Classifications

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  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
  • C07D401/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings
  • C07D401/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
  • A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
  • A61K31/4427—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof containing further heterocyclic ring systems
  • A61K31/444—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof containing further heterocyclic ring systems containing a six-membered ring with nitrogen as a ring heteroatom, e.g. amrinone
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/28—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system, e.g. nootropic agents, cognition enhancers, drugs for treating Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07B—GENERAL METHODS OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C07B59/00—Introduction of isotopes of elements into organic compounds ; Labelled organic compounds per se
  • C07B59/002—Heterocyclic compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D211/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings
  • C07D211/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
  • C07D211/68—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having one double bond between ring members or between a ring member and a non-ring member
  • C07D211/72—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having one double bond between ring members or between a ring member and a non-ring member with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms, with at the most one bond to halogen, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D211/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings
  • C07D211/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
  • C07D211/68—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having one double bond between ring members or between a ring member and a non-ring member
  • C07D211/72—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having one double bond between ring members or between a ring member and a non-ring member with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms, with at the most one bond to halogen, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D211/74—Oxygen atoms
  • C07D211/76—Oxygen atoms attached in position 2 or 6
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D413/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
  • C07D413/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings
  • C07D413/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D417/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00
  • C07D417/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00 containing two hetero rings
  • C07D417/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00 containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07B—GENERAL METHODS OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C07B2200/00—Indexing scheme relating to specific properties of organic compounds
  • C07B2200/05—Isotopically modified compounds, e.g. labelled

Definitions

• the present invention provides compounds which are BACE1 inhibitors.
• Separate aspects of the invention are directed to pharmaceutical compositions comprising said compounds and uses of the compounds to treat neurodegenerative and cognitive disorders.
• Dementia is a clinical syndrome characterized by deficits in multiple areas of cognition that cannot be explained by normal aging, a noticeable decline in function, and an absence of delirium. In addition, neuropsychiatric symptoms and focal neurological findings are usually present. Dementia is further classified based on etiology. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia, followed by mixed AD and vascular dementia, Lewy body dementia (DLB), and fronto-temporal dementia.
• AD Alzheimer's disease
• DLB Lewy body dementia
• fronto-temporal dementia fronto-temporal dementia
• ⁇ -Amyloid deposits and neurofibrillary tangles are considered to be major pathologic characterizations associated with AD which is characterized by the loss of memory, cognition, reasoning, judgment, and orientation. Also affected, as the disease progresses, are motor, sensory and linguistic abilities until global impairment of multiple cognitive functions occurs.
• ⁇ -Amyloid deposits are predominantly an aggregate of A ⁇ peptide, which in turn is a product of the proteolysis of amyloid precursor protein (APP) as part of the ⁇ -amyloidogenic pathway.
• a ⁇ peptide results from the cleavage of APP at the C-terminals by one or more ⁇ -secretases and at the N-terminus by ⁇ -secretase 1 (BACE1) also known as aspartyl protease 2.
• BACE1 activity is correlated directly to the generation of A ⁇ peptide from APP. Studies indicate that the inhibition of BACE1 impedes the production of A ⁇ peptide. Further, BACE1 co-localizes with its substrate APP in Golgi and endocytic compartments (Willem M, et al. Semin.Cell Dev. Biol, 2009, 20, 175-182). Knock-out studies in mice have demonstrated the absence of amyloid peptide formation while the animals are healthy and fertile (Ohno M, et al. Neurobiol. Dis., 2007, 26, 134-145).
• BACE1 Genetic ablation of BACE1 in APP-overexpressing mice has demonstrated absence of plaque formation, and the reversal of cognitive deficits (Ohno M, et al. Neuron; 2004, 41, 27-33). BACE1 levels are elevated in the brains of sporadic AD patients (Hampel and Shen, Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 2009, 69, 8-12).
• BACE1 may be a therapeutic target for the treatment of AD as well as neurodegenerative or cognitive disorders for which the reduction of A ⁇ deposits is beneficial.
• AstraZeneca announced the discovery of AZD3839, a potent BACE1 inhibitor clinical candidate for the treatment of AD (Jeppsson, F., et al. J. Biol. Chem., 2012, 287, 41245-41257) in October 2012.
