US3829327A - Carbon paper - Google Patents

Carbon paper Download PDF

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Publication number
US3829327A
US3829327A US00268600A US26860072A US3829327A US 3829327 A US3829327 A US 3829327A US 00268600 A US00268600 A US 00268600A US 26860072 A US26860072 A US 26860072A US 3829327 A US3829327 A US 3829327A
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United States
Prior art keywords
carbon
web
fibres
porous
coated
Prior art date
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Expired - Lifetime
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US00268600A
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English (en)
Inventor
T Omori
H Imaoka
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
KREHA CORP
KREHA CORP US
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KREHA CORP
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Publication date
Application filed by KREHA CORP filed Critical KREHA CORP
Priority to US00268600A priority Critical patent/US3829327A/en
Priority to FR7323858A priority patent/FR2190728B1/fr
Priority to DE2333473A priority patent/DE2333473C3/de
Priority to GB3134073A priority patent/GB1446872A/en
Priority to CA175,526A priority patent/CA1019516A/en
Priority to JP7446073A priority patent/JPS5343920B2/ja
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US3829327A publication Critical patent/US3829327A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
    • C04B35/71—Ceramic products containing macroscopic reinforcing agents
    • C04B35/78—Ceramic products containing macroscopic reinforcing agents containing non-metallic materials
    • C04B35/80—Fibres, filaments, whiskers, platelets, or the like
    • C04B35/83—Carbon fibres in a carbon matrix
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D21H13/00—Pulp or paper, comprising synthetic cellulose or non-cellulose fibres or web-forming material
    • D21H13/36—Inorganic fibres or flakes
    • D21H13/46—Non-siliceous fibres, e.g. from metal oxides
    • D21H13/50—Carbon fibres
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/64—Carriers or collectors
    • H01M4/66—Selection of materials
    • H01M4/663—Selection of materials containing carbon or carbonaceous materials as conductive part, e.g. graphite, carbon fibres
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/64—Carriers or collectors
    • H01M4/66—Selection of materials
    • H01M4/668—Composites of electroconductive material and synthetic resins
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H01M4/96—Carbon-based electrodes
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/50—Fuel cells

