US20230002348A1 - GLP-1 Receptor Agonist and Use Thereof - Google Patents

GLP-1 Receptor Agonist and Use Thereof Download PDF

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Publication number
US20230002348A1
US20230002348A1 US17/776,052 US202017776052A US2023002348A1 US 20230002348 A1 US20230002348 A1 US 20230002348A1 US 202017776052 A US202017776052 A US 202017776052A US 2023002348 A1 US2023002348 A1 US 2023002348A1
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Prior art keywords
methyl
oxetan
amino
carboxylic acid
benzo
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US17/776,052
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Inventor
Hong Chul Yoon
Kyung Mi AN
Myong Jae Lee
Jin Hee Lee
Jeong-Geun Kim
A-Rang Im
Woo Jin JEON
Jin Ah Jeong
Jaeho HEO
Changhee HONG
Kyeojin Kim
Jung-Eun Park
Te-ik SOHN
Changmok Oh
Da Hae Hong
Sung Wook Kwon
Jung Ho Kim
Jae Eui Shin
Yeongran Yoo
Min Whan Chang
Eun Hye JANG
In-Gyu Je
Ji Hye Choi
Gunhee Kim
Yearin Jun
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Ildong Pharmaceutical Co Ltd
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Ildong Pharmaceutical Co Ltd
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Priority claimed from KR1020200022485A external-priority patent/KR20210059584A/ko
Application filed by Ildong Pharmaceutical Co Ltd filed Critical Ildong Pharmaceutical Co Ltd
Assigned to ILDONG PHARMACEUTICAL CO., LTD. reassignment ILDONG PHARMACEUTICAL CO., LTD. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: JEONG, JIN AH, JEON, WOO JIN, JUN, Yearin, KIM, JUNG HO, KIM, Kyeojin, LEE, MYONG JAE, PARK, JUNG-EUN, AN, KYUNG MI, CHANG, Min Whan, CHOI, JI HYE, HEO, Jaeho, HONG, Changhee, HONG, DA HAE, IM, A-Rang, JANG, EUN HYE, JE, In-gyu, KIM, GUNHEE, KIM, JEONG-GEUN, KWON, SUNG WOOK, LEE, JIN HEE, OH, Changmok, SHIN, Jae Eui, SOHN, Te-Ik, YOO, Yeongran, YOON, HONG CHUL
Publication of US20230002348A1 publication Critical patent/US20230002348A1/en
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    • C07D401/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings directly linked by a ring-member-to-ring-member bond
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    • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
    • A61K31/4427—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof containing further heterocyclic ring systems
    • A61K31/4439—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof containing further heterocyclic ring systems containing a five-membered ring with nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. omeprazole
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    • A61K31/4523—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine containing further heterocyclic ring systems
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    • A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
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    • A61K31/4545—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine containing further heterocyclic ring systems containing a six-membered ring with nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. pipamperone, anabasine
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    • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
    • A61K31/496—Non-condensed piperazines containing further heterocyclic rings, e.g. rifampin, thiothixene or sparfloxacin
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    • A61K31/4965—Non-condensed pyrazines
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    • A61K31/505—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim
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    • C07D211/20—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals directly attached to ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring carbon atoms with hydrocarbon radicals, substituted by singly bound oxygen or sulphur atoms
    • C07D211/22—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals directly attached to ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring carbon atoms with hydrocarbon radicals, substituted by singly bound oxygen or sulphur atoms by oxygen atoms
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    • C07D213/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D213/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
    • C07D213/60—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
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    • C07D235/04—Benzimidazoles; Hydrogenated benzimidazoles
    • C07D235/06—Benzimidazoles; Hydrogenated benzimidazoles with only hydrogen atoms, hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals, directly attached in position 2
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    • C07D239/24—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazine or hydrogenated 1,3-diazine rings not condensed with other rings having three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D239/28—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazine or hydrogenated 1,3-diazine rings not condensed with other rings having three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
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    • C07D295/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring nitrogen atoms
    • C07D295/08—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring nitrogen atoms substituted by singly bound oxygen or sulfur atoms
    • C07D295/096—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring nitrogen atoms substituted by singly bound oxygen or sulfur atoms with the ring nitrogen atoms and the oxygen or sulfur atoms separated by carbocyclic rings or by carbon chains interrupted by carbocyclic rings
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    • C07D401/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
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Definitions

  • the present application provides novel GLP-1R agonist compounds and uses of the compounds.
  • Insulin is a peptide secreted by beta cells of pancreas and is a substance that plays a very important role in regulating blood sugar in a body. Diabetes is a metabolic disease in which a concentration of glucose in the blood increases due to insufficient secretion of insulin or normal functioning thereof. A case in which blood sugar rises due to inability to secrete insulin from the pancreas is referred to as type 1 diabetes. Thus, administration of insulin is required to treat the type 1 diabetes.
  • type 2 diabetes which it is treated using a hypoglycemic agent based on a chemical substance.
  • GLP-1 glucagon like peptide-1
  • GLP-1R glucagon like peptide-1 receptor
  • GLP-1 is secreted via stimulation by absorbed nutrients or blood sugar levels. Diabetes treatment using GLP-1 has advantages that hypoglycemia does not occur because insulin is secreted depending on the glucose concentration.
  • this hormone is known to be effective in reducing movement of an upper digestive system and suppressing appetite, and to proliferate existing beta cells of the pancreas.
  • GLP-1 was a candidate compound which was applied for a treatment method for the type 2 diabetes, but it had many obstacles in developing the same as a drug because a half-life in blood thereof was only 2 minutes.
