Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
  • C11D9/00—Compositions of detergents based essentially on soap
  • C11D9/04—Compositions of detergents based essentially on soap containing compounding ingredients other than soaps
  • C11D9/22—Organic compounds, e.g. vitamins
  • C11D9/30—Organic compounds, e.g. vitamins containing nitrogen
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
  • C11D1/00—Detergent compositions based essentially on surface-active compounds; Use of these compounds as a detergent
  • C11D1/38—Cationic compounds
  • C11D1/46—Esters of carboxylic acids with amino alcohols; Esters of amino carboxylic acids with alcohols
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
  • C11D10/00—Compositions of detergents, not provided for by one single preceding group
  • C11D10/04—Compositions of detergents, not provided for by one single preceding group based on mixtures of surface-active non-soap compounds and soap
  • C11D10/047—Compositions of detergents, not provided for by one single preceding group based on mixtures of surface-active non-soap compounds and soap based on cationic surface-active compounds and soap
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
  • C11D17/00—Detergent materials or soaps characterised by their shape or physical properties
  • C11D17/0095—Solid transparent soaps or detergents
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
  • C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
  • C11D3/16—Organic compounds
  • C11D3/26—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
  • C11D3/30—Amines; Substituted amines ; Quaternized amines
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
  • C11D9/00—Compositions of detergents based essentially on soap
  • C11D9/002—Non alkali-metal soaps