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a pure carbon web that is electrically conductive, chemically inert, porous, and structurally coherent. These webs are particularly suited for use as electrodes in fuel cells and other harsh environments where electrical conductivity is required of a thin porous sheet of material that must be thermally stable and chemically inert even at elevated temperatures of several hundred degrees Fahrenheit. Also, the web is particularly suited for use where it must retain its physical, chemical, and electrical characteristics and dimensions while it is subjected to handling, transportation, and shaping prior to its being assembled into a completed working device.
  • porous webs that were intended for use in extreme environments that demanded chemical, thermal, and structural stability were deficient or defective in achieving these characteristics.
  • the materials from which it was proposed to manufacture such porous webs were difficult and expensive to product and manufacture.
  • the proposed Structures v were unsatisfactory for the intended purposes.
  • a web of carbon fibres having a carbon coatingf is prepared so that the individual carbon fibres are substantially uniformly coated With an annular coating or jacket .which is composed of pure carbon.
  • the carbon coatings are intergrown with one another at the intersection between the carbon fibres so that the carbon coatings serve to bind or interlock the carbon fibres into an integral structurally coherent web.
  • the interlocking of the carbon coatings at the locations where the coated fibres contact one another provides good electrical connections throughout the entire mass of the web as well as providing structural integrity for the'web.
  • the pure carbon web is chemically inert even in acidic or basic environments at elevated temperatures.
  • the carbon coating is applied by known chemical vapor deposition methods to a carbon fibre web.
  • the chemical vapor deposition procedure is carried on for a period of time sufficient to substantially uniformly coat the carbon fibres with the pyrolytic carbonaceous material and to provide interlocking between the coated fibres.
  • the chemical vapor deposition procedure is terminated before the deposits grow to the extent that more than 50 percent of the Volume in the web is occupied by the coated fibres.
  • the chemical vapor deposition procedure is terminated when the carbon deposits have grown to such an extent that between 30 and 50 percent of the volume in the web is occupied by the coated fibres.
  • the carbon fibre web or paper, on which the carbon coating is deposited by chemical vapor deposition procedures is prepared from carbon fibres using the following procedure.
  • Carbon fibres which may be composed of amorphous carbon, graphite, or ad- 3,829,327 Patented Aug. 13, 1974 ice mixtures of these forms of carbon are chopped into finite lengths.
  • the basic carbon fibre is chopped into lengths of approximately one-eighth of one inch.
  • the chopped fibres are prepared into a mat or paper on a paper-making machine.
  • the carbon fibres by themselves are generally very hard and smooth so that they do not adhere readily to one another.
  • a binder such as polyvinyl alcohol
  • the polyvinyl alcohol binder serves to bind the carbon fibres together so that the fibres will cling together to form a structurally coherent web.
  • the carbon fibre paper is then impregnated with a dilute solution of a charring synthetic resin, such as, for example, a phenolic resin.
  • the phenolic-impregnated, polyvinyl alcohol bound carbon fibre web is then subjected to a carbonizing step at, for example, approximately 1000 degrees centigrade to volatilize the polyvinyl alcohol binding and to convert the phenolic resin to carbon.
  • the resultant carbon fibre web is bound together by carbon bridges between the carbon fibres. These carbon bridges are the residue that is left from the charring of the dilute phenolic resin.
  • the carbon paper or web is now a pure carbon product, existing almost entirely in the amorphous carbon form.
  • the polyvinyl alcohol binding has been replaced by carbon bridges formed from the residue of the charring synthetic resin.
  • the resultant carbon bound, carbon fibre mat is then subjected to chemical vapor deposition according to known procedures.
  • chemical vapor deposition is accomplshed by subjecting the carbon bound, carbon fibre web to temperatures between about 1300 degrees centigrade and 2800 degrees centigrade or more at a reduced pressure in the presence of a dilute hydrocarbon gas.
  • the hydrocarbon gas decomposes to a non-sooting carbon vapor that deposits a carbon coating on the heated, carbon bound, carbon fibre web in a very uniform coating.
  • the carbon web is almost entirely in the graphite form.
  • the amorphous carbon form increases, and at the lower temperatures the carbon web is almost entirely in the amorphous carbon form.
  • the resultant porous carbon web has a very uniform porosity.
  • the mechanical and electrical characteristics of the web are very uniform when measured along different parallel axis in the web. The mechanical and electrical characteristics vary somewhat with the orientation of the majority of the fibres.
  • the temperatures employed during the preparation of the carbon fibre web with the carbon coating determine whether the resulting structure will be composed of carbon in the graphite form or the amorphous carbon form.
