US20220025513A1 - Selective deposition on metal or metallic surfaces relative to dielectric surfaces - Google Patents
Selective deposition on metal or metallic surfaces relative to dielectric surfaces Download PDFInfo
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- US20220025513A1 US20220025513A1 US17/450,742 US202117450742A US2022025513A1 US 20220025513 A1 US20220025513 A1 US 20220025513A1 US 202117450742 A US202117450742 A US 202117450742A US 2022025513 A1 US2022025513 A1 US 2022025513A1
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- metal
- substrate
- deposition
- reactant
- dielectric
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- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 99
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 98
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 title claims description 74
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 98
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 78
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 66
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 53
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 47
- 229910001507 metal halide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- 150000005309 metal halides Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- 239000012808 vapor phase Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 229910021332 silicide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- FVBUAEGBCNSCDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicide(4-) Chemical compound [Si-4] FVBUAEGBCNSCDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 claims description 45
- 229910019787 NbF5 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
- AOLPZAHRYHXPLR-UHFFFAOYSA-I pentafluoroniobium Chemical compound F[Nb](F)(F)(F)F AOLPZAHRYHXPLR-UHFFFAOYSA-I 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- BLRPTPMANUNPDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silane Chemical compound [SiH4] BLRPTPMANUNPDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910019804 NbCl5 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910004537 TaCl5 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910004546 TaF5 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- YHBDIEWMOMLKOO-UHFFFAOYSA-I pentachloroniobium Chemical group Cl[Nb](Cl)(Cl)(Cl)Cl YHBDIEWMOMLKOO-UHFFFAOYSA-I 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910000077 silane Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- YRGLXIVYESZPLQ-UHFFFAOYSA-I tantalum pentafluoride Chemical compound F[Ta](F)(F)(F)F YRGLXIVYESZPLQ-UHFFFAOYSA-I 0.000 claims description 6
- OEIMLTQPLAGXMX-UHFFFAOYSA-I tantalum(v) chloride Chemical compound Cl[Ta](Cl)(Cl)(Cl)Cl OEIMLTQPLAGXMX-UHFFFAOYSA-I 0.000 claims description 6
- PZPGRFITIJYNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N disilane Chemical compound [SiH3][SiH3] PZPGRFITIJYNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- VEDJZFSRVVQBIL-UHFFFAOYSA-N trisilane Chemical compound [SiH3][SiH2][SiH3] VEDJZFSRVVQBIL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000004430 oxygen atom Chemical group O* 0.000 claims description 3
- CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ozone Chemical compound [O-][O+]=O CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910018557 Si O Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000001343 alkyl silanes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- UCXUKTLCVSGCNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethylsilane Chemical group CC[SiH2]CC UCXUKTLCVSGCNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052914 metal silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- LIVNPJMFVYWSIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon monoxide Inorganic materials [Si-]#[O+] LIVNPJMFVYWSIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- WQJQOUPTWCFRMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten disilicide Chemical compound [Si]#[W]#[Si] WQJQOUPTWCFRMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910021342 tungsten silicide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000001805 chlorine compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 150000002222 fluorine compounds Chemical group 0.000 claims 1
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 56
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 41
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 41
- 150000004767 nitrides Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 6
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000003989 dielectric material Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 229910001510 metal chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 3
- 229910001512 metal fluoride Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 3
- 229910052814 silicon oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 31
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 description 29
- 229910052681 coesite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 27
- 229910052906 cristobalite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 27
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 27
- 229910052682 stishovite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 27
- 229910052905 tridymite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 27
- 238000010926 purge Methods 0.000 description 20
- 238000005137 deposition process Methods 0.000 description 16
- ZKATWMILCYLAPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium pentoxide Chemical compound O=[Nb](=O)O[Nb](=O)=O ZKATWMILCYLAPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 14
- 238000000231 atomic layer deposition Methods 0.000 description 12
- QGLKJKCYBOYXKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N nonaoxidotritungsten Chemical compound O=[W]1(=O)O[W](=O)(=O)O[W](=O)(=O)O1 QGLKJKCYBOYXKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 9
- 229910001930 tungsten oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 7
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000005240 physical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910000449 hafnium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- WIHZLLGSGQNAGK-UHFFFAOYSA-N hafnium(4+);oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[Hf+4] WIHZLLGSGQNAGK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000010955 niobium Substances 0.000 description 3
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);zirconium(4+) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[Zr+4] RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000001878 scanning electron micrograph Methods 0.000 description 3
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910001928 zirconium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Fluoride anion Chemical compound [F-] KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 229910003070 TaOx Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 239000002981 blocking agent Substances 0.000 description 2
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- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
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- 238000005530 etching Methods 0.000 description 2
- YBMRDBCBODYGJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N germanium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Ge]=O YBMRDBCBODYGJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N methanoic acid Natural products OC=O BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910000510 noble metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000002161 passivation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002344 surface layer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000006557 surface reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010301 surface-oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- OSWFIVFLDKOXQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-(3-methoxyphenyl)aniline Chemical compound COC1=CC=CC(C=2C=CC(N)=CC=2)=C1 OSWFIVFLDKOXQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine Chemical compound FF PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NRTOMJZYCJJWKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium nitride Chemical compound [Ti]#N NRTOMJZYCJJWKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000010923 batch production Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001735 carboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001354 dialkyl silanes Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 description 1
- -1 for example Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019253 formic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000010574 gas phase reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000004820 halides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000001307 helium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052734 helium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N helium atom Chemical compound [He] SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000005660 hydrophilic surface Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001247 metal acetylides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium atom Chemical compound [Nb] GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002927 oxygen compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910001925 ruthenium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WOCIAKWEIIZHES-UHFFFAOYSA-N ruthenium(iv) oxide Chemical compound O=[Ru]=O WOCIAKWEIIZHES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000013545 self-assembled monolayer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002356 single layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004381 surface treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum atom Chemical compound [Ta] GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007669 thermal treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000005019 vapor deposition process Methods 0.000 description 1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02104—Forming layers
- H01L21/02107—Forming insulating materials on a substrate
- H01L21/02225—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the process for the formation of the insulating layer
- H01L21/0226—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the process for the formation of the insulating layer formation by a deposition process
- H01L21/02263—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the process for the formation of the insulating layer formation by a deposition process deposition from the gas or vapour phase
- H01L21/02271—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the process for the formation of the insulating layer formation by a deposition process deposition from the gas or vapour phase deposition by decomposition or reaction of gaseous or vapour phase compounds, i.e. chemical vapour deposition
- H01L21/0228—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the process for the formation of the insulating layer formation by a deposition process deposition from the gas or vapour phase deposition by decomposition or reaction of gaseous or vapour phase compounds, i.e. chemical vapour deposition deposition by cyclic CVD, e.g. ALD, ALE, pulsed CVD
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C16/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes
- C23C16/04—Coating on selected surface areas, e.g. using masks
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C16/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes
- C23C16/22—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the deposition of inorganic material, other than metallic material
- C23C16/30—Deposition of compounds, mixtures or solid solutions, e.g. borides, carbides, nitrides
- C23C16/40—Oxides
- C23C16/405—Oxides of refractory metals or yttrium
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C16/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes
- C23C16/22—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the deposition of inorganic material, other than metallic material
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C16/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes
- C23C16/44—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the method of coating
- C23C16/455—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the method of coating characterised by the method used for introducing gases into reaction chamber or for modifying gas flows in reaction chamber
- C23C16/45523—Pulsed gas flow or change of composition over time
- C23C16/45525—Atomic layer deposition [ALD]
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C16/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes
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- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
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- H01L21/02123—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the type of layer, e.g. type of material, porous/non-porous, pre-cursors, mixtures or laminates characterised by the material of the layer the material containing silicon
