US2243178A - Electron multiplier - Google Patents

Electron multiplier Download PDF

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Publication number
US2243178A
US2243178A US211730A US21173038A US2243178A US 2243178 A US2243178 A US 2243178A US 211730 A US211730 A US 211730A US 21173038 A US21173038 A US 21173038A US 2243178 A US2243178 A US 2243178A
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
anode
cathode
electrons
electron
anodes
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US211730A
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English (en)
Inventor
Weiss Georg
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Individual
Original Assignee
Individual
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority to NL49747D priority Critical patent/NL49747C/xx
Priority to BE413168D priority patent/BE413168A/xx
Priority to NL56644D priority patent/NL56644C/xx
Priority to DEW95703D priority patent/DE764272C/de
Priority to FR800440D priority patent/FR800440A/fr
Priority to GB633/36A priority patent/GB471800A/en
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Priority to US211730A priority patent/US2243178A/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US2243178A publication Critical patent/US2243178A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J43/00—Secondary-emission tubes; Electron-multiplier tubes
    • H01J43/04—Electron multipliers
    • H01J43/06—Electrode arrangements
    • H01J43/18—Electrode arrangements using essentially more than one dynode
    • H01J43/22—Dynodes consisting of electron-permeable material, e.g. foil, grid, tube, venetian blind