  • therapeutic agents have been developed using a GLP-1 analog and a DPP-4 inhibitor which are resistant to an enzyme referred to as dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) that destroys the GLP-1 in the blood
  • DPP-IV dipeptidyl peptidase IV
  • exendin is a peptide found in the salivary secretions of the Mexican beaded lizard (Heroderma horridum ) and the Gila monster (Helloderma suspectum ) as endogenous reptiles of Arizona and North Mexico. Exendin-3 is present in the salivary secretions of Heroderma horridum , and exendin-4 is present in the salivary secretions of Helloderma suspectum , and both have high homology with the GLP-1 sequence (Goke et al., J. Biol. Chem. Vol. 268, pp. 19650-19655, 1993).
  • exendin-4 may act on GLP-1 receptors on specific insulin-secreting cells, dispersed racemose gland cells from the pancreas of guinea pigs and stomach walls cells thereof. This peptide has been reported to stimulate somatostatin release and inhibit gastrin release from the isolated stomach.
  • GLP-1 analogs having resistance to the DPP-4 enzyme that destroys GLP-1 in blood have been developed and are being used as a therapeutic agent for type 2 diabetes.
  • These GLP-1 analogs have a considerably longer half-life compared to GLP-1, and thus they have the advantage of maintaining a hypoglycemic effect for a long time.
  • oral administration thereof is not possible, resulting in low medication convenience in that they must be used in a form of an injection. Therefore, recently, research for discovering a small molecule GLP-1R agonist that may be administered orally and may be used as a diabetes treatment agent is being conducted.
  • DA-15864 as a novel small molecule compound that may selectively stimulate the GLP-1 receptor in humans and mice acts as a GLP-1 receptor agonist that may be administered orally to treat diabetes and obesity (Moon, H.-S. et al., “The development of non-peptide glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist for the treatment of type 2 diabetes” Arch. Pharm. Res. Vol. 34(7), pp. 1041-1043, 2011). These oral formulations have high development value in that they act as GLP-1R agonists with improved easiness of administration.
  • human ether-a-go-go related gene is a gene that encodes a subunit of the human potassium channels responsible for the delayed rectifier potassium current (IKr), which seems to have the most influential role in determining the duration of the action potential and thus the QT interval. If the hERG channel is inhibited by drugs, the ventricular repolarization determined by the duration of the cardiac action potential is delayed, an effect that can be measured as prolongation of the QT interval on the ECG.
  • TdP Torsade de pointes
  • QT prologation is an essential consideration.
  • the cause of death due to ischemic heart disease increased by 2 to 3 times or more.
  • Women diagnosed with diabetes before age 30 are known to have a significant increased risk of myocardial infarction or fatal coronary artery disease.
  • an anti-diabetic drug causes the QT prolongation, it is difficult to develop the drug itself with an inevitable limitation for long-term use, even if it has an excellent effect.
  • novel agonist compounds having an excellent effect of increasing the activity of the GLP-1 receptor were screened from various candidate substances in the present disclosure, and it was confirmed that these compounds exhibit excellent activity as GLP-1 receptor agonists.
  • the present disclosure provides compounds represented by the following Chemical Formula 1, optical isomers of the compounds, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds or the optical isomers:
  • R 1 is —C( ⁇ O)R a ;
  • R a is —OH or —O—(C 1 -C 4 alkyl);
  • Y is —CH— or —N—
  • R 2 is one selected from the group consisting of substituted or unsubstituted C 6 to C 12 aryl, substituted or unsubstituted C 5 to C 12 heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3 to C 8 heterocycloalkyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C 3 to C 8 cycloalkyl, where the substituted aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, and cycloalkyl include at least one substitution with —OH, —(C 1 -C 4 alkyl), halogen, or —CN;
  • R′ is hydrogen or —(C 1 -C 4 alkyl);
  • X is —CR b — or —N—;
  • R b is one selected from the group consisting of —H, halogen, —CN, —OH, —O—(C 1 -C 4 alkyl), —NH 2 , —NO 2 , and —C 1 -C 4 haloalkyl;
  • W 1 is —CR c — or —N—, where R c is one selected from the group consisting of —H, halogen, —CN, —OH, —O—(C 1 -C 4 alkyl), —NH 2 , —NO 2 , and —C 1 -C 4 haloalkyl;
  • W 2 is —CR d — or —N—, where R d is one selected from the group consisting of —H, halogen, —CN, —OH, —O—(C 1 -C 4 alkyl), —NH 2 , —NO 2 , and —C 1 -C 4 haloalkyl;
  • W 3 is —CR e — or —N—, where R e is one selected from the group consisting of —H, halogen, —CN, —OH, —O—(C 1 -C 4 alkyl), —NH 2 , —NO 2 , and —C 1 -C 4 haloalkyl;
  • J is —O— or —NR′′—
  • R′′ is hydrogen or —(C 1 -C 4 alkyl);
  • Z 1 is —CR f — or —N—, where R f is one selected from the group consisting of —H, halogen, —CN, —OH, —O—(C 1 -C 4 alkyl), —NH 2 , —NO 2 , and —C 1 -C 4 haloalkyl;
  • Z 2 is —CR g — or —N—, where R g is one selected from the group consisting of —H, halogen, —CN, —OH, —O—(C 1 -C 4 alkyl), —NH 2 , —NO 2 , and —C 1 -C 4 haloalkyl;
  • Z 3 is —CR h — or —N—, where R h is one selected from the group consisting of —H, halogen, —CN, —OH, —O—(C 1 -C 4 alkyl), —NH 2 , —NO 2 , and —C 1 -C 4 haloalkyl;
  • Z 4 is —CR i — or —N—, where R i is one selected from the group consisting of —H, halogen, —CN, —OH, —O—(C 1 -C 4 alkyl), —NH 2 , —NO 2 , and —C 1 -C 4 haloalkyl; and
  • R j is one selected from the group consisting of —H, halogen, —CN, —OH, —O—(C 1 -C 4 alkyl), —NH 2 , —NO 2 , and —C 1 -C 4 haloalkyl.