- H01L21/02142—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the type of layer, e.g. type of material, porous/non-porous, pre-cursors, mixtures or laminates characterised by the material of the layer the material containing silicon the material containing silicon and at least one metal element, e.g. metal silicate based insulators or metal silicon oxynitrides
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- H01L21/02172—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the type of layer, e.g. type of material, porous/non-porous, pre-cursors, mixtures or laminates characterised by the material of the layer the material containing at least one metal element, e.g. metal oxides, metal nitrides, metal oxynitrides or metal carbides
- H01L21/02175—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the type of layer, e.g. type of material, porous/non-porous, pre-cursors, mixtures or laminates characterised by the material of the layer the material containing at least one metal element, e.g. metal oxides, metal nitrides, metal oxynitrides or metal carbides characterised by the metal
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- H01L21/02225—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the process for the formation of the insulating layer
- H01L21/02227—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the process for the formation of the insulating layer formation by a process other than a deposition process
- H01L21/0223—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the process for the formation of the insulating layer formation by a process other than a deposition process formation by oxidation, e.g. oxidation of the substrate
- H01L21/02244—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the process for the formation of the insulating layer formation by a process other than a deposition process formation by oxidation, e.g. oxidation of the substrate of a metallic layer
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- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02104—Forming layers
- H01L21/02107—Forming insulating materials on a substrate
- H01L21/02296—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the treatment performed before or after the formation of the layer
- H01L21/02299—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the treatment performed before or after the formation of the layer pre-treatment
- H01L21/02312—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the treatment performed before or after the formation of the layer pre-treatment treatment by exposure to a gas or vapour
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/04—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having at least one potential-jump barrier or surface barrier, e.g. PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer
- H01L21/18—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having at least one potential-jump barrier or surface barrier, e.g. PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer the devices having semiconductor bodies comprising elements of Group IV of the Periodic System or AIIIBV compounds with or without impurities, e.g. doping materials
- H01L21/28—Manufacture of electrodes on semiconductor bodies using processes or apparatus not provided for in groups H01L21/20 - H01L21/268
- H01L21/283—Deposition of conductive or insulating materials for electrodes conducting electric current
- H01L21/285—Deposition of conductive or insulating materials for electrodes conducting electric current from a gas or vapour, e.g. condensation
- H01L21/28506—Deposition of conductive or insulating materials for electrodes conducting electric current from a gas or vapour, e.g. condensation of conductive layers
- H01L21/28512—Deposition of conductive or insulating materials for electrodes conducting electric current from a gas or vapour, e.g. condensation of conductive layers on semiconductor bodies comprising elements of Group IV of the Periodic System
- H01L21/28518—Deposition of conductive or insulating materials for electrodes conducting electric current from a gas or vapour, e.g. condensation of conductive layers on semiconductor bodies comprising elements of Group IV of the Periodic System the conductive layers comprising silicides
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/04—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having at least one potential-jump barrier or surface barrier, e.g. PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer
- H01L21/18—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having at least one potential-jump barrier or surface barrier, e.g. PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer the devices having semiconductor bodies comprising elements of Group IV of the Periodic System or AIIIBV compounds with or without impurities, e.g. doping materials
- H01L21/30—Treatment of semiconductor bodies using processes or apparatus not provided for in groups H01L21/20 - H01L21/26
- H01L21/31—Treatment of semiconductor bodies using processes or apparatus not provided for in groups H01L21/20 - H01L21/26 to form insulating layers thereon, e.g. for masking or by using photolithographic techniques; After treatment of these layers; Selection of materials for these layers
- H01L21/32—Treatment of semiconductor bodies using processes or apparatus not provided for in groups H01L21/20 - H01L21/26 to form insulating layers thereon, e.g. for masking or by using photolithographic techniques; After treatment of these layers; Selection of materials for these layers using masks
Definitions
- the present application relates to selective deposition of a material on a first metal or metallic surface of a substrate relative to a second dielectric surface, such as an SiO 2 surface.
- Integrated circuits are currently manufactured by an elaborate process in which various layers of materials are sequentially constructed in a predetermined arrangement on a semiconductor substrate.
- the predetermined arrangement of materials on a semiconductor substrate is often accomplished by deposition of a material over the entire substrate surface, followed by removal of the material from predetermined areas of the substrate, such as by deposition of a mask layer and subsequent selective etching process.
- the number of steps involved in manufacturing an integrated surface on a substrate may be reduced by utilizing a selective deposition process, wherein a material is selectively deposited on a first surface relative to a second surface without the need, or with reduced need for subsequent processing.
- Methods are disclosed herein for selective deposition on a first metal or metallic surface of substrate relative to a second, dielectric surface of the substrate.
- FIG. 1 is a process flow diagram generally illustrating a process for selectively depositing a material on a first metal surface of a substrate relative to a second dielectric surface of the same substrate.
- FIG. 2 is a cross sectional scanning electron micrograph showing approximately 100 nm of NbO x deposited on a 20 nm to 30 nm thick layer of tungsten deposited by a physical vapor deposition (PVD) process on approximately a 20 nm thick layer of Ti.
- PVD physical vapor deposition
- FIG. 3 is a scanning electron micrograph of an Nb 2 O 5 film which has been selectively deposited on a tungsten/tungsten oxide surface of a substrate relative to the SiO 2 surface of the same substrate.
- selective deposition without need for any separate passivation chemicals or blocking agents, can be used to deposit a material on a first surface relative to a second surface.
- passivation chemicals or blocking agents may be used, if desired. These may include, for example, self-assembled monolayers.
- a material is selectively deposited on a first metal or metallic surface of a substrate relative to a second, dielectric surface of the substrate.
- the second surface comprises —OH groups, such as a SiO 2 based surface.
- a metal oxide such as NbO x is selectively deposited on a first metal oxide or dielectric surface of a substrate relative to a second, different SiO 2 surface.
- atomic layer deposition (ALD) type processes are used. After selective deposition of the material is completed, further processing can be carried out to form the desired structures.
- a surface may be a metal surface or a metallic surface.
- the metal or metallic surface may comprise metal, for example an elemental metal, metal nitride, metal silicide, metal carbide and/or mixtures thereof.
- the metal or metallic surface may comprise surface oxidation, for example a surface layer of native metal oxide.
- the metal or metallic material of the metal or metallic surface is electrically conductive with or without surface oxidation.
- the metal or metallic surface comprises silicon, such as H-terminated silicon.
- the metal or metallic surface is a silicon surface such as an H-terminated silicon surface.
- the metal or metallic surface is not a silicon surface such as a H-terminated silicon surface.
- the first metal or metallic surface may also be referred to herein as the first surface.
- a metal or a metallic surface comprises one or more transition metals.
- a metal or metallic surface comprises aluminum.
- the metal or metallic surface comprises one or more of Al, Cu, Co, Ni, W.
- a metallic surface comprises titanium nitride.
- the metal or metallic surface comprises one or more noble metals, such as Ru.
- the metal or metallic surface comprises a conductive metal oxide, such as a noble metal oxide like ruthenium oxide.
- a material is selectively deposited on a first metal surface comprising a metal oxide surface.
- a metal oxide surface may be, for example a tungsten oxide, hafnium oxide, titanium oxide, aluminum oxide, or zirconium oxide surface.
- a metal oxide surface is an oxidized surface of a metallic material.
- a metal oxide surface is created by oxidizing at least the surface of a metallic material using oxygen compound, such as compounds comprising O 3 , H 2 O, H 2 O 2 , O 2 , oxygen atoms, plasma or radicals or mixtures thereof.
- a metal oxide surface is a native oxide formed on a metallic material.
- a material is selectively deposited on a first surface comprising a dielectric surface relative to a second SiO 2 surface.
- a metal, metal oxide, metal silicide, metal carbide or metal nitride or mixture thereof is selectively deposited on a first metal or metallic surface of a substrate relative to a second dielectric surface of the substrate.
- the material that is selectively deposited is not tungsten or tungsten silicide.
- dielectric is used herein for the sake of simplicity in distinguishing from the other surface, namely the metal or metallic surface. Unless indicated otherwise with respect to particular embodiments, the term dielectric in the context of this application can be understood to cover all surfaces which are electrically non-conducting or have very high resistivity.
- the dielectric surface may be referred to herein as the second surface.
- the second surface may comprise any dielectric surface.
- a metal oxide is selectively deposited on a first metal surface of a substrate, wherein the metal surface comprises a metal oxide relative to a second SiO 2 surface.
- the first metal oxide surface may be, for example a tungsten oxide, hafnium oxide, titanium oxide, aluminum oxide, or zirconium oxide surface.
- the metal oxide is deposited on a first dielectric surface relative to a second SiO 2 surface.
- the metal oxide that is deposited on the first metal oxide surface is NbO x , for example Nb 2 O 5 .
- the second SiO 2 surface may be, for example, a native oxide, a thermal oxide or a chemical oxide.
- materials such as films, may be referred to herein by the formula MO x , where M is a metal.
- the formula MO x indicates that the material comprises primarily a metal, M, and oxygen, however impurities may also be present in such a material.
- the formula MO x indicates that the material is an oxide of the metal M.
- FIG. 1 is a process flow diagram generally illustrating a process 10 for selectively depositing a material on a first metal or metallic surface of a substrate relative to a second dielectric surface of the same substrate.
- a substrate comprising a first metal or metallic surface and a second dielectric surface at step 11 .
- a substrate is provided that comprises a first metal surface comprising a metal oxide surface.
- the second surface may comprise —OH groups.
- the second surface may be a SiO 2 based surface.
- the second surface may comprise Si—O bonds.
- the second surface may comprise a SiO 2 based low-k material.
- the second surface may comprise more than about 30%, or more than about 50% of SiO 2 .
- the second surface may comprise GeO 2 .
- the second surface may comprise Ge—O bonds.
- a pretreatment or cleaning step 12 is optionally used before contacting the substrate with the first reactant.
- the pretreatment or cleaning step may comprise a plasma, hydrogen or thermal treatment.
- an oxidized portion of the metal or metallic surface of the substrate, if any, is optionally reduced.
