US3486295A - Method of packaging sterile liquids - Google Patents

Method of packaging sterile liquids Download PDF

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Publication number
US3486295A
US3486295A US615827A US3486295DA US3486295A US 3486295 A US3486295 A US 3486295A US 615827 A US615827 A US 615827A US 3486295D A US3486295D A US 3486295DA US 3486295 A US3486295 A US 3486295A
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United States
Prior art keywords
container
sterilising
chamber
filling
steam
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Expired - Lifetime
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US615827A
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English (en)
Inventor
Gad Anders Rausing
Alex Tuma
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Tetra Pak AB
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Tetra Pak AB
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65B—MACHINES, APPARATUS OR DEVICES FOR, OR METHODS OF, PACKAGING ARTICLES OR MATERIALS; UNPACKING
    • B65B55/00—Preserving, protecting or purifying packages or package contents in association with packaging
    • B65B55/02—Sterilising, e.g. of complete packages
    • B65B55/04—Sterilising wrappers or receptacles prior to, or during, packaging
    • B65B55/10—Sterilising wrappers or receptacles prior to, or during, packaging by liquids or gases
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65B—MACHINES, APPARATUS OR DEVICES FOR, OR METHODS OF, PACKAGING ARTICLES OR MATERIALS; UNPACKING
    • B65B31/00—Packaging articles or materials under special atmospheric or gaseous conditions; Adding propellants to aerosol containers
    • B65B31/02—Filling, closing, or filling and closing, containers or wrappers in chambers maintained under vacuum or superatmospheric pressure or containing a special atmosphere, e.g. of inert gas