  • Z 1 may be —CR f — or —N—;
  • Z 2 may be —CR g — or —N—;
  • Z 3 may be —CR h — or —N—;
  • Z 4 may be —CR i — or —N—, where only one of Z 1 to Z 4 may be —N—.
  • Z 1 may be —CR f —
  • Z 2 may be —CR g —
  • Z 3 may be —CR h —
  • Z 4 may be —CR i —.
  • the compound represented by Chemical Formula 1 the optical isomer of the compound, or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound or the optical isomer may be a compound represented by the following Chemical Formula 2:
  • R f , R g , R h , R i , R j , J, X, W 1 , W 2 , W 3 , A 1 , R 2 , Y, and R 1 are the same as previously defined in the above Chemical Formula 1.
  • R j may be halogen or —CN.
  • R g may be one selected from the group consisting of —H, halogen and —CN.
  • J may be —O—
  • the compound represented by Chemical Formula 1 the optical isomer of the compound, or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound or the optical isomer may be a compound represented by the following Chemical Formula 3:
  • Z 1 , Z 2 , Z 3 , Z 4 , R j , X, W 1 , W 2 , W 3 , A 1 , R 2 , Y, and R 1 are the same as previously defined in the above Chemical Formula 1.
  • a 1 may be
  • the compound represented by Chemical Formula 1 the optical isomer of the compound, or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound or the optical isomer may be a compound represented by the following Chemical Formula 4:
  • R 2 , Y, and R 1 are the same as previously defined in the above Chemical Formula 1.
  • C 3 to C 8 heterocycloalkyl may be substituted or unsubstituted C 3 to C 8 heterocycloalkyl containing at least one nitrogen, where the substituted heterocycloalkyl includes at least one substitution with —OH, —(C 1 -C 4 alkyl), halogen, or —CN.
  • a 1 may be
  • the compound of Chemical Formula 1, the optical isomer of the compound, or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound or the optical isomer may be a compound represented by the following Chemical Formula 5-1 when
  • the compound of Chemical Formula 1, the optical isomer of the compound, or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound or the optical isomer may be a compound represented by the following Chemical Formula 5-2 when
  • the compound of Chemical Formula 1, the optical isomer of the compound, or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound or the optical isomer may be a compound represented by the following Chemical Formula 5-3 when
  • Z 1 , Z 2 , Z 3 , Z 4 , R j , J, X, W 1 , W 2 , W 3 , R′, R 2 , Y, and R 1 are the same as previously defined in the above Chemical Formula 1.
  • R 2 may be substituted or unsubstituted C 3 to C 5 heterocycloalkyl or substituted or unsubstituted C 3 to C 5 cycloalkyl, where the substituted heterocycloalkyl and cycloalkyl include at least one substitution with —OH, —(C 1 -C 4 alkyl), halogen, or —CN.
  • R 2 may be substituted or unsubstituted
  • the compound of Chemical Formula 1, the optical isomer of the compound, or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound or the optical isomer may be a compound represented by the following Chemical Formula 6:
  • Z 1 , Z 2 , Z 3 , Z 4 , R j , J, X, W 1 , W 2 , W 3 , A 1 , Y, and R 1 are the same as previously defined in the above Chemical Formula 1.
  • the present disclosure provides the compound listed below, an optical isomer of the compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound or the optical isomer:
  • the present disclosure provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds of the Chemical Formula 1, 2, 3, 4, 5-1, 5-2, 5-3 or 6, optical isomers of the compounds, pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds or the optical isomers as defined in any of the embodiments described herein.
  • compositions comprising the compounds of the Chemical Formula 1, 2, 3, 4, 5-1, 5-2, 5-3 or 6, optical isomers of the compounds pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds or the optical isomers as defined in any of the embodiments described herein, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the present disclosure provides the compounds of the Chemical Formula 1, 2, 3, 4, 5-1, 5-2, 5-3 or 6, optical isomers of the compounds, pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds or the optical isomers as defined in any of the embodiments described herein for use in treatment and/or prevention of metabolic diseases.
  • the present disclosure provides methods for treating metabolic diseases, the method comprising administering to a subject in need the compounds of the Chemical Formula 1, 2, 3, 4, 5-1, 5-2, 5-3 or 6, optical isomers of the compounds, pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds or the optical isomers as defined in any of the embodiments described herein.
  • the present disclosure provides uses of the compounds of the Chemical Formula 1, 2, 3, 4, 5-1, 5-2, 5-3 or 6, optical isomers of the compounds, pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds or the optical isomers as defined in any of the embodiments described herein for prevention or treatment of metabolic diseases.
  • the present disclosure provides uses of the compounds of the Chemical Formula 1, 2, 3, 4, 5-1, 5-2, 5-3 or 6, optical isomers of the compounds, pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds or the optical isomers as defined in any of the embodiments described herein for preparation of a medicament for prevention or treatment of metabolic diseases.
  • compositions for prevention or treatment of metabolic diseases comprising the compounds of the Chemical Formula 1, 2, 3, 4, 5-1, 5-2, 5-3 or 6, optical isomers of the compounds, pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds or the optical isomers as defined in any of the embodiments described herein.
  • GLP-1R agonists comprising the compounds of the Chemical Formula 1, 2, 3, 4, 5-1, 5-2, 5-3 or 6, optical isomers of the compounds, pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds or the optical isomers as defined in any of the embodiments described herein.
  • the compounds of the present disclosure exhibit excellent effects as GLP-1 agonists. Specifically, a result of performing a competitive immunoassay between an intrinsic cAMP generated in a cell and a foreign cAMP labeled with a dye shows that the compounds of the present disclosure have excellent effects as GLP-1 agonists.