- the oxidized surface may be reduced with hydrogen or hydrogen containing plasma, radicals or atoms.
- the oxidized surface is reduced without plasma, such as by exposure to a carboxylic acid, such as formic acid.
- the substrate is contacted with a first reactant that comprises a metal halide at step 13 .
- the metal halide is a metal fluoride or metal chloride.
- the metal halide is adsorbed selectively on the metal or metallic surface of the substrate relative to the dielectric surface. In some embodiments a greater amount of metal halide adsorbs on the metal or metallic surface relative to the dielectric surface. In some embodiments substantially no metal halide adsorbs on the dielectric surface. In some embodiments no metal halide is adsorbed on the dielectric surface. In some embodiments no substantial or detectable amount of metal halide is adsorbed on the dielectric surface.
- a substrate comprising a first metal surface comprising a metal oxide surface and a second SiO 2 surface is contacted with a metal halide reactant, such as metal fluoride or metal chloride.
- a metal halide reactant such as metal fluoride or metal chloride.
- the substrate may be contacted with NbF 5 .
- the metal halide is adsorbed selectively on the metal oxide surface relative to the SiO 2 surface. In some embodiments a greater amount of metal halide adsorbs on the metal oxide surface relative to the SiO 2 surface. In some embodiments substantially no metal halide adsorbs on the SiO 2 surface. In some embodiments no metal halide is adsorbed on the SiO 2 surface. In some embodiments no substantial or detectable amount of metal halide is adsorbed on the SiO 2 surface.
- the adsorbed metal halide on the metal, metallic or metal oxide surface can then be reacted with one or more additional reactants to form a desired material, such as an oxide or metallic material, a silicide, metal nitride, metal carbide or mixture thereof at step 14 .
- a desired material such as an oxide or metallic material, a silicide, metal nitride, metal carbide or mixture thereof at step 14 .
- the adsorbed metal halide can be reacted with a second reactant comprising an —OH group, such as water, thereby forming a metal oxide. Additional reactants can be provided in order to obtain the desired material.
- the substrate is contacted with a second reactant at step 14 .
- the second reactant comprises an —OH group.
- the second reactant is water.
- steps 13 and 14 can be considered a deposition cycle.
- removing the metal halide reactant and/or removing the second reactant may be accomplished with the aid of an inert purge gas.
- the deposition cycle can be repeated multiple times to selectively deposit the desired amount of material on the metal or metallic surface. For example, in some embodiments a thin film of deposited material of a desired thickness can be formed.
- the material deposited in the deposition cycle can be oxidized to form a metal oxide or metal silicate. Oxidation may be carried out, for example, by contacting the substrate with a reactant comprising oxygen, such as water, ozone, oxygen atoms, oxygen radicals or oxygen plasma. In this way a dielectric material can be formed from the deposited material on a metal or metallic surface of the substrate relative to a second, different dielectric surface. In some embodiments other treatment steps may be used to form, for example, metal carbides, metal nitrides, or metal silicides from the deposited material.
- a deposition cycle may be repeated at least 10, 25, 50, 100 or more times prior to treatment.
- Reaction conditions including temperature, the substrate surface(s), and the reactants, including the metal halide reactant can be selected to obtain the desired level of selective deposition of a material on the metal or metallic surface relative to the dielectric surface.
- a metal oxide is selectively deposited on a first metal surface comprising a metal oxide surface or first metal surface comprising a dielectric surface relative to a second SiO 2 surface at a temperature of about 250 to about 350° C., or about 295° C. to about 315° C.
- first and second surfaces may be treated in order to enhance deposition on one surface relative to one or more different surfaces.
- first metal or metallic surface is treated in order to enhance deposition on the first surface relative to the second surface.
- second surface is treated, or deactivated, in order to decrease deposition on the second surface relative to the first surface.
- first surface is treated to enhance deposition and the second surface is treated to decrease deposition, thereby increasing selective deposition on the first surface relative to the second surface. In some embodiments no pretreatment is carried out.
- the surface comprising dielectric materials such as SiO 2 may comprise hydroxyl, or OH-groups which have the effect of making the surface hydrophilic and may be referred to herein as the second surface, dielectric surface, or second dielectric surface.
- Such OH-group surface terminations can occur naturally when the second surface is exposed to ambient conditions.
- the dielectric surface may be treated to provide a hydrophilic OH-terminated surface.
- a hydrophilic OH-terminated surface may be treated to increase the amount of OH-groups on the surface.
- the dielectric surface may be exposed to H 2 O vapor in order to increase the number of OH-groups at the surface.
- a second surface treatment may include exposing a dielectric surface to a carrier gas that has flowed through a bubbler at a temperature of between about 20° C. and about 50° C. or between about 25° C. and about 40° C.
- the dielectric surface is exposed to air containing moisture in order to provide a hydrophilic surface that comprises at least some OH-groups.
- a dielectric surface is not treated prior to deposition.
- the deposition process is an atomic layer deposition (ALD) type process.
- the deposition process is a thermal ALD process.
- the deposition process is a vapor deposition process comprising one or more deposition cycles in which a substrate is alternately and sequentially contacted with a first vapor phase halide reactant and a second vapor phase reactant.
- the metal halide is a fluoride or chloride of Nb, Ta, Mo, W, V, or Cr. In some embodiments the metal halide is a fluoride or chloride of Nb or Ta.
- the first precursor is selected from NbCl 5 , NbF 5 , TaCl 5 , TaF 5 , MoF x (x may be an integer and in some embodiments is 5 or 6), MoCl x (x may be an integer, and in some embodiments is 5), WF 6 , WCl x (x may be an integer and in some embodiments is 5), VF x (x may be an integer and in some embodiments is 5), VCl x (x may be an integer and in some embodiments is 4), and CrF x (x may be an integer and in some embodiments is 5).
- the first precursor is selected from NbCl 5 , NbF 5 , TaCl 5 , and TaF 5 .
- the first precursor is selected from NbF 5 or TaF 5 .
- the first precursor is selected from NbCl 5 or TaCl 5 .
- the first precursor is NbF 5 .
- the first precursor is TaF 5 .
- the first precursor is NbCl 5 .
- the first precursor is TaCl 5
- the first precursor is not a tungsten precursor.
- the first precursor is not WF 6 .
- the second precursor comprises a silane, such as monosilane (SiH 4 ), disilane (Si 2 H 6 ) or trisilane (Si 3 H 8 ).
- the second precursor is a dialkylsilane, such as diethylsilane.
- the second precursor comprises OH bonds or provides OH groups to the surface.
- the second precursor is water.
- the second precursor is H 2 O 2 .
- the second reactant may comprise, for example, hydrogen H 2 , hydrogen plasma, radicals or atoms.
- the second reactant may be a silane, such as a monosilane, disilane or trisilane.
- the second precursor does not comprise plasma.
- the material that is selectively deposited on the first surface relative to the second surface form a thin film.
- the thin film that is selectively deposited is a metal thin film.
- the thin film that is selectively deposited is a metal oxide thin film.
- the metal oxide film is formed using water as a second reactant.
- a metal oxide film is selectively deposited on a first metal or metallic surface comprising a metal or metallic film relative to a second surface comprising a dielectric film on a substrate by alternately and sequentially contacting the substrate with a first precursor comprising a vapor phase metal halide reactant and second reactant comprising water vapor.
- the metal halide reactant does not comprise W.
- a metal oxide film is selectively deposited on a first surface of a substrate comprising a metal oxide or dielectric surface relative to a second surface of the same substrate comprising an SiO 2 surface by alternately and sequentially contacting the substrate with a first precursor comprising a vapor phase metal halide reactant and a second reactant comprising water vapor.
- a metal oxide such as NbO x or TaO x is selectively deposited on a first surface comprising a metal oxide or dielectric surface relative to a second surface comprising SiO 2 by alternately and sequentially contacting the substrate with a first precursor comprising a metal halide reactant and a second reactant comprising an oxygen reactant such as water vapor.
- NbO x such as Nb 2 O 5 can be deposited on a metal oxide such as tungsten oxide, hafnium oxide, titanium oxide, aluminum oxide, or zirconium oxide from NbF 5 and H 2 O.
- the thin film that is selectively deposited comprises oxygen and one of niobium or tantalum.
- the thin film that is selectively deposited comprises NbO x or TaO x , where x is from about 2 to about 2.75.
- materials, such as films may be referred to herein by the formula MO x , where M is a metal.
- the formula MO x indicates that the material comprises primarily a metal, M, and oxygen, however impurities may also be present in such a material.
- the formula MO x indicates that the material is an oxide of the metal M.
- the thin film that is selectively deposited is a metal silicide.
- the metal silicide may be formed, for example, by a deposition process as described herein and including a second reactant comprising a disilane or trisilane.
- the thin film that is selectively deposited is a metal carbide film.
- the metal carbide film may be formed by a deposition process as described herein and including a second reactant comprising an alkylsilane.