Definitions

• keratin like every protein containing cystin in its molecule, is apt to absorb oxygen from the air when placed in a medium having a pH value equal to or above 9.5, such as that provided by water solutions of alkali metal soaps. Once started, this reaction proceeds even after the environment is no longer alkaline. In this way also, therefore, the contact of the skin with water solutions of alkali metal soaps causes the keratin to lose its chemical and biological properties.
• the epidermis has the power of secreting fatty materials which are acid or become acid by auto-oxidation, as is the case with sebaceous fats.
• acid secretions may cause physiological inconveniences, amongst which are objectionable body odors.
• the action of conventional alkali metal soaps on such secretions is limited to emulsifying the fatty acids contained therein, whilst at the same time they are partially decomposed themselves with liberation of their own fatty acids. These in their turn react with the calcium and magnesium salts of hard water to form insoluble soaps which deposit on the part that is being washed, for example on the skin or in the hair, and on the container used for the washing operation,
• a soap with advantageous properties can be obtained by mixing a transparent alkali metal soap with the product of the reaction of a soap-forming fatty acid having no less than 18 carbon atoms with triethanolamine in excess, that is more tricthanolamine than required to fully neutralize said fatty acid in form of a salt thereof, the proportions of ingredients and the reacting conditions being controlled to obtain a hard, transparent, substantially non-alkaline soap.
• the proportion of tricthanolamine employed should be no less than two mols, but no more than three mols per mol of soap-forming fatty acid, the preferred ratio of triethanolamine to fatty acid being-2.5 mols of triethanolarnine to one mol of fatty acid.
• a mixed, hard, transparent soap comprising essentially a transparent alkali metal soap, a triethanolammonium salt of a soap-forming.
• fatty acid having no less than 18 carbon atoms, and an excess quantity of triethanolamine equal to at least the stoichiometric quantity of triethanolamine combined with said fatty acid in form of a salt thereof and to-at most twice said stoichiometric quantity
• said mixed soap having a pH value of approximately7;5 in 10% aqueous solution and being capable of neutralizing a substantial quantity of an acid and of a base without its foaming power and its pH being affected.
• the improved mixed soap embodying this invention may be made in the following manner: one molecular proportion of a soap-forming fatty acid having no less than 18 carbon atoms is mixed with between two and three molecular proportions of triethanolamine and with the desired quantity of a transparent alkali metal soap.
• the mixture is heated at a temperature withinthe range of-l20 C., preferably C., until the reaction is complete, that is until the mixture exhibits a homogeneous transparency which is maintained on cooling'and a pH value of approximately 7.5 in 10% aqueous solution.
• The-"duration of the period of heating varies to neutralize both acids and bases.
• the product obtained is a mixture of a transparent alkali metal soap with a triethanolamine' fatty acid soap andan excess triethanolamine amounting to between one and two. molecular proportions per molecular proportion of fatty acid combined in the triethanolamine fatty acid soap.
• the proportion of alkali metal soap in the mixture should be so chosen that the product has the required characteristics in addition to complying with the criteria mentioned above, that is the product should be sutficiently hard and transparent.
• I provide a process for the preparation of a mixed, hard, transparent soap, which comprises mixing a soap-forming fatty acid having no less than 18 carbon atoms with at least two and at most three molecular proportions of triethanolamine per molecular proportion of said fatty acid, and with a transparent alkali metal soap, and then heating the mixture at a temperature within the range of 100- 120 C. until it exhibits a homogeneous transparency which is maintained on cooling and a pH value of approximately 7.5 in 10% aqueous solution.
• a triethanolamine-fatty acid soap containing an excess triethanolamine can have a pH value of approximately 7.5.
• triethanolamine-fatty acid soaps if fully neutralized, have a pH value of about 8, and that if mixed in small proportions with alkali metal soaps they tend to bulfer their alkalinity, such small quantities, and even largerones, could hardly be expected to' lower the pH value of the mixed soap to approximately the neutral point.
• the Products A and B may be referred to as triethanolammonium ethers of triethanolammonium salt of fatty acid.
• Their pH value in aqueous solution has been found equal to approximately 7.5, thus close to neutrality.
• the pH of the products is in no way affected by the presence of the fatty acid (RCOOH) liberated, since said fatty acid at once reacts with further triethanolamine, as exemplified in Equation 1.
• the mixed soap is transparent and of such a hard consistency that it can hardly be cut with a steel wire, while sodium soaps are hard but are out quite readily with a steel wire and soaps of the Formulae A and B are of soft consistency. Further, the mixed soap melts at about 60 C. while sodium soaps do not melt.
• the pH value of the mixed soap in 10% aqueous solution is substantially neutral while the pH value of a 10% aqueous solution of a sodium soap is about 9.5.
• the mixed soap has a chemical structure similar to that of alums and miscellaneous complex salts known in inorganic chemistry. In fact, large molecules appear to be formed in the reaction mixture by adsorption between one mol of the Product A or B and one mol of alkali metal soap.
• t e mixed soap may be represented by the following for-' mulae, in which R is an aliphatic group containing no less than 18 carbon atoms:
• the excess triethanolamine in the mixed soap must not theoretically exceed the 3 mols of triethanolamine capable of combining with the free hydroxyl groups of the tri ethanol-ammonium salt of fatty acid in form of ethers thereof, as otherwise the final product would contain an excess of free triethanolamine and its pH value would rise abruptly to about 11.5, which represents the pH value of free triethanolamine.
• a few drops of an acid for example dilute hydrochloric acid, are smeared on the hand and 2 drops of methyl-orange indicator are added thereto: the hand assumes a red color due to the acidity of the medium. If lather derived from my improved mixed soap is applied to the hand, the red color disappears, giving way to a yellow color, which indicates that the soap has neutralized the hydrochloric acid.
• a further characteristic feature of the mixed soap wish this test illustrates is that no fatty acid is liberated, which can be seen from the absence of sticky film on the hand, and that the lather persists.
• the hand first assumes an intense red color due to the alkalinity of the medium. If the lather of my improved soap is then applied to the hand, the red color disappears and the hand turns colorless, which indicates that the soap has neutralized the caustic soda.
• tube 2 In another glass tube (tube 2), 1 gm. of any known toilet soap is dissolved in 9 gm. of distilled water and a few drops of phenolphthalein are added thereto: the contents of tube 2 exhibit a red color, which shows a pH value of about 9 to 10.
