US2693023A - Electrical resistor and a method of making the same - Google Patents

Electrical resistor and a method of making the same Download PDF

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US2693023A
US2693023A US232382A US23238251A US2693023A US 2693023 A US2693023 A US 2693023A US 232382 A US232382 A US 232382A US 23238251 A US23238251 A US 23238251A US 2693023 A US2693023 A US 2693023A
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sheet
film
resistor
gold
resistors
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Kerridge Frank Enoch
Pearce Graham
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Painton and Co Ltd
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Painton and Co Ltd
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01C—RESISTORS
    • H01C17/00—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing resistors
    • H01C17/22—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing resistors adapted for trimming
    • H01C17/24—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing resistors adapted for trimming by removing or adding resistive material
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B1/00—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01C—RESISTORS
    • H01C17/00—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing resistors
    • H01C17/003—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing resistors using lithography, e.g. photolithography
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01C—RESISTORS
    • H01C17/00—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing resistors
    • H01C17/06—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing resistors adapted for coating resistive material on a base
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01C—RESISTORS
    • H01C17/00—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing resistors
    • H01C17/22—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing resistors adapted for trimming
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01C—RESISTORS
    • H01C7/00—Non-adjustable resistors formed as one or more layers or coatings; Non-adjustable resistors made from powdered conducting material or powdered semi-conducting material with or without insulating material
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/49002—Electrical device making
    • Y10T29/49082—Resistor making
    • Y10T29/49099—Coating resistive material on a base

Definitions

  • the principal object of the invention is to provide a novel method of making a flat-type metal film resistor.
  • a further object of the invention is to provide a method of making an electrical resistor which shall be of high value and stable in use.
  • Another object of the invention is to enable an electrical resistor to be provided which ensures complete metallic conduction throughout the whole range of its effective resistance value.
  • Another object is to provide an electrical resistor having a high resistance value of the order of 10 to ohms.
  • Yet another object of the invention is to provide a resistor which shall be stable and at the same time have a high resistance value.
  • a further object is to provide an electrical resistor having a resistance element in the form of a thin metallic film which is substantially uniformly distributed over a non-metallic hacking sheet.
  • Another object is to enable a thin stable metallic film to be given a high resistance value by tracking.
  • a still further object of the invention is to provide a high value electrical resistor in which the current path consists of a meandering metal ribbon.
  • Another and important object of the invention is to provide a method of manufacture of flat metal film electrical resistors which enables such resistors to be made rapidly and economically by mass production methods, the resistance value of the resistors being accurately reproducible or varied as desired from batch to batch.
  • resistors It is fundamental that the resistance value of a high stability resistor must remain substantially the same under diverse operating conditions. The resistance must not vary more than 21% and in some cases even i0.2% of its original value when under electrical load for several months, or when subjected to repeated cycles of combined high humidity and high temperature followed by low temperature. The standard requirements for such resistors are laid down in Service Specifications J an. R-93 for Grade 1 resistors. In addition to high stability, such resistors are required to have low positive temperature coefiicients and should be substantially free from noise in operation. Furthermore, owing to the modern tendency to reduce the size of components in electrical circuits, such as the recently developed printed circuits, it is very desirable, if not essential, that resistors shall taining carbon and palladium oxide. to produce high value resistors with be small in size and of such a shape as to fit conveniently into any type of circuit.
  • High stability resistors have hitherto been produced by making each resistor as an individual unit, and the processes involved have, in most cases, required a high degree of manual skill. For instance, high stability nonreactive resistors of up to 100,000 ohms resistance have been available for a number of years and these are produced by winding specially prepared alloy wires on to individual formers, usually of circular cross-section. The properties of the wire are permanent and reproducible and the wire provides what is known as metallic conduction, which imparts high stability to the resistor.
  • Resistors of higher value say from 100,000 ohms to 5 megohms, have not hitherto been available With the same inherent stability as the aforementioned wire wound resistor.
  • Such high value resistors as are marketed usually employ thin films containing carbon, or palladium oxide for the conducting path. These films do not, however, provide metallic conduction, but involve the condition known as semi-conduction and their stability is adversely affected by gases or moisture.