- the thin film that is selectively deposited is a metal nitride.
- the substrate is contacted with the first precursor comprising a metal halide at a deposition temperature of above about 225° C.
- the deposition temperature is above about 250° C., above about 275° C. or above about 300° C.
- the deposition temperature is between about 250° C. and about 350° C. or between about 295° C. and about 315° C.
- the temperature is less than about 600° C., less than about 500° C. or less than about 450° C.
- a deposition as described herein may become increasingly selective as temperature is increased, for example from about 225° C. to about 300° C., with nearly complete selectivity seen at above about 300° C. in some instances, but not necessarily all instances.
- Selectivity can be given as a percentage calculated by [(deposition on metal or metallic surface) ⁇ (deposition on dielectric surface)]/(deposition on the metal or metallic surface).
- Deposition can be measured in any of a variety of ways, for example in some embodiments deposition may be given as the measured thickness of the deposited material. In some embodiments deposition may be given as the measured amount of material deposited.
- selectivity is greater than about 50%, greater than about 60%, greater than about 70%, greater than about 80%, greater than about 90%, greater than about 95%, greater than about 99% or even greater than about 99.5%.
- deposition only occurs on the first surface and does not occur on the second surface. In some embodiments deposition on the first surface of the substrate relative to the second surface of the substrate is at least about 80% selective, which may be selective enough for some particular applications. In some embodiments the deposition on the first surface of the substrate relative to the second surface of the substrate is at least about 50% selective, which may be selective enough for some particular application. However, in some embodiments some deposition may occur on the second surface.
- a process may be referred to herein as a selective deposition process because the end result of such a process is a selective amount of deposited material on a first surface relative to a second surface.
- selectivity refers to the end result of a deposition process and does not necessarily refer only to selective deposition.
- selectivity can include, for example, inherent etching during a deposition process which preferentially etches the deposited material on the second surface relative to the deposited material on the first surface, thereby achieving selective formation of the material on the first surface relative to the second surface.
- deposition on the first surface of the substrate relative to the second surface of the substrate can be performed up to about 500 deposition cycles before losing the selectivity, or up to about 50 deposition cycles, or up to about 20 deposition cycles, or up to about 10 deposition cycles, or up to about 5 deposition cycles before losing selectivity. In some embodiments even deposition of 1 or 2 cycles before losing selectivity can be useful.
- a loss of selectivity can be understood to have occurred when the selectivities mentioned above are no longer met. Depending on the specific circumstances, a loss of selectivity may be considered to have occurred when deposition on the first surface of the substrate relative to the second surface of the substrate is less than about 90% selective, less than about 95% selective, less than about 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% selective or greater.
- deposition on the first surface of the substrate relative to the second surface of the substrate can be performed up to a thickness of about 50 nm before losing the selectivity, or up to about 10 nm, or up to about 5 nm, or up to about 3 nm, or up to about 2 nm, or up to about 1 nm before losing selectivity.
- a loss of selectivity may be considered to have occurred when deposition on the first surface of the substrate relative to the second surface of the substrate is less than about 90% selective, less than about 95% selective, less than about 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% selective or greater.
- the film is deposited on the metal or metallic surface with a selectivity of greater than about 10 relative to the second dielectric surface at a thickness of about 0.5 to about 50 nm (10 times less deposition occurs on the second dielectric surface).
- the film is deposited on the metal or metallic surface with a selectivity of at least 98% at a thickness of about 0.5 to about 100 nm.
- the film is deposited on the metal or metallic surface with a selectivity of at least 98% at a thickness of more about 20 nm, more than about 50 nm or more than about 100 nm.
- the film is deposited on the metal or metallic surface with a selectivity of greater than about 20 relative to the second dielectric surface at a thickness of about 0.5 to about 50 nm (20 times less deposition occurs on the second dielectric surface).
- the film is deposited on the metal or metallic surface with a selectivity of greater than about 40 relative to the second dielectric surface at a thickness of about 0.5 to about 50 nm (40 times less deposition occurs on the second dielectric surface).
- the film is deposited on the metal or metallic surface with a selectivity of greater than about 15, greater than about 25, or greater than about 50 relative to the second dielectric surface at a thickness of about 0.5 to about 10 nm.
- the film is deposited on the metal or metallic surface with a selectivity of greater than about 25 or greater than about 50 relative to the second dielectric surface at a thickness of about 0.5 to about 5 nm.
- the film is deposited on the metal or metallic surface with a selectivity of greater than about 10, greater than about 20 or greater than about 40 after from about 1 to 25 deposition cycles, from about 1 to 50 deposition cycles, from about 1 to 100 deposition cycles or from about 1 to 150 deposition cycles.
- the film is deposited on the metal or metallic surface with a selectivity of greater than about 10, greater than about 20 or greater than about 40 after from about 1 to 50 deposition cycles, from about 1 to 100 deposition cycles, from about 1 to 250 deposition cycles or from about 1 to 500 deposition cycles.
- no measurable deposition takes place on the second dielectric surface with up to 25, 50, 100 or even 200 cycles. In some embodiments less than 0.1 nm of material is deposited on the second dielectric surface with up to 25, 50, 100 or even 200 cycles. In some embodiments less than 0.3 nm of material is deposited on the second dielectric surface with up to 50, 100, 250 or even 500 deposition cycles.
- Embodiments of the invention may be directed to selective deposition of metal oxide on micrometer-scale (or smaller) features during integrated circuit fabrication.
- the selective deposition can be applied for manufacturing of features having a size less than 100 micrometers, less than 1 micrometer, or less than 200 nm.
- the size of the feature or line width may be less than 1 micrometer, less than 200 nm, less than 100 nm, or less than 50 nm or less than 30 nm or less than 20 nm.
- One of ordinary skill in the art may recognize that selective deposition on larger features or smaller features and in other contexts is possible using the disclosed methods.
- the selectively deposited film may comprise impurities, such as halogens, for example, fluorine, at concentrations of less than about 20 at-%, less than about 10 at-%, less than about 5 at-%, less than about 2 at-%, less than about 1 at-% or less than about 0.5 at-%.
- impurities such as halogens, for example, fluorine
- the selectively deposited film has etch selectivity relative to SiO 2 , for example in dilute HF.
- the wet etch selectivity relative to SiO 2 is greater than 1:5, greater than 1:10, or greater than 1:20 in dilute HF.
- an etch step may be used subsequent to or in the course of deposition to remove material that is non-selectively deposited.
- the etch process may be a wet etch process or a dry etch process. In some embodiments the etch process is a dry etch process.
- ALD type processes are based on controlled, self-limiting surface reactions of precursor chemicals. Gas phase reactions are avoided by alternately and sequentially contacting the substrate with the precursors. Vapor phase reactants are separated from each other on the substrate surface, for example, by removing excess reactants and/or reactant byproducts from the reaction chamber between reactant pulses.
- a substrate comprising a first metal or metallic surface and second, dielectric surface is heated to a suitable deposition temperature, generally at lowered pressure. Deposition temperatures are discussed above.
- the surface of the substrate is contacted with the vapor phase first reactant as discussed above.
- a pulse of vapor phase first reactant is provided to a reaction space containing the substrate.
- the substrate is moved to a reaction space containing vapor phase first reactant.
- conditions are selected such that no more than about one monolayer of the first reactant is adsorbed on the substrate surface in a self-limiting manner. Excess first reactant and reaction byproducts, if any, are removed from the substrate surface, such as by purging with an inert gas or by removing the substrate from the presence of the first reactant.
- Purging means that vapor phase precursors and/or vapor phase byproducts are removed from the substrate surface such as by evacuating a chamber with a vacuum pump and/or by replacing the gas inside a reactor with an inert gas such as argon or nitrogen.
- Typical purging times are from about 0.05 to 20 seconds, between about 1 and 10, or between about 1 and 2 seconds. However, other purge times can be utilized if necessary, such as where highly conformal step coverage over extremely high aspect ratio structures or other structures with complex surface morphology is needed or batch processes with multiple substrates. In selective deposition longer purging times or efficient purging may be used in order to avoid CVD reactions which could possibly ruin the selectivity.
- the surface of the substrate is subsequently contacted with a vapor phase second gaseous reactant in each deposition cycle.
- a pulse of a second gaseous reactant is provided to a reaction space containing the substrate.
- the substrate is moved to a reaction space containing the vapor phase second reactant. Excess second reactant and gaseous byproducts of the surface reaction, if any, are removed from the substrate surface.
- the steps of contacting and removing are repeated until a thin film of the desired thickness has been selectively formed on the first surface of substrate.
- Removing excess reactants can include evacuating some of the contents of a reaction space and/or purging a reaction space with helium, nitrogen or another inert gas.
- purging can comprise turning off the flow of the reactive gas while continuing to flow an inert carrier gas to the reaction space.