Definitions

  • a method and device for filling a receptacle under sterilised conditions comprises a chamber into which an unsterilised open top container is inserted.
  • the chamber is thereafter sealed closed, a sterilising agent is admitted into the chamber to sterilise both it and the interior of the container, the filling liquid is then introduced into the container after which the container top is pressed closed, and the filled and closed container is then removed subsequent to re-opening of the chamber.
  • the present invention is a method of packaging sterile substances and especially sterile liquids in a container, preferably a container of a type which has a wide opening.
  • equipment characterized by a germ-tight chamber which is provided with a filler nozzle connected to a store of the sterile substance, with fittings for the supply of the sterilising agent and the removal of the sterilising agent that has fiown through the chamber, and with mechanism for the closing of the container or containers in the chamber.
  • FIG. 1 shows how an empty container is introduced into a sterilising chamber
  • FIG. 2 shows the sterilisation of the chamber and the container
  • FIG. 3 shows the filling of the container
  • FIG. 4 shows the closing of the container and finally FIG. 5 shows how the package is taken out of the sterilising chamber and is finally sealed.
  • the sterilising chamber 16 which is shown in FIGS. 1-5 consists in the type demonstrated of the interior of a housing 1 open at the bottom, into which are connected a duct 6 for the supply of the sterilising agent, and exhaust duct 12, a filler nozzle 10, a vacuum pipe 11 and the mechanism 14 for closing the full containers.
  • Ducts 6 and 12 are both provided with valves 8 and 13 by means of which the flow of the sterilising agent into and out of chamber 16 may be regulated.
  • the sterilising chamber is closed with a bottom plate 3 which by means of a rod 4 may be moved to any one of two positions.
  • the bottom 3 is brought over the opening of chamber 16 and pressed against a gasket type seal 5.
  • the bottom 3 which in one of the positions is thus an end-wall of the sterilising housing 1 is arranged to serve as a platform for the container 2 to be sterilised and filled.
  • FIGS. 1S show an empty pre-produced packaging container which in the form of the invention considered is to be a plastic coated paper or carton container of the type which is closed by means of concertina folding of the upper edge portion of the container.
  • the container 2 is placed on bottom 3 and is pushed by means of rod 4 into the sterilising chamber 16.
  • valves 8 and 13 as well as filling pipe 10 and vacuum pipe 11 have been closed.
  • valves 8 and 13 are opened.
  • duct 9 which is connected to a store of the sterilising agent or an apparatus producing the sterilising agent, in this case steam
  • the steam heated to sterilising temperature flows into sterilising chamber 16.
  • the discharge end of supply pipe 6 is constructed with dual discharge nozzles 7a, 7b such that the inside of the container has a direct supply of steam through nozzle 7a while the exterior of the container is bathed with the sterilising agent through nozzle 7b.
  • the inside and outside of container 2 may be simultaneously treated as the rest of the sterilising chamber is sterilised.
  • the steam temperature during experiments was C. (300 F.) and the effective time approximately 5 seconds.
  • the valve 13 is open during the time steam flows through, in order that this may leave the sterilising chamber.
  • valves 8 and 13 are shut.
  • Valve 13 is shut in order to prevent contaminated air being sucked back into duct 12, since the steam in the sterilising chamber 16 condenses and there is thus a lower pressure in the chamber.
  • Valve 13 may perhaps be shut a little later than valve 8 but no later than when the pressure in sterilising chamber 16 has decreased so much that the inner and outer pressures are equal.
  • valve 13 may be opened after valve 8. If the steam entering has a sufficiently high temperature, sterilising temperature may be reached in the sterilising chamber without steam being exhausted during the whole of the time that valve 8 is open. This is naturally preferable from the point of view of steam economy.
  • part of the steam in the container may, before it condenses, be sucked out through the vacuum pipe 11 which is connected to a vacuum pump.
  • FIG. 3 shows how the sterilised container 2 is filled with the sterile substance through filler nozzle connected to a storage container for the substance.
  • filler nozzle 10 is made retractable so that at the beginning of the filling operation it may reach right down into the container and then during filling be gradually drawn up with the orifice below the surface of the contents, so that after filling has been completed it may reach a position above the upper edge of the container 2.
  • container 2 is closed by reciprocating rod mechanism which comprises a pair of mating pressure jaws 14 located at the inner ends of the rods.
  • the closure which naturally may be effected in many ways should be so mechanically durable that it will not become undone when the package is removed from sterilising chamber 16 in the manner shown in FIG. 5.
  • the removal of the closed container 2 from sterilising chamber 16 is effected by means of rod 4 which is displaced downwards.
  • sterility of sterilising chamber 16 as well as the outside of container 2 is naturally lost when sterilising chamber 16 is opened, but owing to the closure of the container 2 being germ-tight both the inside of container 2 and the contents are protected from contamination.
  • the finished package is removed from the bottom 3 on which is then placed a new, empty container 2 which is introduced into sterilising chamber 16, whereupon the whole cycle of operations is repeated.
  • sterilising housing 1 may with advantage be constructed so large that a number of containers can be treated at the same time, and further, as mentioned earlier, it is not necessary to use steam, either dry or superheated, as the sterilising agent but it is possible to make use of a number of other heat carriers heated up to sterilising temperature, and also chemically sterilising gases or vapours.
  • the method may further naturally be used on types of packaging containers other than those consisting of plastic-coated paper or cardboard, even if the method is especially suitable for this type of container, since it had not earlier been possible to sterilise and fill these by known methods.
  • the container should have a comparatively wide opening, which will assist efiicient flow of the steam; otherwise the packaging container may have any shape.
  • the method has proved simple and reliable and comparatively cheap when used with the equipment shown, since the quantity of steam consumed in sterilisation is slight and the sterilising process fast and efiicient.
  • a device for filling a plastic coated container with a sterile liquid comprising a housing having an open bottom which faces downwardly, a support plate on which an open top container is carried, means for raising said support plate upwardly from a starting position into contact with the side walls of said housing thereby to close off the interior of said housing to establish a filling chamber and carry said container into the same, supply and removal pipe means for flowing a gaseous sterilising agent in the form of steam into and out of said chamber. cut-01f valves located respectively in said supply and removal pipe means, means for evacuating said chamber.
  • a filling pipe in said chamber for filling said open top container said filling pipe being movable longitudinally of itself so as to enter and be withdrawn from said container, and means for closing the top of said container while in said chamber and subsequent to the filling thereof, said support plate being thereafter lowered to its starting position to open said chamber and withdraw said filled and closed container, the surfaces of said means for closing the top said container and the interior surface of said support plate which come into contact with the plastic coated surface of said container being provided with an adhesion preventative coating.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
  • Vacuum Packaging (AREA)
  • Apparatus For Disinfection Or Sterilisation (AREA)
  • Basic Packing Technique (AREA)
US615827A 1966-03-07 1967-02-13 Method of packaging sterile liquids Expired - Lifetime US3486295A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
SE2921/66A SE313147B (zh) 1966-03-07 1966-03-07

