US20210147343A1 - Opioid receptor modulators and products and methods related thereto - Google Patents

Opioid receptor modulators and products and methods related thereto Download PDF

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Publication number
US20210147343A1
US20210147343A1 US17/045,152 US201917045152A US2021147343A1 US 20210147343 A1 US20210147343 A1 US 20210147343A1 US 201917045152 A US201917045152 A US 201917045152A US 2021147343 A1 US2021147343 A1 US 2021147343A1
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compound
solvate
hydrate
racemate
pharmaceutically acceptable
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Inventor
Julio Cesar Medina
Larry MCGEE
Zhi-Liang Wei
Corinne Sadlowski
Frederick SEIDL
Ulhas Bhatt
Xiaodong Wang
Thomas Nguyen
David Sperandio
Pingyu Ding
Alok NERURKAR
Yihong Li
Jason Duquette
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R2m Pharma Inc
Volochem Inc
Epiodyne Inc
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R2m Pharma Inc
Epiodyne Inc
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Priority to US17/045,152 priority Critical patent/US20210147343A1/en
Publication of US20210147343A1 publication Critical patent/US20210147343A1/en
Assigned to EPIODYNE, INC. reassignment EPIODYNE, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: R2M PHARMA, INC.
Assigned to R2M PHARMA, INC. reassignment R2M PHARMA, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: VOLOCHEM, INC.
Assigned to VOLOCHEM, INC. reassignment VOLOCHEM, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: DUQUETTE, JASON
Assigned to R2M PHARMA, INC. reassignment R2M PHARMA, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: BHATT, ULHAS, MEDINA, JULIO C., WANG, XIAODONG, NGUYEN, THOMAS, NERURKAR, Alok, DING, PINGYU, SPERANDIO, DAVID, LI, YIHONG, SEIDL, Frederick
Assigned to R2M PHARMA, INC. reassignment R2M PHARMA, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: MCGEE, LAWRENCE RAY, SADLOWSKI, Corinne, WEI, ZHI-LIANG
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    • C07D263/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-oxazole or hydrogenated 1,3-oxazole rings
    • C07D263/52—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-oxazole or hydrogenated 1,3-oxazole rings condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
    • C07D263/54—Benzoxazoles; Hydrogenated benzoxazoles
    • C07D263/58—Benzoxazoles; Hydrogenated benzoxazoles with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached in position 2
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D295/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms
    • C07D295/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring nitrogen atoms
    • C07D295/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring nitrogen atoms substituted by singly or doubly bound nitrogen atoms
    • C07D295/125—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring nitrogen atoms substituted by singly or doubly bound nitrogen atoms with the ring nitrogen atoms and the substituent nitrogen atoms attached to the same carbon chain, which is not interrupted by carbocyclic rings
    • C07D295/13—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring nitrogen atoms substituted by singly or doubly bound nitrogen atoms with the ring nitrogen atoms and the substituent nitrogen atoms attached to the same carbon chain, which is not interrupted by carbocyclic rings to an acyclic saturated chain
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
    • C07D401/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings
    • C07D401/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D403/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00
    • C07D403/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings
    • C07D403/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings linked by a carbon chain containing only aliphatic carbon atoms
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    • C07D471/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00
    • C07D471/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
    • C07D471/04—Ortho-condensed systems
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    • C07B—GENERAL METHODS OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY; APPARATUS THEREFOR
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    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C2601/00—Systems containing only non-condensed rings
    • C07C2601/02—Systems containing only non-condensed rings with a three-membered ring

Definitions

  • the invention relates to opioid receptor modulators, and particularly to compounds that modulate the mu-opioid receptor (MOR) and/or the kappa-opioid receptor (KOR), and/or the delta-opioid receptor (DOR), as well as to products containing the same and to methods of their use and preparation.
  • MOR mu-opioid receptor
  • KOR kappa-opioid receptor
  • DOR delta-opioid receptor
  • Opioid receptors are a group of inhibitory G protein-coupled receptors with opioids as ligands, which have long been used to treat pain. Opioids generally act on these receptors as agonists, antagonists, or partial agonists. There are three classical opioid receptors, originally named mu (after morphine, its most commonly recognized exogenous ligand), delta (after vas deferens, the tissue within which it was first isolated) and kappa (after the first ligand to act at this receptor, ketocyclazocine). These opioid receptors are distributed widely within the central nervous system and, to a lesser extent, throughout the periphery.
  • Opioids whether naturally occurring or synthetic, exhibit any number of problematic side effects, such as constipation, addiction and respiratory depression, and efforts to eliminate such attributes have been meet with only limited successes. Accordingly, there remains a need in the art for agents that can modulate opioid receptors in a manner that limit the side effects normally associated with such agents.
  • A, B, L, R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 8 , m and n are as defined below.
  • compounds are provided having the structure of any one of Formulas (II) through (XI), or any one of the compounds listed in any one of Tables 1, 2 or 3.
  • compounds are provided of Formula (I), or any one of Formulas (II) through (XI), with the various applicable provisos provided below.
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of any of the embodiments disclosed herein in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, or excipient.
  • a method for modulating an opioid receptor comprising contacting the opioid receptor with an effective amount of a compound as provided herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable isomer, racemate, hydrate, solvate, isotope, or salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising the same.
  • the compound is a mu opioid receptor agonist and/or a kappa opioid receptor antagonist.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates that MOR agonist Compound B-56 is an analgesic in the hotplate test, increasing the time to exhibit a withdrawal response.
  • FIG. 1 also illustrates that MOR antagonists Compound B-15 blocks in vivo the analgesic activity of the agonist Compound B-56 when co-dosed, but has no effect on its own.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates that MOR antagonist Compound B-15 blocks in vivo the respiratory depression of the MOR agonist fentanyl.
  • the invention relates to compounds that modulate one, two or three of the mu opioid receptor (MOR), the kappa opioid receptor (KOR) and/or the delta opioid receptor (DOR).
  • MOR mu opioid receptor
  • KOR kappa opioid receptor
  • DOR delta opioid receptor
  • a “modulator” of MOR and/or KOR and/or DOR a compound which, when administered to a subject, provides the desired modulation of the target receptor.
  • the compound may function as a full or partial antagonist or agonist of the receptor, either by interacting directly or indirectly with the target receptor.
  • the compounds is a MOR agonist, a KOR antagonist, or both a MOR agonist and a KOR antagonist.
  • ring A is carbocycle or heterocycle
  • ring B is carbocycle or heterocycle
  • L is a bond, —(CR 7 2 ) q -Q-(CR 7 2 ) r —, or ring C;
  • Q is —C(R a ), —NR a —, or —O—;
  • ring C is a C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl or 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, substituted with 0-5 R 7 ;
  • each R a is H or (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl
  • R 1 and R 2 are each, independently, H, or (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl or C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl substituted with 0-5 halo;
  • R 3 and R 4 are each, independently, H, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, (C 1 -C 6 )haloalkyl, carbocycle, or carbocyclealkyl;
  • R 5 , R 6 , and R 7 are each, independently, —C(O)NR 1 R 2 , —NR 1 C(O)R 2 , —OC(O)R 1 , —C(O)OR 1 , —S(O) t NR 1 R 2 , —NR 1 S(O) t R 2 , —OH, —CN, halo, oxo, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, (C 1 -C 6 )haloalkyl, (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy, or carbocycle;
  • R 8 is H or (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl
  • n 0-5;
  • n 0-5;
  • r is 0-5;
  • t 0-2.
  • alkyl means a straight chain or branched saturated hydrocarbon group.
  • “Lower alkyl” means a straight chain or branched alkyl group having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, in some embodiments from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, in some embodiments from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and in some embodiments from 1 to 2 carbon atoms.
  • straight chain lower alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, n-pentyl, n-hexyl, n-heptyl, and n-octyl groups.
  • branched lower alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, isopropyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, t-butyl, neopentyl, isopentyl, and 2,2-dimethylpropyl groups.
  • alkylene means a divalent alkyl group.
  • straight chain lower alkylene groups include, but are not limited to, methylene (i.e., —CH 2 —), ethylene (i.e., —CH 2 CH 2 —), propylene (i.e., —CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 —), and butylene (i.e., —CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 -).
  • heteroalkylene is an alkylene group of which one or more carbon atoms is replaced with a heteroatom such as, but not limited to, N, O, S, or P.
  • Alkoxy refers to an alkyl as defined above joined by way of an oxygen atom (i.e., —O-alkyl).
