Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M173/00—Lubricating compositions containing more than 10% water
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/32—Liquid carbonaceous fuels consisting of coal-oil suspensions or aqueous emulsions or oil emulsions
  • C10L1/328—Oil emulsions containing water or any other hydrophilic phase
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
  • C10L1/192—Macromolecular compounds
  • C10L1/198—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an acyloxy radical of a saturated carboxylic acid, of carbonic acid
  • C10L1/1985—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an acyloxy radical of a saturated carboxylic acid, of carbonic acid polyethers, e.g. di- polygylcols and derivatives; ethers - esters
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L2250/00—Structural features of fuel components or fuel compositions, either in solid, liquid or gaseous state
  • C10L2250/06—Particle, bubble or droplet size
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L2290/00—Fuel preparation or upgrading, processes or apparatus therefore, comprising specific process steps or apparatus units
  • C10L2290/24—Mixing, stirring of fuel components
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2207/02—Hydroxy compounds
  • C10M2207/021—Hydroxy compounds having hydroxy groups bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms
  • C10M2207/022—Hydroxy compounds having hydroxy groups bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms containing at least two hydroxy groups
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2207/28—Esters
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2207/28—Esters
  • C10M2207/283—Esters of polyhydroxy compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2207/28—Esters
  • C10M2207/287—Partial esters
  • C10M2207/288—Partial esters containing free carboxyl groups
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2207/28—Esters
  • C10M2207/287—Partial esters
  • C10M2207/289—Partial esters containing free hydroxy groups
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2207/40—Fatty vegetable or animal oils
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2215/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2215/02—Amines, e.g. polyalkylene polyamines; Quaternary amines
  • C10M2215/04—Amines, e.g. polyalkylene polyamines; Quaternary amines having amino groups bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms
  • C10M2215/042—Amines, e.g. polyalkylene polyamines; Quaternary amines having amino groups bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms containing hydroxy groups; Alkoxylated derivatives thereof
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2219/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2219/04—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing sulfur-to-oxygen bonds, i.e. sulfones, sulfoxides
  • C10M2219/042—Sulfate esters
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2010/00—Metal present as such or in compounds
  • C10N2010/02—Groups 1 or 11
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2020/00—Specified physical or chemical properties or characteristics, i.e. function, of component of lubricating compositions
  • C10N2020/01—Physico-chemical properties
  • C10N2020/055—Particles related characteristics
  • C10N2020/06—Particles of special shape or size
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
  • C10N2030/12—Inhibition of corrosion, e.g. anti-rust agents or anti-corrosives
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
  • C10N2030/18—Anti-foaming property
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
  • C10N2040/20—Metal working
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
  • C10N2040/20—Metal working
  • C10N2040/22—Metal working with essential removal of material, e.g. cutting, grinding or drilling
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
  • C10N2040/20—Metal working
  • C10N2040/24—Metal working without essential removal of material, e.g. forming, gorging, drawing, pressing, stamping, rolling or extruding; Punching metal
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
  • C10N2040/20—Metal working
  • C10N2040/244—Metal working of specific metals
  • C10N2040/245—Soft metals, e.g. aluminum
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2050/00—Form in which the lubricant is applied to the material being lubricated
  • C10N2050/01—Emulsions, colloids, or micelles
  • C10N2050/011—Oil-in-water
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2050/00—Form in which the lubricant is applied to the material being lubricated
  • C10N2050/01—Emulsions, colloids, or micelles
  • C10N2050/013—Water-in-oil
• • C10N2220/082—
• • C10N2230/12—
• • C10N2240/40—
• • C10N2250/021—
• • C10N2250/022—