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US3486295A true US3486295A (en) 1969-12-30

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Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US615827A Expired - Lifetime US3486295A (en) 1966-03-07 1967-02-13 Method of packaging sterile liquids

Country Status (6)

Country Link
US (1) US3486295A (zh)
CH (1) CH470999A (zh)
DE (1) DE1617967A1 (zh)
FR (1) FR1512739A (zh)
GB (1) GB1148645A (zh)
SE (1) SE313147B (zh)

Cited By (39)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3634099A (en) * 1969-11-20 1972-01-11 Fmc Corp Control of hydrogen formation in pouches during heat treatment
US3910009A (en) * 1974-09-25 1975-10-07 Rexham Corp Machine for establishing a controlled atmosphere in packages
US4109441A (en) * 1975-04-21 1978-08-29 Continental Can Company, Inc. Sealing unit for autoclave sterilization of flexible packages
US4148933A (en) * 1976-08-31 1979-04-10 In. Da. Te. Aktiengesellschaft Preserving food products
US4308710A (en) * 1979-06-06 1982-01-05 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Process and apparatus for packaging
US4344468A (en) * 1979-06-06 1982-08-17 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Process and apparatus for packaging
US4458734A (en) * 1982-01-29 1984-07-10 Scholle Corporation Apparatus and method for aseptically filling a container
US4506600A (en) * 1980-11-14 1985-03-26 Nestec, S.A. Canning apparatus
US4595560A (en) * 1983-07-16 1986-06-17 Robert Bosch Gmbh Method for sterilizing packaging material and/or packaging apparatus
US4683701A (en) * 1986-02-13 1987-08-04 Ex-Cell-O Corporation Container sterilization apparatus
US5007232A (en) * 1989-11-20 1991-04-16 Abbott Laboratories Apparatus and method of use of sterilizing containers using hydrogen peroxide vapor
US5027588A (en) * 1987-07-13 1991-07-02 Toyo Seikan Kaisha Ltd. Apparatus for substituting inert gases
US5062252A (en) * 1990-08-08 1991-11-05 Viskase Corporation Vacuum packaging method and apparatus
US5085035A (en) * 1990-10-05 1992-02-04 International Paper Company Gas displacement device for packaging food and non-food products
US5201165A (en) * 1990-10-05 1993-04-13 International Paper Company Gas displacement device for packaging food and non-food products
US5447699A (en) * 1993-11-17 1995-09-05 The West Company Combination container for holding sterilized elements and a sterilizable transfer port
US5617705A (en) * 1993-09-16 1997-04-08 Sanfilippo; James J. System and method for sealing containers
US5729956A (en) * 1996-04-23 1998-03-24 Apex Medical Technologies, Inc Aqua ammonia production by desorption
US5749203A (en) * 1994-09-23 1998-05-12 Kimberly-Clark Corporation Method of packaging a medical article
US5816024A (en) * 1996-05-07 1998-10-06 Jescorp, Inc. Apparatus and method for exposing product to a controlled environment
US5881535A (en) * 1996-04-09 1999-03-16 Baxter International, Inc. Apparatus and method for filling and sealing intravenous solution bags
US5896727A (en) * 1994-12-06 1999-04-27 Nestec S.A. Method and apparatus for removing and displacing package headspace sterilized air
US5911249A (en) * 1997-03-13 1999-06-15 Jescorp, Inc. Gassing rail apparatus and method
US5961000A (en) * 1996-11-14 1999-10-05 Sanfilippo; James J. System and method for filling and sealing containers in controlled environments
US6032438A (en) * 1993-09-16 2000-03-07 Sanfilippo; James J. Apparatus and method for replacing environment within containers with a controlled environment
US6202388B1 (en) 1998-11-06 2001-03-20 Jescorp, Inc. Controlled environment sealing apparatus and method
US6230472B1 (en) * 1998-02-17 2001-05-15 Reudiger Haaga Gmbh Process and apparatus for sterilizing, filling and sealing containers
US6694709B2 (en) * 2002-01-22 2004-02-24 Nippon Tansan Gas Co., Ltd. Apparatus to charge and seal in contents
US6752959B2 (en) 2001-10-05 2004-06-22 Pepsico, Inc. High-speed, low temperature sterilization and sanitization apparatus and method
US20060016511A1 (en) * 2003-10-29 2006-01-26 Vinit Chantalat Method and apparatus for preserving beverages and foodstuff
WO2006054065A1 (en) * 2004-11-16 2006-05-26 Elopak Systems Ag Apparatus and method
US20080178558A1 (en) * 2005-03-30 2008-07-31 F B R- Elpo-Societa' Per Azioni Machine For Filling Sealed Soft Containers in an Aseptic Environment, and Method For Their Filling
WO2011002384A1 (en) * 2009-07-03 2011-01-06 Tetra Laval Holdings & Finance S.A. Packaging machine and packaging method
US20110225931A1 (en) * 2007-08-07 2011-09-22 Mars Incorporated Method and apparatus for packing a material in a packing container
US10006714B2 (en) 2007-08-07 2018-06-26 Mars, Incorporated Apparatus for drying a material
DE102017120746A1 (de) * 2017-09-08 2019-03-14 Krones Ag Vorrichtung und Verfahren zum Befüllen eines zu befüllenden Behälters mit einem Füllprodukt und zum Verschließen des befüllten Behälters
EP3491935A1 (en) 2017-11-29 2019-06-05 IXON Food Technology Limited Method for preparing food
JP2020179873A (ja) * 2019-04-24 2020-11-05 三菱重工機械システム株式会社 飲料充填装置及び飲料充填方法
US11319200B1 (en) * 2019-05-03 2022-05-03 Paul A. Olson Counter-pressure filler

