US3787229A - Low-friction, wear-resistant material - Google Patents
Low-friction, wear-resistant material Download PDFInfo
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- US3787229A US3787229A US00116180A US3787229DA US3787229A US 3787229 A US3787229 A US 3787229A US 00116180 A US00116180 A US 00116180A US 3787229D A US3787229D A US 3787229DA US 3787229 A US3787229 A US 3787229A
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
- C04B35/515—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on non-oxide ceramics
- C04B35/56—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on non-oxide ceramics based on carbides or oxycarbides
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
- C04B35/515—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on non-oxide ceramics
- C04B35/58—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on non-oxide ceramics based on borides, nitrides, i.e. nitrides, oxynitrides, carbonitrides or oxycarbonitrides or silicides
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
- C04B35/71—Ceramic products containing macroscopic reinforcing agents
- C04B35/78—Ceramic products containing macroscopic reinforcing agents containing non-metallic materials
- C04B35/80—Fibres, filaments, whiskers, platelets, or the like
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C24/00—Coating starting from inorganic powder
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C24/00—Coating starting from inorganic powder
- C23C24/08—Coating starting from inorganic powder by application of heat or pressure and heat
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
- C23C28/04—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D only coatings of inorganic non-metallic material
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C4/00—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
- C23C4/04—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge characterised by the coating material
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C4/00—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
- C23C4/18—After-treatment
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
- Y10T428/12451—Macroscopically anomalous interface between layers
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
- Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
- Y10T428/1266—O, S, or organic compound in metal component
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
- Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
- Y10T428/1266—O, S, or organic compound in metal component
- Y10T428/12667—Oxide of transition metal or Al
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
- Y10T428/12993—Surface feature [e.g., rough, mirror]
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/24—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.]
- Y10T428/24355—Continuous and nonuniform or irregular surface on layer or component [e.g., roofing, etc.]
- Y10T428/24372—Particulate matter
- Y10T428/24413—Metal or metal compound
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
- Y10T428/31511—Of epoxy ether
- Y10T428/31529—Next to metal
Definitions
- ABSTRACT A material, and the process therefor, having at least a surface layer of highly densified, uniformly disposed spheres or spheroids partially embedded in a matrix with the exposed segments thereof forming a uniformly wavy finish with low-friction and wear-resistant characteristics.
- Ceramic materials have wear-resistant characteristics and therefore have been extensively used as component parts in apparatuses designed for textile applications.
- ceramic parts are susceptible to breakage and in addition, ceramic material is unsuitable for transferring the heat buildup associated with the contact friction between the moving fibers and the surface of the ceramic parts.
- it is very difficult to produce a low-friction surface on ceramic parts.
- the textile industry has resorted to the use of component parts composed of metallic substrates coated with an outer layer of ceramic material.
- these coated metallic parts are sufficiently strong to withstand breakage and are capable of dissipating the heat buildup during a production run, they are not as desirable as the pure ceramic parts because the as-sprayed or other wise deposited ceramic outer layer is usually too rough and jagged for textile applications.
- Attempts for abrasively smoothing the as-deposited outer ceramic layer has succeeded in producing a low-friction surface part but upon subjecting it to a textile production run environment, the surface layer wears thus increasing the coefficient of friction between it and the moving fibers. It is suggested that the as-deposited ceramic layer be contacted with an abrasive material for a time period only sufficient to smooth the sharp peaks resulting from the protruding particles of the coating material on the surface.
- chromium plated metallic parts having a matte type: finish on the surface resembling the surface of the common orange.
- These chromium plated surfaces are admirably suited for use in providing low-friction surfaces which are gentle to textile materials. Chromium plated materials, however, are expensive to produce and do not exhibit a high degree of wear resistance.
- Articles having a wear-resistant coating applied by various high temperature flame spraying techniques are also in wide use throughout the textile industry. While flame sprayed coatings are generally well suited for many textile applications, a uniform deposition of a coating to a complex surface configuration is difficult to apply since most spraying processes are limited to the line of sight travelled by the coating particles. Also flame spraying requires complex processing steps in their application thus rendering them even more expensive to apply than chromium platings.
- the high temperature flame spraying techniques provide an advancement in the art of producing textile component parts, the need for producing complex configured parts having a low-friction, wearresistant surface is still desired.
- the present invention is directed to fulfilling this desired need.
- This invention relates to materials having a low friction, wear-resistant surface and. to a process for producing it. Specifically, the invention relates to a variably shaped material having at least one outer layer of highly densified, uniformly disposed spheroidal to spherical shaped wear-resistant particles, such as metallic-oxide particles, protruding outward from a matrix secured to a metallic or non-metallic substrate thus providing a matte type surface finish resembling a sinusoidal polar waveform.
- the substrate is also composed of the same uniformly disposed particles, the only requirement is that the outer surface have a matte type finish.
- the criteria of the spheroidal particles are that they have wear-resistant characteristics, a melting point above the temperature of the heat buildup in its intended use which is usually above 200C, and be amenable to the particular material intended to contact them in their designed application.
- the wear-resistant particles have to be capable of being formed into spheroidal to spherical shapes so that once they are uniformly disposed and partly embedded in a matrix of plastic or the like, their protruding segments will produce a matte" type finish.