  • the metal or alloy in a metallic conductor the metal or alloy has a uniform and fixed structure throughout the conducting path and electrons can pass regularly through the lattice.
  • traces of impurity, including occluded gases, or slight rearrangement of the structure alter the rbalte of conduction, thus detrimentally afiecting the sta- 1 ity.
  • Resistors embodying such films therefore, have to be completely sealed in glass envelopes in order to prevent the ingress of gases and moisture and to provide high stability. This procedure is diflicult and costly and again necessitates individual treatment of each resistor.
  • our invention accordingly, concerns the manufacture of very high stability resistors employing metallic conduction throughout the whole range of resistance values and provides for the first time a method for the economical production of resistors in large quantities.
  • our invention consists in constituting the conducting path as a thin adherent film of a stable metal or alloy uniformly distributed over the surface of a substantially fiat insulating base and by increasing the resistance of the film, preferably by a photo-etching process, so as to narrow the current path.
  • Gold and platinum are extremely stable chemically and electrically and are not subject to oxidation at room temperatures as are most base metals, or to oxidation at elevated temperatures as are some of the other noble metals.
  • Goldzplatinum alloys in the proportions of -90 parts of gold to 1040 parts of platinum have been found particularly suitable for our purpose and from this range of alloys we prefer an :20 goldzplatimun alloy since it has the lowest positive temperature coeflicient in conjunction with high stability.
  • Attenuation of the film by mechanical tracking did not lend itself to quantity production since it had to be carried out on individual resistors and one of our important aims in this work was to endeavour to produce a plurality of resistors in one operation.
  • a photoetching process in which the required attenuated pattern is produced photographically on the metallised surface in the form of a resist through which it is possible to etch the unwanted metal image-wise seemed more promising, and complete success was eventually achieved with this method. It was found possible to provide by this method from 20-100 attenuated resistor current paths with good reproducibility on a single sheet and at the end of the photoetching stage the resistance elements had values of the desired final value.
  • the problem of final adjustment to i15% of desired value was solved by providing in the photo-etch pattern a number of loops connected in parallel to one terminal of the resistor and cutting through one or more of the parallel connections by placing the resistor element in an adjusting jig and moving a scriber to cut through the requisite number of loops in the photoetch pattern, at the same time measuring the resistance value of the element and stopping the scribing operation when the desired value is reached.
  • agold1platinum alloy in order to ensure that our resistor shall exhibit as high a degree of electrical stability as possible, we employ as our metallising film agold1platinum alloy. These alloys are in general electrically stable and at the same time provide the desirable metallic conduction above referred to. We have found that the best results are obtained by the use of an 80:20 goldzplatinum alloy, which has a low, positive temperature coefiicient of resistance.
  • the film In the application of the goldcplatinurn alloy metallising film to the insulated base, the film should be applied in the form of a solution comprising a mixture of a compound of gold and a compound of platinum in the proportions of 60-90 parts of gold to 10-40 parts of platinum dissolved in a suitable solvent mixture and the coated sheet subsequently fired to burn away. the organic matter and cause the resultant alloy film to adhere firmly to the sheet.
  • a mixture of the sulphoresinates of gold and platinum in1 the required proportions gives very satisfactory resu ts. 1 1
  • the metallising film shall be distributed as evenly as possible over the surface of the base, we prefer to apply the film by a whirling or spinning method. By this means a thin film of the solution becomes evenly distributed over the whole surface area.
  • the insulating base or backing sheet to which the alloy film is applied may be formed of any suitable nonconducting, heat-resisting material such as glass, ceramic or mica. We have found, however, that the most satisfactory results are obtained by the use of glass. This is particularly the case when our improved method is employed for the mass production of electrical resistors as hereinafter fully described, as it renders particularly simple the cutting of the metallised and treated sheet into a plurality of individual resistor elements.
  • the final firing step may advantageously be deferred until after the application of the said bands, and a single firing step employed.
  • Means for enabling final adjustment of the resistance value of the .current path to be efiiected.
  • the tracked current path incorporates at one end thereof a plurality of loops connected in parallel to one terminal of the resistor circuit, whereby additional resistance may be included in the circuit by cutting through, for example, by means of a mechanical scribing device, one or more of the parallel connections as required.