  • Examples of lower alkoxy groups include, but are not limited to, methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, n-butoxy, isopropoxy, sec-butoxy, tert-butoxy, and the like.
  • Carbocyclic and “carbocycle” denote a ring structure wherein the atoms of the ring are carbon. Carbocycles may be monocyclic or polycyclic. Carbocycle encompasses both saturated and unsaturated rings. Carbocycle encompasses both cycloalkyl and aryl groups. In some embodiments, the carbocycle has 3 to 8 ring members, whereas in other embodiments the number of ring carbon atoms is 4, 5, 6, or 7.
  • the carbocyclic ring can be substituted with as many as N substituents wherein N is the size of the carbocyclic ring with for example, amino, hydroxy, cyano, carboxy, nitro, thio, alkoxy, and halogen groups.
  • Cycloalkyl groups are alkyl groups forming a ring structure, which can be substituted or unsubstituted.
  • Examples of cycloalkyl include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, and cyclooctyl groups.
  • the cycloalkyl group has 3 to 8 ring members, whereas in other embodiments the number of ring carbon atoms range from 3 to 5, 3 to 6, or 3 to 7.
  • Cycloalkyl groups further include polycyclic cycloalkyl groups such as, but not limited to, norbornyl, adamantyl, bornyl, camphenyl, isocamphenyl, and carenyl groups, and fused rings such as, but not limited to, decalinyl, and the like. Cycloalkyl groups also include rings that are substituted with straight or branched chain alkyl groups as defined above.
  • Representative substituted cycloalkyl groups can be mono-substituted or substituted more than once, such as, but not limited to, 2,2-, 2,3-, 2,4-2,5- or 2,6-disubstituted cyclohexyl groups or mono-, di- or tri-substituted norbornyl or cycloheptyl groups, which can be substituted with, for example, amino, hydroxy, cyano, carboxy, nitro, thio, alkoxy, and halogen groups.
  • Aryl groups are cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons that do not contain heteroatoms.
  • aryl groups include, but are not limited to, phenyl, azulenyl, heptalenyl, biphenyl, indacenyl, fluorenyl, phenanthrenyl, triphenylenyl, pyrenyl, naphthacenyl, chrysenyl, biphenylenyl, anthracenyl, and naphthyl groups.
  • aryl groups contain 6-14 carbons in the ring portions of the groups.
  • aryl and aryl groups include fused rings wherein at least one ring, but not necessarily all rings, are aromatic, such as fused aromatic-aliphatic ring systems (e.g., indanyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, and the like).
  • heterocycle or “heterocyclyl” groups include aromatic and non-aromatic ring compounds (heterocyclic rings) containing 3 or more ring members, of which one or more is a heteroatom such as, but not limited to, N, O, S, or P.
  • a heterocyclyl group as defined herein can be a heteroaryl group or a partially or completely saturated cyclic group including at least one ring heteroatom.
  • heterocyclyl groups include 3 to 20 ring members, whereas other such groups have 3 to 15 ring members. At least one ring contains a heteroatom, but every ring in a polycyclic system need not contain a heteroatom.
  • a dioxolanyl ring and a benzdioxolanyl ring system are both heterocyclyl groups within the meaning herein.
  • a heterocyclyl group designated as a C 2 -heterocyclyl can be a 5-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three heteroatoms, a 6-membered ring with two carbon atoms and four heteroatoms and so forth.
  • a C 4 -heterocyclyl can be a 5-membered ring with one heteroatom, a 6-membered ring with two heteroatoms, and so forth.
  • the number of carbon atoms plus the number of heteroatoms sums up to equal the total number of ring atoms.
  • a saturated heterocyclic ring refers to a heterocyclic ring containing no unsaturated carbon atoms.
  • Heteroaryl groups are aromatic ring compounds containing 5 or more ring members, of which, one or more is a heteroatom such as, but not limited to, N, O, and S.
  • a heteroaryl group designated as a C2-heteroaryl can be a 5-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three heteroatoms, a 6-membered ring with two carbon atoms and four heteroatoms and so forth.
  • a C4-heteroaryl can be a 5-membered ring with one heteroatom, a 6-membered ring with two heteroatoms, and so forth. The number of carbon atoms plus the number of heteroatoms sums up to equal the total number of ring atoms.
  • Heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, groups such as pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, pyridinyl, thiophenyl, benzothiophenyl, benzofuranyl, indolyl, azaindolyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, azabenzimidazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, imidazopyridinyl, isoxazolopyridinyl, thianaphthalenyl, purinyl, xanthinyl, adeninyl, guaninyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, quinoxalinyl, and quina
  • heteroaryl and “heteroaryl groups” include fused ring compounds such as wherein at least one ring, but not necessarily all rings, are aromatic, including tetrahydroquinolinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, indolyl and 2,3-dihydro indolyl.
  • Halo or “halogen” refers to fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine.
  • Haloalkyl refers to an alkyl as defined above with one or more hydrogen atoms replaced with halogen.
  • Examples of lower haloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, —CF 3 , —CH 2 CF 3 , and the like.
  • the term “optionally substituted” refers to a group (e.g., an alkyl, carbocycle, or heterocycle) having 0, 1, or more substituents, such as 0-25, 0-20, 0-10 or 0-5 substituents.
  • substituents include, but are not limited to, halo, cyano, —OR′, —NR′R′′, —S(O) 2 R′ or —S(O) 2 OR′, wherein each R′ and R′′ is, independently, H or alkyl.
  • ring A is carbocycle or heterocycle
  • ring B is carbocycle or heterocycle
  • L is a bond, —(CR 7 2 ) q -Q-(CR 7 2 ) r —, or ring C;
  • Q is —C(R a ) 2 —, —NR a —, or —O—;
  • ring C is a C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl or 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, substituted with 0-5 R 7 ;
  • each R a is H or (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl
  • R 1 and R 2 are each, independently, H, or (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl or C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl substituted with 0-5 halo;
  • R 3 and R 4 are each, independently, H, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, (C 1 -C 6 )haloalkyl, carbocycle, or carbocyclealkyl;
  • R 5 , R 6 , and R 7 are each, independently, —C(O)NR 1 R 2 , —NR 1 C(O)R 2 , —OC(O)R 1 , —C(O)OR 1 , —S(O) t NR 1 R 2 , —NR 1 S(O) t R 2 , —OH, —CN, halo, oxo, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, (C 1 -C 6 )haloalkyl, (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy, or carbocycle;
  • R 8 is H or (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl
  • n 0-5;
  • n 0-5;
  • r is 0-5;
  • t 0-2;
  • compounds having the structure of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable isomer, racemate, hydrate, solvate, isotope, or salt thereof, wherein L is —(CR 7 2 ) q -Q-(CR 7 2 ) r and with the provisos that:
  • compounds having the structure of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable isomer, racemate, hydrate, solvate, isotope, or salt thereof, wherein L is ring C and with the provisos that:
  • compounds having the structure of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable isomer, racemate, hydrate, solvate, isotope, or salt thereof, wherein L is a bond and with the proviso that:
  • ring A is carbocycle or heterocycle
  • L is a bond, —(CR 7 2 ) q -Q-(CR 7 2 ) r —, or ring C;
  • Q is —C(R a ) 2 —, —NR a —, or —O—;
  • ring C is a C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl or 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, substituted with 0-5 R 7 ;
  • each R a is H or (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl
  • R 1 and R 2 are each, independently, H, or (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl or C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl substituted with 0-5 halo;
  • R 3 and R 4 are each, independently, H, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, (C 1 -C 6 )haloalkyl, carbocycle, or carbocyclealkyl;
  • R 5 , R 6 , and R 7 are each, independently, —C(O)NR 1 R 2 , —NR 1 C(O)R 2 , —OC(O)R 1 , —C(O)OR 1 , —S(O) t NR 1 R 2 , —NR 1 S(O) t R 2 , —OH, —CN, halo, oxo, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, (C 1 -C 6 )haloalkyl, (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy, or carbocycle;
  • R 8 is H or (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl
  • Q 1 , Q 2 , Q 3 , Q 4 , and Q 5 are each, independently, C or N; wherein 0, 1, or 2 of Q 1 , Q 2 , Q 3 , Q 4 , and Q 5 is N;
  • n 0-5;
  • n 0-5;
  • r is 0-5;
  • t 0-2;
  • ring A is carbocycle or heterocycle
  • L is a bond, —(CR 7 2 ) q -Q-(CR 7 2 ) r —, or ring C;
  • Q is —C(R a ) 2 —, —NR a —, or —O—;
  • ring C is a C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl or 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, substituted with 0-5 R 7 ;
  • each R a is H or (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl
  • R 1 and R 2 are each, independently, H, or (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl or C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl substituted with 0-5 halo;
  • R 3 and R 4 are each, independently, H, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, (C 1 -C 6 )haloalkyl, carbocycle, or carbocyclealkyl;
  • R 5 , R 6 , and R 7 are each, independently, —C(O)NR 1 R 2 , —NR 1 C(O)R 2 , —OC(O)R 1 , —C(O)OR 1 , —S(O) t NR 1 R 2 , —NR 1 S(O) t R 2 , —OH, —CN, halo, oxo, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, (C 1 -C 6 )haloalkyl, (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy, or carbocycle;
  • R 8 is H or (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl
  • n 0-5;
  • n 0-5;
  • r is 0-5;
  • t 0-2;
  • ring A is carbocycle or heterocycle
  • L is a bond, —(CR 7 2 ) q -Q-(CR 7 2 ) r —, or ring C;
  • Q is —C(R a )—, —NR a —, or —O—;
  • ring C is a C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl or 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, substituted with 0-5 R 7 ;
  • each R a is H or (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl
  • R 1 and R 2 are each, independently, H, or (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl or C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl substituted with 0-5 halo;
  • R 3 and R 4 are each, independently, H, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, (C 1 -C 6 )haloalkyl, carbocycle, or carbocyclealkyl;
  • R 5 , R 6 , and R 7 are each, independently, —C(O)NR 1 R 2 , —NR 1 C(O)R 2 , —OC(O)R 1 , —C(O)OR 1 , —S(O) t NR 1 R 2 , —NR 1 S(O) t R 2 , —OH, —CN, halo, oxo, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, (C 1 -C 6 )haloalkyl, (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy, or carbocycle;
  • R 8 is H or (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl
  • m′ is 0-4;
  • n 0-5;
  • r is 0-5;
  • t 0-2.