Definitions

• the present invention relates to an industrial fluid, in particular an industrial fluid comprising an oleaginous component, an aqueous component and a surfactant.
• Industrial fluids find many applications within industry, such as lubricating fluids, coolants and fuels. For example, these range from powering vehicles, cooling drilling apparatus, lubricating car engines and gear boxes, to subsea machinery, wind turbines, power generators and materials processing (cutting, grinding, rolling) to name but a few.
• Each of these industrial fluids has in common a basic composition of an oleaginous component, an aqueous component and a surfactant dispersed in the aqueous component to form an emulsion.
• oleaginous components are typically derived from hydrocarbon sources by, for example, the refining of crude oil or shale oil, or esterification.
• Including aqueous components into an oleaginous base or vice versa involves the use of emulsifiers to create an emulsion, since such aqueous and oleaginous materials are naturally immiscible.
• industrial fluids comprising aqueous emulsions include metalworking fluids and other water-based fluids.
• Surfactants are typically used to emulsify the aqueous and oleaginous components, with sufficient surfactant included to ensure that the emulsion forms completely. Ideally there should be no residual immiscible components, and the emulsion should be stable, such that the individual components do not separate out during storage or use.
• the present invention aims to address this need by providing, in a first aspect, an oleaginous component; an aqueous component; and a surfactant; wherein the oleaginous component and the surfactant form micelles, wherein the surfactant is bound within the micelles such that there is substantially no unbound surfactant present in the industrial fluid, and wherein, in use, the industrial fluid is used undiluted, diluted with a diluent or as an additive to a carrier fluid.
• the present invention provides a method of forming an industrial fluid, comprising: forming a first fluid comprising a surfactant; forming a second fluid comprising an oleaginous compound; mixing the first fluid and the second fluid under a shear force to produce an intermediate fluid; and mixing an aqueous fluid and the intermediate fluid under laminar flow to create an industrial fluid.
• the present invention provides an industrial fluid made using such method.
• an industrial fluid may comprise oleaginous components and aqueous components.
• Oleaginous components such as mineral oils and base oil stocks, may be emulsified with aqueous components, such as water, as long as there is a surfactant dispersed in the aqueous component.
• aqueous emulsions are used in various applications including lubrication and metalworking. These emulsions may be used undiluted or diluted using a diluent such as water.
• the emulsions may be used as an additive to impart various properties when mixed with a carrier fluid.
• the carrier fluid may be chosen from lubricating, energy dissipating or energy generating fluids, such that the industrial fluid becomes an additive to these, with these fluids themselves comprising emulsions.
• a micelle is an aggregate of surfactant molecules dispersed in a colloid, where particles of a first material are suspended in a second material, creating a two-phase system. Unlike in a solution, the first material is insoluble or immiscible in the second material so becomes an emulsion.
• a micelle forms an aggregate with the hydrophobic tails of the surfactant molecules facing inwards and the hydrophilic heads of the surfactant molecules facing outwards. This forms a normal-phase micelle, leading to an oil-in-water phase mixture.
• An inverse-phase micelle has the inverse structure, where the hydrophilic heads of the surfactant molecules face inwards and the hydrophobic tails face outwards. This leads to a water-in-oil phase mixture.
• the packing behaviour of the surfactant molecules leads to a single layer of surfactant molecules around the core of the micelle, which, following surface energy considerations, typically forms a sphere.
• Further layers of surfactant may also be packed around the outside of the micelle. This will be the case when further surfactant is added to the mixture, as in the present invention.
• further surfactant is added to the mixture, as in the present invention.
• shear forces are applied to an oleaginous component this causes the molecules of the oleaginous component to stretch. This stretching causes the molecules to flatten out and tend towards a laminar structure, thus increasing the surface area any surfactant has available to be attracted to.
• the packing fraction of the surfactant increases from ⁇ 1 ⁇ 3 to >1 ⁇ 2.
• the molecule forms a spherical micelle due to surface energy considerations, unless, of course, the structure of the surfactant causes the minimum surface energy configuration of a micelle to be laminar or cylindrical.