  • a glucose tolerance test shows that the compounds, optical isomers, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the present disclosure have excellent glucose tolerance in both intravenous and oral administrations as well as have excellent pharmacokinetic properties.
  • the compounds, the optical isomers, and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the present disclosure exhibit excellent pharmacological safety. For example, since it exhibits excellent safety for the cardiovascular system, the possibility of cardiotoxicity such as arrhythmia even when taken for a long period of time is expected to be very low.
  • the present disclosure also relates to a pharmaceutical composition for use in the treatment and/or prevention of the metabolic diseases discussed herein comprising the compounds of the Chemical formulas 1, 2, 3, 4, 5-1, 5-2, 5 or 6, an optical isomer of the compounds, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compounds or the optical isomers as defined in any of the embodiments described herein.
  • the metabolic disease used herein includes, for example, diabetes (T1D and/or T2DM, such as prediabetes), idiopathic T1D (type 1b), latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA), early onset T2DM (EOD), younger onset atypical diabetes (YOAD), maturity onset diabetes in young (MODY), malnutrition-related diabetes, gestational diabetes, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, liver insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance, diabetic neuropathy, diabetic nephropathy, kidney disease (e.g., acute kidney failure, tubular dysfunction, pro-inflammatory changes to proximal tubule), diabetic retinopathy, adipocyte dysfunction, visceral fat accumulation, sleep apnea, obesity (e.g., hypothalamic obesity and monogenic obesity) and associated comorbidities (e.g.
  • T1D and/or T2DM such as prediabetes), idiopathic T1D (type 1b), latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA
  • osteoarthritis and urinary incontinence eating disorders (e.g., binge eating syndrome, anorexia nervosa, and syndrome of obesity, such as Prader-Willi syndrome and Barde-Biedl syndrome), weight gain due to use of other drugs (e.g.
  • dyslipidemia including hyperlipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, increased total cholesterol, high LDL cholesterol, and low HDL cholesterol
  • hyperinsulinemia Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) (including related diseases such as steatosis, NASH, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma)
  • cardiovascular disease atherosclerosis (including coronary artery disease), peripheral vascular disease, hypertension, endothelial dysfunction, impaired vascular compliance, congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction (e.g., necrosis and apoptosis), stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, ischemic stroke, traumatic brain injury, pulmonary hypertension, restenosis after angioplasty, intermittent claudication, postprandial lipidemia, metabolic acidosis, ketosis, arthritis, osteoporosis, Parkinson's disease, left ventricular hypertrophy, peripheral arterial disease, loss of vision, cataracts, glomerul
  • NAFLD Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
  • alkyl refers to a straight or branched chain monovalent hydrocarbon group of a structural formula —C n H (2n+1) .
  • Non-limiting examples thereof include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, 2-methyl-propyl, 1,1-dimethylethyl, pentyl and hexyl, and the like.
  • C 1 to C 4 alkyl may refer to alkyl such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, 2-methyl-propyl, or isopropyl.
  • C 6 to C 12 aryl refers to an aromatic hydrocarbon containing 6 or 12 carbon atoms.
  • the term “C 6 to C 12 aryl” refers to, for example, a ring system such as monocyclic (e.g., phenyl) or bicyclic (e.g., indenyl, naphthalenyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, tetrahydroindenyl).
  • C 5 to C 12 heteroaryl refers to an aromatic hydrocarbon containing 5 to 12 carbon atoms in which at least one of ring carbon atoms is replaced with a heteroatom selected from oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur.
  • the heteroaryl group may be attached via a ring carbon atom or, if valency permits, via a ring nitrogen atom or the like.
  • the heteroaryl group includes fused ring system having 2 to 3 rings.
  • C 3 to C 8 cycloalkyl refers to a cyclic monovalent hydrocarbon group of a structural formula —C n H (2n ⁇ 1) containing 3 to 8 carbon atoms.
  • Non-limiting examples thereof include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, and cyclooctyl.
  • C 3 to C 8 heterocycloalkyl refers to a cycloalkyl group containing 3 to 8 carbon atoms in which at least one of ring methylene groups (—CH 2 —) is replaced with a group selected from —O—, —S— and nitrogen. In this case, nitrogen may provide an attachment point or may be substituted based on embodiments.
  • unsubstituted means a state that hydrogen is not substituted with any substituent.
  • substituted aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, cycloalkyl, spiroheterocycloalkyl and heterobicycloalkyl may include, for example, at least one substitution, that is, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or more substitutions with —OH, —(C 1 -C 4 alkyl), halogen, or —CN. Each of these substitutions may be made independently.
  • C 3 to C 12 spiroheterocycloalkyl as used herein means a non-aromatic hydrocarbon residue containing at least one hetero atom and containing at least two rings fused at a single carbon atom containing 3 to 12 carbon atoms. That is, the “spiroheterocycloalkyl” refers to a polycyclic hydrocarbon containing one or more heteroatoms, which share an atom (referred to as a spiro atom) between monocyclic rings. They may comprise one or more double bonds, but no atom of the ring has a fully conjugated pi-electron system.
  • C 3 to C 12 bridged heterobicycloalkyl is a bridged multiple cyclic ring assembly and is a bridged multiple cyclic ring assembly containing at least one hetero atom, preferably one or more nitrogen atoms.
  • halogen refers to fluoride, chloride, bromide, or iodide.
  • haloalkyl refers to an alkyl group in which hydrogen is substituted with one or more halogens (e.g., fluoride, chloride, bromide, or iodide).
  • R 1 is —C( ⁇ O)R a
  • R a is —OH or —O—(C 1 -C 4 alkyl).
  • R 1 may be —C( ⁇ O)OH.