  • a still more limited aspect of the invention comprises the steps 'of coacting a substantially flat sheet of non-conducting heat-resisting material such as glass on at least one surface thereof with an adherent uniform thin film of a gold z-platinum alloy in the proportions of 6090 parts of gold to 10-40 parts of platinum; tracking saidalloy film by a photoetching process to provlde a plurality of individual spaced narrow ribbon-like current paths, each including a plurality of parallelly arranged looped sections; applying to said sotreated sheet bands of metal separating said individual track designs; dividing the sheet into elongated strips by cutting substantially along the centre line between each of sa1d ad acent metal bands; then cutting each strip substantially transversely of the length thereof to form a plurahty of individual tracked resistor-s having two opposed thickened edges forming terminals and finally ad usting the
  • the coated disc is then fired at a suitable temperature to burn away the organic matter and cause the resulting goldzplatinum alloy film to adhere to the glass disc.
  • the desired track design is then formed in the alloy film by a photoetching process, thickening strips of metal, e. g. silver, are applied, if desired, to the opposed edges of the track design, external lead wires are soldered to the thickened portions or to the opposed ends of the tracked conducting path, it thickened portions are not provided, and the resistance value of the resistor is finally adjusted by scribing in the manner referred to above.
  • thickening strips of metal e. g. silver
  • the completed resistor is then given one or more coatings of a moisture-proof insulating varnish, such as a silicone varnish.
  • a moisture-proof insulating varnish such as a silicone varnish.
  • Coating or metallising step A 4 1;" diameter circular disc of soda lime glass is immersed in a 20% aqueous solution of chromic acid for 48 hours, washed in distilled water, and allowed to dry. This procedure ensures that the glass is chemically clean before receiving the metallising solution.
  • the cleaned glass disc is then clamped in position on a spinning table which is enclosed in a cabinet, the interior of which is maintained at a temperature of 23 C.
  • the spinning table is geared to an electric motor which enables it to be rotated in a horizontal plane around a vertical axis.
  • 4 ccs. of the above metallising solution are placed in the centre of the glass disc, which is then rotated at a speed of 1800 revolutions per minute for minutes. At the end of this period the metallising solution will have spread as a thin even film over the surface of the disc and the rapid whirling at relatively high temperature will have dried the film so that the disc may be taken from the cabinet without damage to the film.
  • Photoetching step 4 ccs. of dichromate-sensitised photoengraving glue are applied to the metallised glass disc, which is again rotated at 1800 R. P. M. for 5 minutes at a temperature of 23 C. This imparts a thin even film of glue to the metallised surface of the disc.
  • a photographic negative of the desired multiple resistor track designs including looped sections is then placed in contact with the light sensitive glue film, which is then exposed to light through the said negative for a period of between 2 and minutes, depending on the type of light source employed and the distance of the glass disc from the said source.
  • the exposed disc is then developed by washing for 3 minutes in cold water and allowed to dry.
  • the disc is then stoved at a temperature of 280300 C. for
  • the disc is then placed in a buttered halogen etching bath composed of 98% amyl lactate and 2% bromine for about 10 minutes at a temperature of 30 C. until the alloy film is removed from the portions of the disc not protected by the glue image.
  • a buttered halogen etching bath composed of 98% amyl lactate and 2% bromine for about 10 minutes at a temperature of 30 C.
  • the disc is rinsed in water and allowed to dry.
  • Figure l is a sectional end view of a glass sheet from which the resistor is to be made
  • Figure 2 is a similar view showing a thin film of an 80:20 gold:platinurn alloy applied to the upper surface of the glass sheet,
  • Figure 3 shows the metallised glass sheet with a layer of light-sensitised glue applied to the alloy coating preparatory to photoetching the desired track design thereon,
  • Figure 4 shows the article after an image of the track design has been photographically produced in the glue layer and the unaffected glue has been removed
  • Figure 5 shows the next stage in the method after the alloy film not covered by the image has been etched away
  • Figure 6 shows the track design after firing to burn away the glue resist
  • Figure 7 is a plan view of the resistor showing the arrangement of the tracked design, and including terminal clips,
  • Figure 8 illustrates a further step in the process of making the finished resistor
  • Figure 9 shows a preferred construction of terminal cli and Figures 10 and 11 illustrate the application of the method of the invention to the simultaneous production of a number of similar resistors from a single sheet of lass.