• Gemini surfactants sometimes known as dimeric surfactants, have two hydrophobic tails, that distort the core of the micelle into an elongated ovoid shape.
• the surfactant packing fraction reduces back to ⁇ 1 ⁇ 3, such that any additional surfactant that had been attracted to the temporary laminar configuration of the molecule forms additional layers of surfactant around the micelle.
• the surfactant may comprise at least one ionic surfactant, at least one non-ionic surfactant or a mixture thereof.
• the surfactant is a non-ionic surfactant, since using an ionic surfactant may have an effect on the corrosion inhibition behaviour of the industrial fluid.
• an ionic surfactant may be beneficial. Therefore whilst the main surfactant component within the surfactant layers may be a non-ionic surfactant, other ionic surfactants may be present within the layer, since this offers various advantages in terms of tailoring the surfactant performance.
• the industrial fluid embodiments in accordance with the present invention may be used undiluted, diluted or as an additive to a carrier fluid.
• the industrial fluid can be taken directly from the manufacturing process and used as a neat emulsion.
• Water is used as a diluent in industrial fluids used in lubrication and metalworking applications.
• An additive fluid is one that is added into a carrier fluid, such as another emulsion with lubricating properties.
• the carrier fluid will have a certain viscosity, and may also contain anti-foam or defoamer compounds, which may be soluble or insoluble within the emulsion.
• anti-foam or defoamer compounds which may be soluble or insoluble within the emulsion.
• the industrial fluid it is important that it does not make any foaming behaviour worse than in the original emulsion, otherwise additional anti-foam or defoamer compounds will be required to ensure the performance of the carrier fluid and industrial fluid mix.
• embodiments of the present invention are very useful, since their surfactant content is bound up in the micelles of the oleaginous component in the aqueous component. This dilution step may be carried out more than once, effectively forming a series of fluids with the industrial fluid diluted further and further to create certain performance behaviour.
• the industrial fluid may be desirable to take an amount of the industrial fluid and dilute it using water in order to create a custom lubrication fluid with known surfactant behaviour and viscosity.
• the industrial fluid may be used to improve viscosity and/or to reduce foaming behaviour.
• Use of the method of the present invention to create an industrial fluid also enables materials with high viscosities to be emulsified into a stable emulsion.
• Using existing techniques it is difficult to emulsify fluids having a viscosity of greater than approximately 100-150 cSt at 40° C.
• Using the method of the present invention it is possible to emulsify fluids having a viscosity of 8,000-12,000 cSt at 40° C.
• the actual limit is dependent upon the temperature of the various components of the emulsification. For example, it may be necessary to heat up components to around 90° C. in order to emulsify such viscosities.
• Anti-foam and defoaming compounds are those materials whose primary action is to defoam (compensate for any foam created by the industrial fluid), and are available in various farms.
• a popular class of compounds for use with lubricants or metalworking fluids are those having a silicon component. These compounds also have in common that they are insoluble in the fluid used to either form the industrial fluid or to dilute the industrial fluid—typically being water insoluble. Therefore although they are useful in reducing the foaming of the industrial fluid in use, the components themselves can create solubility issues in a final emulsion.
• the oleaginous component may comprise a single component, a group of components or a fully formulated fluid.
• the advantage therefore of the efficient packing of the surfactant on the micelle surface, regardless of the number of molecular layers of surfactant, is that an industrial fluid having substantially all of the surfactant in the fluid bound up in the micelle structures can be achieved.
• the use of the micelle structure in industrial fluids and some benefits thereof are described in more detail below.
• Industrial fluids typically comprise an oleaginous component, that is, a material that is oily, oil-based or oil-containing in nature. Taking the example of a lubricating fluid, these oleaginous components may be referred to as lubricating compositions.
• Lubricating compositions may be a fully formulated lubricant or a blend of components, at least one of which has lubricating properties.
• a fully formulated lubricant is typically based on a lubricating base oil stock.