  • carbon is used herein to describe the material in the fibres and in the coatings in both the amorphous carbon and graphite forms in which a majority of the coating is graphite and a minority is carbon.
  • carbon is intended to include all forms of carbon and all admixtures of these several forms.
  • the electrical properties of the electrically conductive porous web can be tailored so that they are different when measured in different directions in the plane of the web.
  • the electrical resisitivity decreases in a particite form increases.
  • the electrical resistvity at least in one'direction, is less than about 0.020 ohm centimeter.
  • the carbon coatngs may be activated, if desired, for example, by treating the finished porous web with Steam.
  • the web may be manufactured from carbon filaments by a weaving process rather than a paper-makng process.
  • the chemical vapor deposition procedure results in the formation of a carbon coating which substantially uniformly covers each of the individual carbon fibres in the carbon bound, carbon fibre mat.
  • Each of the carbon fibres is encased in its own individual coating, and where the carbon fibres touch one another or are in close proximity to one another, the carbon coatings are grown together so that the fibres are interlocked at their intersections by their respective carbon coatings.
  • the binding formed by the charring synthetic resin is almost entirely replaced by the interlocking of the coatings.
  • the electrical conductivity of the porous web is greatly increased by the presence of the interlocked carbon coatings.
  • the intergrowth of the carbon coatings at the intersections of the respective individual fibres provides a good mechanical connection throughout the entire web so that electricity flows easily across the web without encountering any open connections.
  • the interlocking of the respective carbon coatings greatly improves the structural strength and integrity of the web.
  • the area of the contact between the fibres due to the intergrowth of the coatings is preferably at least approximately as great as the cross-sectional area of the uncoated fibre measured normal to the longitudinal axis of the fibre.
  • the pure carbon porous webs are prepared with as great a degree of porosity as possible.
  • more than 50 percent of the Volume within the web is void, and preferably from about 50 to 70 percent of the Volume in the web is empty void.
  • the porosity promotes the flow of fluids through the web when the web is being used.
  • the high degree of porosity permits the fluid transmission properties of the web to be tailored to a partcular set of fluid flow requirements by irnpregnating the web with an inert material, such as polytetrafluorethylene, until a particular degree of desired porosity is achieved.
  • the core size of the web is less than approximately 60 microns.
  • the high percentage of void space within the porous web also provides space within which to incorporate a finely divided catalyst.
  • a catalyst when incorporated into the porous web, it is bound to the web by some inert binder, such as polytetrafiuorethylene.
  • the physical dimensions of the completed pure carbon web may be varied widely, as desired, within the size capacity of the equipment in which it is manufactured.
  • the length and Width of the web may range from a few inches to several feet.
  • the thickness of the web is generally not less than 0.2 millimeter nor more than 5 millimeters, although somewhat greater or lesser thicknesses may be utilized if desired. In general, the thickness of the web is less than about one millimeter.
  • the thickness of the web is generally substantially less than about the average length of the coated fibres and preferably less than about one-third of the average length of the coated fibres.
  • the bulk density of the carbon web is at least 0.25 gram per cubic centimeter, and the thickness is at most 0.625 millimeter.
  • the weight of the carbon web generally ranges from about 140 to 220 grams per square meter.
  • the connectiions to the web conveniently take the form of a conductive band of material extending across one edge of the web.
  • the conductive band may be oriented with respect to the orientation of the majority of the fibres to take advantage of any directional characteristics that the web may possess. For example, if the lowest resistvity is desired, the conductive band should be positioned so that it extends generally perpendicular to the direction in which the majority of the fibres are oriented.
  • FIG. 1 a plan view photograph taken at a magnification of approximately 200 times of a carbon bound, carbon fibre web prior to chemical vapor deposition
  • FIG. 2 a view of the completed pure carbon web similar to FIG. l taken at a magnification of approximately 200 times after the carbon web has been subjected to chemical vapor deposition;
  • FIG. 3 an edge view of a carbon bound, carbon fibre web prior to chemical vapor deposition taken at a magnification of approximately 200 times;
  • FIG. 4 a view of the completed pure carbon web similar to FIG. 3 showing the carbon web after the chemical vapor deposition procedure has been completed taken at a magnification of approximately 200 times.
  • the web shown in FIGS. l and 3 was prepared from carbon fibres that Were chopped to As-inch lengths and manufactured into a mat on a paper-making machine, using approximately 10 percent polyvinyl alcohol to bind the mat together.