• the effort which led to the discovery of AZD3839 was further described in Ginman, T., et al. J. Med. Chem., 2013, 56, 4181-4205.
• the Ginman publication describes the issues which were overcome in connection with the discovery and identification of AZD3839. These issues related to poor blood brain barrier penetration and P-glycoprotein mediated efflux of the compounds resulting in lack of brain exposure.
• the present invention relates to novel compounds having BACE1 inhibitory activity, to their preparation, to their medical use and to medicaments comprising them.
• An objective of the present invention is to provide compounds that inhibit BACE1. Accordingly, the present invention relates to compounds of Formula I.
• Ar is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, pyridyl, pyrimidyl, pyrazinyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, and where Ar is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from halogen, CN, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, C 2 -C 6 alkynyl, C 1 -C 6 fluoroalkyl or C 1 -C 6 alkoxy; and
• R 1 is one or more hydrogen, halogen, C 1 -C 3 fluoroalkyl or C 1 -C 3 alkyl;
• R 2 is hydrogen or fluoro
• the present invention provides compounds of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use in therapy.
• the present invention further provides a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• the invention provides the use of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of neurodegenerative or cognitive disorder.
• the invention provides a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use in a method for the treatment of a neurodegenerative or cognitive disorder.
• the present invention provides a method of treating a neurodegenerative or cognitive disorder comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to a patient in need thereof.
• R 1 is halogen, and in particularly R 1 is fluoro.
• R 2 is hydrogen
• R 2 is fluoro
• Ar is pyridyl
• Ar is pyrimidyl
• Ar is pyrazinyl
• Ar is oxazolyl
• Ar is imidazolyl.
• Ar is thiazolyl
• Ar is pyrazolyl
• Ar is phenyl
• Ar is substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, CN, C 1 -C 3 alkyl, C 1 -C 3 haloalkyl or C 1 -C 3 alkoxy.
• a compound of the present invention is selected from the group consisting of
• C 1 -C 6 alkyl refers to a straight chained or branched saturated hydrocarbon having from one to six carbon atoms inclusive.
• Examples of C 1 -C 6 alkyl include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, 1-propyl, 2-propyl, 1-butyl, 2-butyl, 2-methyl-2-propyl, 2-methyl-1-propyl, n-pentyl and n-hexyl.
• C 1 -C 3 alkyl refers to a straight chained or branched saturated hydrocarbon having from one to three carbon atoms inclusive. Examples of such substituents include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl and n-propyl.
• C 1 -C 6 alkoxy refers to a straight chained or branched saturated alkoxy group having from one to six carbon atoms inclusive with the open valency on the oxygen.
• Examples of C 1 -C 6 alkoxy include, but are not limited to, methoxy, ethoxy, n-butoxy, t-butoxy and n-hexyloxy.
• the “C 1 -C 6 alkoxy” is optionally substituted with one or more fluorine atoms.
• C 1 -C 6 fluoroalkyl refers to a straight chained or branched saturated hydrocarbon having from one to six carbon atoms inclusive substituted with one or more fluorine atoms.
• Examples of C 1 -C 6 fluoroalkyl include, but are not limited to, trifluoromethyl, pentafluoroethyl, 1-fluoroethyl, monofluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, 1,2-difluoroethyl and 3,4 difluorohexyl.
• C 1 -C 3 fluoroalkyl refers to a straight chained or branched saturated hydrocarbon having from one to three carbon atoms inclusive substituted with one or more fluorine atoms per carbon atom.
• halogen refers to fluoro, chloro, bromo and iodo.
• C 2 -C 6 alkenyl refers to a branched or unbranched alkenyl group having from two to six carbon atoms and one double bond, including but not limited to ethenyl, propenyl, and butenyl.
• C 2 -C 6 alkynyl shall mean a branched or unbranched alkynyl group having from two to six carbon atoms and one triple bond, including but not limited to ethynyl, propynyl and butynyl.
• terapéuticaally effective amount when applied to a compound of the invention is intended to denote an amount of the compound that is sufficient to ameliorate, palliate, stabilize, reverse, slow or delay the progression of a disorder or disease state, or of a symptom of the disorder or disease.