• Many different lubricating base oils are known, including synthetic oils, natural oils or a mixture of both, which may be used in both refined or unrefined states (with or without at least one purification step).
• Natural oils include mineral oils of paraffinic, naphthenic or mixed paraffinic-naphthenic natures, based upon the nature of their source. Synthetic oils include hydrocarbon oils (olefins such as polybutylenes and polypropylenes, for example) and Polyalphaolefins (PAOs). Base oil stock categories have been defined by the American Petroleum Institute (API Publication 1509) providing a set of guidelines for all lubricant base oils. These are shown in Table 1:
• Group II and/or Group III base oils such as hydrocracked and hydroprocessed base oils, as well as synthetic oils such as polyalphaolefins, alkyl aromatics and synthetic esters are wells known base oils.
• Group III oil base stock tends to be highly paraffinic with saturates higher than 90%, a viscosity index over 125, low aromatic content (less than 3%) and an aniline point of at least 118.
• Synthetic oils include hydrocarbon oils such as polymerised and interpolymerised olefins, such as polybutylenes, polypropylenes, propylene isobutylene copolymers and ethylene alphaolefin copolymers.
• PAOs Polyalphaolefins
• PAOs are typically derived from C 6 , C 8 , C 10 , C 12 , C 14 and C 16 olefins or mixtures thereof.
• Such PAOs typically have a viscosity index greater than 135.
• PAOs can be manufactured by catalytic oligomerisation (polymerisation to low molecular weight products) of linear ⁇ -olefin (otherwise known as LAO) monomers.
• PAOs high viscosity index PAOs
• HVI-PAOs high viscosity index PAOs
• PAOs being formed in the presence of a catalyst such as AlCl 3 or BF 3
• HVI-PAOs being formed using a Friedel-Crafts catalyst or a reduced chromium catalyst.
• Esters also form a useful base oil stock, including synthetic esters, as do GTL (gas-to-liquid) materials, particularly those derived from a hydrocarbon source.
• GTL gas-to-liquid
• the esters of dibasic acids with monoalcohols, or the polyol esters of monocarboxyilic acid may be useful.
• Such esters should typically have a viscosity of less than 10,000 cSt at ⁇ 35° C., in accordance with ASTM D5293.
• the actual choice of suitable lubricating composition will depend upon the end application for the industrial fluid. For example, some metalworking applications will be based upon mineral oils and/or ester combinations, and some automotive applications will be based upon Group III, IV or V oils.
• Industrial fluids in accordance with embodiments of the present invention may also be used as additives into synthetic lubricants that carry no emulsified components. This is because the components of a synthetic lubricant product are water soluble, including salts of mixed amine and carboxylic acids and ethylene/propylene oxide block copolymers. Examples of these include Syntilo 9913 and Syntilo 81 BF, available from Castrol Limited.
• a suitable method of forming a micelle structure for use in industrial fluids is described in US2013/0201785, concerning an apparatus for mixing oleaginous and aqueous materials under a shear force and laminar flow to create either an oil-in-water or a water-in-oil fluid.
• the basis of the method is as follows: a first fluid comprising an aqueous solution of a surfactant and a second fluid comprising an oleaginous compound are mixed under a shear force to produce an intermediate fluid.
• This intermediate fluid is in the form of a colloidal emulsion, has a greater viscosity than either the first or second fluids, and may be free-flowing or gel-like.
• This intermediate fluid comprises micelles of either the oleaginous fluid in aqueous emulsion or the aqueous fluid in oleaginous emulsion.
• Both the first and the second fluids are added to a chamber in which stirrers are used to mix the two fluids together under shear force by rotating at a rotational speed of 1200 to 1600 rpm.
• the shape of the chamber and size of the stirrers are chosen to ensure that a region around the walls of the chamber is devoid of turbulent flow.
• an aqueous suspension of a surfactant can flow around the chamber in this region, producing a laminar flow.
• a third fluid to the intermediate fluid under laminar flow, for example, increasing the water content of the aqueous fluid to decrease the viscosity of the resulting industrial fluid.
• substantially all of the surfactant becomes bound within the micelle structure as described above. That is that substantially all of the surfactant molecules form at least one layer over the surface of the core of the micelle, which may be aqueous or oleaginous as desired.
• unbound surfactant is characterised as free surfactant molecules within the industrial fluid detectable alone without being part of an oleaginous/aqueous or aqueous/oleaginous micelle.
• substantially all of the surfactant being bound within the micelle structure results in the fluid being nominally free of excess surfactant.