  • R 2 is any one selected from the group consisting of substituted or unsubstituted C 6 to C 12 aryl, substituted or unsubstituted C 5 to C 12 heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3 to C 8 heterocycloalkyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C 3 to C 8 cycloalkyl, where the substituted aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, and cycloalkyl include at least one substitution with —OH, —(C 1 -C 4 alkyl), halogen, or —CN.
  • R 2 is preferably substituted or unsubstituted C 3 to C 5 heterocycloalkyl or substituted or unsubstituted C 3 to C 5 cycloalkyl, where the substituted heterocycloalkyl and cycloalkyl include at least one substitution with —OH, —(C 1 -C 4 alkyl), halogen, or —CN. More preferably, R 2 is an oxacyclobutane containing a substituted or unsubstituted chiral central carbon, where the substituted oxacyclobutane includes at least one substitution with —OH, —(C 1 -C 4 alkyl), halogen, or —CN.
  • R 2 may be substituted or unsubstituted
  • Y may be —CH— or —N—. More specifically, Y may be —CH—.
  • R′ is hydrogen or —(C 1 -C 4 alkyl).
  • C 3 to C 8 heterocycloalkyl may be substituted or unsubstituted C 3 to C 8 heterocycloalkyl containing at least one nitrogen, where the substituted heterocycloalkyl includes at least one substitution with —OH, —(C 1 -C 4 alkyl), halogen, or —CN.
  • it may be one selected from the group consisting of
  • a 1 is N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl
  • a 1 may be one selected from the group consisting of the following compounds:
  • J may be —O— or —NR′′—, and more specifically, J may be —O—.
  • only one of Z 1 to Z 4 may be —N—.
  • Z 1 may be —CR f —
  • Z 2 may be —CR g —
  • Z 3 may be —CR h —
  • Z 4 may be —CR i —.
  • R g may be any one selected from the group consisting of —H, halogen and —CN.
  • Chemical Formula 1 may be substituted or unsubstituted phenyl or substituted or unsubstituted pyridinyl.
  • Chemical Formula 1 may be one selected from the group consisting of the following compounds:
  • Chemical Formula 1 may be substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, substituted or unsubstituted pyridinyl, substituted or unsubstituted pyrimidinyl, or substituted or unsubstituted pyrazinyl.
  • Chemical Formula 1 may be one selected from the group consisting of the following compounds:
  • the compounds, the optical isomers of the compounds, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds or the optical isomers of the present disclosure may comprise acid addition salts and base addition salts.
  • Suitable acid addition salts are formed from acids that form non-toxic salts. Examples thereof may include acetate, adipate, aspartate, benzoate, besylate, bicarbonate/carbonate, bisulfate/sulfate, borate, camsylate, citrate, cyclamate, ediselate, esylate, formate, fumarate, gluceptate, gluconate, glucuronate, hexafluorophosphate, hybenzate, hydrochloride/chloride, hydrobromide/bromide, hydroiodide/iodide, isethionate, lactate, malate, maleate, malonate, mesylate, methyl sulfate, naphthylate, 2-naphsylate, nicotinate, nitrate, orotate, oxalate, palmitate, pamoate, phosphate/hydrogen phosphate/dihydrogen phosphate, p
  • Suitable base addition salts are formed from bases forming non-toxic salts. Examples thereof may include aluminum, arginine, benzathine, calcium, choline, diethylamine, bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amine (diolamine), glycine, lysine, magnesium, meglumine, 2-aminoethanol (olamine), potassium, sodium, 2-amino-2-(hydroxymethyl) propane-1,3-diol (tris or trimethamine), and zinc salts.
  • hemi salts of acids and bases such as hemisulfate and hemicalcium salts may be formed.
  • solvate refers to a molecular complex comprising one or more pharmaceutically acceptable solvent molecules (e.g., ethanol) as well as a compound of the Chemical Formula 1, an optical isomer of the compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound or the optical isomer.
  • solvent molecules e.g., ethanol
  • hydrate refers to a solvate when the solvent is water.
  • a multi-component complex (in addition to salts and solvates) is also included within the scope of the present disclosure.
  • a medicament and one or more other components are then present in a stoichiometric or non-stoichiometric amount.
  • the complex of this type includes inclusion compounds (drug-host inclusion complexes) and co-crystals.
  • Co-crystals are typically defined as crystalline complexes of neutral molecular components that are bonded to each other via non-covalent interactions, but co-crystals may be complexes of neutral molecules with salts.
  • Co-crystals may be prepared by melt crystallization, by recrystallization from a solvent, or by physically grinding the components together.
  • the compounds of the present disclosure may exist as a solid state continuum ranging from completely amorphous to fully crystalline.
  • amorphous refers to a state in which a substance loses a long-distance arrangement regularity at a molecular level and the physical properties of a solid or liquid may be exhibited depending on temperature.
  • the substance does not provide a unique X-ray diffraction pattern, and exhibits properties of a solid, and is more formally described as a liquid. Upon heating thereof, a change thereof from solid to liquid properties thereof occurs.
  • the substance is characterized by a state change (typically secondary) (‘glass transition’).
  • crystalline refers to a solid phase in which a substance has arrangement regularity at the molecular level and provides an X-ray diffraction pattern with defined peaks.
  • the substance will also exhibit the properties of a liquid when heated sufficiently, but the change thereof from solid to liquid is characterized by a phase change (typically primary) (‘melting point’).
  • the compounds of the present disclosure that contain one or more asymmetric carbon atoms may exist as two or more stereoisomers.
  • tautomeric isomerism or tautomerism may occur. This may, for example, take a form of proton tautomerism in the compound of the Chemical Formula 1 containing imino, keto, or oxime groups, or take a form of valence tautomerism in the compound thereof containing aromatic residues.
  • a single compound may exhibit at least two types of isomerism.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of the present disclosure may contain counter-ions that are optically active or racemic.