• the method of the present invention provides for administration of combinations of compounds.
• the “therapeutically effective amount” is the amount of a compound of the present invention in the combination sufficient to cause the intended biological effect.
• treatment means ameliorating or reversing the progress or severity of a disease or disorder, or ameliorating or reversing one or more symptoms or side effects of such disease or disorder.
• Treatment or “treating”, as used herein, also means to inhibit or block, as in retard, arrest, restrain, impede or obstruct, the progress of a system, condition or state of a disease or disorder.
• treatment or “treating” further means an approach for obtaining beneficial or desired clinical results, where “beneficial or desired clinical results” include, without limitation, alleviation of a symptom, diminishment of the extent of a disorder or disease, stabilized (i.e., not worsening) disease or disorder state, delay or slowing of a disease or disorder state, amelioration or palliation of a disease or disorder state, and remission of a disease or disorder, whether partial or total.
• the present invention is based on the discovery that compounds of Formula I are inhibitors of BACE1, and as such, are useful for the treatment of disorders which pathological characteristics comprise ⁇ -amyloid deposits and neurofibrillary tangles, such as neurodegenerative or cognitive disorders.
• the compounds of the present invention are, as discussed above, expected to be useful in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease due to their effects on ⁇ -amyloid deposits and neurofibrillary tangles.
• the compounds of the present invention are also believed to be useful in the treatment of early-stage Alzheimer's disease, i.e. disease stages where the biological and structural changes have started but the clinical manifestations of the disease have not yet become evident or are not yet well developed.
• Early-stage Alzheimer's disease may, in fact, start years before any clinical manifestation of the disease becomes manifest.
• Early-stage Alzheimer's disease includes prodromal Alzheimer's disease, preclinical Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment. Although mild cognitive impairment may be unrelated to Alzheimer's disease it is often a transitional stage to Alzheimer's disease or due to Alzheimer's disease.
• Preclinical and prodromal Alzheimer's disease are asymptomatic stages, and they are typically diagnosed by the presence of Alzheimer's disease related biomarkers.
• the compounds of the present invention are believed to be useful in slowing down the progression of early-stage Alzheimer's disease, such as mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer's disease.
• the compounds of the present invention are also believed to be useful in the treatment of memory loss, attention deficits and dementia associated with Alzheimer's disease.
• Trisomy 21 also known as Down's syndrome.
• Patients suffering from Down's syndrome have an extra chromosome 21 which chromosome contains the gene for the amyloid precursor protein (APP).
• APP amyloid precursor protein
• the extra chromosome 21 leads to overexpression of APP, which leads to increased levels of A ⁇ peptide, which eventually causes the markedly increased risk of developing Alzheimer's disease seen in Down's syndrome patients [ Alzheimer's & Dementia, 11, 700-709, 201].
• Cerebral amyloid angiopathy is also characterized by ⁇ -amyloid deposits and neurofibrillary tangles in blood vessels of the central nervous system [ Pharmacol Reports, 67, 195-203, 2015] and is as such expected to be treatable with compounds of the present invention.
• the present invention provides a method of treating a disease selected from Alzheimer's disease (familial or sporadic), preclinical Alzheimer's disease, prodromal Alzheimer's disease, mild cognitive impairment, Down's syndrome and cerebral amyloid angiopathy, the method comprising the administration of a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to a patient in need thereof.
• the compounds of the invention are believed to be useful in the treatment of a disease is selected from Alzheimer's disease (familial or sporadic), preclinical Alzheimer's disease, prodromal Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment.
• the present invention further provides a method of inhibiting BACE1 in a patient comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• the present invention also provides a method of inhibiting ⁇ -secretase mediated cleavage of amyloid precursor protein comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• the present invention provides the use of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a disease selected from Alzheimer's disease (familial or sporadic), preclinical Alzheimer's disease, prodromal Alzheimer's disease, mild cognitive impairment, Down's syndrome or cerebral amyloid angiopathy.
• a disease selected from Alzheimer's disease (familial or sporadic), preclinical Alzheimer's disease, prodromal Alzheimer's disease, mild cognitive impairment, Down's syndrome or cerebral amyloid angiopathy.