  • the resultant polyvinyl alcohol-carbon fibre mat had approximately 70 percent of its fibres oriented in one direction.
  • the polyvinyl alcohol bound carbon fibre mat was then impregnated with a dilute solution of charring phenolic resin and was carbonized at a temperature of about 1000 degrees centigrade. The polyvinyl alcohol was completely volatilized at this temperature, leaving the carbon fibres bound together by carbon bridges produced from the charring of the phenolic resin. These carbon bridges are evident in FIG. 1.
  • the electrical resistivity of this carbon bound, carbon fibre web was about 0.17 ohm centimeter measured in the direction in which the majority of the fibres are oriented.
  • the weight per area of this material was about 37 grams per square meter. Its density was about 0.13 gram per cubic centirneter, and its thickness was about 0.26 millimeter.
  • This material was subjected to chemical vapor deposition at about 1300 degrees centigrade for a period of time suicient to deposit a carbon coating having a thickness such that the diameter of the coated fibres is approximately twice that of the uncoated fibres.
  • the electrical resistvity of the pure carbon porous web measured in the direction of the majority of the fibers is about 0.015 ohm centimeter; the thickness is about 0.5 millimeter; the weight per area is about 180 grams per square meter; and about 65 percent of the Volume within the web is void.
  • the carbon in this web is substantially all in the amorphous carbon form.
  • the chemically inert porous webs according to this invention are generally applicable to all categories of extreme lquid and gaseous fiuid environments even at elevated temperatures.
  • a porous web elect'ode comprising:
  • a carbon coating substantially uniformly covering each of said carbon fibres, the coated fibres being combined together to define said porous web, a substantial portion of said coated fibres being positioned in approximately the plane of said porous web, the said carbon coatings on said coated fibres generally being intergrown at locations where said coated fibres contact one another, at least about fifty percent of the Volume in said porous web being void of coated fibres, said porous web having a weight of from about to 220 grams per square meter and a specific resistivity in at least one direction of less than about 0.020 ohm centimeter; and
  • a porous web of claim 1 wherein the thckness of said web is less than about the average length of the coated fibres.
  • a porous web of claim 1 Wherein the thickness of said web is less than about one millimeter.
  • An electrically conductive porous web comprising:
  • a carbon coating substantially uniformly coverng each of said carbon fibres, the coated fibres being combined together to define said porous web, a substantial portion of said coated fibres being positioned in approximately the plane of said porous web, the said carbon coatings on said coated fibres generally being intergrown with one another at the intersections of the carbon fibres in said porous web to such an extent that the area of the contact between the coated fibres at said intersections is approximately at least as great as the cross-sectional area of said carbon fibres, from about fifty to seventy percent of the volume in said porous web being void of coated fibres, said porous web having a thickness from about 0.2 to 1 millimeter, said porous web having a Weight of from about 140 to 220 grams per square meter and a specific resistivity in at least one direction of less than about 0.020 ohm centimeter.
  • An electrically conductive porous web comprising:
  • a carbon coating substantially uniformly covering each of said carbon fibres, the coated fibres being combined together to define said porous web, a substantial portion of said coated fibres being positioned in approximately the plane of said porous web, the thickness of said porous web being from about 0.2 to 5 millimeters, said thckness being less than about onethird the average length of said carbon fibres, the said carbon coatings on said coated fibres being generally intergrown at locations where said coated fibres contact one another, at least about fifty percent of the Volume n said porous web being void of coated fibres, the pore size of void space within said porous web being less than approximately 60 microns, said porous web having a weight of from about to 220 grams per Square meter and a specific resistivity in at least one direction of less than about 0.020 ohm centimeter.
  • a porous web of claim 9 wherein the carbon coating comprises actvated carbon.
  • a process of manufacturing a porous web electrode comprising:
  • a process of claim 11 including selecting a web of carbon fibres that has a substantial portion of the carbon fibres positioned in approximately the plane of said web, and a majority of said carbon fibres are oriented in one general direction.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
  • Composite Materials (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Carbon And Carbon Compounds (AREA)
  • Ceramic Products (AREA)
  • Inert Electrodes (AREA)
  • Paper (AREA)
  • Porous Artificial Stone Or Porous Ceramic Products (AREA)
  • Cell Electrode Carriers And Collectors (AREA)
  • Inorganic Fibers (AREA)
  • Nonwoven Fabrics (AREA)
US00268600A 1972-07-03 1972-07-03 Carbon paper Expired - Lifetime US3829327A (en)