  • 1 ( Figure l) is a glass sheet which is to form the base of the resistor, and which is first rendered chemically clean by immersion for a period of about 48 hours in a suitable acid cleaning bath, such as a 20% aqueous chromic acid solution and then washed and dried.
  • a suitable acid cleaning bath such as a 20% aqueous chromic acid solution
  • this glass sheet 1 To the cleaned surface of this glass sheet 1 is then applied by a spinning method, i. e. by rotating the sheet in a horizontal plane at high speed around a vertical axis, a solution comprising a mixture of the sulphoresinate of gold and the sulphoresinate of platinum with gold and platinum in the ratio of 80:20 dissolved in a suitable solvent mixture, such as that given in the above example, so as to produce a thin film of said solution 'evenly distributed over the entire surface of the sheet.
  • a spinning method i. e. by rotating the sheet in a horizontal plane at high speed around a vertical axis, a solution comprising a mixture of the sulphoresinate of gold and the sulphoresinate of platinum with gold and platinum in the ratio of 80:20 dissolved in a suitable solvent mixture, such as that given in the above example, so as to produce a thin film of said solution 'evenly distributed over the entire surface of the sheet.
  • the coated glass sheet 1 is then fired at a temperature of about 500 C. to decompose and burn away the organic constituents of the solution and leave a firmly adherent film or layer 2 (Figure 2) of 80:20 gold:platinum alloy on said glass sheet 1.
  • the metallised sheet 1 is now coated with a layer 3 ( Figure 3) of a light sensitised photo-engraving glue, preferably by the aforesaid spinning method, and then allowed to dry.
  • a layer 3 Figure 3 of a light sensitised photo-engraving glue, preferably by the aforesaid spinning method, and then allowed to dry.
  • the thus coated sheet is then exposed to light through a photographic negative of the required resistor track design, the unexposed portions of the glue layer are removed by washing the glass sheet in cold water and the sheet is then baked at a temperature of 280-300" C. for 20 minutes to harden the glue image and convert it into a resist.
  • Figure 4 represents the track design in hardened glue.
  • the next step of the process is toirernove the portions of the alloy film 2 which are not covered by the hardened glue design 4. This is effected by immersing the sheet 11in a solution comprising 2 :parts by weight :of :bromine and 98 parts by weight of .amyl lactate. The :result of this operation is shown vin Figure .5.
  • Opposite parallel bands .5 ( Figure .5) of a silver paste are now applied in any suitable manner to form thickening portions and the sheet is then again fired at .a temperature of about 600 C. to burn away the glue resist and the organic constituents of the silver paste to leave exposed the track design in metal and to :cause the metallic silver to adhere to the glass.
  • the resulting article is represented in Figure :6.
  • the metal track design produced by the above series of steps is :shown in Figure 7 and it will be noticed that it includes at :one end thereof *a series .of looped sections 6, each connected .to the adjacent thickening strip 5 by a connecting line 7.
  • the wedge-shaped portions 10, 10 are formed in the manner diagrammatically illustrated in Figure '8, in which 13 and 14 are two rotatable shafts on each of which is mounted a pair of impregnated diamondwheels 15, 15 and 16, 16 respectively, the peripheries :of the wheels being suitably bevelled as .at 15a and 16a to produce the required wedge-shape.
  • the sheet .1 is introduced between the pairs of rotating wheels 15, .15 and 16, 16, the two shafts .13 and 14 being moved bodily towards one another to .the required extent during the grinding operation.
  • the terminal clips 11, 11, each have the form shown in Figure 9 consisting of a flat strip 11a of brass having upstanding divergent sides 1112 with outwardly projecting edges 11c and a central extension lid.
  • the clips 11 are fitted to the sheet 1 by laying them on the wedge-shaped portions 10, 10 and applying pressure to force the sides 11b of the clips over and around the edges of the portion 10, which operation is facilitated by the presence of the projecting edges 110.