  • ring A is carbocycle or heterocycle
  • L is a bond, —(CR 7 2 ) q -Q-(CR 7 2 ) r —, or ring C;
  • Q is —C(R a ) 2 —, —NR a —, or —O—;
  • ring C is a C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl or 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, substituted with 0-5 R 7 ;
  • each R a is H or (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl
  • R 1 and R 2 are each, independently, H, or (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl or C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl substituted with 0-5 halo;
  • R 3 and R 4 are each, independently, H, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, (C 1 -C 6 )haloalkyl, carbocycle, or carbocyclealkyl;
  • R 5 , R 6 , and R 7 are each, independently, —C(O)NR 1 R 2 , —NR 1 C(O)R 2 , —OC(O)R 1 , —C(O)OR 1 , —S(O) t NR 1 R 2 , —NR 1 S(O) t R 2 , —OH, —CN, halo, oxo, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, (C 1 -C 6 )haloalkyl, (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy, or carbocycle;
  • R 8 is H or (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl
  • m′ is 0-4;
  • n 0-5;
  • r is 0-5;
  • t 0-2.
  • ring A is carbocycle or heterocycle
  • L is a bond, —(CR 7 2 ) q -Q-(CR 7 2 ) r —, or ring C;
  • Q is —C(R a ) 2 —, —NR a —, or —O—;
  • ring C is a C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl or 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, substituted with 0-5 R 7 ;
  • each R a is H or (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl
  • R 1 and R 2 are each, independently, H, or (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl or C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl substituted with 0-5 halo;
  • R 3 and R 4 are each, independently, H, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, (C 1 -C 6 )haloalkyl, carbocycle, or carbocyclealkyl;
  • R 5 , R 6 , and R 7 are each, independently, —C(O)NR 1 R 2 , —NR 1 C(O)R 2 , —OC(O)R 1 , —C(O)OR 1 , —S(O) t NR 1 R 2 , —NR 1 S(O) t R 2 , —OH, —CN, halo, oxo, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, (C 1 -C 6 )haloalkyl, (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy, or carbocycle;
  • R 8 is H or (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl
  • m′ is 0-4;
  • n 0-5;
  • r is 0-5;
  • t 0-2.
  • ring A is carbocycle or heterocycle
  • L is a bond, —(CR 7 2 ) q -Q-(CR 7 2 ) r —, or ring C;
  • Q is —C(R a ) 2 —, —NR a —, or —O—;
  • ring C is a C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl or 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, substituted with 0-5 R 7 ;
  • each R a is H or (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl
  • R 1 and R 2 are each, independently, H, or (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl or C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl substituted with 0-5 halo;
  • R 3 and R 4 are each, independently, H, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, (C 1 -C 6 )haloalkyl, carbocycle, or carbocyclealkyl;
  • R 5 , R 6 , and R 7 are each, independently, —C(O)NR 1 R 2 , —NR 1 C(O)R 2 , —OC(O)R 1 , —C(O)OR 1 , —S(O) t NR 1 R 2 , —NRS(O) t R 2 , —OH, —CN, halo, oxo, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, (C 1 -C 6 )haloalkyl, (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy, or carbocycle;
  • R 8 is H or (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl
  • n 0-5;
  • n 0-5;
  • r is 0-5;
  • t 0-2;
  • ring A is carbocycle or heterocycle
  • L is a bond, —(CR 7 2 ) q -Q-(CR 7 2 ) r —, or ring C;
  • Q is —C(R a ) 2 —, —NR a —, or —O—;
  • ring C is a C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl or 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, substituted with 0-5 R 7 ;
  • each R a is H or (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl
  • R 1 and R 2 are each, independently, H, or (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl or C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl substituted with 0-5 halo;
  • R 3 and R 4 are each, independently, H, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, (C 1 -C 6 )haloalkyl, carbocycle, or carbocyclealkyl;
  • R 5 , R 6 , and R 7 are each, independently, —C(O)NR 1 R 2 , —NR 1 C(O)R 2 , —OC(O)R 1 , —C(O)OR 1 , —S(O) t NR 1 R 2 , —NR 1 S(O) t R 2 , —OH, —CN, halo, oxo, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, (C 1 -C 6 )haloalkyl, (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy, or carbocycle;
  • R 8 is H or (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl
  • m′ is 0-4;
  • n 0-5;
  • r is 0-5;
  • t 0-2.
  • ring A is carbocycle or heterocycle
  • L is a bond, —(CR 7 2 ) q -Q-(CR 7 2 ) r —, or ring C;
  • Q is —C(R a ) 2 —, —NR a —, or —O—;
  • ring C is a C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl or 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, substituted with 0-5 R 7 ;
  • each R a is H or (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl
  • R 1 and R 2 are each, independently, H, or (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl or C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl substituted with 0-5 halo;
  • R 3 and R 4 are each, independently, H, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, (C 1 -C 6 )haloalkyl, carbocycle, or carbocyclealkyl;
  • R 5 , R 6 , and R 7 are each, independently, —C(O)NR 1 R 2 , —NR 1 C(O)R 2 , —OC(O)R 1 , —C(O)OR 1 , —S(O) t NR 1 R 2 , —NR 1 S(O) t R 2 , —OH, —CN, halo, oxo, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, (C 1 -C 6 )haloalkyl, (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy, or carbocycle;
  • R 8 is H or (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl
  • Q 1 , Q 4 , and Q 5 are each, independently, C or N;
  • ring D is a 5-6 membered carbocycle or heterocycle which forms, together with Q 2 and Q 3 , a fused bicyclic ring B;
  • n 0-5;
  • n 0-5;
  • r is 0-5;
  • t 0-2;
  • ring A is carbocycle or heterocycle
  • L is a bond, —(CR 7 2 ) q -Q-(CR 7 2 ) r —, or ring C;
  • Q is —C(R a ) 2 —, —NR a —, or —O—;
  • ring C is a C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl or 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, substituted with 0-5 R 7 ;
  • each R a is H or (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl
  • R 1 and R 2 are each, independently, H, or (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl or C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl substituted with 0-5 halo;
  • R 3 and R 4 are each, independently, H, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, (C 1 -C 6 )haloalkyl, carbocycle, or carbocyclealkyl;
  • R 5 , R 6 , and R 7 are each, independently, —C(O)NR 1 R 2 , —NR 1 C(O)R 2 , —OC(O)R 1 , —C(O)OR 1 , —S(O) t NR 1 R 2 , —NR 1 S(O) t R 2 , —OH, —CN, halo, oxo, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, (C 1 -C 6 )haloalkyl, (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy, or carbocycle;
  • R 8 is H or (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl
  • Q 1 , Q 4 , and Q 5 are each, independently, C or N;
  • n 0-5;
  • n 0-5;
  • r is 0-5;
  • t 0-2.