Priority Applications (6)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US00268600A US3829327A (en) 1972-07-03 1972-07-03 Carbon paper
FR7323858A FR2190728B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1972-07-03 1973-06-29
DE2333473A DE2333473C3 (de) 1972-07-03 1973-06-30 Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Kohlenstoffaser-Flächengebildes
GB3134073A GB1446872A (en) 1972-07-03 1973-07-02 Carbon fibre sheet protective switch-gear
CA175,526A CA1019516A (en) 1972-07-03 1973-07-03 Carbon fiber sheet and process for producing the same
JP7446073A JPS5343920B2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1972-07-03 1973-07-03

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US00268600A US3829327A (en) 1972-07-03 1972-07-03 Carbon paper

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US00268600A Expired - Lifetime US3829327A (en) 1972-07-03 1972-07-03 Carbon paper

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US (1) US3829327A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
JP (1) JPS5343920B2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
CA (1) CA1019516A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
DE (1) DE2333473C3 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
FR (1) FR2190728B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
GB (1) GB1446872A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

Cited By (48)

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US3944686A (en) * 1974-06-19 1976-03-16 Pfizer Inc. Method for vapor depositing pyrolytic carbon on porous sheets of carbon material
US3960601A (en) * 1974-09-27 1976-06-01 Union Carbide Corporation Fuel cell electrode
US3972735A (en) * 1974-02-15 1976-08-03 United Technologies Corporation Method for making electrodes for electrochemical cells
US3991169A (en) * 1974-03-13 1976-11-09 Kureha Kagaku Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Method for the production of porous carbon sheet
US3997363A (en) * 1974-10-07 1976-12-14 Electric Power Research Institute Modular electrical energy storage device
US3998689A (en) * 1973-07-10 1976-12-21 Kureha Kagaku Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Process for the production of carbon fiber paper
US4012562A (en) * 1974-10-07 1977-03-15 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. Modular electrical energy storage device
US4017663A (en) * 1974-02-15 1977-04-12 United Technologies Corporation Electrodes for electrochemical cells
US4064330A (en) * 1976-09-01 1977-12-20 Gaines Jr Fredrick William Carbon electrode assembly for lithium fused salt battery
US4064207A (en) * 1976-02-02 1977-12-20 United Technologies Corporation Fibrillar carbon fuel cell electrode substrates and method of manufacture
US4080413A (en) * 1975-12-15 1978-03-21 United Technologies Corporation Porous carbon fuel cell substrates and method of manufacture
US4108757A (en) * 1974-08-07 1978-08-22 308489 Ontario Limited Carbon fiber electrode
US4140832A (en) * 1976-12-23 1979-02-20 Union Carbide Corporation Electromotive brushes produced from mesophase pitch fibers
US4169120A (en) * 1976-12-15 1979-09-25 Great Lakes Carbon Corporation Sulfur electrode for sodium-sulfur batteries
US4175055A (en) * 1978-06-28 1979-11-20 United Technologies Corporation Dry mix method for making an electrochemical cell electrode
US4264686A (en) * 1978-09-01 1981-04-28 Texas Instruments Incorporated Graphite felt flowthrough electrode for fuel cell use
FR2472037A1 (fr) * 1979-12-18 1981-06-26 Elf Aquitaine Electrode poreuse percolante fibreuse modifiee en carbone ou graphite, son application a la realisation de reactions electrochimiques, et reacteurs electrochimiques equipes d'une telle electrode
US4287232A (en) * 1978-06-28 1981-09-01 United Technologies Corporation Dry floc method for making an electrochemical cell electrode
US4308122A (en) * 1978-12-04 1981-12-29 Hsa Reactors Limited Apparatus for waste treatment equipment
US4309483A (en) * 1979-09-24 1982-01-05 Gravert William H Anti-static coating on ullage tapes comprising carbon black derived from a rich acetylene flame
US4313972A (en) * 1978-06-28 1982-02-02 United Technologies Corporation Dry method for making an electrochemical cell electrode
DE3211474A1 (de) * 1981-04-01 1982-10-14 Kureha Kagaku Kogyo K.K., Tokyo Geformte gegenstaende aus poroesem kohlenstoff
US4360417A (en) * 1980-07-03 1982-11-23 Celanese Corporation Dimensionally stable high surface area anode comprising graphitic carbon fibers
DE3247799A1 (de) * 1981-12-29 1983-07-14 Kureha Kagaku Kogyo K.K., Nihonbashi, Tokyo Brennstoffzellenelektrodensubstrat und verfahren zu seiner herstellung
DE3335638A1 (de) * 1982-10-01 1984-04-05 Kureha Kagaku Kogyo K.K., Tokyo Mit laengsloechern zur zufuehrung der gasfoermigen reaktanten versehene traegermaterialien fuer brennstoffzellen-elektroden
US4459342A (en) * 1982-09-10 1984-07-10 Kureha Kagaku Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Ribbed substrate for fuel cell electrode
US4514478A (en) * 1984-08-13 1985-04-30 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army Method of making a porous carbon cathode, a porous carbon cathode so made, and electrochemical cell including the porous carbon cathode
US4547418A (en) * 1982-08-24 1985-10-15 Kureha Kagaku Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Ribbed substrate for fuel cell electrode
US4615959A (en) * 1984-05-07 1986-10-07 Sanyo Chemical Industries, Ltd. Secondary battery or cell with improved rechargeability
US4640744A (en) * 1984-01-23 1987-02-03 Standard Oil Company (Indiana) Amorphous carbon electrodes and their use in electrochemical cells
US4647359A (en) * 1985-10-16 1987-03-03 Prototech Company Electrocatalytic gas diffusion electrode employing thin carbon cloth layer
US4687607A (en) * 1982-10-01 1987-08-18 Kureha Kagaku Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Process for producing electrode substrate for use in fuel cells
DE3723146A1 (de) * 1986-07-14 1988-01-28 Kureha Chemical Ind Co Ltd Verfahren zur herstellung eines elektrodensubstrats und so hergestelltes elektrodensubstrat, dessen physikalischen eigenschaften einheitlich sind
US4759989A (en) * 1985-11-25 1988-07-26 Kureha Kagaku Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Electrode substrate for fuel cell
US4894355A (en) * 1984-10-17 1990-01-16 Hitachi, Ltd. Flexible, water-repellent baked carbon plate, its production, fuel cell electrode, fuel cell electrode plate and its production and fuel cell
US4944996A (en) * 1985-06-10 1990-07-31 Le Carbone Lorraine Separating element
US5064513A (en) * 1989-02-28 1991-11-12 Compagnie Europeenne Du Zirconium Cezus Diaphragm for molten bath salt electrolysis of metal halides
US5225296A (en) * 1989-11-21 1993-07-06 Ricoh Company, Ltd. Electrode and method of producing the same
US5344726A (en) * 1991-06-17 1994-09-06 Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha Carbon anode for secondary battery
WO2001068533A3 (de) * 2000-03-17 2002-02-28 Andreas Noack Verfahren und vorrichtung zur reinigung von wasser
US6503856B1 (en) 2000-12-05 2003-01-07 Hexcel Corporation Carbon fiber sheet materials and methods of making and using the same
CN1318697C (zh) * 2004-08-20 2007-05-30 中国科学院山西煤炭化学研究所 一种碳纤维纸及其制备方法
FR2907778A1 (fr) * 2006-10-26 2008-05-02 Snecma Propulsion Solide Sa Procede de fabrication d'une piece en materiau composite thermostructural.
US20090036850A1 (en) * 2007-07-31 2009-02-05 Davis-Dang Nhan Sensor products using conductive webs
US20120055641A1 (en) * 2007-07-31 2012-03-08 Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. Conductive Webs
CN103388278A (zh) * 2013-07-23 2013-11-13 安徽博领环境科技有限公司 一种碳纤维纸及其制备方法
US20140262088A1 (en) * 2013-03-14 2014-09-18 Neenah Paper, Inc. Methods of Molding Non-Woven Carbon Fiber Mats and Related Molded Products
CN109851390A (zh) * 2019-01-28 2019-06-07 西北工业大学 一种内含导热导电cnt网络的陶瓷基复合材料的制备方法