• the present invention also provides the use of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for the manufacture of a medicament for the inhibition of BACE1.
• the present invention further provides the use of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for the manufacture of a medicament for the inhibition of production or accumulation of A ⁇ peptide.
• the present invention provides a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use in a method for the treatment of a disease selected form Alzheimer's disease (familial or sporadic), preclinical Alzheimer's disease, prodromal Alzheimer's disease, mild cognitive impairment, Down's syndrome or cerebral amyloid angiopathy.
• a disease selected form Alzheimer's disease (familial or sporadic), preclinical Alzheimer's disease, prodromal Alzheimer's disease, mild cognitive impairment, Down's syndrome or cerebral amyloid angiopathy.
• the present invention relates to a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use in a method for inhibiting of BACE1 or in a method for inhibiting of production or accumulation of A ⁇ peptide.
• the compounds of the present invention are as demonstrated in the examples potent inhibitors of BACE1 and capable of lowering the level of A ⁇ peptide in rat brain and plasma, and said compounds are thus believed to be useful in the treatment of neurodegenerative and cognitive disorders which pathological characteristics comprise A ⁇ deposits and neurofibrilary tangles, such as e.g. Alzheimer's disease. It may be beneficial to combine a compound of the present invention with another treatment paradigm useful in the treatment of such disease, e.g. Alzheimer's disease.
• Tau proteins are abundant in neurons. Tau proteins are soluble, highly phosphorylation labile and bind to tubulin providing regulation and modulation of tubulin assembly, i.e. eventually the microtubular structure and stability. Tau proteins can only associate with tubulin in the most de-phosphorylated state, and phosphorylation/de-phosphorylation acts as a switch controlling the tubulin association. Phosphorylated Tau constitutes an important part of the neurofibrillary tangles which are one of the hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease. The so-called Tau hypothesis suggests targeting these pathological tangles, a main constituent of which is phosphorylated Tau protein, as a treatment paradigm for Alzheimer's disease.
• immunotherapies both active and passive have been suggested as a way to target Tau neurofibrillary tangles.
• active immunotherapy a pathogenic antigen is injected into the patient and the innate immune system elicits an immune response. This triggers the maturation of B-cells generating high affinity antibodies against the administered antigen.
• passive immunotherapy the triggering of the innate immune system is circumvented by infusing a specific antibody against the antigen. It is suggested that the inherent clearance system then removes antibody bound ligand.
• the invention provides a method for the treatment of a neurodegenerative or cognitive disorder, e.g. Alzheimer's disease, the method comprising the administration of a therapeutically effect amount of two components (1) a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and (2) a compound useful in active or passive Tau immunotherapy to a patient in need thereof.
• Said compound useful in passive Tau immunotherapy may be an antibody directed against phosphorylated Tau protein.
• Said compound useful in active Tau immunotherapy may be a fragment of the Tau protein amino acid sequence which upon injection in a patient elicits antibodies against phosphorylated Tau protein in said patient.
• the administration according to this embodiment of the invention may be simultaneous, or there may be a time gap between the administration of the two components.
• the invention relates to the use of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a compound useful in active or passive Tau immunotherapy in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of neurodegenerative or cognitive disorder, e.g. Alzheimer's disease.
• the invention provides a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a compound useful in active or passive Tau immunotherapy for use in a method for the treatment of a neurodegenerative or cognitive disorder, e.g. Alzheimer's disease.
• a neurodegenerative or cognitive disorder e.g. Alzheimer's disease.
• the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a compound useful in active or passive Tau immunotherapy and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• Another paradigm to treat neurodegenerative and cognitive disorder e.g. Alzheimer's disease is to target the A ⁇ peptides. It has been suggested that this can be achieved by either passive or active immunotherapy targeting A ⁇ peptides [ J Neurosci, 34, 11621-11630, 2014; J Neurosci 33, 4923-4934, 2013]. In combination with compounds of the present invention this would attempt to target the same pathological mechanism via two different routes. Anti-A ⁇ antibodies (either injected directly into the patient or generated in the patient as a result of active immunotherapy) clear A ⁇ deposits in the brain, while further accumulation of A ⁇ peptide is blocked or reduced by the compounds of the present invention.