  • the clips 11 are then soldered to the silver bands 5 and the lead wires .12, 12 are soldered to the extensions 11d of the clips.
  • the resistance value of the tracked current ;path will usually be found within i10% of the .final value required and in order to bring the resistance value to that required, one or more of the connecting lines 7 are cut as indicated by the arrow ( Figure '7 by .means of .a suitable mechanical scribing device, so as to add to the total resistance as required.
  • the finished resistor is finally given .one :or more coatings of an insulating moisture-proof varnish, .such as a silicone resin varnish, and finally baked .at a temperature of 170 C. for two hours.
  • an insulating moisture-proof varnish such as a silicone resin varnish
  • Mass production Figures 10 and 11 show the application of our improved method to the mass production of high value.
  • each silver band 19 includes a central wedge-shaped projecting portion corresponding to one of the wedge-shaped portions Est) -:of the finished resistor.
  • Each individual strip is now similarly cut to divide it into individual rectangular tracked resistor elements, the non-rectangular portions being-discarded.
  • each individual resistor element is then ground away around the outlinezof the bands 19, 19a, terminal clips are :applied and the resistance vahae finally adjusted in the manner previously described.
  • Electrical resistors prepared in accordance with d mass-production method. described above in detail and having .a tracked current path -.of 0.005". in width, separated by.a 0.003" :gap, and 33" in length will be found to have a resistance ref-120,000 ohmsil0% before final adjustment and a temperature coefiicient of resistance of approximately 0.028.
  • metallic conduction ensures a degree of freedom from noise which is..unobtainable with himtype resistors containing carbon or palladium oxide.
  • a method of making a-high value electrical resistor which comprises coating at least one surface of a substantially fiat sheet of non-conducting heat-resisting material, with/a thin adherent metallic film evenly distributedover the surface by spinning thereon a solution comprisinga mixture of the sulphoresinate of gold and the sulphoresimate of platinum with the gold and platinum in the ratio of GO-:90 parts of gold to 10-40 parts of platinum dissolved 'in a solvent mixture therefor; firing the coated sheet to burn away the organic matter and cause the resultant alloy film to :adhere firmly to said sheet; and tracking said alloy film by a photoetching process to narrow the conducting path and increase the resistance.
  • a method of making a high value electrical resistor which comprises "the steps of coating a substantially flat sheet of non-conducting, heat-resisting material, with a thin uniform adherent film of an 30:20 goldzplatinum alloy by spinning thereon a solution comprising a mixture of a compound of gold and a compound of platinum in the required proportions dissolved in a solvent therefor and firing the coated glass to burn away the organic matter and cause the resultant alloy film to adhere firmly to the glass;-coating-the resulting metallised glass surface with a'film of a light-sensitised photo-engraving glue; processing sheet of non-conducting,
  • the film photographically to produce thereon a positive image of a track design representing a narrow resistor current path; hardening said image to convert it into a resist; removing the metal not covered by said resist by etching with a buffered halogen etching bath, thus leaving the track design in metal below the resist; and finally firing the so-trea'ted glass to burn away the resist.
  • a method of making a high value electrical resistor which comprises coating the surface of a substantially flat eat-resisting material, with a uniform thin adherent film of a goldzplatinum alloy by spinning thereon a solution of a compound of gold and a compound of platinum and firing to burn away the organic matter; coating the metallised surface with a film of I a light-sensitised photoengraving glue; processing the film photographica'lly to :produce thereona positive image of a track-design representing a narrow resistor current path; hardening said image to convert it into a resist; removing the alloy metal not covered by said resist by etching with a buffered halogen etching bath, thus leaving the track design in metal below the resist and firing the article to burn away the resist.