• tube 2 Part of the contents of tube 2 is then poured out into tube 1: on shaking tube 1 the red color disappears, which indicates that a 10% water solution of my improved soap is not only substantially neutral, but further capable of neutralizing Further, a few drops of phenolphthalein solution are run gently along the inside walls of tube 1 and then a sodium hydroxide solution is allowed to flow drop by drop into the tube: an intense red color first appears due to the contact of caustic soda with phenolphthalein. Upon shaking the tube, however, the red color immediately disappears, which indicates that my improved soap has the power of neutralizing a substantial amount of a base. If additional caustic soda solution is added drop by drop into tube l,'it is observed that a substantial excess-of base a reddishvcolor. If, however, as little as one drop of caustic soda solution is added to tube 2, the red tint does not disappear, but is intensified, which indicates that alkali metal soaps basic media.
• My improved soap which may be referred to as neutrogenous, thus effectively possesses the property, which as far as I know is novel, of being capable of neutralizing a substantial quantity of an acid and of a base without its foaming power and its pH being affected.
• a possible explanation of this property is illustrated by the following equations, in which R represents an aliphatic group having at least 18 carbon atoms, the molecule of alkali metal soap which, it is believed, forms a part of the complex molecule of mixed soap, being omitted for the purpose of simplification.
• the ether functions of the mixed soap which are in reversible equilibrium, are believed to be decomposed more readily than the salt function.
• the triethanolamine is thus liberated from its ether functions and forms a salt With the acid while the tn'ethanolammonium salt remains unchanged.
• a triethanolammonium salt of such a fatty acid may be used as one of the starting materials in the process according to this invention, provided the ratio of excess triethanolamine to fatty acid isreduced accordingly to'between one and v twomolecular proportionsof triethanolamine per molecular proportion of fatty acid in said salt.
• Soap embodying my invention may also be made by completely saponifying miscellaneous vegetable and/or animal fatsor oils which preferably include about 30% of castor oil and .are previously mixed with a suitable quantity of triethanolamine, with an excess caustic alkali at a temperature within the range of l00120 C., then neutralizing the uncombined caustic alkali and part of the triethanolamine with an appropriate quantity of a soap-forming fatty acid having no lessthan 17 carbon atoms, and finally heating the mixture at a temperature within the range of 120 C. until it exhibits a-homogeneous transparency which is maintained on cooling and a pH value of approximately 7.5 in 10% aqueous solution.
• the quantities of fatty acid and triethanolamine employed should be so chosen that/there will be between two and three molecular proportions of triethanolamine per molecular proportion of fatty acidnot required. to neutralize the uncombined caustic alkali.
• the mixture of fats or oils used should contain approximately 30% of castor oil as a more attractive transparency is imparted to the final product thereby.
• ricinoleates which are obtained from castor oil by the saponification process, tend to dissolve higher fatty acid salts, such as stearates, and thus inhibit crystallisation of the latter inside the final soap on cooling.
• Any suitable alkali metal soap may be used for the purpose of the present invention, those based on sodium stearate being preferred.
• the vegetable and/or animal fats or oils used may be olive oil, castor oil, pea-nut oil, palm aromatic oil, cocoa-nut oil, beef tallow and the like.
• Suitable soap-forming fatty acids having no less than 17 carbon atoms are, for example, stearic acid and behenic acid.
• Example 1 10 kg. of a transparent alkali metal soap are mixed with 6.7 kg. of stearic acid, 8.3 kg. of triethanolamine and 3 kg. of the sodium salt of laurylsulfuric acid. The mixture is heated at 110 C. until it exhibits a homogeneous transparency which is maintained on cooling and a pH of approximately 7.5 in 10% aqueous solution. After 0.2 kg. of perfume have been added, the mixture is run into frames, cooled, cut and pressed into cakes or bars. The resulting product is suitable for use as toilet soap. It is particularly well adapted for shaving purposes owing to its heavy ratio of stearates.
• Example 2 10 kg. of a transparent alkali metal soap are mixed with 10 kg. of triethanolamine stearate, 5 kg. of triethanolamine and 3 kg. of sodium alkylsulfonate, and the mixture is worked as in Example 1. The resulting product is suitable for toilet and shaving purposes.
• Example 3 3.5 kg. of beef tallow, 2.5 kg. of cocoa-nut oil and 2 kg. of castor oil are mixed with kg. of triethanolamine and 2.5 kg. of 50% sodium hydroxide. The mixture is heated at 100-110 C. until saponification is completed. Then 7 kg. of stearic acid are added and the mixture is heated at 110 C. until it exhibits a homogeneous transparency which is maintained on cooling and a pH of approximately 7.5 in 10% aqueous solution. After 0.2 kg. of perfume have been added, the mixture is run into frames, cooled, cut and pressed into cakes. product is suitable for use as toilet soap.
• a transparent toilet soap composition in solid form consisting essentially of (1) a transparent sodium soap prepared by saponification of a mixture of tallow, cocoanut oil and castor oil, (2) a triethanolammonium salt of stearic acid, and (3) a quantity of triethanolamine in excess over the theoretical and amounting to no less than one mol and no more than two mols per mol of soap-forming fatty acid, said transparent sodium soap (1) constituting about 35 to about 40% by weight of the composition and said triethanolammoniurn salt (2) constituting about 35 to about 40% by weight of the composition, said soap composition having a pH value of approximately 7.5 in 10% aqueous solution and having the ability to neutralize a substantial amount of an acid and of a base without its lathering potency and its pH being affected.
• a process for the preparation of a soap composition as claimed in claim 1, which consists essentially of (l) mixing one mol of stearic acid with no less than two and no more than three mols of triethanolamine, and with a transparent sodium soap prepared by saponification of a mixture of tallow, cocoanut oil and castor oil, and then (2) heating the mixture at a temperature within the range of l00120 C. for a period not exceeding two to four hours, the duration of which period varies inversely The resulting with the temperature, until the mixture exhibits a ho-- mogeneous transparency whch is maintained on cooling, and a pH value of approximately 7.5 in 10% aqueous solution.

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• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
• Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
• Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
• Organic Chemistry (AREA)
• Detergent Compositions (AREA)

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Cited By (21)

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Citations (4)

• 0
  • BE BE511361D patent/BE511361A/xx unknown
  • NL NL94081D patent/NL94081C/xx active
• 1952
  • 1952-05-30 CH CH302161D patent/CH302161A/fr unknown
  • 1952-06-12 FR FR1062600D patent/FR1062600A/fr not_active Expired
  • 1952-06-23 GB GB15788/52A patent/GB729568A/en not_active Expired
• 1955
  • 1955-08-29 US US531257A patent/US2820768A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime

Patent Citations (4)

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