  • ring A is carbocycle or heterocycle
  • L is a bond, —(CR 7 2 ) q -Q-(CR 7 2 ) r —, or ring C;
  • Q is —C(R a ) 2 —, —NR a —, or —O—;
  • ring C is a C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl or 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, substituted with 0-5 R 7 ;
  • each R a is H or (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl
  • R 1 and R 2 are each, independently, H, or (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl or C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl substituted with 0-5 halo;
  • R 3 and R 4 are each, independently, H, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, (C 1 -C 6 )haloalkyl, carbocycle, or carbocyclealkyl;
  • R 5 , R 6 , and R 7 are each, independently, —C(O)NR 1 R 2 , —NR 1 C(O)R 2 , —OC(O)R 1 , —C(O)OR 1 , —S(O) t NR 1 R 2 , —NR 1 S(O) t R 2 , —OH, —CN, halo, oxo, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, (C 1 -C 6 )haloalkyl, (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy, or carbocycle;
  • R 8 is H or (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl
  • Q 1 , Q 4 , and Q 5 are each, independently, C or N;
  • n 0-5;
  • n 0-5;
  • r is 0-5;
  • t 0-2.
  • a compound of any one of Formulas (I)-(XI) is provided, or a pharmaceutically acceptable isomer, racemate, hydrate, solvate, isotope, or salt thereof, wherein ring A is an aromatic carbocycle.
  • a compound of any one of Formulas (I)-(XI) is provided, or a pharmaceutically acceptable isomer, racemate, hydrate, solvate, isotope, or salt thereof, wherein ring A is phenyl.
  • a compound of any one of Formulas (I)-(XI) is provided, or a pharmaceutically acceptable isomer, racemate, hydrate, solvate, isotope, or salt thereof, wherein ring A is an aromatic heterocycle.
  • a compound of any one of Formulas (I)-(XI) is provided, or a pharmaceutically acceptable isomer, racemate, hydrate, solvate, isotope, or salt thereof, wherein ring A is pyrrolyl, furanyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyridinyl, thiophenyl, benzothiophenyl, benzofuranyl, indolyl, azaindolyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, azabenzimidazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, imidazopyridinyl, isoxazolopyridinyl, thianaphthalenyl, purinyl, xanthinyl, adeninyl,
  • a compound of any one of Formulas (I)-(XI) is provided, or a pharmaceutically acceptable isomer, racemate, hydrate, solvate, isotope, or salt thereof, wherein ring B is pyrrolyl, furanyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, thiophenyl, benzothiophenyl, benzofuranyl, indolyl, azaindolyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, azabenzimidazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, imidazopyridinyl, isoxazolopyridinyl, thianaphthalenyl, purinyl, xanthinyl, adeninyl, guaninyl,
  • a compound of any one of Formulas (I)-(XI) is provided, or a pharmaceutically acceptable isomer, racemate, hydrate, solvate, isotope, or salt thereof, wherein L is —(CR 7 2 ) q -Q-(CR 7 2 ) r —.
  • a compound of any one of Formulas (I)-(XI) is provided, or a pharmaceutically acceptable isomer, racemate, hydrate, solvate, isotope, or salt thereof, wherein q is 0.
  • a compound of any one of Formulas (I)-(XI) is provided, or a pharmaceutically acceptable isomer, racemate, hydrate, solvate, isotope, or salt thereof, wherein Q is —O—.
  • a compound of any one of Formulas (I)-(XI) is provided, or a pharmaceutically acceptable isomer, racemate, hydrate, solvate, isotope, or salt thereof, wherein Q is —C(R a ) 2 —.
  • a compound of any one of Formulas (I)-(XI) is provided, or a pharmaceutically acceptable isomer, racemate, hydrate, solvate, isotope, or salt thereof, wherein Q is —NR a —.
  • a compound of any one of Formulas (I)-(XI) is provided, or a pharmaceutically acceptable isomer, racemate, hydrate, solvate, isotope, or salt thereof, wherein L is ring C.
  • a compound of any one of Formulas (I)-(XI) is provided, or a pharmaceutically acceptable isomer, racemate, hydrate, solvate, isotope, or salt thereof, wherein ring C is cyclopropyl.
  • a compound of any one of Formulas (I)-(XI) is provided, or a pharmaceutically acceptable isomer, racemate, hydrate, solvate, isotope, or salt thereof, wherein ring C is pyrrolidinyl.
  • a compound of any one of Formulas (I)-(XI) is provided, or a pharmaceutically acceptable isomer, racemate, hydrate, solvate, isotope, or salt thereof, wherein L is a bond.
  • a compound of any one of Formulas (I)-(XI) is provided, or a pharmaceutically acceptable isomer, racemate, hydrate, solvate, isotope, or salt thereof, wherein R 3 and R 4 are each, independently, H, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, carbocycle, or carbocyclealkyl.
  • a compound of any one of Formulas (I)-(XI) is provided, or a pharmaceutically acceptable isomer, racemate, hydrate, solvate, isotope, or salt thereof, wherein R 3 and R 4 are each methyl or ethyl.
  • a compound of any one of Formulas (I)-(XI) is provided, or a pharmaceutically acceptable isomer, racemate, hydrate, solvate, isotope, or salt thereof, wherein R 3 and R 4 are each H.
  • a compound of any one of Formulas (I)-(XI) is provided, or a pharmaceutically acceptable isomer, racemate, hydrate, solvate, isotope, or salt thereof, wherein R 3 is methyl and R 4 is cyclopropylmethyl.
  • a compound of any one of Formulas (I)-(XI) is provided, or a pharmaceutically acceptable isomer, racemate, hydrate, solvate, isotope, or salt thereof, wherein R 3 and R 4 , together with the N to which they are connected, form a 4-7 membered heterocycle.
  • a compound of any one of Formulas (I)-(XI) is provided, or a pharmaceutically acceptable isomer, racemate, hydrate, solvate, isotope, or salt thereof, wherein R 3 and R 4 , together with the N to which they are connected, form pyrrolidinyl or mopholinyl.
  • a compound of any one of Formulas (I)-(XI) is provided, or a pharmaceutically acceptable isomer, racemate, hydrate, solvate, isotope, or salt thereof, wherein R 3 and one R 5 , together with the atoms to which they are connected, form a 5-7 membered heterocycle.
  • a compound of any one of Formulas (I)-(XI) is provided, or a pharmaceutically acceptable isomer, racemate, hydrate, solvate, isotope, or salt thereof, wherein at least one R 5 is —OH.
  • a compound of any one of Formulas (I)-(XI) is provided, or a pharmaceutically acceptable isomer, racemate, hydrate, solvate, isotope, or salt thereof, wherein at least one R 5 is —C(O)NR 1 R 2 .
  • a compound of any one of Formulas (I)-(XI) is provided, or a pharmaceutically acceptable isomer, racemate, hydrate, solvate, isotope, or salt thereof, wherein at least one R 5 is halo.
  • a compound of any one of Formulas (I)-(XI) is provided, or a pharmaceutically acceptable isomer, racemate, hydrate, solvate, isotope, or salt thereof, wherein at least one R 5 is Cl or F.
  • a compound of any one of Formulas (I)-(XI) is provided, or a pharmaceutically acceptable isomer, racemate, hydrate, solvate, isotope, or salt thereof, wherein at least one R 5 is (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl.
  • a compound of any one of Formulas (I)-(XI) is provided, or a pharmaceutically acceptable isomer, racemate, hydrate, solvate, isotope, or salt thereof, wherein at least one R 5 is methyl.
  • a compound of any one of Formulas (I)-(XI) is provided, or a pharmaceutically acceptable isomer, racemate, hydrate, solvate, isotope, or salt thereof, wherein at least one R 5 is —OC(O)R 1 .
  • a compound of any one of Formulas (I)-(XI) is provided, or a pharmaceutically acceptable isomer, racemate, hydrate, solvate, isotope, or salt thereof, wherein at least one R 6 is carbocycle.
  • a compound of any one of Formulas (I)-(XI) is provided, or a pharmaceutically acceptable isomer, racemate, hydrate, solvate, isotope, or salt thereof, wherein at least one R 6 is cycloalkyl.
  • a compound of any one of Formulas (I)-(XI) is provided, or a pharmaceutically acceptable isomer, racemate, hydrate, solvate, isotope, or salt thereof, wherein at least one R 6 is cyclopropyl.
  • a compound of any one of Formulas (I)-(XI) is provided, or a pharmaceutically acceptable isomer, racemate, hydrate, solvate, isotope, or salt thereof, wherein at least one R 6 is an aromatic carbocycle.