  • racemic bodies or racemic bodies of salts or derivatives
  • HPLC high pressure liquid chromatography
  • the racemic body may react with base or acid (e.g. 1-phenylethylamine or tartaric acid), when a suitable optically active compound, e.g., an alcohol, or the compound of the Chemical Formula 1 contains acidic or basic residues.
  • base or acid e.g. 1-phenylethylamine or tartaric acid
  • the resulting diastereomeric mixture may be separated using chromatography and/or fractional crystallization, and one or both of the diastereomers may be converted to the corresponding pure enantiomer(s) using means well known to those skilled in the art.
  • a chiral compound of the Chemical Formula 1 (and a chiral precursor thereof) may be obtained in an enantiomer-enriched form using chromatography, typically HPLC, on asymmetric resins using a mobile phase composed of hydrocarbons, typically heptane or hexane, containing 0 to 50% by volume, typically 2% to 20% by volume of isopropanol, and 0 to 5% by volume of alkylamine, typically 0.1% by volume of diethylamine. Concentration of the eluent results in an enriched mixture.
  • Chiral chromatography using subcritical and supercritical fluids may be used. Chiral chromatography methods useful in some embodiments of the present disclosure are known in the art.
  • a first type is the above mentioned racemic compound (intrinsic racemic body) in which crystal of one homogeneous form containing both enantiomers in an equimolar amount is formed.
  • a second type is a racemic mixture or conglomerate in which crystals of two forms, each comprising a single enantiomer, are produced in an equimolar amount.
  • both the crystal forms present in the racemic mixture have the same physical properties, they may have different physical properties from those of the true racemic body.
  • the racemic mixture may be separated using conventional techniques known to those skilled in the art.
  • the compound of Chemical Formula 1, preferably the compounds of Chemical Formulas 2 to 6 described herein comprise the compounds itself and prodrugs thereof.
  • the present disclosure comprises the compound of Chemical Formula 1, as well as a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound, and a pharmaceutically acceptable solvate of the compound and the salt.
  • the compounds of the present disclosure may be administered in an amount effective to treat the symptoms described herein.
  • Compounds of the present disclosure may be administered as the compounds itself or, alternatively, as pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds.
  • the compounds or the pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of present disclosure may, for the sake of simplicity, be referred to as the compound or compounds according to the present disclosure.
  • the compound according to the present disclosure is administered via any suitable route, in a form of a pharmaceutical composition suitable for the route, and in a dosage effective for intended treatment.
  • the compound according to the present disclosure may be administered orally, or in rectal, vaginal, parenteral, or topical manner.
  • the compound according to the present disclosure may preferably be administered orally.
  • Oral administration may involve swallowing to allow the compound to enter the gastrointestinal tract, or it may include buccal or sublingual administration to allow the compound to enter the bloodstream directly from the oral cavity.
  • the compound according to the present disclosure may be administered directly to the bloodstream, muscle or internal organs.
  • suitable means for parenteral administration include intravenous, intraarterial, intraperitoneal, intrathecal, intraventricular, intraurethral, intrasternal, intracranial, intramuscular and subcutaneous administration.
  • Devices suitable for parenteral administration include needle (including microneedle) syringes, needleless syringes and infusion techniques.
  • the compound according to the present disclosure may be administered topically (that is, in epidermal or transdermal manner) to the skin or mucous membrane.
  • the compound according to the present disclosure may be administered intranasally or by inhalation.
  • the compound according to the present disclosure may be administered rectally or intravaginally.
  • the compound according to the present disclosure may be administered directly to the eye or ear.
  • a total daily dose of the compound according to the present disclosure may be typically about 0.001 to about 100 mg/kg (i.e., mg of the compound according to the present disclosure per kg body weight) for the treatment of the symptoms discussed herein.
  • the total daily dose of the compound according to the present disclosure may be about 0.01 to about 30 mg/kg, about 0.03 to about 10 mg/kg, or about 0.1 to about 3 mg/kg. It is not unusual for the administration of the compound according to the present disclosure to be repeated several times a day (typically no more than 4 times a day). The multiple doses per day may typically be used to increase the total daily dose, if necessary.
  • the composition may be provided in the form of tablets, capsules, liquids, etc. for symptom-related control of the dosage to the patient.
  • the medicament typically contains from about 0.01 mg to about 500 mg of the active ingredient.
  • Suitable subjects according to the present disclosure include mammalians. In some embodiments, humans are suitable subjects. Human subjects may be male or female and may be at any stage of growth.
  • the present disclosure provides pharmaceutical compositions.
  • compositions for preventing and treating metabolic diseases comprising the compounds represented by Chemical Formula 1, optical isomers of the compounds, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds or the optical isomers.
  • compositions may comprise pharmaceutically acceptable carriers with the compounds of the present disclosure.
  • the term “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” includes any and all of physiologically compatible solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents, and the like.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include one or more of water, saline, phosphate buffered saline, dextrose, glycerol, ethanol, as well as combinations thereof.
  • Isotonic agents such as sugar, sodium chloride, or polyalcohols such as mannitol or sorbitol may be contained in the composition.
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable ingredient e.g., wetting agent
  • a small amount of an auxiliary ingredient e.g., wetting agent, emulsifying agent, preservative, or buffer
  • auxiliary ingredient e.g., wetting agent, emulsifying agent, preservative, or buffer
  • composition according to the present disclosure may be in various forms.
  • the composition according to the present disclosure may be in a form of, for example, liquid, semi-solid and solid dosage, such as liquid solutions (e.g., injectable and injectable solutions), dispersions or suspensions, tablets, pills, powders, liposomes and suppositories.
  • liquid solutions e.g., injectable and injectable solutions
  • dispersions or suspensions tablets, pills, powders, liposomes and suppositories.
  • the form depends on the intended route of administration and therapeutic purpose thereof.