- the precursors employed in the ALD type processes may be solid, liquid or gaseous materials under standard conditions (room temperature and atmospheric pressure), provided that the precursors are in vapor phase before they are contacted with the substrate surface.
- Contacting a substrate surface with a vaporized precursor means that the precursor vapor is in contact with the substrate surface for a limited period of time. Typically, the contacting time is from about 0.05 to 10 seconds. However, depending on the substrate type and its surface area, the contacting time may be even higher than 10 seconds. Contacting times can be on the order of minutes in some cases. The optimum contacting time can be determined by the skilled artisan based on the particular circumstances.
- the mass flow rate of the precursors can also be determined by the skilled artisan.
- the flow rate of metal precursors is between about 1 and 1000 sccm without limitation, or between about 100 and 500 sccm.
- the pressure in a reaction chamber is typically from about 0.01 to about 20 mbar, or from about 1 to about 10 mbar. However, in some cases the pressure will be higher or lower than this range, as can be determined by the skilled artisan given the particular circumstances.
- suitable reactors include commercially available ALD equipment such as the F-120® reactor, Pulsar® reactor and Advance® 400 Series reactor, available from ASM America, Inc. of Phoenix, Ariz. and ASM Europe B.V., Almere, Netherlands.
- ALD reactors many other kinds of reactors capable of ALD growth of thin films, including CVD reactors equipped with appropriate equipment and means for pulsing the precursors can be employed.
- CVD reactors equipped with appropriate equipment and means for pulsing the precursors can be employed.
- a flow type ALD reactor is used.
- reactants are kept separate until reaching the reaction chamber, such that shared lines for the precursors are minimized.
- other arrangements are possible, such as the use of a pre-reaction chamber as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/929,348, filed Aug. 30, 2004 and Ser. No. 09/836,674, filed Apr. 16, 2001, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.
- the growth processes can optionally be carried out in a reactor or reaction space connected to a cluster tool.
- a cluster tool because each reaction space is dedicated to one type of process, the temperature of the reaction space in each module can be kept constant, which improves the throughput compared to a reactor in which is the substrate is heated up to the process temperature before each run.
- a stand-alone reactor can be equipped with a load-lock. In that case, it is not necessary to cool down the reaction space between each run.
- a deposition process as described herein as carried out in a reaction chamber NbF 5 was used as a first precursor and H 2 O was used as a second reactant.
- the first precursor and second reactant were alternately and sequentially pulsed into the reaction space of a Pulsar® 2000 reactor, wherein the reactants separately contacted various sample substrates at reaction temperature of about 300° C. The reactants were removed from the reaction space between pulses by purging the reaction space.
- the pulse and purge times used for the first precursor comprising NbF 5 were from about 0.5 s to about 2.0 s (pulse) and about 6.0 s (purge), respectively.
- Pulse and purge times used for the second reactant comprising H 2 O were from about 0.5 s to about 2.0 s (pulse) and 5.0 s to about 6.0 s (purge), respectively.
- NbO x films were selectively deposited on a metal oxide surface of a substrate relative to a SiO 2 surface using a deposition process as described herein.
- a deposition process as described herein as carried out in a reaction chamber NbF 5 was used as a first precursor and H 2 O was used as a second reactant.
- the first precursor and second reactant were alternately and sequentially pulsed into the reaction space of a Pulsar® 2000 reactor, wherein the reactants separately contacted various sample substrates at reaction temperature of about 300° C.
- Source temperatures for NbF 5 and H 2 O reactants were 45° C. and about 21° C., respectively.
- the reactants were removed from the reaction space between pulses by purging the reaction space.
- the pulse and purge times used for the first precursor comprising NbF 5 were from about 0.5 s to about 2.0 s (pulse) and about 6.0 s (purge), respectively.
- Pulse and purge times used for the second reactant comprising H 2 O were from about 0.5 s to about 2.0 s (pulse) and 5.0 s to about 6.0 s (purge), respectively.
- the substrate comprised an SiO 2 surface with tungsten dots that included a native tungsten oxide surface layer, also referred to herein as tungsten/tungsten oxide areas.
- FIG. 3 shows an SEM image of the resultant Nb 2 O 5 on the tungsten/tungsten oxide surface.
- the Nb 2 O 5 was observed as large crystals on the tungsten/tungsten oxide dots having a thickness of about 80 nm.
- the thickness of the film was estimated from a film deposited using a similar deposition process with similar conditions on a blanket PVD W coupon.
Abstract
Description
- This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 16/575,112, filed Sep. 18, 2019, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/221,453, filed Jul. 27, 2016, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,428,421, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/200,502, filed Aug. 3, 2015, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/281,593, filed Jan. 21, 2016, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
- The present application relates to selective deposition of a material on a first metal or metallic surface of a substrate relative to a second dielectric surface, such as an SiO2 surface.
- Integrated circuits are currently manufactured by an elaborate process in which various layers of materials are sequentially constructed in a predetermined arrangement on a semiconductor substrate.
- The predetermined arrangement of materials on a semiconductor substrate is often accomplished by deposition of a material over the entire substrate surface, followed by removal of the material from predetermined areas of the substrate, such as by deposition of a mask layer and subsequent selective etching process.
- In certain cases, the number of steps involved in manufacturing an integrated surface on a substrate may be reduced by utilizing a selective deposition process, wherein a material is selectively deposited on a first surface relative to a second surface without the need, or with reduced need for subsequent processing. Methods are disclosed herein for selective deposition on a first metal or metallic surface of substrate relative to a second, dielectric surface of the substrate.
- The application will be better understood from the Description and from the appended drawings, which are meant to illustrate and not to limit the invention, and wherein:
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FIG. 1 is a process flow diagram generally illustrating a process for selectively depositing a material on a first metal surface of a substrate relative to a second dielectric surface of the same substrate. -
FIG. 2 is a cross sectional scanning electron micrograph showing approximately 100 nm of NbOx deposited on a 20 nm to 30 nm thick layer of tungsten deposited by a physical vapor deposition (PVD) process on approximately a 20 nm thick layer of Ti. -
FIG. 3 is a scanning electron micrograph of an Nb2O5 film which has been selectively deposited on a tungsten/tungsten oxide surface of a substrate relative to the SiO2 surface of the same substrate. - According to some aspects of the present disclosure, selective deposition without need for any separate passivation chemicals or blocking agents, can be used to deposit a material on a first surface relative to a second surface. In some embodiments however, passivation chemicals or blocking agents may be used, if desired. These may include, for example, self-assembled monolayers. In some embodiments a material is selectively deposited on a first metal or metallic surface of a substrate relative to a second, dielectric surface of the substrate. In some embodiments the second surface comprises —OH groups, such as a SiO2 based surface. In some embodiments a metal oxide such as NbOx is selectively deposited on a first metal oxide or dielectric surface of a substrate relative to a second, different SiO2 surface. In some embodiments atomic layer deposition (ALD) type processes are used. After selective deposition of the material is completed, further processing can be carried out to form the desired structures.
- Unless otherwise indicated, if a surface is referred to as a metal surface herein, it may be a metal surface or a metallic surface. In some embodiments the metal or metallic surface may comprise metal, for example an elemental metal, metal nitride, metal silicide, metal carbide and/or mixtures thereof. In some embodiments the metal or metallic surface may comprise surface oxidation, for example a surface layer of native metal oxide. In some embodiments the metal or metallic material of the metal or metallic surface is electrically conductive with or without surface oxidation. In some embodiments the metal or metallic surface comprises silicon, such as H-terminated silicon. In some embodiments the metal or metallic surface is a silicon surface such as an H-terminated silicon surface. In some embodiments the metal or metallic surface is not a silicon surface such as a H-terminated silicon surface. The first metal or metallic surface may also be referred to herein as the first surface.
- In some embodiments a metal or a metallic surface comprises one or more transition metals. In some embodiments a metal or metallic surface comprises aluminum. In some embodiments the metal or metallic surface comprises one or more of Al, Cu, Co, Ni, W. In some embodiments a metallic surface comprises titanium nitride. In some embodiments the metal or metallic surface comprises one or more noble metals, such as Ru. In some embodiments the metal or metallic surface comprises a conductive metal oxide, such as a noble metal oxide like ruthenium oxide.
- In some embodiments a material is selectively deposited on a first metal surface comprising a metal oxide surface. A metal oxide surface may be, for example a tungsten oxide, hafnium oxide, titanium oxide, aluminum oxide, or zirconium oxide surface. In some embodiments a metal oxide surface is an oxidized surface of a metallic material. In some embodiments a metal oxide surface is created by oxidizing at least the surface of a metallic material using oxygen compound, such as compounds comprising O3, H2O, H2O2, O2, oxygen atoms, plasma or radicals or mixtures thereof. In some embodiments a metal oxide surface is a native oxide formed on a metallic material.
- In some embodiments a material is selectively deposited on a first surface comprising a dielectric surface relative to a second SiO2 surface.