• the point at which the industrial fluid becomes nominally free of excess surfactant can be determined by measuring the surface tension of the emulsion. Once the critical micelle concentration has been reached, and no more surfactant molecules are included in the surface layer(s), the surface tension of the emulsion exhibits a discontinuity. This may be detected by surface tension measurement techniques known to those skilled in the art. Other techniques for determining this point include NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) techniques and optical scattering techniques.
• One category of industrial fluid is a lubricating fluid, of which a metalworking fluid is an exemplary form. This is considered in more detail below.
• the present invention provides a method of making an industrial fluid, using the method described above, and an industrial fluid made using that process.
• the following non-limiting examples are in relation to industrial fluids used in metalworking processes.
• Metalworking fluid is a lubricant used in either a destructive metalworking process (one where chips are produced, such as milling) or a deformation metalworking process (one where a material is deformed or shaped such that no chips are produced, for example such as steel rolling).
• Metalworking fluids are formulated both for the specific type of metal they are used on (such as steel) and for the process they are used for (such as wire drawing).
• a typical metalworking fluid composition suitable for a destructive process (milling) is characterised by the illustrative composition:
• an industrial fluid in accordance with embodiments of the present invention may comprise all of the above elements except for water, creating an emulsion that requires water in order to be diluted for use, or the industrial fluid may be created as a final emulsion and used in an undiluted form.
• Suitable surfactants include, but are not limited to, C 16 -C 18 fatty alcohol ethoxylates—with an ethoxylation range of 0-9 moles (fatty alcohol polyglycol ethers); C 16 -C 18 fatty alcohol ethoxylate and propoxylate; C 6 /C 8 /C 16-18 alkyl polyoxyethylene ether carboxylic acids with a 2 to 9 mole ethoxylation range; alkyl ether ethoxylate mono phosphate esters—alkyl chain C 18 , with a 2 to 5 mole ethoxylation range; ethoxylated oleine with a 6/9 mole ethoxylation range; and polyethylene glycol esters of C 16 -C 18 fatty acids. Combinations of various surfactants, as mentioned above, may be particularly advantageous.
• Suitable corrosion inhibitors include, but are not limited to amine/alkali salts of short chain carboxylic mono acids, di acids and tri acids, short chain acidic phosphate esters, including alkoxylated esters, semi-succinate half esters, amide-carboxylic acid salts, fatty amides, and amine and alkali sulphonates or their derivatives.
• Yellow metals include benzotriazole or its derivatives and tolutriazole or its derivatives.
• Suitable esters include, but are not limited to TMP (trimethylol propane) mono, di and tri esters of C 8 -C1 8 fatty acids, glycol esters of predominantly olely fatty acids, methyl or isopropyl esters of predominantly olely fatty acids or triglycerides, natural triglycerides, such as rapeseed, and modified natural oils such as blown rapeseed. Biocides (typically amine compounds) may also be included if desired.
• TMP trimethylol propane
• di and tri esters of C 8 -C1 8 fatty acids glycol esters of predominantly olely fatty acids, methyl or isopropyl esters of predominantly olely fatty acids or triglycerides
• natural triglycerides such as rapeseed
• modified natural oils such as blown rapeseed.
• Biocides typically amine compounds
• formaldehyde releasing agents including ortho-formal, hexahydratriazine and derivatives, methylene bis morpholene, oxazoladine and derivatives, isothiazolinones and derivatives, and iodo propyl butyl carbamate-fungicide.
• NanoGel CCT comprises caprylic/capri triglyceride, water, glycerine. Laureth-23, sodium dicocoylethlyenediamine PEG-15 sulfate, sodium lauroyl lactylate, behenyl alcohol, glyceryl stearate and glyceryl stearate citrate.
• the oleaginous components are comprised within micelles each having three surface layers of surfactant, accounting for substantially all of the surfactant within the emulsion.
• Sample 1 comprised 10 wt % NanoGel CCT and 90 wt % water
• Sample 2 comprised 5 wt % NanoGel CCT and 95% water. These were evaluated against a Control Sample 1 comprising 10 wt % Alusol 41 BF metalworking lubricant (available from Castrol Limited) and 90 wt % water.
• the above examples involve the use of normal-phase micelles, that is, where the surfactant forms a surface layer where the hydrophilic heads of the surfactant molecules face outwards; forming an oil-in-water mixture (the oleaginous component is in emulsion in the aqueous component).
• an inverse-phase micelle structure forming a water-in-oil mixture (the aqueous component is in emulsion in the oleaginous component).