Families Citing this family (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3044061A1 (de) * 1980-11-22 1982-06-03 Papier-und Kunststoff-Werke Linnich GmbH, 4000 Düsseldorf Verfahren zum entkeimen von verpackungsmaterial mittels dampf
DE3119037A1 (de) * 1981-05-13 1982-12-02 Ganzhorn u. Stirn GmbH + Co, 7170 Schwäbisch Hall Verfahren und vorrichtung zum sterilisieren
SE500355C2 (sv) * 1989-04-25 1994-06-06 Tetra Laval Holdings & Finance Sätt och anordning för att sterilisera föremål medelst gasformigt steriliseringsmedel
SE515221C2 (sv) * 1996-03-20 2001-07-02 Scandimed Internat Ab Förfarande för framställning av och anordning vid en förpackning med en sterilt förpackad behållare med sterilt innehåll
DE19612322C2 (de) * 1996-03-28 2002-09-26 Tetra Laval Holdings & Finance Vorrichtung und Verfahren zum Sterilisieren von Behältern und zum Füllen derselben mit fließfähigen Nahrungsmitteln
BE1015727A3 (nl) * 2003-10-21 2005-07-05 Desclean Belgie Nv Inrichting voor het behandelen van producten door middel van een gas.
DE102016221687A1 (de) * 2016-11-04 2018-05-09 Sig Technology Ag Keimzahlverringerungseinrichtung und Umfalteinrichtung zum Sterilisieren eines Behältervorläufers aus einem flächenförmigen Verbund, insbesondere in einer Füllmaschine