- tensionsubjected, long, thin, film or fibrous materials are pulled over a surface so formed, the materials will tangentiallycontact the rounded protruded wear-resistant particles only, thereby greatly minimizing the actual contact between the materials and the finished surface. This minimum contact area between the fibrous material and the finished surface is highly desirable in achieving low-friction characteristics.
- Suitable wear-resistant particles for use in this invention include metal oxides, metal carbides, metal borides, metal nitrides and metal silicides in any combination or mixture thereof.
- metal oxides include such compounds as alumina (Al O silica (SiO chromium sesquioxide (Cr O hafnium oxide nium boride (TiB zirconium boride (ZrB columbium boride (CbB molybdenum boride (M08 tungsten boride (W8 tantalum boride (TaB and chromium boride (CrB).
- Suitable metal nitrides include aluminum nitride (AlN), silicon-nitride (Si N titanium nitride (TiN), zirconium nitride (ZrN), hafnium nitride (HfN), vanadium nitride (VN), niobium nitride (NbN), tantalum nitride (TaN) and chromium nitride (CrN).
- AlN aluminum nitride
- ZrN zirconium nitride
- HfN hafnium nitride
- VN vanadium nitride
- NbN niobium nitride
- TaN tantalum nitride
- CrN chromium nitride
- Suitable silicides include molybdenum silicide (MgSi tantalum silicide (TaSi tungsten silicide (WSi,), titanium silicide '(TiSi zirconium silicide (ZrSi vanadium silicide (VSi niobium silicide (NbSi chromium silicide (CrSi and boron silicide (B,Si
- MgSi tantalum silicide TiSi tungsten silicide (WSi,)
- the invention will be mainly directed to the use of alumina particles as the wear-resistant particles although any of the particles listed above can be used successfully according to this invention.
- The'matrix or binderlayer can'consist of any material which is capable of adhering to a metal or non-metal substrate and which is capable of securely retaining -partially embedded rounded wear-resistant particles therein.
- Such materials are suitable for this purpose.
- the thickness of this binder layer should be at least about one-half the diameter of the largest particle size, or the average particle size, so as to insure proper securement of the particles therein.
- This outer layer thickness requirement is not necessary when the wear-resistant material is molded or cast from a homogeneous composite of particles intermixed with a binder.
- the only requirement necessary for this latter wear-resistant material is that it contain at least 35 percent by volume of wearresistant particles and preferably above about 50 percent by volume.
- the substrate when employed, can either be a pure metal, a metal base alloy or a plastic. Where heat transfer characteristics are desirable, as in the textile industry, a metallic substrate would be preferable. Metals such as steel, aluminum, copper, brass, titanium and Monel (Trademark for alloy containing normally Ni 67%, Cu 28%, Mn l2%, Fe l.92.5%.) would be well suited for this purpose.
- a binder such as a layer of a thermoplastic or thermosetting resin, between about 0.0001 and 0.001 inch thick, preferably about 0.00025 inch thick, is initially deposited on a substrate by any conventional means such as by spraying, painting, dipping or the like.
- the coated substrate is then heated sufficiently to cause the binder to become tacky so that when the wear-resistant particles are deposited on the surface they will partially imbed themselves into the binder and be sufficiently secured therein to withstand the force of gravity.
- the particles are required to be fabricated into spheroidal to spherical shaped configurations, preferably spherical.
- One method for producing spherical shaped particles is by fusing boule powder in a Verneuil crystal-growing burner. The particles so produced will be substantially spherical and possibly have minor shrinkage cavities in the center.
- the exact size of the particles can be regulated by conventional means, such as by regulating the initial powder size or they can be suitably screened once they assume the desired spheroidal to spherical shaped configuration.
- the largest particle size should be no more than about 10 times larger than the smallest particle size in monolayer and multilayer materials. For homogeneous materials prepared by casting or molding techniques, this particle size ratio can be increased to 50.
- the density of the particles embedded in the matrix can be regulated thereby producing a uniform distribution of selected size particles on the surface of the part. This will produce a surface with a sinusoidal type polar wave finish admirably suitable for the textile industry.
- the selected sized wear-resistant particles can be deposited on and embedded into the tacky binder in a number of ways such as by sprinkling the particles onto the binder-coated surface, or by immersing the bindercoated part into a confined zone containing the particles. Once the deposited particles are uniformly embedded in the matrix, the part can be lightly shaken to remove any unsecured particles thereon. The particleembedded tacky coated part can then be appropriately cured so as to firmly secure the particles in their embedded positions and to also firmly adhere the binder to the substrate. This will produce a matte type surface having low-friction, wear-resistant characteristics ideally suited for textile applications.
- a second binder application may be deposited on the surface of the material to substantially fill the voids or recesses existing between adjacent particles.
- This second binder application is preferably applied using a diluted resin or the like that has a low viscosity to enable the voids to be substantially filled by capillary action while simultaneously not depositing an excess adhesive layer on the surface of the projecting particles.
- the initial binder layer and/or the second binder application should preferably fill the voids between adjacent particles to a height at least above a plane defined as being parallel to the surface of the substrate and containing'all the cneter points of adjacent particles so as to insure a firmly embedded securement of the particles within the binder.
- the materials produced according to this invention can have any desired shape from relatively straight segments to complex curvature segments as is usually associated with pigtails and other textile component parts.
- the coefficient of friction (Coefficient of friction as defined in H. G. Howell et al. Friction in Textiles, Textile Book Publishers, Inc., N. Y. 1959, page 42.) for such composite materials when used in textile applications for the production of fibers will be between about 0.17 and about 0.35, preferably about 0.2l.