  • a compound of any one of Formulas (I)-(XI) is provided, or a pharmaceutically acceptable isomer, racemate, hydrate, solvate, isotope, or salt thereof, wherein at least one R 6 is phenyl.
  • a compound of any one of Formulas (I)-(XI) is provided, or a pharmaceutically acceptable isomer, racemate, hydrate, solvate, isotope, or salt thereof, wherein at least one R 6 is halo.
  • a compound of any one of Formulas (I)-(XI) is provided, or a pharmaceutically acceptable isomer, racemate, hydrate, solvate, isotope, or salt thereof, wherein at least one R 6 is Cl, F or Br.
  • a compound of any one of Formulas (I)-(XI) is provided, or a pharmaceutically acceptable isomer, racemate, hydrate, solvate, isotope, or salt thereof, wherein at least one R 6 is (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl.
  • a compound of any one of Formulas (I)-(XI) is provided, or a pharmaceutically acceptable isomer, racemate, hydrate, solvate, isotope, or salt thereof, wherein the at least one R 6 is methyl.
  • a compound of any one of Formulas (I)-(XI) is provided, or a pharmaceutically acceptable isomer, racemate, hydrate, solvate, isotope, or salt thereof, wherein at least one R 6 is (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy.
  • a compound of any one of Formulas (I)-(XI) is provided, or a pharmaceutically acceptable isomer, racemate, hydrate, solvate, isotope, or salt thereof, wherein the at least one R 6 is methoxy.
  • a compound of any one of Formulas (I)-(XI) is provided, or a pharmaceutically acceptable isomer, racemate, hydrate, solvate, isotope, or salt thereof, wherein at least one R 7 is (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl.
  • a compound of any one of Formulas (I)-(XI) is provided, or a pharmaceutically acceptable isomer, racemate, hydrate, solvate, isotope, or salt thereof, wherein at least one R 7 is methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, or tert-butyl.
  • a compound of any one of Formulas (I)-(XI) is provided, or a pharmaceutically acceptable isomer, racemate, hydrate, solvate, isotope, or salt thereof, wherein at least one R 7 is carbocycle.
  • a compound of any one of Formulas (I)-(XI) is provided, or a pharmaceutically acceptable isomer, racemate, hydrate, solvate, isotope, or salt thereof, wherein at least one R 7 is cycloalkyl.
  • a compound of any one of Formulas (I)-(XI) is provided, or a pharmaceutically acceptable isomer, racemate, hydrate, solvate, isotope, or salt thereof, wherein at least one R 7 is cyclopropyl.
  • a compound of any one of Formulas (I)-(XI) is provided, or a pharmaceutically acceptable isomer, racemate, hydrate, solvate, isotope, or salt thereof, wherein R 8 is H.
  • a compound of any one of Formulas (I)-(XI) is provided, or a pharmaceutically acceptable isomer, racemate, hydrate, solvate, isotope, or salt thereof, wherein R 8 is methyl.
  • a compound of any one of Formulas (I)-(XI) is provided, or a pharmaceutically acceptable isomer, racemate, hydrate, solvate, isotope, or salt thereof, having the structure of any one of the compounds listed in Table 1.
  • a compound of any one of Formulas (I)-(XI) is provided, or a pharmaceutically acceptable isomer, racemate, hydrate, solvate, isotope, or salt thereof, having the structure of any one of the compounds listed in Table 2.
  • a compound of any one of Formulas (I)-(XI) is provided, or a pharmaceutically acceptable isomer, racemate, hydrate, solvate, isotope, or salt thereof, having the structure of any one of the compounds listed in Table 3.
  • Representative compounds of Formulas (I)-(XI) as applicable include the compounds listed in Table 1 below, as well as pharmaceutically acceptable isomers, racemates, hydrates, solvates, homologs, and salts thereof
  • Representative compounds of Formulas (I)-(XI) as applicable include the compounds listed in Table 2 below, as well as pharmaceutically acceptable isomers, racemates, hydrates, solvates, homologs, and salts thereof.
  • Representative compounds of Formulas (I)-(XI) as applicable include the compounds listed in Table 3 below, as well as pharmaceutically acceptable isomers, racemates, hydrates, solvates, homologs, and salts thereof.
  • Racemic and diastereomeric mixtures, as well as the individual optical isomers can be synthesized so as to be substantially free of their enantiomeric or diastereomeric partners, and these are all within the scope of certain embodiments of the disclosure.
  • the isomers resulting from the presence of a chiral center comprise a pair of non-superimposable isomers that are called “enantiomers.”
  • Single enantiomers of a pure compound are optically active (i.e., they are capable of rotating the plane of plane polarized light and designated R or S).
  • isolated optical isomer means a compound which has been substantially purified from the corresponding optical isomer(s) of the same formula.
  • the isolated isomer may be at least about 80%, at least 80% or at least 85% pure. In other embodiments, the isolated isomer is at least 90% pure or at least 98% pure, or at least 99% pure by weight.
  • substantially enantiomerically or diasteromerically pure means a level of enantiomeric or diastereomeric enrichment of one enantiomer with respect to the other enantiomer or diasteromer of at least about 80%, and more specifically in excess of 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%, 99.5% or 99.9%.
  • racemate and “racemic mixture” refer to an equal mixture of two enantiomers.
  • a racemate is labeled “( ⁇ )” because it is not optically active (i.e., will not rotate plane-polarized light in either direction since its constituent enantiomers cancel each other out).
  • a “hydrate” is a compound that exists in combination with water molecules.
  • the combination can include water in stoichiometric quantities, such as a monohydrate or a dihydrate, or can include water in random amounts.
  • a “hydrate” refers to a solid form; that is, a compound in a water solution, while it may be hydrated, is not a hydrate as the term is used herein.
  • a “solvate” is similar to a hydrate except that a solvent other that water is present.
  • a solvent other that water For example, methanol or ethanol can form an “alcoholate”, which can again be stoichiometric or non-stoichiometric.
  • a “solvate” refers to a solid form; that is, a compound in a solvent solution, while it may be solvated, is not a solvate as the term is used herein.
  • “Isotope” refers to atoms with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons, and an isotope of a compound of Formulas (I)-(X) includes any such compound wherein one or more atoms are replaced by an isotope of that atom.
  • carbon 12 the most common form of carbon, has six protons and six neutrons, whereas carbon 13 has six protons and seven neutrons, and carbon 14 has six protons and eight neutrons.
  • Hydrogen has two stable isotopes, deuterium (one proton and one neutron) and tritium (one proton and two neutrons). While fluorine has a number of isotopes, fluorine 19 is longest-lived.
  • an isotope of a compound having the structure of Formulas (I)-(X) includes, but not limited to, compounds of Formulas (I)-(X) wherein one or more carbon 12 atoms are replaced by carbon-13 and/or carbon-14 atoms, wherein one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced with deuterium and/or tritium, and/or wherein one or more fluorine atoms are replaced by fluorine-19.
  • Salt generally refers to an organic compound, such as a carboxylic acid or an amine, in ionic form, in combination with a counter ion.
  • acids in their anionic form and cations
  • bases in the cationic form and anions
  • pharmaceutically acceptable refers an agent that has been approved for human consumption and is generally non-toxic.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salt refers to nontoxic inorganic or organic acid and/or base addition salts (see, e.g., Lit et al., Salt Selection for Basic Drugs, Int. J. Pharm., 33, 201-217, 1986) (incorporated by reference herein).
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salts of compounds of the disclosure include, for example, metallic salts including alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, and transition metal salts such as, for example, calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, and zinc salts.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salts also include organic salts made from basic amines such as, for example, N,N′dibenzylethylenediamine, chloroprocaine, choline, diethanolamine, ethylenediamine, meglumine (N-methylglucamine), and procaine.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts may be prepared from an inorganic acid or from an organic acid.
  • inorganic acids include hydrochloric, hydrobromic, hydriodic, nitric, carbonic, sulfuric, and phosphoric acids.
  • Appropriate organic acids may be selected from aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, aromatic, aromatic aliphatic, heterocyclic, carboxylic, and sulfonic classes of organic acids, examples of which include formic, acetic, propionic, succinic, glycolic, gluconic, lactic, malic, tartaric, citric, ascorbic, glucuronic, maleic, fumaric, pyruvic, aspartic, glutamic, benzoic, anthranilic, 4-hydroxybenzoic, phenylacetic, mandelic, hippuric, malonic, oxalic, embonic (pamoic), methanesulfonic, ethanesulfonic, benzenesulfonic,
  • salts may be useful, for example as intermediates in the synthesis of compounds having the structure of Formulas (I)-(XI), for example in their purification by recrystallization.