- In some embodiments a metal, metal oxide, metal silicide, metal carbide or metal nitride or mixture thereof is selectively deposited on a first metal or metallic surface of a substrate relative to a second dielectric surface of the substrate. In some embodiments the material that is selectively deposited is not tungsten or tungsten silicide. The term dielectric is used herein for the sake of simplicity in distinguishing from the other surface, namely the metal or metallic surface. Unless indicated otherwise with respect to particular embodiments, the term dielectric in the context of this application can be understood to cover all surfaces which are electrically non-conducting or have very high resistivity. In some embodiments the dielectric surface may be referred to herein as the second surface. In some embodiments the second surface may comprise any dielectric surface.
- In some embodiments a metal oxide is selectively deposited on a first metal surface of a substrate, wherein the metal surface comprises a metal oxide relative to a second SiO2 surface. In some embodiment the first metal oxide surface may be, for example a tungsten oxide, hafnium oxide, titanium oxide, aluminum oxide, or zirconium oxide surface. In some embodiments the metal oxide is deposited on a first dielectric surface relative to a second SiO2 surface. In some embodiments the metal oxide that is deposited on the first metal oxide surface is NbOx, for example Nb2O5. The second SiO2 surface may be, for example, a native oxide, a thermal oxide or a chemical oxide.
- For simplicity, materials, such as films, may be referred to herein by the formula MOx, where M is a metal. The formula MOx indicates that the material comprises primarily a metal, M, and oxygen, however impurities may also be present in such a material. In some embodiments the formula MOx indicates that the material is an oxide of the metal M.
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FIG. 1 is a process flow diagram generally illustrating aprocess 10 for selectively depositing a material on a first metal or metallic surface of a substrate relative to a second dielectric surface of the same substrate. - In some embodiments a substrate is provided comprising a first metal or metallic surface and a second dielectric surface at
step 11. In some embodiments a substrate is provided that comprises a first metal surface comprising a metal oxide surface. In some embodiments the second surface may comprise —OH groups. In some embodiments the second surface may be a SiO2 based surface. In some embodiments the second surface may comprise Si—O bonds. In some embodiments the second surface may comprise a SiO2 based low-k material. In some embodiments the second surface may comprise more than about 30%, or more than about 50% of SiO2. In some embodiments the second surface may comprise GeO2. In some embodiments the second surface may comprise Ge—O bonds. - In some embodiments a pretreatment or cleaning
step 12 is optionally used before contacting the substrate with the first reactant. The pretreatment or cleaning step may comprise a plasma, hydrogen or thermal treatment. For example, in some embodiments an oxidized portion of the metal or metallic surface of the substrate, if any, is optionally reduced. In some embodiments the oxidized surface may be reduced with hydrogen or hydrogen containing plasma, radicals or atoms. In some embodiments the oxidized surface is reduced without plasma, such as by exposure to a carboxylic acid, such as formic acid. - Following the optional pretreatment or cleaning
step 12, if conducted, the substrate is contacted with a first reactant that comprises a metal halide atstep 13. In some embodiments the metal halide is a metal fluoride or metal chloride. In some embodiments the metal halide is adsorbed selectively on the metal or metallic surface of the substrate relative to the dielectric surface. In some embodiments a greater amount of metal halide adsorbs on the metal or metallic surface relative to the dielectric surface. In some embodiments substantially no metal halide adsorbs on the dielectric surface. In some embodiments no metal halide is adsorbed on the dielectric surface. In some embodiments no substantial or detectable amount of metal halide is adsorbed on the dielectric surface. - In some embodiments a substrate comprising a first metal surface comprising a metal oxide surface and a second SiO2 surface is contacted with a metal halide reactant, such as metal fluoride or metal chloride. For example, the substrate may be contacted with NbF5. In some embodiments the metal halide is adsorbed selectively on the metal oxide surface relative to the SiO2 surface. In some embodiments a greater amount of metal halide adsorbs on the metal oxide surface relative to the SiO2 surface. In some embodiments substantially no metal halide adsorbs on the SiO2 surface. In some embodiments no metal halide is adsorbed on the SiO2 surface. In some embodiments no substantial or detectable amount of metal halide is adsorbed on the SiO2 surface.
- In some embodiments the adsorbed metal halide on the metal, metallic or metal oxide surface can then be reacted with one or more additional reactants to form a desired material, such as an oxide or metallic material, a silicide, metal nitride, metal carbide or mixture thereof at
step 14. For example, in some embodiments the adsorbed metal halide can be reacted with a second reactant comprising an —OH group, such as water, thereby forming a metal oxide. Additional reactants can be provided in order to obtain the desired material. - In some embodiments after removing the metal halide reactant from the reaction space or exposing the substrate to purge gas, the substrate is contacted with a second reactant at
step 14. In some embodiments the second reactant comprises an —OH group. In some embodiments the second reactant is water. - Contacting the substrate with the first metal halide reactant, removing the first metal halide reactant from the reaction space, contacting the substrate with the second reactant and removing the second reactant from the reaction space together can be considered a deposition cycle. That is, steps 13 and 14 can be considered a deposition cycle. In some embodiments removing the metal halide reactant and/or removing the second reactant may be accomplished with the aid of an inert purge gas. The deposition cycle can be repeated multiple times to selectively deposit the desired amount of material on the metal or metallic surface. For example, in some embodiments a thin film of deposited material of a desired thickness can be formed.
- Once the material is deposited to a desired thickness on the first metal surface, it can optionally be treated at
step 15 to form a desired material. For example, after deposition of a desired thickness, the material deposited in the deposition cycle can be oxidized to form a metal oxide or metal silicate. Oxidation may be carried out, for example, by contacting the substrate with a reactant comprising oxygen, such as water, ozone, oxygen atoms, oxygen radicals or oxygen plasma. In this way a dielectric material can be formed from the deposited material on a metal or metallic surface of the substrate relative to a second, different dielectric surface. In some embodiments other treatment steps may be used to form, for example, metal carbides, metal nitrides, or metal silicides from the deposited material. - In some embodiments, a deposition cycle may be repeated at least 10, 25, 50, 100 or more times prior to treatment.
- Reaction conditions, including temperature, the substrate surface(s), and the reactants, including the metal halide reactant can be selected to obtain the desired level of selective deposition of a material on the metal or metallic surface relative to the dielectric surface.
- In some embodiments, a metal oxide is selectively deposited on a first metal surface comprising a metal oxide surface or first metal surface comprising a dielectric surface relative to a second SiO2 surface at a temperature of about 250 to about 350° C., or about 295° C. to about 315° C.
- In some embodiments one or more of the first and second surfaces may be treated in order to enhance deposition on one surface relative to one or more different surfaces. In some embodiments the first metal or metallic surface is treated in order to enhance deposition on the first surface relative to the second surface. In some embodiments the second surface is treated, or deactivated, in order to decrease deposition on the second surface relative to the first surface. In some embodiments the first surface is treated to enhance deposition and the second surface is treated to decrease deposition, thereby increasing selective deposition on the first surface relative to the second surface. In some embodiments no pretreatment is carried out.
- In some embodiments the surface comprising dielectric materials such as SiO2 may comprise hydroxyl, or OH-groups which have the effect of making the surface hydrophilic and may be referred to herein as the second surface, dielectric surface, or second dielectric surface. Such OH-group surface terminations can occur naturally when the second surface is exposed to ambient conditions. In some embodiments the dielectric surface may be treated to provide a hydrophilic OH-terminated surface. In some embodiments a hydrophilic OH-terminated surface may be treated to increase the amount of OH-groups on the surface. For example, the dielectric surface may be exposed to H2O vapor in order to increase the number of OH-groups at the surface. In some embodiments, for example a second surface treatment may include exposing a dielectric surface to a carrier gas that has flowed through a bubbler at a temperature of between about 20° C. and about 50° C. or between about 25° C. and about 40° C. In some embodiments the dielectric surface is exposed to air containing moisture in order to provide a hydrophilic surface that comprises at least some OH-groups. In some embodiments a dielectric surface is not treated prior to deposition.
- As mentioned above, in some embodiments the deposition process is an atomic layer deposition (ALD) type process. In some embodiments the deposition process is a thermal ALD process. In some embodiments the deposition process is a vapor deposition process comprising one or more deposition cycles in which a substrate is alternately and sequentially contacted with a first vapor phase halide reactant and a second vapor phase reactant.
- In some embodiments the metal halide is a fluoride or chloride of Nb, Ta, Mo, W, V, or Cr. In some embodiments the metal halide is a fluoride or chloride of Nb or Ta.
- In some embodiments the first precursor is selected from NbCl5, NbF5, TaCl5, TaF5, MoFx (x may be an integer and in some embodiments is 5 or 6), MoClx (x may be an integer, and in some embodiments is 5), WF6, WClx (x may be an integer and in some embodiments is 5), VFx (x may be an integer and in some embodiments is 5), VClx (x may be an integer and in some embodiments is 4), and CrFx (x may be an integer and in some embodiments is 5).