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US3964933A (en) * 1974-04-08 1976-06-22 Exxon Research And Engineering Company Carbon article including electrodes and methods of making the same
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CN1318697C (zh) * 2004-08-20 2007-05-30 中国科学院山西煤炭化学研究所 一种碳纤维纸及其制备方法
FR2907778A1 (fr) * 2006-10-26 2008-05-02 Snecma Propulsion Solide Sa Procede de fabrication d'une piece en materiau composite thermostructural.
WO2008050068A3 (fr) * 2006-10-26 2009-09-17 Snecma Propulsion Solide Procédé de fabrication d'une pièce en matériau composite thermostructural.
US20100086679A1 (en) * 2006-10-26 2010-04-08 Snecma Propulsion Solide Process for manufacturing a thermostructural composite part
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CN101636367B (zh) * 2006-10-26 2013-12-25 斯奈克玛动力部件公司 制造热结构复合材料部件的方法
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US8697934B2 (en) 2007-07-31 2014-04-15 Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. Sensor products using conductive webs
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US9062417B2 (en) * 2013-03-14 2015-06-23 Neenah Paper, Inc. Methods of molding non-woven carbon fiber mats and related molded products
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CN103388278A (zh) * 2013-07-23 2013-11-13 安徽博领环境科技有限公司 一种碳纤维纸及其制备方法
CN103388278B (zh) * 2013-07-23 2015-12-23 安徽博领环境科技有限公司 一种碳纤维纸及其制备方法
CN109851390A (zh) * 2019-01-28 2019-06-07 西北工业大学 一种内含导热导电cnt网络的陶瓷基复合材料的制备方法

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JPS5343920B2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1978-11-24
DE2333473A1 (de) 1974-01-31
FR2190728B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1977-02-18
DE2333473C3 (de) 1978-11-16
GB1446872A (en) 1976-08-18
FR2190728A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1974-02-01
JPS5051995A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1975-05-09
CA1019516A (en) 1977-10-25
DE2333473B2 (de) 1978-03-23

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