  • a method of simultaneously producing a plurality of high-value electrical resistors on a single substantially flat sheet oficon-conducting,.heatmesisting material which 9 comprises coating said sheet, on at least one surface thereof with an adherent thin uniform film of gold:platinum alioy in the proportions of 60-90 parts of gold to 10- 40 parts of platinum by spinning thereon a solution of a compound of gold and a compound of platinum and firing to burn away the organic matter; tracking said alloy film by a photoetching process to provide a plurality of individual narrow ribbon-like current paths, each including a plurality of parallelly arranged looped sections, applying to said so-treated sheet bands of metal separating said individual track designs, dividing the sheet into elongated strips by cutting substantially along the centre line between each of said adjacent metal bands, then cutting each strip substantially transversely of the length thereof to form a number of individual tracked resistors having two opposed thickened edges forming terminals and finally adjusting the resistance value of each resistor as required by introducing one or more of said
  • a method of making a high value electrical resistor which comprises the steps of (a) applying to at least one surface of a substantially flat sheet of glass a solution comprising a mixture of a compound of gold and a compound of platinum, with the gold and platinum in the ratio of 4: 1, dissolved in a solvent mixture therefor including a flux; (b) firing the coated sheet at a temperature of about 500 C. to burn away the organic matter and cause the resultant alloy film to adhere firmly to said sheet; coating the resultant metallised glass surface with a film of a light-sensitised photoengraving glue; processing the film photographically to produce thereon a positive image of a track design representing a narrow resistor current path; (d) baking said sheet at a temperature of 280300 C.
  • a method of mass producing high value electrical resistors which comprises the steps of: (a) providing a circular glass disc of predetermined size; (b) cleaning said disc chemically by immersing said disc in a 20% aqueous chromic acid solution for a period of 48 hours, washing and drying; (c) coating said disc one side thereof with a thin uniform film of gold:platinum alloy by applying to said disc a solution comprising a mixture of the sulphoresinate of gold and the sulphoresinate of platinum, with the gold and platinum in the ratio of 4: 1, dissolved in a solvent mixture therefor; (d) spinning said coated disc in a horizontal plane at a speed of 800 R. P. M.
  • a method of making a high value electrical resistor which comprises coating a substantially fiat sheet of a non-conducting heat-resisting material on at least one surface thereof with a thin adherent metallic film evenly distributed over said surface by spinning thereon a solution comprising a mixture of an organic compound of gold and an organic compound of platinum dissolved in a solvent mixture therefor and firing the coated sheet to burn away the organic matter and cause the resultant alloy film to adhere firmly to the sheet and subsequently tracking said alloy film by a photoetching process to provide a narrow ribbon-like current path.
  • a method of making a high value electrical resistor which comprises coating a substantially fiat sheet of a non-conducting heat-resisting material on at least one surface thereof with a thin adherent metallic film evenly distributed over said surface by spinning thereon a solution comprising a mixture of an organic compound of gold and an organic compound of platinum dissolved in a solvent mixture therefor and firing the coated sheet to burn away the organic matter and cause the resultant alloy film to adhere firmly to the sheet, subsequently tracking said alloy film by a photoetching process to provide a narrow ribbon-like current path, including a plurality of loops connected in parallel to one terminal of the resistor circuit and severing the connection of one or more or" the loops to said terminal to increase the resistance as required.

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  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