  • the disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of any one of Formulas (I)-(XI), or a pharmaceutically acceptable isomer, racemate, hydrate, solvate, isotope, or salt thereof, together with at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, or excipient.
  • the active compound will usually be mixed with a carrier, or diluted by a carrier, or enclosed within a carrier which can be in the form of an ampoule, capsule, sachet, paper, or other container.
  • the active compound When the active compound is mixed with a carrier, or when the carrier serves as a diluent, it can be solid, semi-solid, or liquid material that acts as a vehicle, excipient, or medium for the active compound.
  • the active compound can be adsorbed on a granular solid carrier, for example contained in a sachet.
  • suitable carriers are water, salt solutions, alcohols, polyethylene glycols, polyhydroxyethoxylated castor oil, peanut oil, olive oil, gelatin, lactose, terra alba, sucrose, dextrin, magnesium carbonate, sugar, cyclodextrin, amylose, magnesium stearate, talc, gelatin, agar, pectin, acacia, stearic acid, or lower alkyl ethers of cellulose, silicic acid, fatty acids, fatty acid amines, fatty acid monoglycerides and diglycerides, pentaerythritol fatty acid esters, polyoxyethylene, hydroxymethylcellulose, and polyvinylpyrrolidone.
  • the carrier or diluent can include any sustained release material known in the art, such as glyceryl monostearate or glyceryl diste
  • the term “pharmaceutical composition” refers to a composition containing one or more of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable isomer, racemate, hydrate, solvate, homolog or salt thereof, formulated with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, which can also include other additives, and manufactured or sold with the approval of a governmental regulatory agency as part of a therapeutic regimen for the treatment of disease in a mammal.
  • compositions can be formulated, for example, for oral administration in unit dosage form (e.g., a tablet, capsule, caplet, gelcap, or syrup); for topical administration (e.g., as a cream, gel, lotion, or ointment); for intravenous administration (e.g., as a sterile solution free of particulate emboli and in a solvent system suitable for intravenous use); or in any other formulation described herein.
  • unit dosage form e.g., a tablet, capsule, caplet, gelcap, or syrup
  • topical administration e.g., as a cream, gel, lotion, or ointment
  • intravenous administration e.g., as a sterile solution free of particulate emboli and in a solvent system suitable for intravenous use
  • a composition of a compound described herein including formulating a compound of the disclosure with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent is suitable for oral administration.
  • the methods can further include the step of formulating the composition into a tablet or capsule.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent is suitable for parenteral administration.
  • the methods further include the step of lyophilizing the composition to form a lyophilized preparation.
  • the term “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” refers to any ingredient other than the disclosed compounds, or a pharmaceutically acceptable isomer, racemate, hydrate, solvate, homolog or salt thereof (e.g., a carrier capable of suspending or dissolving the active compound) and having the properties of being nontoxic and non-inflammatory in a patient.
  • Excipients may include, for example: antiadherents, antioxidants, binders, coatings, compression aids, disintegrants, dyes (colors), emollients, emulsifiers, fillers (diluents), film formers or coatings, flavors, fragrances, glidants (flow enhancers), lubricants, preservatives, printing inks, sorbents, suspensing or dispersing agents, sweeteners, or waters of hydration.
  • excipients include, but are not limited to: butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate (dibasic), calcium stearate, croscarmellose, crosslinked polyvinyl pyrrolidone, citric acid, crospovidone, cysteine, ethylcellulose, gelatin, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, lactose, magnesium stearate, maltitol, mannitol, methionine, methylcellulose, methyl paraben, microcrystalline cellulose, polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, povidone, pregelatinized starch, propyl paraben, retinyl palmitate, shellac, silicon dioxide, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, sodium citrate, sodium starch glycolate, sorbitol, starch (corn), stearic acid, stearic acid, sucrose, talc, titanium dioxide, vitamin A, B
  • the formulations can be mixed with auxiliary agents which do not deleteriously react with the active compounds.
  • auxiliary agents which do not deleteriously react with the active compounds.
  • Such additives can include wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, salt for influencing osmotic pressure, buffers and/or coloring substances, preserving agents, sweetening agents, or flavoring agents.
  • the compositions can also be sterilized if desired.
  • the route of administration can be any route which effectively transports the active compound of the disclosure to the appropriate or desired site of action, such as oral, nasal, pulmonary, buccal, subdermal, intradermal, transdermal, or parenteral, e.g., rectal, depot, subcutaneous, intravenous, intraurethral, intramuscular, intranasal, ophthalmic solution, or an ointment, the oral route being preferred.
  • Dosage forms can be administered once a day, or more than once a day, such as twice or thrice daily. Alternatively, dosage forms can be administered less frequently than daily, such as every other day, or weekly, if found to be advisable by a prescribing physician.
  • Dosing regimens include, for example, dose titration to the extent necessary or useful for the indication to be treated, thus allowing the patient's body to adapt to the treatment and/or to minimize or avoid unwanted side effects associated with the treatment.
  • Other dosage forms include delayed or controlled-release forms. Suitable dosage regimens and/or forms include those set out, for example, in the latest edition of the Physicians' Desk Reference , incorporated herein by reference.
  • administering refers to providing a compound, a pharmaceutical composition comprising the same, to a subject by any acceptable means or route, including (for example) by oral, parenteral (e.g., intravenous), or topical administration.
  • treatment refers to an intervention that ameliorates a sign or symptom of a disease or pathological condition.
  • treatment also refers to any observable beneficial effect of the treatment.
  • the beneficial effect can be evidenced, for example, by a delayed onset of clinical symptoms of the disease in a susceptible subject, a reduction in severity of some or all clinical symptoms of the disease, a slower progression of the disease, a reduction in the number of relapses of the disease, an improvement in the overall health or well-being of the subject, or by other parameters well known in the art that are specific to the particular disease.
  • a prophylactic treatment is a treatment administered to a subject who does not exhibit signs of a disease or exhibits only early signs, for the purpose of decreasing the risk of developing pathology.
  • a therapeutic treatment is a treatment administered to a subject after signs and symptoms of the disease have developed.
  • the term “subject” refers to an animal (e.g., a mammal, such as a human).
  • a subject to be treated according to the methods described herein may be one who has been diagnosed with a neurodegenerative disease involving demyelination, insufficient myelination, or underdevelopment of a myelin sheath, e.g., a subject diagnosed with multiple sclerosis or cerebral palsy, or one at risk of developing the condition. Diagnosis may be performed by any method or technique known in the art.
  • a subject to be treated according to the present disclosure may have been subjected to standard tests or may have been identified, without examination, as one at risk due to the presence of one or more risk factors associated with the disease or condition.
  • an effective amount refers to a quantity of a specified agent sufficient to achieve a desired effect in a subject being treated with that agent.
  • an effective amount of an agent is an amount sufficient to inhibit or treat the disease without causing substantial toxicity in the subject.
  • the effective amount of an agent will be dependent on the subject being treated, the severity of the affliction, and the manner of administration of the pharmaceutical composition. Methods of determining an effective amount of the disclosed compound sufficient to achieve a desired effect in a subject will be understood by those of skill in the art in light of this disclosure.
  • a method is provided of modulating an opioid receptor comprising contacting the opioid receptor with an effective amount of a compound having the structure of Formulas (I) through (XI), or a pharmaceutically acceptable isomer, racemate, hydrate, solvate, homolog, salt, or composition thereof.
  • the opioid receptor is the kappa opioid receptor (KOR), and in a further embodiment the compound is a KOR antagonist.
  • the opioid receptor is the mu opioid receptor (MOR), and in a further embodiment the compound is a MOR agonist.
  • the compound is both a KOR antagonist and a MOR agonist.
  • the method does not modulate arrestin function.
  • a method for treating pain, opioid overdose, addiction, a neuropsychiatric disorder, a sleep disorder, a gastrointestinal disorder, a skin disorder, dyspnea, autism spectrum disorder, Prader-Willi Syndrome, headache, or temporomandibular joint dysfunction, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of Formulas (I) through (XI), or a pharmaceutically acceptable isomer, racemate, hydrate, solvate, isotope, or salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising the same.
  • a method is provided of treating pain, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound having the structure of Formulas (I) through (XI), or a pharmaceutically acceptable isomer, racemate, hydrate, solvate, homolog, salt, or composition thereof.
  • the method of treating pain does not increase the risk of respiratory depression or constipation in the subject.