Definitions

  • a device of this type is operated in the following manner:
  • the primary electrons emitted by a cathode which may be incandescent or photoemissive are accelerated towards a first anode, and hit this anode.
  • the anode is preferably made of silver having a very thin coating of an alkali metal, such as caesium or potassium, in order to facilitate the liberation of secondary electrons.
  • the anode has the form of a grid, a part of the primary electrons will hit the sides of the wires or that part of the surface of the screen wires having a large angle of inclination with respect to the plane of the screen. These electrons are particularly useful in producing secondary electrons.
  • the secondary electrons are again accelerated in the direction of a following anode, having a higher potential, and a position close behind the rst anode.
  • the secondary electrons impacting upon the second anode liberate a multiple number of tertiary electrons which are again accelerated in the direction of its following anode, and so on until iinally the collecting anode having a higher potential than the secondary emissive anodes'is reached. It is theoretically possible to in this vmanner obtain an amplification or multiplication of any desired degree.
  • the anodes are so positioned and connected with such potentials, that a great number of secondary electrons run through the multiplying device twice. In this manner, a better eiciency is reached.
  • Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of a device embodying a form of the invention, showing the principal circuit associated therewith.
  • Figs. 2, 3 and 4 show cross-sectional and partial views of specific embodiments.
  • Fig. 5 is a representation of an arrangement in which the paths of the electrons are indicated.
  • Figs. 6 and 7 show another modification, in schematic cross-section.
  • Fig. 8 is a cross-section through a preferred form of a phototube, in combination with a device according to the invention.
  • Fig. 1 shows a plurality of grids of close mesh, or of metal foils lill and lll.
  • Cathode 2 is in form of a photoelectric cathode. It is advantageous to arrange a collecting electrode I on the side of the row of anodes liil, lll directed towards the ⁇ cathode 2. It is possible in this way to force the electrons through the grids twice, so that the secondary emission is greatly increased.
  • the last anode 3 consists in this case of a plate, through .which .the electrons :cannot pass.
  • the anodes are maintained at successively decreasing potentials with the lowest potential on the anode, most remote from the cathode and with the highest potential on the collecting anode.
  • the collecting anode is connected to the positive terminal of source of potential
  • Fig. 2 shows an arrangement in which the anodes have the form of a ring in order not to obstruct the passage of light to the cathode.
  • FIG. 3 shows another way of producing a similar effect in which the grids consist of strips arranged on both sides of an elongated cathode surface.
  • a further construction includes, according to Fig. 4 only .one set of secondary emission anodes consisting of narrow strips. The light falls upon the cathode on both sides of the strip-like anode structure, It is also preferable to heat the anode in order to decrease the energy for the liberation of the electrons.
  • Fig. 5 shows another Way of producing a stagewse increasing number of electrons.
  • the anodes from which the secondary electrons are emit-ted consist of metal surfaces having -an inclined position.
  • the primary electrons are accelerated by an acceleration-grid 4 and hit the anode 5 producing a multiplied number of secondary electrons. These electrons are again accelerated and directed towards the electrode
  • the figure shows two further anodes
  • a further embodiment is represented in Figs. 6 and 7.
  • it is preferable to form an electron-image of the source of electrons for instance of a photoelectric cathode of a photoelectric tube or of an aperture situated in the stream of primary electrons, in the plane of the rst anode. It may also be of advantage to concentrate the complete stream of electrons emitted by the source 0f electrons upon the rst anode.
  • the electron lense may have the form of a cylinder and this has the advantage that if the arrangement is combined with a phototube, the phototube is shielded from outer influences.
  • the cylinder is preferably connected with the shielding device ofthe input cable of the amplier, so that no other shielding devices as for instance metal boxes, metal grids and so on, are necessary and the light eiciency is increased.
  • Fig. 8 shows la form of construction which is of special advantage when a large cathode-.surface is desired.
  • the tube has the form of a bulb 9, consisting of glass, and has aneck-portion 8 containing the electrode system
  • An electron multiplying system including a cathode source of a primary electron stream of controllable intensity, a 4secondary emission anode in the path of said stream, a collecting anode having a surface portion capable of releasing secondary electrons upon electron impacting in a ratio greater than unity positioned between said cathode and said secondary emission anode, a source of potential, and means including circuit connections from said source of potential for maintaining said secondary electron emissive collecting anode at a potential higher than the potential of said secondary emission anode.
  • An electron multiplying system including a cathode source of a primary electron stream of controllable intensity, a secondary emission anode having a surface portion in the path of said stream capable of releasing secondary electrons upon primary electron impacting in a ratio greater than unity, a p erforate collecting anode having a surface portion capable of releasing secondary electrons upon electron impacting in a ratio greater than unity positioned between said cathode and said secondary emission anode, a source of potential, and means including circuit connections from said source of potential for maintaining said secondary electron emissive collecting anode at a potential higher than the potential rof said secondary emission anode.
  • An electron multiplying system having a device including a cathode source of a primary electron stream of controllable intensity, a plurality of secondary emission anodes each having a surface portion capable of releasing secondary electrons upon electron impacting in a ratio greater than unity spaced from said cathode and maintained at successively decreasing potentials with the lowest potential on the anode most remote from said cathode, and a collecting anode positioned between said cathode and the most remote of said plurality of secondary emission anodes and maintained at a potential higher than the potentials of said secondary emission anodes.
  • An electron multiplying system having la device including a cathode source of a primary electron stream of controllable intensity, a collecting anode maintained at a predetermined potential with respect thereto, and a plurality of secondary emission anodes each having a surface portion capable of releasing secondary electrons upon electron impacting in a ratio greater than unity adjacent said collecting anode and remote from said cathode and maintained at potentials decreasing with increasing distance from said cathode.
  • An electron multiplying'system having a device including a cathode source of a primary electron stream of controllable intensity, and a plurality of anodes each having a surface portion in the path of said stream capable of releasing secondary electrons upon primary electron impacting in a ratio greater than unity each spaced at a successively increased distance from said cathode and maintained at potentials Varying according to their respective distances from said cathode with the least potential on the remote anode.
  • An electron multiplying system having a device including a Acathode source of a primary electron stream of controllable intensity, a foraminous collecting anode, a foraminous secondary emission anode remote from said cathode and adjacent said collecting anode, and an imperforate secondary emission anode remote from said collecting anode and adjacent said foraininous secondary emission anode, each of said secondary emission anodes having a surface portion capable of releasing secondary electrons upon electron impacting in a ratio greater than unity, said anodes being maintained at potentials decreasing successively with increase of distance from said Cathode.
  • An electron multiplying system having a device including a cathode source of a primary electron stream of controllable intensity, a plurality of secondary emission anodes each having a surface portion capable of releasing secondary electrons upon electron impacting in a ratio greater than unity disposed at successively increased distances froin said cathode and maintained at potentials decreasing with increase of distance from said cathode, a collecting anode positioned between said cathode and the most remote of said secondary emission anodes and having a potential higher than that of any of said secondary emission anodes, and output means in circuit connection between said collecting anode and said cathode.
  • An electron multiplying system including a photo sensitive cathode, a plurality of perforate secondary emission anodes spaced at successively increased distances from said cathode, a plateshaped secondary emission anode most remote from said cathode, each of said secondary emission anodes having a surface portion capable of releasing secondary electrons upon electron impacting in a ratio greater than unity, a perforate collecting anode positioned between the cathode and one of the secondary emission anodes and means for maintaining said collecting anode at a potential higher than the potential of the secondary emission anodes.
  • An electron multiplying system including a cathode source of a primary electron stream of controllable intensity, an imperforate secondary emission anode remote from said cathode having a surface portion in the path of said stream capable of releasing secondary electrons upon primary electron impacting in a ratio vgreater than unity, a collecting anode positioned between said cathode and said secondary emission anode, a plurality of perforate secondary emission anodes in the path of the electrons moving from said cathode towards said imperforate secondary anode each having a surface portion capable of releasing secondary electrons upon electron impacting in a ratio greater than unity, a source of potential, and means including circuit connections for said source for maintaining said collecting anode at a potential higher than the potential of said secondary emission anodes.