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1365673A (en) * 1917-05-05 1921-01-18 Margaret Fenn Process of sterilizing canned fruits, vegetables, or the like
US2796913A (en) * 1954-10-04 1957-06-25 Langer Art of heat sealing and severing thermoplastic films
CA607465A (en) * 1960-10-25 James F. Ryan, Jr. Method and apparatus for aseptically canning
US3177906A (en) * 1960-09-12 1965-04-13 Jagenberg Werke Ag Method of and apparatus for dispensing liquids, such as milk or the like
US3220157A (en) * 1961-06-30 1965-11-30 Hesser Ag Maschf Chamber for the evacuation and gas treatment of packages

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CA607465A (en) * 1960-10-25 James F. Ryan, Jr. Method and apparatus for aseptically canning
US1365673A (en) * 1917-05-05 1921-01-18 Margaret Fenn Process of sterilizing canned fruits, vegetables, or the like
US2796913A (en) * 1954-10-04 1957-06-25 Langer Art of heat sealing and severing thermoplastic films
US3177906A (en) * 1960-09-12 1965-04-13 Jagenberg Werke Ag Method of and apparatus for dispensing liquids, such as milk or the like
US3220157A (en) * 1961-06-30 1965-11-30 Hesser Ag Maschf Chamber for the evacuation and gas treatment of packages