  • the pain is acute pain.
  • the pain is chronic pain.
  • the pain is fibromyalgia, neuropathic pain, chronic low back pain, surgical pain, cancer pain, or severe pain.
  • a method is provided of treating opioid overdose, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound having the structure of Formulas (I) through (XI), or a pharmaceutically acceptable isomer, racemate, hydrate, solvate, homolog, salt, or composition thereof.
  • a method is provided of treating addiction, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound having the structure of Formulas (I) through (XI), or a pharmaceutically acceptable isomer, racemate, hydrate, solvate, homolog, salt, or composition thereof.
  • the addiction is opioid use disorder.
  • the method of treating addiction comprises maintenance of opioid use disorder.
  • a method is provided of treating a neuropsychiatric disorder, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound having the structure of Formulas (I) through (XI), or a pharmaceutically acceptable isomer, racemate, hydrate, solvate, homolog, salt, or composition thereof.
  • the neuropsychiatric disorder is characterized by compulsive behavior.
  • the neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by compulsive behavior is obsessive compulsive disorder, trichotillomania, or skin picking.
  • the compulsive behavior is associated with a neurodegenerative disorder.
  • the neurodegenerative disorder is Huntington's disease or Parkinson's disease.
  • the neuropsychiatric disorder is characterized by impulsive behavior.
  • the neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by impulsive behavior is addiction, pathological gambling, alcohol use disorder, nicotine addiction, sex addiction, Tourette syndrome, or kleptomania.
  • the impulsive behavior is associated with a neurodegenerative disorder.
  • the neurodegenerative disorder is frontotemporal dementia or Alzheimer's disorder.
  • the neuropsychiatric disorder is characterized by depressive mood. In one embodiment, the neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by depressive mood is major depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, panic disorder, dysphoria, or anhedonia.
  • the neuropsychiatric disorder is an eating disorder.
  • the eating disorder is anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder, or obesity.
  • the neuropsychiatric disorder is Schizophrenia, psychosis, or bipolar disorder.
  • a method is provided of treating a sleep disorder, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound having the structure of Formulas (I) through (XI), or a pharmaceutically acceptable isomer, racemate, hydrate, solvate, homolog, salt, or composition thereof.
  • the sleep disorder is sleep disruption.
  • the sleep disruption is associated with a neurodegenerative disorder.
  • the neurodegenerative disorder is supranuclear palsy.
  • a method is provided of treating a gastrointestinal disorder, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound having the structure of Formulas (I) through (XI), or a pharmaceutically acceptable isomer, racemate, hydrate, solvate, homolog, salt, or composition thereof.
  • the gastrointestinal disorder is constipation, diarrhea, irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, or Crohn's disease.
  • a method is provided of treating a skin disorder, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound having the structure of Formulas (I) through (XI), or a pharmaceutically acceptable isomer, racemate, hydrate, solvate, homolog, salt, or composition thereof.
  • the skin disorder is itching or urticaria.
  • a method is provided of treating dyspnea, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound having the structure of Formulas (I) through (XI), or a pharmaceutically acceptable isomer, racemate, hydrate, solvate, homolog, salt, or composition thereof.
  • a method is provided of treating autism spectrum disorder, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound having the structure of Formulas (I) through (XI), or a pharmaceutically acceptable isomer, racemate, hydrate, solvate, homolog, salt, or composition thereof.
  • a method is provided of treating Prader-Willi Syndrome, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound having the structure of Formulas (I) through (XI), or a pharmaceutically acceptable isomer, racemate, hydrate, solvate, homolog, salt, or composition thereof.
  • a method is provided of treating headache, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound having the structure of Formulas (I) through (XI), or a pharmaceutically acceptable isomer, racemate, hydrate, solvate, homolog, salt, or composition thereof.
  • the headache is migraine.
  • a method is provided of treating temporomandibular joint dysfunction, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound having the structure of Formulas (I) through (XI), or a pharmaceutically acceptable isomer, racemate, hydrate, solvate, homolog, salt, or composition thereof.
  • reactions may be carried out in any suitable solvent, or other reagents to perform the transformation[s] necessary.
  • suitable solvents are protic or aprotic solvents which are substantially non-reactive with the reactants, the intermediates or products at the temperatures at which the reactions are carried out (i.e., temperatures which may range from the freezing to boiling temperatures).
  • a given reaction may be carried out in one solvent or a mixture of more than one solvent.
  • suitable solvents for a particular work-up following the reaction may be employed.
  • the compounds and intermediates produced according to the methods of the invention may require purification. Purification of organic compounds is well known to a person skilled in the art and there may be several ways of purifying the same compound. In some cases, no purification may be necessary. In some cases, the compounds may be purified by crystallization. In some cases, impurities may be stirred out using a suitable solvent. In some cases, the compounds may be purified by chromatography, particularly flash column chromatography or reverse phase column chromatography, using prepacked silica gel cartridges. In some cases, the compounds may be purified by preparative HPLC using prepacked silica gel cartridges, e.g. RediSep®R f and eluents such as gradients of 0-100% ethyl acetate in hexanes or 0-100% of 10% MeOH in CH 2 Cl 2 .
  • prepacked silica gel cartridges e.g. RediSep®R f and eluents such as gradients of 0-10
  • Purification methods as described herein may provide compounds of the present disclosure which possess a sufficiently basic or acidic functionality in the form of a salt, such as, in the case of a compound of the present disclosure which is sufficiently basic, a trifluoroacetate or formate salt, or, in the case of a compound of the present disclosure which is sufficiently acidic, an ammonium salt.
  • a salt of this type can either be transformed into its free base or free acid form, respectively, by various methods known to a person skilled in the art, or be used as salts in subsequent biological assays. It is to be understood that the specific form of a compound of the present disclosure as isolated and as described herein is not necessarily the only form in which said compound can be applied to a biological assay in order to quantify the specific biological activity.
  • Chemical names were generated using the ChemDraw naming software (Version 17.0.0.206) by PerkinElmer Informatics, Inc. In some cases, generally accepted names of commercially available reagents were used in place of names generated by the naming software.
  • Analytical Method A Column: Eclipse Plus C18 4.6 ⁇ 3.5 ⁇ m; eluent A: 0.1% TFA in H 2 O; eluent B: 0.1% TFA in CH 3 CN; gradient: 20-100% over 4 minutes; flow: 1.5 mL/min; injection volume 1-5 ⁇ L; temperature: 23° C.; UV scan:220 and 250 nm; signal settings—scan positive mode.
  • Preparative Method A Instrument: Agilent Technologies 1200 Infinity Series Column: Gemini 5 ⁇ m NX-C18 110 ⁇ , 250 ⁇ 21.2 mm; eluent A: 0.1% TFA in H 2 O, eluent B: 0.1% TFA in CH 3 CN; gradient: 10-100%; flow: 20 mL/min; injection volume 0.5-2 mL; temperature: 23° C.; UV scan: 254 and 220 nm.
  • Step 1 Synthesis of tert-butyl (S)-(1-amino-3-(4-bromophenyl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl)carbamate (A-1b)
  • Step 4 Synthesis of (S)-3-(4-bromophenyl)-N2, N2-dimethylpropane-1,2-diamine dihydrochloride (A-1f)
  • Step 5 Synthesis of tert-butyl (S)-(3-(4-bromophenyl)-2-(dimethylamino) propyl)carbamate (A-1g)
  • Step 6 Synthesis of tert-butyl (S)-(3-(4-cyanophenyl)-2-(dimethylamino) propyl)carbamate (A-1h)
  • Step 8 Synthesis of 1-((S)-3-(4-cyanophenyl)-2-(dimethylamino)propyl)-3-((S)-1-phenylethyl)urea (A-1k)
  • reaction mixture was evaporated and diluted with ethyl acetate.
  • the solid was filtered off and the organic layer was washed with carbonate buffer (3 ⁇ 5 mL), brine (10 mL), dried with Na 2 SO 4 and concentrated to get crude.
  • the crude was purified using DCM and methanol to yield (A-1k) as a yellow solid (0.088 g, 31%, GA-00478).