- In some embodiments the first precursor is selected from NbCl5, NbF5, TaCl5, and TaF5.
- In some embodiments the first precursor is selected from NbF5 or TaF5.
- In some embodiments the first precursor is selected from NbCl5 or TaCl5.
- In some embodiments the first precursor is NbF5.
- In some embodiments the first precursor is TaF5.
- In some embodiments the first precursor is NbCl5.
- In some embodiments the first precursor is TaCl5
- In some embodiments the first precursor is not a tungsten precursor. For example, in some embodiments the first precursor is not WF6.
- In some embodiments the second precursor comprises a silane, such as monosilane (SiH4), disilane (Si2H6) or trisilane (Si3H8). In some embodiments the second precursor is a dialkylsilane, such as diethylsilane. In some embodiments the second precursor comprises OH bonds or provides OH groups to the surface. In some embodiments the second precursor is water. In some embodiments the second precursor is H2O2.
- In some such embodiments the second reactant may comprise, for example, hydrogen H2, hydrogen plasma, radicals or atoms. In some embodiments the second reactant may be a silane, such as a monosilane, disilane or trisilane. In some embodiments the second precursor does not comprise plasma.
- In some embodiments the material that is selectively deposited on the first surface relative to the second surface form a thin film. In some embodiments the thin film that is selectively deposited is a metal thin film.
- In some embodiments the thin film that is selectively deposited is a metal oxide thin film. In some embodiments the metal oxide film is formed using water as a second reactant. In some embodiments a metal oxide film is selectively deposited on a first metal or metallic surface comprising a metal or metallic film relative to a second surface comprising a dielectric film on a substrate by alternately and sequentially contacting the substrate with a first precursor comprising a vapor phase metal halide reactant and second reactant comprising water vapor. In some embodiments the metal halide reactant does not comprise W.
- In some embodiments a metal oxide film is selectively deposited on a first surface of a substrate comprising a metal oxide or dielectric surface relative to a second surface of the same substrate comprising an SiO2 surface by alternately and sequentially contacting the substrate with a first precursor comprising a vapor phase metal halide reactant and a second reactant comprising water vapor. For example, in some embodiments a metal oxide such as NbOx or TaOx is selectively deposited on a first surface comprising a metal oxide or dielectric surface relative to a second surface comprising SiO2 by alternately and sequentially contacting the substrate with a first precursor comprising a metal halide reactant and a second reactant comprising an oxygen reactant such as water vapor. In particular, in some embodiments NbOx, such as Nb2O5 can be deposited on a metal oxide such as tungsten oxide, hafnium oxide, titanium oxide, aluminum oxide, or zirconium oxide from NbF5 and H2O.
- In some embodiments the thin film that is selectively deposited comprises oxygen and one of niobium or tantalum. In some embodiments the thin film that is selectively deposited comprises NbOx or TaOx, where x is from about 2 to about 2.75. For simplicity, materials, such as films, may be referred to herein by the formula MOx, where M is a metal. The formula MOx indicates that the material comprises primarily a metal, M, and oxygen, however impurities may also be present in such a material. In some embodiments the formula MOx indicates that the material is an oxide of the metal M. [0048] In some embodiments the thin film that is selectively deposited is a metal silicide. In some embodiments the metal silicide may be formed, for example, by a deposition process as described herein and including a second reactant comprising a disilane or trisilane.
- In some embodiments the thin film that is selectively deposited is a metal carbide film. In some embodiments the metal carbide film may be formed by a deposition process as described herein and including a second reactant comprising an alkylsilane.
- In some embodiments the thin film that is selectively deposited is a metal nitride.
- In some embodiments the substrate is contacted with the first precursor comprising a metal halide at a deposition temperature of above about 225° C. In some embodiments the deposition temperature is above about 250° C., above about 275° C. or above about 300° C. In some embodiments the deposition temperature is between about 250° C. and about 350° C. or between about 295° C. and about 315° C. In some embodiments the temperature is less than about 600° C., less than about 500° C. or less than about 450° C.
- In some embodiments a deposition as described herein may become increasingly selective as temperature is increased, for example from about 225° C. to about 300° C., with nearly complete selectivity seen at above about 300° C. in some instances, but not necessarily all instances. Selectivity can be given as a percentage calculated by [(deposition on metal or metallic surface)−(deposition on dielectric surface)]/(deposition on the metal or metallic surface). Deposition can be measured in any of a variety of ways, for example in some embodiments deposition may be given as the measured thickness of the deposited material. In some embodiments deposition may be given as the measured amount of material deposited.
- In some embodiments selectivity is greater than about 50%, greater than about 60%, greater than about 70%, greater than about 80%, greater than about 90%, greater than about 95%, greater than about 99% or even greater than about 99.5%.
- In some embodiments deposition only occurs on the first surface and does not occur on the second surface. In some embodiments deposition on the first surface of the substrate relative to the second surface of the substrate is at least about 80% selective, which may be selective enough for some particular applications. In some embodiments the deposition on the first surface of the substrate relative to the second surface of the substrate is at least about 50% selective, which may be selective enough for some particular application. However, in some embodiments some deposition may occur on the second surface.
- For simplicity, a process may be referred to herein as a selective deposition process because the end result of such a process is a selective amount of deposited material on a first surface relative to a second surface. As such, selectivity as used herein refers to the end result of a deposition process and does not necessarily refer only to selective deposition. In some embodiments selectivity can include, for example, inherent etching during a deposition process which preferentially etches the deposited material on the second surface relative to the deposited material on the first surface, thereby achieving selective formation of the material on the first surface relative to the second surface.
- In some embodiments deposition on the first surface of the substrate relative to the second surface of the substrate can be performed up to about 500 deposition cycles before losing the selectivity, or up to about 50 deposition cycles, or up to about 20 deposition cycles, or up to about 10 deposition cycles, or up to about 5 deposition cycles before losing selectivity. In some embodiments even deposition of 1 or 2 cycles before losing selectivity can be useful.
- A loss of selectivity can be understood to have occurred when the selectivities mentioned above are no longer met. Depending on the specific circumstances, a loss of selectivity may be considered to have occurred when deposition on the first surface of the substrate relative to the second surface of the substrate is less than about 90% selective, less than about 95% selective, less than about 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% selective or greater.
- In some embodiments deposition on the first surface of the substrate relative to the second surface of the substrate can be performed up to a thickness of about 50 nm before losing the selectivity, or up to about 10 nm, or up to about 5 nm, or up to about 3 nm, or up to about 2 nm, or up to about 1 nm before losing selectivity. Depending on the specific circumstances, a loss of selectivity may be considered to have occurred when deposition on the first surface of the substrate relative to the second surface of the substrate is less than about 90% selective, less than about 95% selective, less than about 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% selective or greater.
- In some embodiments the film is deposited on the metal or metallic surface with a selectivity of greater than about 10 relative to the second dielectric surface at a thickness of about 0.5 to about 50 nm (10 times less deposition occurs on the second dielectric surface).
- In some embodiments the film is deposited on the metal or metallic surface with a selectivity of at least 98% at a thickness of about 0.5 to about 100 nm.
- In some embodiments the film is deposited on the metal or metallic surface with a selectivity of at least 98% at a thickness of more about 20 nm, more than about 50 nm or more than about 100 nm.
- In some embodiments the film is deposited on the metal or metallic surface with a selectivity of greater than about 20 relative to the second dielectric surface at a thickness of about 0.5 to about 50 nm (20 times less deposition occurs on the second dielectric surface).
- In some embodiments the film is deposited on the metal or metallic surface with a selectivity of greater than about 40 relative to the second dielectric surface at a thickness of about 0.5 to about 50 nm (40 times less deposition occurs on the second dielectric surface).
- In some embodiments the film is deposited on the metal or metallic surface with a selectivity of greater than about 15, greater than about 25, or greater than about 50 relative to the second dielectric surface at a thickness of about 0.5 to about 10 nm.
- In some embodiments the film is deposited on the metal or metallic surface with a selectivity of greater than about 25 or greater than about 50 relative to the second dielectric surface at a thickness of about 0.5 to about 5 nm.
- In some embodiments the film is deposited on the metal or metallic surface with a selectivity of greater than about 10, greater than about 20 or greater than about 40 after from about 1 to 25 deposition cycles, from about 1 to 50 deposition cycles, from about 1 to 100 deposition cycles or from about 1 to 150 deposition cycles.
- In some embodiments the film is deposited on the metal or metallic surface with a selectivity of greater than about 10, greater than about 20 or greater than about 40 after from about 1 to 50 deposition cycles, from about 1 to 100 deposition cycles, from about 1 to 250 deposition cycles or from about 1 to 500 deposition cycles.
- In some embodiments, no measurable deposition takes place on the second dielectric surface with up to 25, 50, 100 or even 200 cycles. In some embodiments less than 0.1 nm of material is deposited on the second dielectric surface with up to 25, 50, 100 or even 200 cycles. In some embodiments less than 0.3 nm of material is deposited on the second dielectric surface with up to 50, 100, 250 or even 500 deposition cycles.