  • a typical composition is in the form of injectable and infusible solutions.
  • One mode of administration is a parenteral mode (e.g., intravenous, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, intramuscular mode).
  • a drug may be administered via intravenous infusion or injection.
  • a drug may be administered via intramuscular or subcutaneous injection.
  • Oral administration of a solid formulation may be achieved, for example, based on hard or soft capsules, pills, cachets, lozenges or tablets, each containing a predetermined amount of one or more compounds according to the present disclosure.
  • oral administration may be achieved based on powder or granular form.
  • the oral dosage form may be sublingual form, for example, lozenge.
  • the compound of the Chemical Formula 1 is usually combined with one or more excipients.
  • the capsules or tablets may contain controlled release formulations.
  • the capsules, tablets and pills may also contain a buffering agent or may be prepared into an enteric coating.
  • oral administration may be achieved in a liquid dosage form.
  • the liquid dosage forms for oral administration include, for example, pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups, and elixirs containing inert diluents (e.g., water) commonly used in the art.
  • the composition may contain excipients such as wetting agents, emulsifying agents, suspending agents, flavoring agents (e.g., sweetening agents), and/or fragrances.
  • parenteral dosage forms of the composition includes, for example, subcutaneous injection, intravenous injection, intraperitoneal injection, intramuscular injection, intrasternal injection, and infusion.
  • injectable preparations i.e., sterile injectable aqueous or oleaginous suspensions
  • suitable dispersing, wetting and/or suspending agents may be formulated according to known techniques using suitable dispersing, wetting and/or suspending agents.
  • compositions according to the present disclosure may be prepared by any well-known pharmaceutical technique, such as effective formulation and administration procedures.
  • effective formulation and administration procedures are well known in the art, and they are described in standard textbooks.
  • the kit may contain a diagnostic agent or a therapeutic agent in addition to the compound of the Chemical Formula 1, 2, 3, 4, 5-1, 5-2, 5-3 or 6, or the pharmaceutical compositions comprising thereof.
  • the kit includes instructions for use in a diagnostic or therapeutic method.
  • the kit comprises the compound of the Chemical Formula 1, 2, 3, 4, 5-1, 5-2, 5-3 or 6, or the pharmaceutical composition containing the compound, and a diagnostic agent.
  • the kit comprises the compound of the Chemical Formula 1, 2, 3, 4, 5-1, 5-2, 5-3 or 6, or the pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound.
  • kits each suitable for use in carrying out the treatment methods described herein.
  • the kit contains a first dosage formulation comprising one or more compounds according to the present disclosure in an amount sufficient to carry out the method according to the present disclosure.
  • the kit contains one or more compounds according to the present disclosure in an amount sufficient to carry out the method according to the present disclosure, and a container for administration thereof.
  • Reaction Formulas as described below are intended to provide a general description of the methodology used in the preparation of the compounds, optical isomers, or pharmaceutical acceptable salts according to the present disclosure.
  • Some of the compounds according to the present disclosure may contain single or multiple chiral centers with stereochemical designations (R) or (S). It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that whether the substance is enantiomer-enriched or is a racemic body, all synthetic conversions may be carried out in a similar manner.
  • separation of an optically active target substance may be carried out at any desired point in a sequence using known methods as described herein and in the chemical literature.
  • the variables X, Y, W 1 , W 2 , W 3 , J, A 1 , Z 1 , Z 2 , Z 3 , Z 4 , R 1 , R 2 , R a , R b , R c , R d , R e , R f , R g , R h , R i , and R j are the same as described herein with reference to the compound of the Chemical Formula 1, 2, 3, 4, 5-1, 5-2, 5-3 or 6, unless otherwise stated.
  • the compounds of the Chemical Formula 1, 2, 3, 4, 5-1, 5-2, 5-3 or 6, according to the present disclosure include compounds of the following Examples as prepared below.
  • the compounds of the Examples may be prepared or provided based on various methods described in the literature and common technical knowledge known to those skilled in the art based on two or more selected from following intermediate compounds.
  • the intermediate compounds may be prepared or provided based on various methods described in the literature and common technical knowledge known to those skilled in the art, in addition to following descriptions.
  • novel compounds according to the present disclosure exhibit excellent activity as GLP-1 receptor agonists.
  • the compounds according to the present disclosure, as GLP-1 receptor agonists exhibit excellent glucose tolerance, thus exhibiting a remarkable effect as a therapeutic agent for metabolic diseases.
  • the novel compounds according to the present disclosure exhibit excellent pharmacological safety.
  • the compound (200 mg) synthesized in the step 1) was placed in a round bottom flask and dissolved in DMSO (1.4 mL). Then, triethylamine (0.25 mL) and 4-amino-1-Boc-piperidine (285 mg) were added and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature. After the air inside the reactor was replaced with nitrogen using a nitrogen balloon, the resulting mixture was stirred at 120° C. for 1 hour. The reaction was quenched by adding distilled water and the resulting mixture was extracted twice with ethyl acetate.
  • the compound (1 g) synthesized in the step 1) was dissolved in THF (16 mL) and sodium hydride (192 mg) was added at room temperature. After stirring at room temperature for 15 minutes, 4-cyano-2-fluorobenzyl alcohol (726 mg) was added and the mixture was stirred at 80° C. for 2 days. After completion of the reaction as indicated by TLC, distilled water was added to terminate the reaction and the resulting mixture was extracted twice with ethyl acetate.
  • the compound (240 mg) synthesized in the step 2) was placed in a round bottom flask, dissolved in DCM (2.7 mL) and stirred. TFA (1.4 mL) was added at room temperature and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. After completion of the reaction as indicated by TLC, the mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and dissolved in DCM. The organic layer was washed with a saturated aqueous solution of NaHCO 3 , dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain the target compound (179 mg) as a yellow oil at a yield of 97%. LC-MS(ES + ): 336 (M+H) + .