  • Step 9 Synthesis of 4-((S)-2-(dimethylamino)-3-(3-((S)-1-phenylethyl)ureido) propyl)benzamide (Compound A-1)
  • Step 1 Synthesis of tert-butyl (S)-(1-amino-3-(4-carbamoylphenyl)propan-2-yl) carbamate intermediate (A-2g)
  • Step 2 Synthesis of tert-butyl ((S)-1-phenylethyl) ((S)-3-(4-carbamoylphenyl)propane-1,2-diyl)dicarbamate (A-2i)
  • Step 3 Synthesis of (S)-1-phenylethyl ((S)-2-amino-3-(4-carbamoylphenyl) propyl)carbamate (Compound A-2)
  • Step 1 Synthesis of tert-butyl (S)-(1-(4-cyanophenyl)-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl) carbamate (A-2d)
  • Step 2 Synthesis of tert-butyl (S)-(1-(4-carbamoylphenyl)-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl)carbamate (A-2e)
  • Step 3 Synthesis of tert-butyl (S)-(1-(4-carbamoylphenyl)-3-(1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)propan-2-yl)carbamate (A-2f)
  • Step 4 Synthesis of (S)-4-(2-amino-3-(1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)propyl)benzamide hydrochloride (A-4b)
  • Step 5 Synthesis of (S)-4-(2-(dimethylamino)-3-(1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl) propyl)benzamide (A-4c)
  • Step 7 Synthesis of [N,S(R)]—N-(cyclohexylphenylmethylene)-2-methyl-2-propanesulfinamide (A-4 g)
  • Step 8 Synthesis of N—[(S)-cyclopropylphenylmethyl]-2-methyl-[S(R)]-2-propanesulfinamide (A-4 h)
  • Step 11 Synthesis of 4-((S)-3-(3-((S)-cyclopropyl(phenyl)methyl)ureido)-2-(dimethylamino)propyl)benzamide (Compound A-4)
  • Step 1 Synthesis of methyl (S)-2-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)-3-(4-cyano-2,6-dimethylphenyl)propanoate (A-5b)
  • Step 2 Synthesis of tert-butyl (S)-(1-(4-cyano-2,6-dimethylphenyl)-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl)carbamate (A-5c)
  • Step 3 Synthesis of tert-butyl (S)-(1-(4-carbamoyl-2,6-dimethylphenyl)-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl)carbamate (A-5d)
  • Step 4 Synthesis of tert-butyl (S)-(1-(4-carbamoyl-2,6-dimethylphenyl)-3-(1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)propan-2-yl)carbamate (A-5e)
  • Step 5 Synthesis of tert-butyl (S)-(1-amino-3-(4-carbamoyl-2,6-dimethylphenyl)propan-2-yl)carbamate (A-5f)
  • Step 6 (S)-1-phenylethyl ((S)-2-amino-3-(4-carbamoyl-2,6-dimethylphenyl) propyl)carbamate (Compound A-5)
  • Step 4 Synthesis of 4-((S)-2-(dimethylamino)-3-((S)-3-phenylbutanamido)propyl)-3,5-dimethylbenzamide (Compound A-8)
  • Step 3 Synthesis of (R)—N—((S)-3-(4-cyanophenyl)-2-(dimethylamino)propyl)-3-phenylbutanamide (A-10e)
  • Step 4 Synthesis of ((R)-2-(dimethylamino)-3-((S)-3-phenylbutanamido)propyl) benzamide (Compound A-10)
  • Step 1 Synthesis of (S)-2-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)-3-(3-fluorophenyl)propanoic acid (Int-1)
  • Step 2 Synthesis of tert-butyl (S)-(1-amino-3-(3-fluorophenyl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl)carbamate (Int-2)
  • Step 5 Synthesis of (S)-3-(3-fluorophenyl)-N2,N2-dimethylpropane-1,2-diamine dihydrochloride (Int-5)
  • Step 1 Synthesis of tert-butyl (S)-(1-(4-cyanophenyl)-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl)carbamate (Int-8)
  • Step 2 Synthesis of tert-butyl (S)-(1-(4-carbamoylphenyl)-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl)carbamate (Int-9)
  • Step 3 Synthesis of tert-butyl (S)-(1-(4-carbamoylphenyl)-3-(1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)propan-2-yl)carbamate (Int-10)
  • Step 4 Synthesis of (S)-4-(2-amino-3-(1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)propyl)benzamide hydrochloride (Int-11)
  • Step 5 Synthesis of (S)-4-(2-(dimethylamino)-3-(1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)propyl)benzamide (Int-12)
  • Zinc dust (14.4 g, 4.26 mmol) was suspended in anhydrous DMF (90 mL) under argon atmosphere and trimethylsilyl chloride (4.59 mL, 36.2 mmol) was added slowly and allowed to stir for 30 minutes. The solution turned yellow orange from colorless precipitate in 30 minutes. The mixture with the precipitate was allowed to settle and the solution was removed with a syringe under argon atmosphere. The now activated zinc powder was washed with DMF until no yellow-brown color was observed in the solution.
  • Step 1 Synthesis of methyl (S)-2-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)-3-(2-chloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate
  • Step 2 Synthesis of tert-butyl (S)-(1-amino-3-(2-chloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl)carbamate
  • Step 3 Synthesis of tert-butyl (S)-(1-amino-3-(2-chloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-yl)carbamate
  • Step 4 Synthesis of tert-butyl ((S)-1-(2-chloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)-3-((1R,2R)-2-methyl-2-phenylcyclopropane-1-carboxamido)propan-2-yl)carbamate
  • Step 5 Synthesis of (1R,2R)—N—((S)-2-amino-3-(2-chloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)propyl)-2-methyl-2-phenylcyclopropane-1-carboxamide
  • Step 6 Synthesis of (1R,2R)—N—((S)-3-(2-chloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-(dimethylamino)propyl)-2-methyl-2-phenylcyclopropane-1-carboxamide (Compound B-1)
  • Step 1 Synthesis of methyl (S)-2-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)-3-(3-fluoro-4-(methylcarbamoyl)phenyl)propanoate
  • Step 2 Synthesis of tert-butyl (S)-(1-(3-fluoro-4-(methylcarbamoyl)phenyl)-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl)carbamate
  • Step 3 Synthesis of tert-butyl (S)-(1-amino-3-(3-fluoro-4-(methylcarbamoyl)phenyl)propan-2-yl)carbamate
  • Step 4 Synthesis of tert-butyl ((S)-1-(3-fluoro-4-(methylcarbamoyl)phenyl)-3-((1R,2R)-2-methyl-2-phenylcyclopropane-1-carboxamido)propan-2-yl)carbamate
  • Step 5 Synthesis of 4-((S)-2-amino-3-((1R,2R)-2-methyl-2-phenylcyclopropane-1-carboxamido)propyl)-2-fluoro-N-methylbenzamide HCl salt
  • Step 6 Synthesis of 4-((S)-2-(dimethylamino)-3-((1R,2R)-2-methyl-2-phenylcyclopropane-1-carboxamido)propyl)-2-fluoro-N-methylbenzamide (Compound B-2)
  • Step 1 Synthesis of methyl (S)-2-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)-3-(4-cyano-2,6-dimethylphenyl)propanoate
  • Step 2 Synthesis of tert-butyl (S)-(1-(4-cyano-2,6-dimethylphenyl)-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl)carbamate
  • Step 3 Synthesis of tert-butyl (S)-(1-(4-carbamoyl-2,6-dimethylphenyl)-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl)carbamate
  • Step 4 Synthesis of tert-butyl (S)-(1-(4-carbamoyl-2,6-dimethylphenyl)-3-(1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)propan-2-yl)carbamate
  • Step 5 Synthesis of (S)-4-(2-amino-3-(1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)propyl)-3,5-dimethylbenzamide
  • Step 6 Synthesis of (S)-4-(2-(dimethylamino)-3-(1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)propyl)-3,5-dimethylbenzamide
  • Step 8 Synthesis of 4-((S)-2-(dimethylamino)-3-((1R,2R)-2-methyl-2-phenylcyclopropane-1-carboxamido)propyl)-3,5-dimethylbenzamide (Compound B-8)
  • Step 1 Synthesis of phenyl-D-proline
  • a microwave tube was charged under nitrogen with iodobenzene (810 mg, 4 mmol), D-proline (460 mg, 4 mmol), K 2 CO 3 (560 mg), n-Bu 4 NI (250 mg), CuI (40 mg), Pd(PPh 3 ) 4 (230 mg), TEA (1.6 mL), DMF (8 mL), and water (0.8 mL).
  • the reaction was heated under microwave irradiation at 120° C. for 1 h.
  • the mixture was diluted with water, adjusted to pH 2-3 with 2N aq. HCl, and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and concentrated.
  • Step 2 Synthesis of (R)—N—((S)-3-(4-carbamoylphenyl)-2-(dimethylamino)propyl)-1-phenlpyrrolidine-2-carboxamide (Compound B-9)

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