- the uniform particle distribution within the binder layer provides a sinusoidal type polarized waveform on the surface of the substrate which greatly minimizes the contact area between a filament or the like that is made to pass over the surface. This uniform distribution of the particles on the surface of a substrate is best illustrated by referring to the drawings which show:
- wear-resistant surface on a metal or non-metal substrate having a straight or complex shaped contour is to cover the substrate with a thin layer of a binder by any conventional technique, such as by dipping, painting or spraying.
- a most desirable class of binders are the thermosetting and thermoplastic resins which should be applied between about 0.000] and about 0.00! inch thick and preferably about 0.00025 inch thick. Binders such as polyamides, polybenzimidazoles, polycarbonates, polyesters, polyethers, polyolefins, polyacrylates, polyacetals, polysulfones, polyurethanes, epoxy and glass frit are but a few of the binders.
- the resin-coated substrate is heated or held for a time period only sufficient to cause the resin to become tacky thus producing a surface somewhat similar to the adhesive surface of common fly paper.
- This surface layer should be of sufficient thickness and adhesiveness to secure particles deposited thereon from the force of gravity when such surface is freely held in the open atmosphere face down.
- a layer of spheroidal shaped wear-resistant particles is then deposited on the adhesive surface of the substrate by any conventional means such as by immersing the resincoated substrate into a confined zone containing the particles.
- the resin-coated substrate is then removed from the particle-containing zone and slightly tapped to remove any excess and/or loosely secured particles thus leaving a monolayer of densified and uniformly disposed particles protruding from the resin-,
- the composite is then heated at a temperature and for a time period sufficient to fully cure and/or treat the resin thereby securing the particles in the resin matrix.
- the exact temperature and time period required for curing and/or treating the resin depends on the particular resin selected from the large group of resins available. If the particles completely imbed themselves in the resinous layer then a final finishing step, such as grit blasting, vibrating or brush finishing, will be required to remove the excess resin off the surfaces of the particles thereby providing an exposed particle-imbedded surface having low-friction and wearresistant characteristics.
- the exact size of the wear-resistant particles required to produce a low-friction surface for textile application is variable with a size about Tyler mesh and finer suitable, a size between about 270 Tyler mesh and 325 Tylermesh desirable, and a size about 325 Tyler mesh and finer preferable.
- wear-resistant particles depos ited on a substrate to produce a low-friction surface. This can be accomplished by adding a second resinous layer on top of the particle-embedded surface and then depositing additional particles thereon, such particles being the same size or a different size than the particles in the initial layer. This process can be repeated to produce a multilayer surface of any desired thickness with the final layer preferably having the smaller size particles.
- this invention provides a homogeneous material composed of wearresistant particles uniformly dispersed in a binder or the like.
- This material can be prepared by uniformly intermixing wear-resistant particles of a preselected size in a binder and then subjecting the composite to conventional molding or casting techniques to obtain predesired shapes. The finished part can then be grit blasted or the like to remove any excess binder so that the rounded surfaces of the wear-resistant particles can be exposed thereby providing a matte" finish.
- a final resinous layer to substantially fill any voids existing between adjacent particles up to at least a level defined by a plane containing the center points of each of the adjacent particles and being parallel to the substrate.
- This final resinous layer should be employed only when it is desired to increase the adhesive bond between the particles and the resinous layer so as to provide a strong textured surface.
- This additional resinous application should be applied in the diluted state in which the viscosity of the resin will be such that it will fill the void spaces between adjacent particles through capillary action while at the same time limiting the buildup of excessive resinous adhesive on the other surface of the particles.
- a diluted resin having a viscosity below about centipoises is desirable for this application.
- the final resinous layer if applied, is then cured by appropriately heating the material at a temperature and for a time period depending on the particular resin used. If an excess of this final resinous layer adheres to the surface of the particles then any of the finishing techniques, such as a slight brushing operation or a chemical dissolving application, can be employed to remove such resin thus exposing the rounded protruding particles. In certain applications the contact with the product of its intended use may be used to remove any of-the excess resin that may adhere to the particles.
- the finished material so obtained according to this invention will have at least one outer layer of highly densified, uniformly disposed, wear-resistant, spheroidal to spherical shaped particles partly embedded in a matrix with the smooth surfaces of the particles exposed thereby forming a uniformly wavy surface.
- the spheroidal to spherical shaped particles in this wearresistant surface will have a microhardness of at least 500 Diamond Pyramid Hardness and when used as a component part in a textile apparatus, the surface will have a coefficient of friction of 0.35 or lower between it and the fibers being produced.
- EXAKTLET Talia mas 6556i SE81 brgm wzmm' to remove grease and the like by washing them in chloroform. They were then dipped into ,a resin mixture consisting of 3.3 percent by weight suspension of onecomponent epoxy powder (commercially available from the Hysol Division of Dexter Corporation as Hysol A7-43l4) prepared in chloroform. The coated pigtails were then removed and allowed to dry in ambient air for 5 minutes. This produced a thin tack-free epoxy layer on the pigtails. The coated pigtails were spheres. The receptacle was tapped several times to insure an adequate supply of the spheres came in contact with the pigtails. The assembly, consisting of the pigtails and the alumina spheres in the receptacle, was
- the impregnating was accomplished by dipping the top of each pigtail in a closed vessel and allowing the diluted resin mixture to flow up the pigtail by capillary action.
