US2256642A

US2256642A - Electric resistance element

Info

Publication number: US2256642A
Authority: US
Inventors: Gaut Geoffrey Charles; Huggins Benjamin Frederick; Swaddle Donald; Stubbs Harold Vivien George
Original assignee: PR Mallory and Co Inc
Current assignee: Duracell Inc USA
Priority date: 1938-04-06
Filing date: 1939-03-09
Publication date: 1941-09-23
Anticipated expiration: 1958-09-23

Description

k5 nyo 1 WM z 1 1 1 2, g 4 flwflo m 6 t C J N 6, n fi R 5 w m w m s r I. N T 2 H flag W a l A z 1 M 1 5 2111 Y 4. B F m m m m G. C. GAUT ET AL ELECTRIC RESISTANCE ELEMENT Filed March 9, 1939 Sept. 23, 1941.

Patented Sept. 23, 1941 ELECTRIC RESISTANCE ELEMENT Geoffrey Charles Gaut, Romford,

Frederick Huggins, Forest Gate,

Beniamin London,

Donald Swaddle, llford, and Harold Vivien George Stubbs, Clacton-on-Sea, England, assignors to P. R. Mallory & 00., 1110., Indianapolis, Ind., a corporation of Delaware Application March 9, 1939, Serial No. 260,686 In Great Britain April 6, 1938 Claims.

This invention relates to electric resistance elements.

An object of the invention is to improve such elements, particularly elements made by photographic methods, such as are described in Gaut et a1. U. S. application S. N. 91,986, filed July 22, 1936 and in British Patent 460,895 corresponding thereto.

These elements, for example, may comprise sheets or strips of paper, Celluloid, cellulose acetate or the like coated with a layer of binder material carrying dispersed therein finely divided conductive material, preferably produced photographically. The binder may, for example, be a nitrocellulose (Pyroxylin) lacquer. The conductive material may comprise silver developed in the layer by incorporating therein a silver salt such as silver bromide, chloride or iodide and exposing and developing photographically. The silver deposit may be varied or graded across the layer by controlling the time or rate of exposure prior to development. The layer may preferably also contain carbon in colloidal or substantially colloidal form (such as light soot) to increase its conductivity. Both the silver and the carbon then contribute to its conductivity.

Other objects of the invention will be apparent from the following description and accompanying drawing taken in connection with the appended claims.

The invention comprises the features of construction, combination of elements, arrangement of parts, and methods of manufacture and operation referred to above or which will be brought out and exemplified in the disclosure hereinafter set forth, including the illustrations in the drawins.

In the drawing:

Figure 1 represents one method of coating the resistance elements according to the invention.

Figure 2 is a section of a resistance element according to the invention.

Figure 3 is a section through a modified element, and

Figure 4 is a perspective view of a complete resistance element.

While a preferred embodiment of the invention is described herein, it is contemplated that considerable variation may be made in the method of procedure and the construction of parts without departing from the spirit of the invention. In the following description and in the claims, parts will be identified by specific names for convenience, but they are intended to be as generic in their application to similar parts as the art will permit.

According to the principal feature of the present invention an element prepared in accordance with any of the said methods is improved by the addition on one oneach side of a surface coating which is sumciently waterproof to reduce or prevent variations of resistance value due to moisture. It is not essential that a completely waterproof coating should be provided but the coating should be sufficiently waterproof in the sense that any resistance variations (due, for example to variations in atmospheric humidity) that occur are within manufacturing tolerances. If the element proper, as is preferred, is carried on one side by a base of paper or the like the water-proof surface coating need only be provided on one side of the resistive layer. If the said layer is of graduated-resistance form so as to provide a variable-resistance element the surface coating should also be of such a character as to resist wear due to the co-operating movable contact. A coating which satisfies these conditions and has no appreciable effect on the resistance of the element may be obtained by using a lacquer formed from the following ingredients:

(1) Cellulose acetobutyrate grs s 8 (2) Carbon (20 mesh) grs 2 (3) Spermaceti wax grs 1.2 (4) Diamyl tartrate ccs 1.5 (5) Ethylene dichloride ccs In preparing the lacquer, ingredients 1 and 3 are dissolved in ingredients 4 and 5 and the carbon is then beaten in for half an hour. The resuiting lacquer, which is allowed to stand for fifteen minutes before use, is applied, in carrying out a continuous process as described in the prior patent, by means of a roller dipping in a bath containing a supply of lacquer and contacting with the exposed surface of the carrier after development thereof; fixing is not necessary, but we may pass the carrier after the developing stage through a bath of heptane or hexane before applying the surface coating. If fixing is carried out the coating is applied after fixing.

Instead of using the lacquer mentioned we may employ a carbon-containing solution of any other suitable cellulose derivative (such as benzyl cellulose) or a carbon-containing solution of polystyrol. The solvent used should be one that does not soften or dissolve the resistance element.