  • the compound (0.8 g, 2.344 mmol, 1.0 eq.) synthesized in the step 1) was placed in a sealed tube and dissolved in toluene (25 mL).
  • Cesium carbonate (2.28 g), 3-fluoro-4-(hydroxymethyl)benzonitrile (425 mg) and 2-(di-tert-butylphosphino)biphenyl (0.02 g, 0.09 mmol, 0.04 eq.) were added to the solution at room temperature, which was degassed for 15 minutes with nitrogen. After the air inside the reactor was replaced with nitrogen using a nitrogen balloon, tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0) (0.042 g) was added to the reaction mixture at room temperature.
  • the compounds listed as intermediates 8 to 41 in Table 1 below were prepared by using procedures identical or analogous to the synthesis methods of Preparation Methods 1 to 7 from appropriate starting materials that are available commercially or prepared by preparation methods well known to those skilled in the art, or prepared in a similar manner to the route described above for other intermediates.
  • the compounds were purified using methods well known to those skilled in the art, which may include silica gel chromatography, HPLC, or recrystallization from the reaction mixture.
  • the final compounds could be isolated as neutrals or as acid addition or base addition salts and the trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) salt may exist as at least one or more TFA salts.
  • TFA trifluoroacetic acid
  • the compound (230 mg) obtained in the step 1) was dissolved in 1,4-dioxane/H 2 O (4:1, 3 mL), then LiOH (33 mg) was added thereto and the mixture was stirred at 60° C. for 5 hours.
  • the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, neutralized with 1 N HCl, and extracted with ethyl acetate. The extracted organic layer was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated. The concentrated residue was subjected to silica gel column chromatography eluting with DCM/MeOH to obtain the final compound (92 mg) as a bright yellow solid at a yield of 41.1%.
  • Example 2 The compounds listed as Examples 2 to 31 in Table 2 below were prepared by using procedures identical or analogous to the synthesis method (Preparation Example A) of Example 1 from appropriate starting materials which are available commercially or prepared by preparation methods well known to those skilled in the art.
  • the compounds were purified using methods well known to those skilled in the art, which may include silica gel chromatography, HPLC, or recrystallization from the reaction mixture.
  • the final compounds could be isolated as neutrals or as acid addition or base addition salts.
  • the compound names, NMR data, and LC-MS data of the Examples prepared above are shown in Table 2 below.
  • Example 33 to 38 in Table 3 below were prepared by using procedures identical or analogous to the synthesis method (Preparation Example B) of Example 32 from appropriate starting materials which are available commercially or prepared by preparation methods well known to those skilled in the art.
  • the compounds were purified using methods well known to those skilled in the art, which may include silica gel column chromatography, HPLC, or recrystallization from the reaction mixture.
  • the final compounds could be isolated as neutrals or as acid addition or base addition salts.
  • the compound names, NMR data, and LC-MS data of the Examples prepared above are shown in Table 3 below.
  • the compound (86 mg) synthesized in the step 1) was placed in a round bottom flask, dissolved in CH 3 CN (10 mL), and stirred. TBD 1.0M aqueous solution (0.3 mL) was added dropwise and stirred. Then, purified water (1 mL) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for one day. After completion of the reaction as indicated by TLC, the solution was neutralized to pH 7 with 1 N HCl aqueous solution. The compound was extracted using DCM/MeOH 10% solution, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and filtered under reduced pressure to obtain a filtrate.
  • Example 40 to 44 in Table 4 below were prepared by using procedures identical or analogous to the synthesis of Example 39 from appropriate starting materials which are available commercially or prepared by preparation methods well known to those skilled in the art.
  • the compounds were purified using methods well known to those skilled in the art, which may include silica gel chromatography, HPLC, or recrystallization from the reaction mixture.
  • the final compounds could be isolated as neutrals or as acid addition or base addition salts.
  • the compound names, NMR data, and LC-MS data of the Examples prepared above are shown in Table 4 below.
  • the cAMP assay test was performed according to a method optimized based on a protocol provided by cAMP assay kit manufacturer (CISBIO).
  • GLP-1 receptor CHO-K1 cells were dispensed into 96-well plates for cAMP measurement (low volume, white) at 6 ⁇ 10 3 cells/well/5 ⁇ L.
  • 5 ⁇ L of Exendin-4 at the concentration of 0, 1, 10, 100, 1000, and 10000 pM was treated to each of the wells of one of the plates.
  • 54, of the compounds according to the Examples 1, 2, 5, 8, 12, 13, 15, 16, 19, 20, 23, 29, 32, 37, 39 and 43 at the concentration of 0, 1, 10, 100, 1000, 10000 nM was treated to each of the wells of the other plates, respectively.
  • a cAMP-d 2 conjugate reagent was prepared by mixing a cAMP conjugate with an elution buffer at a ratio of 1:4.
  • An anti-cAMP cryptate conjugate reagent was prepared by mixing a cGMP conjugate with an elution buffer at a ratio of 1:4. Then, 5 ⁇ L, of the cAMP-d 2 conjugate reagent was added to each of the wells. Subsequently, 5 ⁇ L, of the anti-cAMP cryptate conjugate reagent was added to each of the wells.
  • HTRF signals at wavelengths of 665 nm and 620 nm of the culture were measured using a FlexStaton 3 (Molecular Devices) instrument.
  • the ratio of 665/620 was calculated from the measured values at 665 nm and 620 nm with regard to Exendin-4 and the compounds of the Examples, respectively.
  • Emax values of the compounds of the Examples were calculated as the cAMP stimulation ratio of the compounds.
  • Table 5 The results are shown in Table 5 below. In the table, ++ means that EC 50 is smaller than 100 nM, and + means that EC 50 is 100 ⁇ 200 nM.

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