- the impregnated pigtails were then cured by heating them to 195C. and holding thereat for l hour after which they were cooled to ambient.
- Some pigtail samples were given a final resin coating using a different resin concentration in the thinning agent and a different per cent solid in the final diluted resin mixture.
- some samples were coated by being dipped into the resin mixture rather than by the capillary action technique.
- the sample was then cooled toambient in about 30 minutes whereupon the sample was removed and given a slight tapping to dislodge any loosely adhering spheres.
- the sphere coated sample was then cured by heating to 200C. and being held thereat for 1 hour after which it was cooled to ambient.
- a final resin coating was applied by dipping the sphere coated section in an epoxy resin (commercially available as Ciba Products Co. Araldite No. 502) mixed with an amine hardener (Ciba No. 951) in a weight ratio of parts resin to 1 part hardener.
- This resin mixture was diluted to 35 cc per 100 cc of solution with methyl ethyl ketone before the dipping process.
- the coated sample was cured for l hour at 100C. after dipping.
- the coated sample was then subjected to an accelerated wear test wherein a 30 inch length of No. 24 cotton twine (commercially available from Shuford Mills, Inc., Hickory, N. C.) was knotted to form a loop, saturated with an aqueous slurry of pigment grade titanium dioxide, and traversed over the surface of the coated sample at a linear rate of l50 feet per minute, i 5 percent.
- the specimen was affixed to a lever system and counterbalanced to provide a normal force of 210 grams, i 5 percent, against the twine, which contacted the coated surface over an included angle (wrap angle) of 160 degrees.
- the twine loop was driven by a pulley affixed to the shaft of a variable speed motor and passed through the titanium dioxide slurry on each revolution.
- the slurry was continuously recirculated with als Systems Division, Union Carbide Corporation).
- the surface of the detonation gun coating was finished to a surface roughness of 132 A.A. (Arithmetic Average) microinches using a power driven brush and an aqueous slurry of 220 grit size silicon carbide to provide a low friction, brush finished" surface. Wear tests were run for time periods of l to 30 minutes for the chrome plated sample and 120 to 600 minutes for the brush finished, flame-sprayed sample. The coefficients of friction were determined as described previously.
- the results of the friction and wear tests are shown in Table 3.
- the average wear rate for the matte chrome plate was 3.0 X 10 mils per minute, and the friction value was increased appreciably after 5 minutes.
- the average wear rate for the brush finished, flame sprayed coating was 1.0 X 10 mils per minute, and the friction value was increased appreciably after 120 minutes.
- the average wear rate for the spherical aluminum oxide was 3.9 X 10", and the friction value remained low after 900 minutes.
- FIG. 2 shows a similar trace across the 600 minute scar in the brush finished, flame sprayed coating. Again, the scar is quite smooth compared to the unworn surfaces.
- FIG. 3 shows a similar trace across the 900 minute scar in the spherical aluminum oxide coating.
- Friction and wear tests were similarly made with one inch diameter low carbon steel bars containing a 0.002 inch thick coating of matte finished chrome plate (commercially available as Brame Finish No. 3, Brame Textile Machine Co., Greensboro, N. C.) and a 0.002 inch thick coating of flame-sprayed Ti0 40% M 0 applied by a detonation gun (commercially available as Type LA-7, Coating Service Dept, Materi- Edit, which is in the center of the Figure, is not so easily distinguished since the roughness in the scar is comparable to that of the adjacent unworn surfaces. The absence of a smooth trace in the scar explains the low friction value which persists after prolonged wear.
- FIG. 6 similarly shows the surface features of the un- 'worn, brush finish, flame-sprayed coating (SEM, 300x), and FIG. 7 shows the flattened wear scar after 600 minutes (SEM, 300x).
- FIG. 8 is an optical photomicrograph of the unworn spherical aluminum oxide coating taken at a magnificawear.
- FIG. 9 is a similar photomicrograph of the 900 minute wear scar, and illustrates the appreciable degree of roughness remaining on the surface after prolonged Example 3 i
- EXAMHE Z a horizontal magnification of 100 and also across the surfaces of sections from steel pigtails previously described in Example I and which contained single layer coatings of either 270, +325 or -400 Tyler mesh size aluminum oxide spheres.
- the number of distinct Table 4 w m, Particle Size Range Measured Calculated (Tyler Mesh) No. of Inches Peaks Peaks Peaks Traversed Per Inch Per Inch -270, +325 l2l 0.23 526 480-578 325, +400 97 0.15 645 578-685 400 2l'5 0.30 717 685 66h; diameter were added to cover it. The asfiifly was heated in an oven to I00C. and held there for l hour.
- the sphere coated sample was then cured by heating to 195C. for V. hour after which it was cooled to ambient.
- a final resin coating was applied by dipping the ball coated section in a resin (commercially available at 'Ciba Products Co. Araldite No. 502) mixed with an.
- the coated sample was cured for an hour at 100C.
- EXAMPLE 5 Two low carbon steel pigtail samples were cleaned as described in Example 1 and given an initial resin coating of a resin mixture consisting of 3.3 percent powder (commercially available as Hysol A7-43I4) prepared in chloroform. The samples were air-dried for 5 minutes at room temperature and while in a tack-free state they were placed in a container whereupon 400 Tyler mesh and finer alumina spheres were added to cover them. The assembly was heated in an oven to lC. and held thereat for 20 minutes to soften the resin sufficiently to produce a tacky surface which picked up essentially a single layer of the spheres.
