emitter and a radiation detector, one mounted on the core mould and one mounted on the outer mould.
  • Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 which comprises means for moving the said support member to move the lower ends of the metallic electrodes around the annular moulding space to create an even heat distribution in the pool of molten metal.
  • Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 which comprises hoppers for supplying flux to the annular moulding space, which and means for raising the hoppers with the mould.
  • a method of producing a tubular body comprismg:

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Continuous Casting (AREA)
  • Manufacture And Refinement Of Metals (AREA)
  • Moulding By Coating Moulds (AREA)
US00322229A 1972-02-04 1973-01-09 Method and apparatus for manufacture of tubular bodies by electroslag remelting Expired - Lifetime US3834443A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP47012244A JPS518747B2 (sv) 1972-02-04 1972-02-04

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US (1) US3834443A (sv)
JP (1) JPS518747B2 (sv)
AU (1) AU446076B2 (sv)
BE (1) BE794346A (sv)
CA (1) CA989136A (sv)
CH (1) CH545666A (sv)
CS (1) CS202533B2 (sv)
DE (1) DE2304955B2 (sv)
DK (1) DK140745B (sv)
FR (1) FR2170205B1 (sv)
GB (1) GB1413627A (sv)
IT (1) IT978767B (sv)
NL (1) NL150026B (sv)
NO (1) NO135774C (sv)
SE (1) SE397281B (sv)

Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3999595A (en) * 1975-07-08 1976-12-28 Boris Izrailevich Medovar Apparatus for melting hollow metal ingots during electroslag remelting of consumable electrodes
US4000361A (en) * 1974-11-28 1976-12-28 Bondarenko Oleg P Electroslag remelting furnace with relative displacement of a mould and an ingot being cast
US4146077A (en) * 1977-10-25 1979-03-27 Cabot Corporation Methods and apparatus for making cast hollows
WO1989009291A1 (en) * 1988-03-31 1989-10-05 The Broken Hill Proprietary Company Limited Electro-slag casting apparatus and method
US20110214830A1 (en) * 2010-03-02 2011-09-08 Inteco Special Melting Technologies Gmbh Method and apparatus for producing hollow fusing blocks
CN111673056A (zh) * 2020-07-30 2020-09-18 安徽工业大学 一种改善大钢锭结晶质量的电渣补缩方法

Families Citing this family (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3003082A1 (de) * 1979-05-16 1980-11-27 Inst Elektroswarki Patona Verfahren zur regelung der relativen verschiebung von gussblock und kokille und kokille zur durchfuehrung dieses verfahrens
US4433242A (en) * 1981-08-20 1984-02-21 Cabot Corporation ESR Hollows molten metal/slag interface detection
JPS58197232A (ja) * 1982-05-14 1983-11-16 Hitachi Ltd 複合鋼塊の製造法
DE3425489A1 (de) * 1984-07-11 1986-01-23 Werner Ing.(grad.) 6719 Carlsberg Schatz Giessverfahren fuer metallformlinge und/oder -profilmaterial mit eingelagerten hartstoffkoernern
DE3425486A1 (de) * 1984-07-11 1986-01-23 Werner Ing.(grad.) 6719 Carlsberg Schatz Verfahren und vorrichtung zur herstellung von formteilen, insbesondere extruderschnecken oder dichtungsringen aus hoch-chromhaltiger legierung
DE3425488A1 (de) * 1984-07-11 1986-01-23 Werner Ing.(grad.) 6719 Carlsberg Schatz Giessverfahren, insbesondere stranggussverfahren fuer metallische werkstoffe
DE3740530A1 (de) * 1987-11-30 1989-06-08 Leybold Ag Schmelzofen zum erzeugen von strangguss-bloecken in einer schutzgasatmosphaere

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3421569A (en) * 1966-03-11 1969-01-14 Kennecott Copper Corp Continuous casting
US3507968A (en) * 1968-09-26 1970-04-21 Arcos Corp Electroslag melting apparatus
US3610319A (en) * 1968-02-12 1971-10-05 Boehler & Co Ag Geb Apparatus for the production of hollow ingots of metal by electric slag refining
US3683997A (en) * 1971-06-09 1972-08-15 Metsubishi Jukogyo Kk Electroslag remelting process
US3713476A (en) * 1969-05-08 1973-01-30 B Paton Installation for making ingots and method therefor

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3421569A (en) * 1966-03-11 1969-01-14 Kennecott Copper Corp Continuous casting
US3610319A (en) * 1968-02-12 1971-10-05 Boehler & Co Ag Geb Apparatus for the production of hollow ingots of metal by electric slag refining
US3507968A (en) * 1968-09-26 1970-04-21 Arcos Corp Electroslag melting apparatus
US3713476A (en) * 1969-05-08 1973-01-30 B Paton Installation for making ingots and method therefor
US3683997A (en) * 1971-06-09 1972-08-15 Metsubishi Jukogyo Kk Electroslag remelting process

Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4000361A (en) * 1974-11-28 1976-12-28 Bondarenko Oleg P Electroslag remelting furnace with relative displacement of a mould and an ingot being cast
US3999595A (en) * 1975-07-08 1976-12-28 Boris Izrailevich Medovar Apparatus for melting hollow metal ingots during electroslag remelting of consumable electrodes
US4146077A (en) * 1977-10-25 1979-03-27 Cabot Corporation Methods and apparatus for making cast hollows
WO1989009291A1 (en) * 1988-03-31 1989-10-05 The Broken Hill Proprietary Company Limited Electro-slag casting apparatus and method
US5146976A (en) * 1988-03-31 1992-09-15 The Broken Hill Proprietary Company Limited Electro-slag casting apparatus and method
US20110214830A1 (en) * 2010-03-02 2011-09-08 Inteco Special Melting Technologies Gmbh Method and apparatus for producing hollow fusing blocks
CN111673056A (zh) * 2020-07-30 2020-09-18 安徽工业大学 一种改善大钢锭结晶质量的电渣补缩方法

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
AU446076B2 (en) 1974-03-14
FR2170205B1 (sv) 1976-04-09
FR2170205A1 (sv) 1973-09-14
NL150026B (nl) 1976-07-15
NO135774B (sv) 1977-02-21
DE2304955B2 (de) 1976-01-22
DK140745B (da) 1979-11-12
AU5124873A (en) 1974-03-14
IT978767B (it) 1974-09-20
DE2304955A1 (de) 1973-08-16
GB1413627A (en) 1975-11-12
CA989136A (en) 1976-05-18
NO135774C (sv) 1977-06-01
CS202533B2 (en) 1981-01-30
SE397281B (sv) 1977-10-31
CH545666A (sv) 1974-02-15
BE794346A (fr) 1973-05-16
JPS4881727A (sv) 1973-11-01
JPS518747B2 (sv) 1976-03-19
DK140745C (sv) 1980-04-21
NL7300443A (sv) 1973-08-07

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