- Embodiments of the invention may be directed to selective deposition of metal oxide on micrometer-scale (or smaller) features during integrated circuit fabrication. In some embodiments the selective deposition can be applied for manufacturing of features having a size less than 100 micrometers, less than 1 micrometer, or less than 200 nm. In the case of selective deposition on metal surfaces, the size of the feature or line width may be less than 1 micrometer, less than 200 nm, less than 100 nm, or less than 50 nm or less than 30 nm or less than 20 nm. One of ordinary skill in the art may recognize that selective deposition on larger features or smaller features and in other contexts is possible using the disclosed methods.
- In some embodiments the selectively deposited film may comprise impurities, such as halogens, for example, fluorine, at concentrations of less than about 20 at-%, less than about 10 at-%, less than about 5 at-%, less than about 2 at-%, less than about 1 at-% or less than about 0.5 at-%.
- In some embodiments the selectively deposited film has etch selectivity relative to SiO2, for example in dilute HF. In some embodiments the wet etch selectivity relative to SiO2 is greater than 1:5, greater than 1:10, or greater than 1:20 in dilute HF.
- In some embodiments an etch step may be used subsequent to or in the course of deposition to remove material that is non-selectively deposited. In some embodiments the etch process may be a wet etch process or a dry etch process. In some embodiments the etch process is a dry etch process.
- ALD type processes are based on controlled, self-limiting surface reactions of precursor chemicals. Gas phase reactions are avoided by alternately and sequentially contacting the substrate with the precursors. Vapor phase reactants are separated from each other on the substrate surface, for example, by removing excess reactants and/or reactant byproducts from the reaction chamber between reactant pulses.
- Briefly, a substrate comprising a first metal or metallic surface and second, dielectric surface is heated to a suitable deposition temperature, generally at lowered pressure. Deposition temperatures are discussed above.
- The surface of the substrate is contacted with the vapor phase first reactant as discussed above. In some embodiments a pulse of vapor phase first reactant is provided to a reaction space containing the substrate. In some embodiments the substrate is moved to a reaction space containing vapor phase first reactant. In some embodiments conditions are selected such that no more than about one monolayer of the first reactant is adsorbed on the substrate surface in a self-limiting manner. Excess first reactant and reaction byproducts, if any, are removed from the substrate surface, such as by purging with an inert gas or by removing the substrate from the presence of the first reactant.
- Purging means that vapor phase precursors and/or vapor phase byproducts are removed from the substrate surface such as by evacuating a chamber with a vacuum pump and/or by replacing the gas inside a reactor with an inert gas such as argon or nitrogen. Typical purging times are from about 0.05 to 20 seconds, between about 1 and 10, or between about 1 and 2 seconds. However, other purge times can be utilized if necessary, such as where highly conformal step coverage over extremely high aspect ratio structures or other structures with complex surface morphology is needed or batch processes with multiple substrates. In selective deposition longer purging times or efficient purging may be used in order to avoid CVD reactions which could possibly ruin the selectivity.
- As discussed above, the surface of the substrate is subsequently contacted with a vapor phase second gaseous reactant in each deposition cycle. In some embodiments a pulse of a second gaseous reactant is provided to a reaction space containing the substrate. In some embodiments the substrate is moved to a reaction space containing the vapor phase second reactant. Excess second reactant and gaseous byproducts of the surface reaction, if any, are removed from the substrate surface.
- The steps of contacting and removing are repeated until a thin film of the desired thickness has been selectively formed on the first surface of substrate.
- Removing excess reactants can include evacuating some of the contents of a reaction space and/or purging a reaction space with helium, nitrogen or another inert gas. In some embodiments purging can comprise turning off the flow of the reactive gas while continuing to flow an inert carrier gas to the reaction space.
- The precursors employed in the ALD type processes may be solid, liquid or gaseous materials under standard conditions (room temperature and atmospheric pressure), provided that the precursors are in vapor phase before they are contacted with the substrate surface. Contacting a substrate surface with a vaporized precursor means that the precursor vapor is in contact with the substrate surface for a limited period of time. Typically, the contacting time is from about 0.05 to 10 seconds. However, depending on the substrate type and its surface area, the contacting time may be even higher than 10 seconds. Contacting times can be on the order of minutes in some cases. The optimum contacting time can be determined by the skilled artisan based on the particular circumstances.
- The mass flow rate of the precursors can also be determined by the skilled artisan. In some embodiments the flow rate of metal precursors is between about 1 and 1000 sccm without limitation, or between about 100 and 500 sccm.
- The pressure in a reaction chamber is typically from about 0.01 to about 20 mbar, or from about 1 to about 10 mbar. However, in some cases the pressure will be higher or lower than this range, as can be determined by the skilled artisan given the particular circumstances.
- Examples of suitable reactors that may be used include commercially available ALD equipment such as the F-120® reactor, Pulsar® reactor and Advance® 400 Series reactor, available from ASM America, Inc. of Phoenix, Ariz. and ASM Europe B.V., Almere, Netherlands. In addition to these ALD reactors, many other kinds of reactors capable of ALD growth of thin films, including CVD reactors equipped with appropriate equipment and means for pulsing the precursors can be employed. In some embodiments a flow type ALD reactor is used. In some embodiments reactants are kept separate until reaching the reaction chamber, such that shared lines for the precursors are minimized. However, other arrangements are possible, such as the use of a pre-reaction chamber as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/929,348, filed Aug. 30, 2004 and Ser. No. 09/836,674, filed Apr. 16, 2001, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.
- The growth processes can optionally be carried out in a reactor or reaction space connected to a cluster tool. In a cluster tool, because each reaction space is dedicated to one type of process, the temperature of the reaction space in each module can be kept constant, which improves the throughput compared to a reactor in which is the substrate is heated up to the process temperature before each run.
- A stand-alone reactor can be equipped with a load-lock. In that case, it is not necessary to cool down the reaction space between each run.
- A deposition process as described herein as carried out in a reaction chamber. NbF5 was used as a first precursor and H2O was used as a second reactant. The first precursor and second reactant were alternately and sequentially pulsed into the reaction space of a Pulsar® 2000 reactor, wherein the reactants separately contacted various sample substrates at reaction temperature of about 300° C. The reactants were removed from the reaction space between pulses by purging the reaction space. The pulse and purge times used for the first precursor comprising NbF5 were from about 0.5 s to about 2.0 s (pulse) and about 6.0 s (purge), respectively. Pulse and purge times used for the second reactant comprising H2O were from about 0.5 s to about 2.0 s (pulse) and 5.0 s to about 6.0 s (purge), respectively.
- During analysis of the sample substrates, no film growth was observed on native oxide or silicon surfaces of the substrates for deposition processes including at least up to 200 cycles or at least up to 300-500 cycles in the case of substrates including a thermal SiO2 surface. Film growth was observed on a PVD deposited W surfaces of the sample substrates as shown in
FIG. 2 . Film growth was also observed on sample substrates which included a PVD deposited Co surface and a PVD deposited Ru surface. - NbOx films were selectively deposited on a metal oxide surface of a substrate relative to a SiO2 surface using a deposition process as described herein.
- A deposition process as described herein as carried out in a reaction chamber. NbF5 was used as a first precursor and H2O was used as a second reactant. The first precursor and second reactant were alternately and sequentially pulsed into the reaction space of a Pulsar® 2000 reactor, wherein the reactants separately contacted various sample substrates at reaction temperature of about 300° C. Source temperatures for NbF5 and H2O reactants were 45° C. and about 21° C., respectively. The reactants were removed from the reaction space between pulses by purging the reaction space. The pulse and purge times used for the first precursor comprising NbF5 were from about 0.5 s to about 2.0 s (pulse) and about 6.0 s (purge), respectively. Pulse and purge times used for the second reactant comprising H2O were from about 0.5 s to about 2.0 s (pulse) and 5.0 s to about 6.0 s (purge), respectively.
- Under these deposition conditions, an Nb2O5 film was observed to be deposited on the first metal oxide surface of the substrate using a deposition process including 500 deposition cycles. The substrate comprised an SiO2 surface with tungsten dots that included a native tungsten oxide surface layer, also referred to herein as tungsten/tungsten oxide areas.
- Due to the selectivity of the deposition process, an Nb2O5 thin film was deposited only on the portions of the substrate surface comprising tungsten/tungsten oxide dots. No film deposition was measured on the SiO2 surface when analyzed via energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX).
FIG. 3 shows an SEM image of the resultant Nb2O5 on the tungsten/tungsten oxide surface. The Nb2O5 was observed as large crystals on the tungsten/tungsten oxide dots having a thickness of about 80 nm. The thickness of the film was estimated from a film deposited using a similar deposition process with similar conditions on a blanket PVD W coupon.
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