• the distribution of the average diameters of the micelles follows a Gaussian profile, with a mean ⁇ and a standard deviation ⁇ . It is particularly advantageous for the standard deviation ⁇ to be less than or equal to 0.2 ⁇ . For example, for a mean average micelle diameter of 0.3 ⁇ m, the standard deviation of the average micelle diameter is 0.06 ⁇ m or less.
• the average micelle diameter is an average of various diameter measurements take for a micelle, which in the case of spherical micelles is approximately equal to the micelle diameter (since there is little or no variation of the diameter regardless of where the measurement is taken).
• the average micelle diameter is ⁇ 0.3 ⁇ m.
• Suitable measurement techniques to determine both the average micelle diameter and the distribution of average micelle diameters include, but are not limited to, optical measurement techniques—for example, laser particle size analysis using a Beckman Coulter Laser Diffraction PS Analyzer (LS 13 320), and flow cytometry techniques.
• optical measurement techniques for example, laser particle size analysis using a Beckman Coulter Laser Diffraction PS Analyzer (LS 13 320), and flow cytometry techniques.
• the advantage of having a narrow range of average micelle diameters lies in the ability of the industrial fluid to cover a surface fully. In a fluid where there is a wide range of average micelle diameters the coverage of the fluid across a surface is variable. This is due to regions of equal surface area having different volumes of fluid on them. However, if the average micelle diameter is in a small range the surface coverage is far more efficient and extensive, since regions of equal surface area will have approximately equal volumes of fluid on them. This leads to more even wear and improved surface/inter
• the viscosity index (VI) of various base oils stocks is given in Table 1 above.
• the kinematic viscosity of an oil base stock will also have an effect on whether or not the oil can be emulsified to create an aqueous emulsion.
• oils suitable for use in the industrial fluids described above will have a kinematic viscosity of less than or equal to 20 cst at 40° C.
• oils may also be used having a higher kinematic viscosity than this, for example, up to 100 cst at 40° C.
• micelles in oleaginous and aqueous emulsions to form lubricating fluids finds use in many applications.
• such fluids may be used in an automotive application (including but not limited to engine or gearbox/drivetrain lubrication), an industrial process (including but not limited to gear lubrication, cutting applications, power generation and machinery lubrication) or a marine or subsea process (lubrication of drilling and cutting tools).
• automotive application including but not limited to engine or gearbox/drivetrain lubrication
• industrial process including but not limited to gear lubrication, cutting applications, power generation and machinery lubrication
• a marine or subsea process lubrication of drilling and cutting tools.
• Industrial fluids include lubricating, energy dissipating, energy generating, or energy transmission fluids and additives thereof.
• Energy dissipating fluids may include cooling fluids (such as drilling fluids used in subsea and terrestrial applications and industrial coolants), and energy generating fluids may include, but not be limited to fuels such as gasoline, diesel and kerosene.
• Energy transmission fluids include hydraulic and transformer fluids.
• industrial fluid may also find used as an additive to any of these fluids, in a similar manner to which additives are included in automotive lubricants and fuels. Such additives improve the performance, lifetime or operation of such fluids.

Landscapes

• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
• Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
• General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Organic Chemistry (AREA)
• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
• Emergency Medicine (AREA)
• Lubricants (AREA)
• Liquid Carbonaceous Fuels (AREA)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Publications (1)

Family

ID=56511320

Family Applications (1)

Country Status (7)

Families Citing this family (1)

Citations (4)

Family Cites Families (15)

• 2017
  • 2017-07-07 CN CN201780042537.6A patent/CN109563434A/zh active Pending
  • 2017-07-07 WO PCT/EP2017/067139 patent/WO2018007611A1/en unknown
  • 2017-07-07 EP EP17735173.1A patent/EP3481928A1/en not_active Withdrawn
  • 2017-07-07 US US16/316,332 patent/US20190241830A1/en not_active Abandoned
  • 2017-07-07 JP JP2019500452A patent/JP2019527264A/ja active Pending
  • 2017-07-07 KR KR1020197003540A patent/KR20190026848A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
  • 2017-07-07 MX MX2018016414A patent/MX2018016414A/es unknown

Patent Citations (4)

Also Published As

Similar Documents

Legal Events