• the invention provides a method for the treatment of a neurodegenerative or cognitive disorder, e.g. Alzheimer's disease, the method comprising the administration of a therapeutically effect amount of two components (1) a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and (2) a compound useful in active or passive A ⁇ peptide immunotherapy to a patient in need thereof.
• Said compound useful in passive A ⁇ peptide immunotherapy may be an anti-A ⁇ peptide antibody, such as gantenerumab, solanezumab, aducanumab or crenezumab.
• Said compound useful in active A ⁇ peptide immunotherapy may be a fragment of the A ⁇ peptide amino acid sequence which upon injection into a patient elicits anti-A ⁇ peptide antibodies in said patient.
• the administration according to this embodiment of the invention may be simultaneous, or there may be a time gap between the administration of the two components.
• the invention relates to the use of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a compound useful in active or passive A ⁇ peptide immunotherapy in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of neurodegenerative or cognitive disorder, e.g. Alzheimer's disease.
• the invention provides a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a compound useful in active or passive A ⁇ peptide immunotherapy for use in a method for the treatment of a neurodegenerative or cognitive disorder, e.g. Alzheimer's disease.
• the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a compound useful in active or passive A ⁇ peptide immunotherapy and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• NMDA N-Methyl-D-Aspartate receptor antagonist memantine and the acetylcholine esterase inhibitors donepezil, rivastigmine and galantamine are approved drugs for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
• the invention provides a method for the treatment of a neurodegenerative or cognitive disorder, e.g. Alzheimer's disease, the method comprising the administration of a therapeutically effect amount of two components (1) a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and (2) an NMDA receptor antagonist or an acetylcholine esterase inhibitor to a patient in need thereof.
• a neurodegenerative or cognitive disorder e.g. Alzheimer's disease
• the administration according to this embodiment of the invention may be simultaneous, or there may be a time gap between the administration of the two components.
• the invention relates to the use of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and an NMDA receptor antagonist or an acetylcholine esterase inhibitor in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of neurodegenerative or cognitive disorder, e.g. Alzheimer's disease.
• the invention provides a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and an NMDA receptor antagonist or an acetylcholine esterase inhibitor for use in a method for the treatment of a neurodegenerative or cognitive disorder, e.g. Alzheimer's disease.
• a neurodegenerative or cognitive disorder e.g. Alzheimer's disease.
• the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and an NMDA receptor antagonist or an acetylcholine esterase inhibitor and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• Seizures or epileptiform activity are also associated with Alzheimer's disease, including early stages of Alzheimer's disease, and treatment of said epileptic activity, which seeks to normalise hippocampal hyperactivity, may form part of an Alzheimer's disease treatment paradigm [ JAMA Neurol, 70, 1158-1166, 2013; J Neurosci Res, 93, 454, 465, 2015; Neuron, 74, 647-474, 2012; Neurepsychpharm, 35, 1016-1025, 2010; CNS Neurosci Ther, 19, 871-881, 2013].
• Useful antiepileptics include NMDA receptor antagonists and ion channel modulators, such as topiramate, levetiracetam and lamotrigine.
• the invention provides a method for the treatment of a neurodegenerative or cognitive disorder, e.g. Alzheimer's disease, the method comprising the administration of a therapeutically effect amount of two components (1) a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and (2) an antiepileptic to a patient in need thereof.
• a neurodegenerative or cognitive disorder e.g. Alzheimer's disease
• the administration according to this embodiment of the invention may be simultaneous, or there may be a time gap between the administration of the two components.
• the invention relates to the use of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and an antiepileptic in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of neurodegenerative or cognitive disorder, e.g. Alzheimer's disease.
• the invention provides a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and an antiepileptic for use in a method for the treatment of a neurodegenerative or cognitive disorder, e.g. Alzheimer's disease.
• a neurodegenerative or cognitive disorder e.g. Alzheimer's disease.