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US232382A 1950-06-20 1951-06-19 Electrical resistor and a method of making the same Expired - Lifetime US2693023A (en)

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US3058081A (en) * 1960-04-11 1962-10-09 Air Reduction Resistor terminal
US3067315A (en) * 1960-02-08 1962-12-04 Gen Electric Multi-layer film heaters in strip form
US3095340A (en) * 1961-08-21 1963-06-25 David P Triller Precision resistor making by resistance value control for etching
US3099575A (en) * 1959-10-20 1963-07-30 Engelhard Ind Inc Thermocouple
US3134953A (en) * 1952-08-28 1964-05-26 Technograph Printed Circuits L Electric resistance devices
US3138776A (en) * 1961-01-05 1964-06-23 Leeds & Northrup Co Calibrated resistance-thermometers and the like
US3174920A (en) * 1961-06-09 1965-03-23 Post Daniel Method for producing electrical resistance strain gages by electropolishing
US3201855A (en) * 1961-02-21 1965-08-24 Dale Electronics Electrical resistor and method of making same
US3205555A (en) * 1961-11-07 1965-09-14 Western Electric Co Methods of making printed circuit components
US3206342A (en) * 1961-08-31 1965-09-14 Rca Corp Methods of making a sheet array of magnetic metal elements
US3288983A (en) * 1963-07-29 1966-11-29 Lear Jet Corp Electrical resistance de-icing means for aircraft windshields
US3296574A (en) * 1962-12-21 1967-01-03 Tassara Luigi Film resistors with multilayer terminals
US3378919A (en) * 1962-07-16 1968-04-23 Triplex Safety Glass Co Laminated transparent panels incorporating heating wires
US3505134A (en) * 1966-04-13 1970-04-07 Du Pont Metalizing compositions whose fired-on coatings can be subjected to acid bath treatment and the method of using such metalizing compositions
US3517436A (en) * 1965-05-04 1970-06-30 Vishay Intertechnology Inc Precision resistor of great stability
US3621441A (en) * 1969-07-17 1971-11-16 Western Electric Co Film resistor adjustable by isolating portions of the film
US3675179A (en) * 1969-12-15 1972-07-04 Nippon Kogaku Kk Variable zig-zag resistor with tabs
US4200970A (en) * 1977-04-14 1980-05-06 Milton Schonberger Method of adjusting resistance of a thermistor
US4306217A (en) * 1977-06-03 1981-12-15 Angstrohm Precision, Inc. Flat electrical components
US4342217A (en) * 1979-08-20 1982-08-03 Hottinger Baldwin Measurements, Inc. Strain gage pick-up and method for adjusting such strain gage pick-up
EP0471138A2 (de) * 1990-08-17 1992-02-19 Heraeus Sensor GmbH Verfahren zur Herstellung eines elektrischen Messwiderstandes
US5432375A (en) * 1988-06-08 1995-07-11 Astra Tech Aktiebolag Thermistor intended primarily for temperature measurement
US5710538A (en) * 1995-09-27 1998-01-20 Micrel, Inc. Circuit having trim pads formed in scribe channel

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
NL204955A (el) * 1956-02-28
GB867559A (en) * 1959-12-24 1961-05-10 Standard Telephones Cables Ltd Improvements in or relating to the production of two or more stencils in mutual register
FR2398374A1 (fr) * 1977-07-19 1979-02-16 Lignes Telegraph Telephon Ajustement de resistances pour circuits hybrides
DE3245392C2 (de) * 1982-12-08 1985-08-14 W.C. Heraeus Gmbh, 6450 Hanau Poliergoldpräparat

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FR809631A (fr) * 1935-08-15 1937-03-08 Pilkington Brothers Ltd Appareil de chauffage électrique et son procédé de fabrication
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US2482547A (en) * 1944-04-18 1949-09-20 Johnson Matthey Co Ltd Production of designs on nonmetallic heat-resisting bases
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US2611807A (en) * 1949-06-30 1952-09-23 Rca Corp Multiple band turret-type tuning system

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US2399799A (en) * 1946-05-07 Process of making optical devices
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US2021661A (en) * 1932-11-17 1935-11-19 Dispersion Cathodique Sa Electrical heating element of large surface for low temperatures
FR809631A (fr) * 1935-08-15 1937-03-08 Pilkington Brothers Ltd Appareil de chauffage électrique et son procédé de fabrication
US2273941A (en) * 1937-08-11 1942-02-24 Bosch Gmbh Robert Process for the production of resistances
US2256642A (en) * 1938-04-06 1941-09-23 Mallory & Co Inc P R Electric resistance element