- a resin mixture consisting of 3.3 percent powder (commercially available as Hysol A7-43I4) prepared in chloroform.
- the samples were air-dried for 5 minutes at room temperature and while in a tack-free state they were placed in a container whereupon 400 Tyler mesh and finer alumina spheres were added to cover them.
- the assembly was heated in an oven to l
- the assembly was then cooled to ambient in about 30 minutes whereupon the pigtail samples were removed and given a slight tap-, ping to dislodge the loosely adhering spheres.
- the sphere coated samples were then cured by heating to C. and being held thereat for one hour after which they were cooled to ambient.
- a final resin coating was applied by way of capillary action as described in Example 1 using a resin mixture held thereat for 1.5 hours after which they were cooled to ambient.
- EXAMPLE 6 Two low-carbon steel pigtail samples were processed as outlined in Example except that only one final resin coating was applied and that coating consisted of one-part epoxy resin diluted to 50 percent solid (commercially available as Hysol A7-43l5) which was mixed with a liquid blue dye (AC-6240). This final coating was applied by the capillary-fill technique and then the coated samples were cured at 195C. for 1.5 hours. The surface friction value of each of the two pigtail samples measured 0.215 and 0.225, respectively.
- EXAMPLE 7 Two low-carbon steel pigtail samples were processed as outlined in Example 6 except the final resin coating consisted of resin liquid (commercially available from Ciba Products Co. as Araldite No. 502) mixed with an amine type hardener (Ciba No. 951) in a weight ratio of to 1. This resin mixture was diluted to 60 cc per 100 cc of solution with acetone and then given a blue dye coloring using Hysol dye AC-6240. The overall resin mixture was 60 percent solid. This final resin coating was applied by the capillary-fill technique and then the coated samples were cured at 100C. for one hour. The surface friction value of each of the two pigtail samples measured 0.195 and 0.21, respectively.
- EXAMPLE 8 Two low-carbon steel pigtail samples were processed as outlined in Example 7 except that spherical alumina particles between 270 and 325 Tyler mesh size were used and a green coloring dye (Hysol AC6241) was added in the final resin coating. The surface friction value of each of the two cured samples measured 0.225 and 0.215, respectively.
- EXAMPLE 9 An extruded Nylon rod, %-inch diameter by 6 inches long was passed in front of a gas flame to smooth the surface. The cooled rod was given an initial resin coating of a resin mixture consisting of 3.3 percent powder (commercially available as l-lysol A7-43l4) prepared in chloroform. The sample was air dried for 5 minutes at room temperature and while in a tack-free state was placed in a container whereupon 400 Tyler mesh and finer alumina spheres were added to cover it. The assembly was heated in an oven to 100C. and held thereat for minutes to soften the resin sufficiently to produce a tacky surface which picked up essentially a single layer of the spheres.
- a resin mixture consisting of 3.3 percent powder (commercially available as l-lysol A7-43l4) prepared in chloroform.
- the sample was air dried for 5 minutes at room temperature and while in a tack-free state was placed in a container whereupon 400 Tyler mesh and finer alumina sphere
- the assembly was then cooled to ambient in about 30 minutes whereupon the sample was removed and given a slight tapping to dislodge the loosely adhering spheres.
- the sphere coated sample as then cured by heating to 160C. for four hours after which it was cooled to ambient.
- a final resin coating was applied by dipping the sphere coated section in a resin (commercially available as Ciba Products Co. Araldite No. 502) mixed with an amine hardener (Ciba No. 951) in a weight ratio of 10 to 1. This resin mixture was diluted to 35 cc per cc of solution with acetone before the dipping process. The coated sample was cured for an hour at 100C. The surface friction value: of the coated piece was 0.21.
- EXAMPLE 10 A cleaned, 1 inch O.D., by 3 inches long steel tube was painted on the outer surface with a mixture of 10 parts by weight epoxy resin (Union Carbide Corp. ERL 2,400) and 3 parts of an amine hardener (Union Carbide Corp. ZZL0822). The piece was then heated in an oven at 100C. for 13 minutes and cooled. The resin was now in a tacky stage. Minus 250 plus 270 Tyler mesh alumina spheres were immediately sprinkled on the tacky surface and the piece was given a final cure at 100C. for 2 hours. No second coat of epoxy was applied. After cooling the surface had a friction value of 0.205.
- epoxy resin Union Carbide Corp. ERL 2,400
- an amine hardener Union Carbide Corp. ZZL0822
- EXAMPLE 1 1 A low melting ceramic powder (Owens-Illinois substrate glaze, Article No. 01 158) was mixed with a liquid fugitive binder (Wall-Colmonoy brazing binder No. 500 standard) in a 1 to 1 weight ratio and painted on a Va in. diameter copper rod. The ceramic was melted by heating the rod to approximately 470C. After cooling to room temperature, the rod, now having a coating about 0.0005 in. thick, was buried in a pack of minus 400 mesh alumina spheres and heated to the softening point (about 450C.). The pack was allowed to cool and the sphere covered rod was tested on the frictometer. The friction value was 0.205.