Landscapes

  • Image-Pickup Tubes, Image-Amplification Tubes, And Storage Tubes (AREA)
  • Common Detailed Techniques For Electron Tubes Or Discharge Tubes (AREA)
  • Electron Tubes For Measurement (AREA)
US211730A 1935-01-08 1938-06-04 Electron multiplier Expired - Lifetime US2243178A (en)

Priority Applications (7)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
NL49747D NL49747C (ja) 1935-01-08
BE413168D BE413168A (ja) 1935-01-08
NL56644D NL56644C (ja) 1935-01-08
DEW95703D DE764272C (de) 1935-01-08 1935-01-08 Sekundaerelektronenvervielfacher
FR800440D FR800440A (fr) 1935-01-08 1936-01-08 Amplificateur électronique
GB633/36A GB471800A (en) 1935-01-08 1936-01-08 Improvements in or relating to electron discharge apparatus
US211730A US2243178A (en) 1935-01-08 1938-06-04 Electron multiplier

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DEW95703D DE764272C (de) 1935-01-08 1935-01-08 Sekundaerelektronenvervielfacher
US5758436A 1936-01-04 1936-01-04
US211730A US2243178A (en) 1935-01-08 1938-06-04 Electron multiplier

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US2243178A true US2243178A (en) 1941-05-27

Family

ID=48631020

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US211730A Expired - Lifetime US2243178A (en) 1935-01-08 1938-06-04 Electron multiplier

Country Status (6)

Country Link
US (1) US2243178A (ja)
BE (1) BE413168A (ja)
DE (1) DE764272C (ja)
FR (1) FR800440A (ja)
GB (1) GB471800A (ja)
NL (2) NL56644C (ja)

Families Citing this family (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE763102C (de) * 1937-02-11 1953-01-26 Fernseh Gmbh Elektrodenanordnung fuer mehrstufige Sekundaerelektronenvervielfacher
DE751034C (de) * 1937-02-16 1954-11-29 Opta Radio A G Sekundaerelektronenvervielfacher mit Fotokathode und netzfoermigen Prallelektroden
DE765082C (de) * 1937-09-27 1953-12-14 Aeg Photoelektrische Zelle, bei der Photo- und Sekundaeremissionskathode als Vollflaechenelektroden einander gegenueber angeordnet sind
DE745730C (de) * 1938-03-04 1944-05-22 Fernseh Gmbh Reihenvervielfacher fuer hohe Ausgangsstroeme
DE742002C (de) * 1939-03-30 1943-11-20 Bosch Gmbh Robert Roehrensender
FR2445018A1 (fr) * 1978-12-22 1980-07-18 Anvar Tube multiplicateur d'electrons a champ magnetique axial
FR2955682B1 (fr) 2010-01-28 2012-03-16 Paycool Int Ltd Procede de fourniture d'un code dynamique par l'intermediaire d'un telephone

Family Cites Families (16)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR552185A (ja) * 1923-04-25
DE437793C (de) * 1926-11-27 Philips Nv Entladungsroehre zur Erzeugung sekundaerer Elektronen
US1210678A (en) * 1915-05-19 1917-01-02 Western Electric Co Thermionic amplifier.
US1419547A (en) * 1918-11-12 1922-06-13 Cornelius D Ehret Electronic apparatus
US1450265A (en) * 1919-04-18 1923-04-03 Westinghouse Electric & Mfg Co Hot-cathode tube
US1721395A (en) * 1921-05-24 1929-07-16 Gen Electric Electron-discharge apparatus
GB180655A (en) * 1921-05-24 1923-07-19 British Thomson Houston Co Ltd Improvements in and relating to electron discharge devices
GB191038A (en) * 1921-12-28 1924-01-17 British Thomson Houston Co Ltd Improvements in and relating to electric current amplifiers
US1683134A (en) * 1921-12-28 1928-09-04 Gen Electric Amplifier
FR582428A (fr) * 1923-09-15 1924-12-18 Tube électronique à plaque multiple
US1748386A (en) * 1925-10-21 1930-02-25 Rca Corp Electric discharge tube
DE587113C (de) * 1925-10-22 1933-10-30 Siegmund Loewe Dr Kathode fuer Entladungsroehren
US1903569A (en) * 1926-09-15 1933-04-11 Kenneth W Jarvis Electron tube
CH158401A (de) * 1930-09-25 1932-11-15 Rca Corp Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Empfangen von telegraphisch übermittelten Bildern mittelst einer Kathodenstrahlröhre.
US1955899A (en) * 1930-09-25 1934-04-24 Rca Corp Method and system for communication by television
DE569873C (de) * 1931-01-30 1933-02-09 Zeiss Carl Fa Einrichtung zur Beleuchtung von Zifferblaettern an Uhren

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
NL49747C (ja)
NL56644C (ja)
FR800440A (fr) 1936-07-04
GB471800A (en) 1937-09-08
DE764272C (de) 1954-09-27
BE413168A (ja)

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