US2281843A (en) * 1940-02-03 1942-05-05 Continental Carbon Inc Metal film resistor
US2389504A (en) * 1943-02-11 1945-11-20 American Optical Corp Process of making reticles or the like
US2435889A (en) * 1943-06-02 1948-02-10 Johnson Matthey Co Ltd Production of metallic designs on nonmetallic materials
US2482547A (en) * 1944-04-18 1949-09-20 Johnson Matthey Co Ltd Production of designs on nonmetallic heat-resisting bases
US2419537A (en) * 1944-09-09 1947-04-29 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Resistor
US2506604A (en) * 1947-02-01 1950-05-09 Robert P Lokker Method of making electronic coils
US2611807A (en) * 1949-06-30 1952-09-23 Rca Corp Multiple band turret-type tuning system

Cited By (30)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3056937A (en) * 1952-07-19 1962-10-02 Pritikin Nathan Electrical resistor and method and apparatus for producing resistors
US3134953A (en) * 1952-08-28 1964-05-26 Technograph Printed Circuits L Electric resistance devices
US2920569A (en) * 1953-07-17 1960-01-12 Menke Joseph Ferdinand Electrical pellet primer
US2868934A (en) * 1954-04-22 1959-01-13 Honeywell Regulator Co Precision resistance devices
US2837619A (en) * 1954-08-30 1958-06-03 Stein Samuel Strain sensitive element and method of manufacture
US2787560A (en) * 1955-03-03 1957-04-02 Stoddart Aircraft Radio Co Inc Microwave resistor manufacture
US3099575A (en) * 1959-10-20 1963-07-30 Engelhard Ind Inc Thermocouple
US3067315A (en) * 1960-02-08 1962-12-04 Gen Electric Multi-layer film heaters in strip form
US3058081A (en) * 1960-04-11 1962-10-09 Air Reduction Resistor terminal
US2994846A (en) * 1960-05-26 1961-08-01 Lockheed Aircraft Corp Structurally integrated film resistor assembly
US3138776A (en) * 1961-01-05 1964-06-23 Leeds & Northrup Co Calibrated resistance-thermometers and the like
US3201855A (en) * 1961-02-21 1965-08-24 Dale Electronics Electrical resistor and method of making same
US3174920A (en) * 1961-06-09 1965-03-23 Post Daniel Method for producing electrical resistance strain gages by electropolishing
US3095340A (en) * 1961-08-21 1963-06-25 David P Triller Precision resistor making by resistance value control for etching
US3206342A (en) * 1961-08-31 1965-09-14 Rca Corp Methods of making a sheet array of magnetic metal elements
US3205555A (en) * 1961-11-07 1965-09-14 Western Electric Co Methods of making printed circuit components
US3378919A (en) * 1962-07-16 1968-04-23 Triplex Safety Glass Co Laminated transparent panels incorporating heating wires
US3296574A (en) * 1962-12-21 1967-01-03 Tassara Luigi Film resistors with multilayer terminals
US3288983A (en) * 1963-07-29 1966-11-29 Lear Jet Corp Electrical resistance de-icing means for aircraft windshields
US3517436A (en) * 1965-05-04 1970-06-30 Vishay Intertechnology Inc Precision resistor of great stability
US3505134A (en) * 1966-04-13 1970-04-07 Du Pont Metalizing compositions whose fired-on coatings can be subjected to acid bath treatment and the method of using such metalizing compositions
US3621441A (en) * 1969-07-17 1971-11-16 Western Electric Co Film resistor adjustable by isolating portions of the film
US3675179A (en) * 1969-12-15 1972-07-04 Nippon Kogaku Kk Variable zig-zag resistor with tabs
US4200970A (en) * 1977-04-14 1980-05-06 Milton Schonberger Method of adjusting resistance of a thermistor
US4306217A (en) * 1977-06-03 1981-12-15 Angstrohm Precision, Inc. Flat electrical components
US4342217A (en) * 1979-08-20 1982-08-03 Hottinger Baldwin Measurements, Inc. Strain gage pick-up and method for adjusting such strain gage pick-up
US5432375A (en) * 1988-06-08 1995-07-11 Astra Tech Aktiebolag Thermistor intended primarily for temperature measurement
EP0471138A2 (de) * 1990-08-17 1992-02-19 Heraeus Sensor GmbH Verfahren zur Herstellung eines elektrischen Messwiderstandes
EP0471138A3 (en) * 1990-08-17 1992-06-17 Heraeus Sensor Gmbh Process for producing an electrical measuring resistor
US5710538A (en) * 1995-09-27 1998-01-20 Micrel, Inc. Circuit having trim pads formed in scribe channel

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CH301186A (de) 1954-08-31
DK80926C (da) 1956-04-30
GB689795A (en) 1953-04-08
AT173754B (de) 1953-01-26
NL83232C (el)
DE1006492B (de) 1957-04-18
BE504106A (el) 1952-10-24

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