- EXAMPLE 12 A mixture of 10 parts by weight epoxy resin (Union Carbide Corporation ERL 2,400) and 3 parts by weight of an amine hardener (Union Carbide Corporation ZZL 0822) was diluted with an equal weight of acetone. Spherical aluminum oxide, 270, +325 Tyler mesh size, was stirred into the above mixture until it had the consistency of a thick pancake batter. A %-inch-diameter steel rod was dipped into the mix to a depth of about 1 inch, removed from the mix with the adhering material, dried in air for 10 minutes, and cured in an oven for 2 hours at 100C. The so-coated surface had a coefficient of friction of 0.20.
- EXAMPLE 13 A mixture of 25 percent by weight of spherical A1 0 particles, sized 325 Tyler mesh, and a particulated fine thermosetting phenolic resin (Bakelite), 75 percent by weight, were blended by hand in a glass jar. The blended mixture was placed in a l-Mi inch diameter steel mold and a pressure of 4,200 psi. applied with a steel ram. The temperature of the mixture was raised to C. in 10 minutes, held thereat for 10 minutes and then cooled to room temperature. The pressure was released and the body pushed from the mold cavity. The cylindrical surface of the molded body was then grit blasted with an S. S. White air abrasive unit for approximately 20 minutes.
- S. S. White air abrasive unit for approximately 20 minutes.
- the abrasive used was fine calcium carbonate and was carried by 60 psi. air through a nozzle about 0.020 inch in diameter. Care was taken to grit blast the surface uniformly. This operation removed the Bakelite near the surface thereby exposing the rounded spheres thus providing a matte finish. The co-efficient of friction of this surface measured 0.20.
- EXAMPLE 14 Ten parts by weight of epoxy resin (Union Carbide Corporation ERL-2,400) and 3 parts by weight of an amine hardener (Union Carbide Corporation ZZL 0822) were mixed carefully to produce a homogeneous composite. To this mixture was added 71 percent by weight of spherical A1 particles, sized 270 to +325 Tyler mesh. The overall mixture was then stirred slowly until the particles were uniformly distributed throughout the composite whereupon the mixture was poured into a steel die with a cavity measuring 3 inches long, 25/32 inches outside diameter, and /2 inch inside diameter. The filled die was then placed in an oven and heated to 100C. for 1 hour. The die was then separated andthe' epoxy-A1 0 tube removed.
- epoxy resin Union Carbide Corporation ERL-2,400
- an amine hardener Union Carbide Corporation ZZL 0822
- the outside surfaceof the tube was grit blasted as in example 13; however, a 325 mesh rutile (TiO was used as the abrasive. This removed the excess epoxy layer thus exposing the Al O spheres which were slightly roughened.
- the surface was further finished by polishing with a long nap (felt) metallographic wheel, charged with a 1 micron diamond, for about 5 minutes. The coefficient of friction of this surface measured 0.21.
- EXAMPLE 5 A quantity of spherical A1 0 particles, sized 270 to +325 Tyler mesh, were added to Nicrobraze 500 in a glass beaker until the mixture had the consistency of a thick pancake batter.
- Nicrobraze 500 is a liquid fugitive binder made by the Wall Colmonoy Co. and is used for fastening powdered brazing compounds to metal surfaces.
- a inch diameter steel rod, grit blasted with 60 mesh A1 0 was dipped into the A1 0,, Nicrobraze mixture to a 1 inch depth and immediately removed. The as-coated rod was then heated for 1 hour at 100C. to drive off all the solvent and thereafter cooled to room temperature.
- the rod was further painted with a mixture of parts by weight of epoxy resin (Union Carbide Corporation ERL-2,400) and 3 parts by weight of an amine hardener (Union Carbide Corporation ZZL 0822) and then placed in an oven at 100C. for 1 hour. The rod, upon removal from the oven, was cooled to ambient and'a measurement of its surface revealed a coefficient of friction of 0.195.
- epoxy resin Union Carbide Corporation ERL-2,400
- an amine hardener Union Carbide Corporation ZZL 0822
- a low friction, wear-resistant material for guiding moving lengths of textile films and fibers said material having at least a surface composed of uniformly disposed spheroidal to spherical shaped wear-resistant particles having a rnicrohardness of at least about 500 Diamond Pyramid Hardness and a size between about 270 Tyler mesh and about 325 Tyler mesh, said particles partially embedded in a matrix such that the surfaces of the particles are exposed to provide a uniformly wavy low friction surface having a surface friction value of between about 0.17 and about 0.35.
- said substrate is selected from a group consisting of metals, metal alloys and plastics; said wear-resistant particles are selected from at least one of the groups consisting of metal oxides, metal carbides, rnetal borides, metal nitrides and metal silicides; and said matrix is selected from at least one of the groups consisting of rubber, resins, ceramics, glasses and metals.
- wear-resistant particles are selected from at least one of the groups consisting of metal oxides, metal carbides, metal borides, metal nitrides and metal silicides
- said matrix is selected from at least one of the groups consisting of rubber, resins, ceramics, glasses and metals.
- metal oxide is selected from at least one of the groups consisting of alumina, silica, chromium sequioxide, beryllium oxide, zirconium oxide, stannic oxide, titanium dioxide and the rare earth oxides.
- metal oxide is selected from at least one of the groups consisting of alumina, silica, chromium sequioxide, beryllium oxide, zirconium oxide, stannic oxide, and titanium dioxide.