Cited By (51)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3634099A (en) * 1969-11-20 1972-01-11 Fmc Corp Control of hydrogen formation in pouches during heat treatment
US3910009A (en) * 1974-09-25 1975-10-07 Rexham Corp Machine for establishing a controlled atmosphere in packages
US4109441A (en) * 1975-04-21 1978-08-29 Continental Can Company, Inc. Sealing unit for autoclave sterilization of flexible packages
US4148933A (en) * 1976-08-31 1979-04-10 In. Da. Te. Aktiengesellschaft Preserving food products
US4254152A (en) * 1976-08-31 1981-03-03 In. Da. Te. Aktiengesellschaft Preserving food products
US4308710A (en) * 1979-06-06 1982-01-05 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Process and apparatus for packaging
US4344468A (en) * 1979-06-06 1982-08-17 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Process and apparatus for packaging
US4506600A (en) * 1980-11-14 1985-03-26 Nestec, S.A. Canning apparatus
US4458734A (en) * 1982-01-29 1984-07-10 Scholle Corporation Apparatus and method for aseptically filling a container
US4595560A (en) * 1983-07-16 1986-06-17 Robert Bosch Gmbh Method for sterilizing packaging material and/or packaging apparatus
US4683701A (en) * 1986-02-13 1987-08-04 Ex-Cell-O Corporation Container sterilization apparatus
US5027588A (en) * 1987-07-13 1991-07-02 Toyo Seikan Kaisha Ltd. Apparatus for substituting inert gases
US5007232A (en) * 1989-11-20 1991-04-16 Abbott Laboratories Apparatus and method of use of sterilizing containers using hydrogen peroxide vapor
US5062252A (en) * 1990-08-08 1991-11-05 Viskase Corporation Vacuum packaging method and apparatus
US5085035A (en) * 1990-10-05 1992-02-04 International Paper Company Gas displacement device for packaging food and non-food products
US5201165A (en) * 1990-10-05 1993-04-13 International Paper Company Gas displacement device for packaging food and non-food products
US5452563A (en) * 1990-10-05 1995-09-26 International Paper Company Gas displacement method for packaging food and non-food products
US5617705A (en) * 1993-09-16 1997-04-08 Sanfilippo; James J. System and method for sealing containers
US6032438A (en) * 1993-09-16 2000-03-07 Sanfilippo; James J. Apparatus and method for replacing environment within containers with a controlled environment
US5916110A (en) * 1993-09-16 1999-06-29 Sanfilippo; James J. System and method for sealing containers
US5447699A (en) * 1993-11-17 1995-09-05 The West Company Combination container for holding sterilized elements and a sterilizable transfer port
US5749203A (en) * 1994-09-23 1998-05-12 Kimberly-Clark Corporation Method of packaging a medical article
US5896727A (en) * 1994-12-06 1999-04-27 Nestec S.A. Method and apparatus for removing and displacing package headspace sterilized air
US5881535A (en) * 1996-04-09 1999-03-16 Baxter International, Inc. Apparatus and method for filling and sealing intravenous solution bags
US5948399A (en) * 1996-04-23 1999-09-07 Mcglothlin; Mark W. Aqua ammonia production by desorption
US5729956A (en) * 1996-04-23 1998-03-24 Apex Medical Technologies, Inc Aqua ammonia production by desorption
US5816024A (en) * 1996-05-07 1998-10-06 Jescorp, Inc. Apparatus and method for exposing product to a controlled environment
US5961000A (en) * 1996-11-14 1999-10-05 Sanfilippo; James J. System and method for filling and sealing containers in controlled environments
US5911249A (en) * 1997-03-13 1999-06-15 Jescorp, Inc. Gassing rail apparatus and method
US6230472B1 (en) * 1998-02-17 2001-05-15 Reudiger Haaga Gmbh Process and apparatus for sterilizing, filling and sealing containers
US6202388B1 (en) 1998-11-06 2001-03-20 Jescorp, Inc. Controlled environment sealing apparatus and method
US6752959B2 (en) 2001-10-05 2004-06-22 Pepsico, Inc. High-speed, low temperature sterilization and sanitization apparatus and method
US6694709B2 (en) * 2002-01-22 2004-02-24 Nippon Tansan Gas Co., Ltd. Apparatus to charge and seal in contents
US7165581B2 (en) * 2003-10-29 2007-01-23 Vinit Chantalat Method and apparatus for preserving beverages and foodstuff
US20060016511A1 (en) * 2003-10-29 2006-01-26 Vinit Chantalat Method and apparatus for preserving beverages and foodstuff
US20090032137A1 (en) * 2004-11-16 2009-02-05 John Paul Ducsay Apparatus And Method
WO2006054065A1 (en) * 2004-11-16 2006-05-26 Elopak Systems Ag Apparatus and method
EP2281751A1 (en) 2004-11-16 2011-02-09 Elopak Systems AG Apparatus and methof for aseptically filling containers
US7690171B2 (en) * 2005-03-30 2010-04-06 FBR-ELPO-Societa per Azioni Machine for filling sealed soft containers in an aseptic environment, and method for their filling
US20080178558A1 (en) * 2005-03-30 2008-07-31 F B R- Elpo-Societa' Per Azioni Machine For Filling Sealed Soft Containers in an Aseptic Environment, and Method For Their Filling
US10006714B2 (en) 2007-08-07 2018-06-26 Mars, Incorporated Apparatus for drying a material
US20110225931A1 (en) * 2007-08-07 2011-09-22 Mars Incorporated Method and apparatus for packing a material in a packing container
US10113794B2 (en) 2007-08-07 2018-10-30 Mars, Incorporated Method for drying a material
US8484933B2 (en) * 2007-08-07 2013-07-16 Mars, Inc. Method and apparatus for packing a material in a packing container
WO2011002384A1 (en) * 2009-07-03 2011-01-06 Tetra Laval Holdings & Finance S.A. Packaging machine and packaging method
CN102470940B (zh) * 2009-07-03 2014-05-07 利乐拉瓦尔集团及财务有限公司 包装机器和包装方法
CN102470940A (zh) * 2009-07-03 2012-05-23 利乐拉瓦尔集团及财务有限公司 包装机器和包装方法
DE102017120746A1 (de) * 2017-09-08 2019-03-14 Krones Ag Vorrichtung und Verfahren zum Befüllen eines zu befüllenden Behälters mit einem Füllprodukt und zum Verschließen des befüllten Behälters
EP3491935A1 (en) 2017-11-29 2019-06-05 IXON Food Technology Limited Method for preparing food
JP2020179873A (ja) * 2019-04-24 2020-11-05 三菱重工機械システム株式会社 飲料充填装置及び飲料充填方法
US11319200B1 (en) * 2019-05-03 2022-05-03 Paul A. Olson Counter-pressure filler

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
GB1148645A (en) 1969-04-16
CH470999A (de) 1969-04-15
DE1617967A1 (de) 1972-04-27
FR1512739A (fr) 1968-02-09
SE313147B (zh) 1969-08-04

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