As already stated, it is preferred that the resistance element proper should be carried by a base of paper or the like. If paper is used we have found it desirable to protect the paper with the objects of, firstly, reducing absorption and transmission of water, and, secondly, preventing saturation of the paper with any of the liquids used in the developing process. For this purpose we provide a protective coating between the resistive layer and the paper (this reducing water transmission through the paper to the said layer) and also on the other side of the paper (this preventing saturation of the paper with any of the developing liquids). When these steps are taken and the free side of the resistive layer provided with the above-mentioned surface coating the resistance is rendered free from variations in value. Satisfactory protective coatings may be provided on the paper by applying two separate lacquers on each side thereof, for example, two lacquers formed by solutions of two different cellulose derivatives or one such solution and a solution of polystyrol. The use of two separate lacquers (i. e. lacquers which do not fuse together after application) gives better protective qualities than can be obtained with a single lacquer. The first coating applied to each side of the paper may be made in accordance with either of the following tables:

Other cellulose derivatives, such as benzyl cellulose, may be used, or, as already stated, polystyrol. The lacquer made in accordance with Table A is slightly better than the other from the point of view of adhesion to the paper. If the first of these two lacquers is employed the second coating may be constituted as follows:

Cellulose acetobutyrate grs 150 Benzyl abietate grs i 30 Butyl stearate rs Ethylene dichloride liters 4 whilst if the alternative is employed (Table B) the second lacquer may be made from the following ingredients:

Cellulose acetobutyrate grs 150 Benzyl abietate grs 30 Cellulose nitrate (low viscosity) grs 15 Butyl stearate grs 5 Ethyl acetate v 1ifer5 5 We have already mentioned that fixing is not necessary. Accordingly when an anti-fogging treatment is not employed the baths required for processing the exposed element are reduced to three, including the bath of heptane or hexane in addition to the flieveloping bath and a washing bath following the developing bath. It is possible to reduce contamination or deterioration of the developing bath by providing a seal of cyclohexane on the surface of the developing liquid; the latter must have water added to it to cause the cyclohexane to float.

In order to provide improved contact with the ends of the element and give low end values of resistance the exposed and developed layer may be provided with a high-conductivity coating at each end, these coatings being plated if desired; they should be provided before the element is passed through the above mentioned bath of heptane or hexane. The coatings may be formed in any convenient way, e. g. with the use of a silver-containing solution, and the plating may be effected by traversing the coating (acting as cathode) past a silver anode with the interposition of a pad to which is supplied a' silver acetate or silver cyanide plating solution.

Referring to the drawing Figure 1 shows how the surface coating I2 is applied to the strip ll] (of paper or the like) carrying the resistive layer 1 I by passing the strip over a roller M dipping in a bath l3 of one of the lacquers described herein.

Figure 2 illustrates a portion of the finished strip in cross section. Figure 3 is a cross section of the modified form in which the paper layer I0 is coated on both sides with a protective lacquer layer I1, after which resistive layer H is applied and then the carbon-containing protective layer I2 is applied over layer ll.

Figure 4 is a perspective view of a finished resistance element comprising a narrow strip of the paper II] carrying the resistive layer II on one side thereof and having deposited metal terminal layers I5 and H5 at the two ends of the resistance layer, the protective layer l2 coating the resistance layer and terminals, although in some instances it may obviously be left off the terminals or part of them. The element may be used flat or bent into a cylinder. Obviously a fiat circular element could also be provided by punching from the original sheet.

Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of our said invention and in what manner the same is to be performed, we declare that what we claim is:

1. An electric resistance element for a moving contact variable resistance device comprising a.

base of sheet insulating material, a first layer of resistance material thereon, said layer being subject to humidity changes, and a second layer of resistance material on top of said first layer, said second layer being resistant to moisture penetration, said first layer comprising finely divided silver suspended in a matrix of humidity sensitive material, the density of the silver particles in said matrix varying over the length ofsaid layer. in a predetermined manner whereby a corresponding variation in specific resistance lengthwise of the layeris obtained, said second layer providing a contacting surface for engaging the moving contact of said device.

2. An electric resistance element for a moving contact variable resistance device comprising a base of sheet insulating material, a first layer of resistance material thereon, said layer being subject to humidity changes, and a second layer of resistance material on top of said first layer, said second layer being resistant to moisture penetration, said first layer comprising finely divided silver suspended in a matrix of humidity sensitive material, the density of the silver particles in said matrix varying over the length of prising a lacquer containing carbon suspended therein.

-3. An electric resistance element for moving contact variable resistance devices comprising a messes base oi sheet insulating material, a first layer of resistance material thereon, said layer being subject to humidity changes, and a second layer of resistance material on top of said first layer, said second layer being resistant to moisture penetration, said first layer comprising finely divided silver suspended in a matrix of humidity sensitive material, the density 01 the silver particles in said matrix varying over the length of said layer in a predetermined manner whereby a corresponding variation in specific resistance lengthwise of the layer is obtained, said base comprising a paper sheet having a protective lacquer coating on each side thereof.

4. An electric resistance element for a moving contact variable resistance device comprising a base oi sheet insulating material, a first layer of resistance material thereon, said layer being subiect to humidity changes, and a second layer of resistance material on top 01' said first layer, said second layer being resistant to moisture penetration, said first layer comprising iinely divided silver suspended in a matrix 0! humidity sensitive material, the density 0! the silver particles in saidmatrlxvaryingoverthelengthotsaidm 25 in a predetermined manner whereby a corresponding variation in specific resistance lengthwise oi the layer is obtained, said second layer providing a contacting surface for engaging the moving contact of said device and comprising a lacquer containing carbon, a cellulose derivative and a solvent therefor.

5. An electric resistance element comprising a base of sheet insulating material, a first layer of resistance material thereon, said layer being subject to humidity changes, and a second layer of resistance material on top of said first layer, said second layer being resistant to moisture penetration, said second layer comprising a lacquer containing carbon in proportions suiilcient to render said layer conductive in the direction of its thickness, a cellulose compound of the type comprising a water insoluble binder, and a wax compatible therewith sumcient to render said 20 layer resistant to the penetration of moisture.

GEOFFREY CHARLES GA'U'I. BENJAMIN FREDERICK HUGGINS. DONALD SWADDLI.

EAR/01D VIVIEN GEORGE STUBBB.