- said resin matrix is selected from a group consisting of thermosetting and thermoplastic binders.
- said resin matrix is selected from a group consisting of thermosetting and thermoplastic binders.
- said substrate is low carbon steel; said matrix is epoxy resin; and said wear-resistant particles are substantially spherical alumina particles.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Laminated Bodies (AREA)
- Coating By Spraying Or Casting (AREA)
- Other Surface Treatments For Metallic Materials (AREA)
- Coating Of Shaped Articles Made Of Macromolecular Substances (AREA)
- Lubricants (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US11618071A | 1971-02-17 | 1971-02-17 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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US3787229A true US3787229A (en) | 1974-01-22 |
Family
ID=22365739
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US00116180A Expired - Lifetime US3787229A (en) | 1971-02-17 | 1971-02-17 | Low-friction, wear-resistant material |
Country Status (12)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US3787229A (fr) |
JP (1) | JPS5238068B1 (fr) |
AU (1) | AU475122B2 (fr) |
BE (1) | BE779403A (fr) |
BR (1) | BR7200804D0 (fr) |
CA (1) | CA983792A (fr) |
CH (1) | CH563316A5 (fr) |
DE (1) | DE2206698C3 (fr) |
FR (1) | FR2127020B1 (fr) |
GB (1) | GB1389244A (fr) |
IT (1) | IT948601B (fr) |
NL (1) | NL7201964A (fr) |
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-
1971
- 1971-02-17 US US00116180A patent/US3787229A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1972
- 1972-01-24 CA CA132,982A patent/CA983792A/en not_active Expired
- 1972-02-11 BR BR000804/72A patent/BR7200804D0/pt unknown
- 1972-02-12 DE DE2206698A patent/DE2206698C3/de not_active Expired
- 1972-02-15 FR FR727205014A patent/FR2127020B1/fr not_active Expired
- 1972-02-15 AU AU38980/72A patent/AU475122B2/en not_active Expired
- 1972-02-15 GB GB685572A patent/GB1389244A/en not_active Expired
- 1972-02-15 CH CH211672A patent/CH563316A5/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1972-02-15 IT IT48350/72A patent/IT948601B/it active
- 1972-02-15 NL NL7201964A patent/NL7201964A/xx not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1972-02-15 BE BE779403A patent/BE779403A/fr unknown
- 1972-02-15 JP JP47015310A patent/JPS5238068B1/ja active Pending
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US3896244A (en) * | 1971-11-17 | 1975-07-22 | Chromalloy American Corp | Method of producing plasma sprayed titanium carbide tool steel coatings |
US3849177A (en) * | 1972-06-26 | 1974-11-19 | Du Pont | Process employing catalyst coated yarn processing rolls |
US3902234A (en) * | 1972-06-26 | 1975-09-02 | Du Pont | Catalyst coated yarn handling roll |
US3929427A (en) * | 1972-07-10 | 1975-12-30 | Union Carbide Corp | Wear-resistant surface composite materials and method for producing same |
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US3928706A (en) * | 1973-06-25 | 1975-12-23 | Formica Int | Wear-resistant decorative laminates and methods for producing same |
US4043623A (en) * | 1973-08-16 | 1977-08-23 | Surface Technology Corporation | Wear resistant filament wear guides and method of making the same |
US4062484A (en) * | 1973-08-16 | 1977-12-13 | Surface Technology Corporation | Abrasion resistant filament wear guides and method of making same |
US4155757A (en) * | 1976-03-09 | 1979-05-22 | Thorn Electrical Industries Limited | Electric lamps and components and materials therefor |
US4052530A (en) * | 1976-08-09 | 1977-10-04 | Materials Technology Corporation | Co-deposited coating of aluminum oxide and titanium oxide and method of making same |
US4112148A (en) * | 1976-08-09 | 1978-09-05 | Materials Technology Corporation | Method of co-deposit coating aluminum oxide and titanium oxide |
US4228940A (en) * | 1977-09-14 | 1980-10-21 | Yozaburu Umehara | Tape guide means for recording and/or reproducing apparatus and method of manufacturing the same |
US4191345A (en) * | 1977-11-24 | 1980-03-04 | Tdk Electronics Company, Limited | Tape cassette |
DE2909739A1 (de) * | 1979-03-13 | 1980-09-18 | Stahlecker Fritz | Spinnrotor fuer eine offenend- spinnvorrichtung |
US4362012A (en) * | 1979-08-24 | 1982-12-07 | Societe Alsacienne De Constructions Mecaniques De Mulhouse | Anti-balloon devices of spinning frames |
US4358922A (en) * | 1980-04-10 | 1982-11-16 | Surface Technology, Inc. | Metallic articles having dual layers of electroless metal coatings incorporating particulate matter |
US4358923A (en) * | 1980-04-10 | 1982-11-16 | Surface Technology, Inc. | Composite coatings for open-end machinery parts |
DE3016675A1 (de) * | 1980-04-30 | 1981-11-05 | W. Schlafhorst & Co, 4050 Mönchengladbach | Offenend-spinnvorrichtung |
US4533968A (en) * | 1981-09-29 | 1985-08-06 | Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. | Ceramic guides for tape-like materials and process for the production thereof |
FR2541208A1 (fr) * | 1983-02-22 | 1984-08-24 | Repa Feinstanzwerk Gmbh | Piece de renvoi pour ceintures de securite de vehicules automobiles |
DE3431944A1 (de) * | 1983-09-09 | 1985-03-07 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toyoda Jidoshokki Seisakusho, Kariya, Aichi | Rotor fuer eine offen-end-spinnmaschine |
US4559886A (en) * | 1984-11-09 | 1985-12-24 | The Singer Company | Thread guide construction |
US4711665A (en) * | 1985-07-26 | 1987-12-08 | Pennsylvania Research Corporation | Oxidation resistant alloy |
US4730371A (en) * | 1987-02-17 | 1988-03-15 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Coated crimper rolls |
US5160097A (en) * | 1988-10-07 | 1992-11-03 | Iro Ab | Yarn storage and feed device |
DE3915558A1 (de) * | 1989-05-12 | 1990-11-15 | Feldmuehle Ag | Bauteil aus gesinterter polykristalliner keramik zum einsatz als fadenleit- oder bearbeitungsorgan und verfahren zu seiner herstellung |
DE4238507A1 (de) * | 1992-11-14 | 1994-05-19 | Gf Flamm Metallspritz Gmbh | Walze für Stütz-, Trag- und Transportzwecke von bahnförmigem Gut in der Papier- und Druckindustrie |
US5633086A (en) * | 1995-05-31 | 1997-05-27 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of Commerce | Friction and wear resistant coating for titanium and its alloys |
US7384697B2 (en) | 1997-02-20 | 2008-06-10 | Mannington Mills, Inc. | Surface coverings containing aluminum oxide |
US6228463B1 (en) | 1997-02-20 | 2001-05-08 | Mannington Mills, Inc. | Contrasting gloss surface coverings optionally containing dispersed wear-resistant particles and methods of making the same |
US6555216B2 (en) | 1997-02-20 | 2003-04-29 | Mannington Mill, Inc. | Contrasting gloss surface coverings optionally containing dispersed wear-resistant particles and methods of making the same |
US6218001B1 (en) * | 1997-10-22 | 2001-04-17 | Mannington Mills, Inc. | Surface coverings containing dispersed wear-resistant particles and methods of making the same |
US6291078B1 (en) | 1997-10-22 | 2001-09-18 | Mannington Mills, Inc. | Surface coverings containing aluminum oxide |
US5901893A (en) * | 1997-11-21 | 1999-05-11 | Eastman Kodak Company | Apparatus and method for conveying a web |
US6261692B1 (en) * | 1998-07-21 | 2001-07-17 | Korea Research Institute Of Chemical Technology | Carbon-carbon composites containing ceramic power and method for preparing the same |
US6161786A (en) * | 1998-07-27 | 2000-12-19 | Daiwa Seiko, Inc. | Spinning reel for fishing having transparent line roller |
US7582343B1 (en) * | 1999-06-15 | 2009-09-01 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Elastomeric article with fine colloidal silica surface treatment, and its preparation |
US20040050224A1 (en) * | 1999-10-21 | 2004-03-18 | Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. | Cutting apparatus and method for producing beltlike material |
WO2001046324A3 (fr) * | 1999-10-25 | 2001-11-15 | Allison Advanced Dev Co | Revetements resistant a l'erosion pour composites a matrice organique |
WO2001046324A2 (fr) * | 1999-10-25 | 2001-06-28 | Rolls-Royce Corporation | Revetements resistant a l'erosion pour composites a matrice organique |
US6873495B2 (en) * | 2000-08-21 | 2005-03-29 | Hewlett-Packard Ltd. | Recording and/or reproducing device comprising a coated tape guide |
US20030075582A1 (en) * | 2000-08-21 | 2003-04-24 | Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. | Recording and/or reproducing device comprising a coated tape guide |
US20050032939A1 (en) * | 2002-03-01 | 2005-02-10 | Kazuo Hokkirigawa | Synthetic resin composition with lubricative underwater properties containing RBC or CRBC fine powder |
US20030197082A1 (en) * | 2002-04-17 | 2003-10-23 | Nec Corporation | Magnetic tape drive for preventing a flange spacer from being stripped off |
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US20060013719A1 (en) * | 2004-07-14 | 2006-01-19 | Junichi Ichikawa | Wear-resistant sintered aluminum alloy with high strength and manufacturing method thereof |
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CN104195549A (zh) * | 2014-09-15 | 2014-12-10 | 内蒙古第一机械集团有限公司 | 履带车辆主动轮齿圈齿面强化方法 |
WO2023187704A1 (fr) * | 2022-03-30 | 2023-10-05 | Erasmus Rhynhardt | Compositions contenant du chrome |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JPS5238068B1 (fr) | 1977-09-27 |
CA983792A (en) | 1976-02-17 |
IT948601B (it) | 1973-06-11 |
DE2206698C3 (de) | 1979-03-29 |
NL7201964A (fr) | 1972-08-21 |
AU475122B2 (en) | 1976-08-12 |
BE779403A (fr) | 1972-08-16 |
GB1389244A (en) | 1975-04-03 |
DE2206698A1 (de) | 1972-08-31 |
BR7200804D0 (pt) | 1973-07-17 |
FR2127020B1 (fr) | 1973-06-29 |
AU3898072A (en) | 1973-08-16 |
CH563316A5 (fr) | 1975-06-30 |
FR2127020A1 (fr) | 1972-10-13 |
DE2206698B2 (de) | 1978-07-27 |
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