• the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and an antiepileptic and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• anti-inflammatory drugs such as NSAID (non-steriod anti-inflammatory drugs), TNF ⁇ inhibitors, such as etanercept and p38 MAP kinase inhibitors, such as VX-745 (5-(2,6-Dichlorophenyl)-2-((2,4-difluorophenyl)thio)-6H-pyrimido[1,6-b]pyridazin-6-one) may be useful in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
• NSAID non-steriod anti-inflammatory drugs
• TNF ⁇ inhibitors such as etanercept and p38 MAP kinase inhibitors, such as VX-745
• VX-745 5-(2,6-Dichlorophenyl)-2-((2,4-difluorophenyl)thio)-6H-pyrimido[1,6-b]pyridazin-6-one
• the invention provides a method for the treatment of a neurodegenerative or cognitive disorder, e.g. Alzheimer's disease, the method comprising the administration of a therapeutically effect amount of two components (1) a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and (2) an anti-inflammatory drug to a patient in need thereof.
• a neurodegenerative or cognitive disorder e.g. Alzheimer's disease
• the administration according to this embodiment of the invention may be simultaneous, or there may be a time gap between the administration of the two components.
• the invention relates to the use of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and anti-inflammatory drug in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of neurodegenerative or cognitive disorder, e.g. Alzheimer's disease.
• the invention provides a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and an anti-inflammatory drug for use in a method for the treatment of a neurodegenerative or cognitive disorder, e.g. Alzheimer's disease.
• a neurodegenerative or cognitive disorder e.g. Alzheimer's disease.
• the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and an anti-inflammatory drug and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• Tau protein aggregation inhibitors such as TRX-0237, also known as Methylene Blue, and SSRIs (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor), such as citalopram [ Behav Pharmacol, 26, 353-368, 2015; Sci Transl Med, 6(236re4), 2014].
• the invention provides a method for the treatment of a neurodegenerative or cognitive disorder, e.g. Alzheimer's disease, the method comprising the administration of a therapeutically effect amount of two components (1) a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and (2) Tau protein aggregation inhibitor or an SSRI to a patient in need thereof.
• a neurodegenerative or cognitive disorder e.g. Alzheimer's disease
• the administration according to this embodiment of the invention may be simultaneous, or there may be a time gap between the administration of the two components.
• the invention relates to the use of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a Tau protein aggregation inhibitor or an SSRI in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of neurodegenerative or cognitive disorder, e.g. Alzheimer's disease.
• the invention provides a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a Tau protein aggregation inhibitor or an SSRI drug for use in a method for the treatment of a neurodegenerative or cognitive disorder, e.g. Alzheimer's disease.
• a neurodegenerative or cognitive disorder e.g. Alzheimer's disease.
• the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a Tau protein aggregation inhibitor or an SSRI drug and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• a mammal is a human.
• the patient is a human patient.
• the compounds of this invention are generally used as the free base or as a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of a compound of Formula I are prepared e.g. in a conventional manner by treating a solution or suspension of a free base of Formula I with a molar equivalent of a pharmaceutically acceptable acid.
• suitable organic and inorganic acids are described below.
• Such salts include pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts.
• Acid addition salts include salts of inorganic acids as well as organic acids.
• suitable inorganic acids include hydrochloric, hydrobromic, hydroiodic, phosphoric, sulfuric, sulfamic, nitric acids and the like.
• suitable organic acids include formic, acetic, trichloroacetic, trifluoroacetic, propionic, benzoic, cinnamic, citric, fumaric, glycolic, itaconic, lactic, methanesulfonic, maleic, malic, malonic, mandelic, oxalic, picric, pyruvic, salicylic, succinic, methane sulfonic, ethanesulfonic, tartaric, ascorbic, pamoic, bismethylene salicylic, ethanedisulfonic, gluconic, citraconic, aspartic, stearic, palmitic, EDTA, glycolic, p-aminobenzoic, glutamic, benzenesulfonic, p-toluenesulfonic acids, theophylline acetic acids, as well as the 8-halotheophyllines (for example, 8-bromotheophylline and
• the compounds of this invention may exist in unsolvated as well as in solvated forms with pharmaceutically acceptable solvents such as water, ethanol and the like.
• the compounds of the present invention may have one or more asymmetric centres and it is intended that any optical isomers (i.e. enantiomers or diastereomers), as separated, pure or partially purified optical isomers and any mixtures thereof including racemic mixtures, i.e. a mixture of stereoisomeres, are included within the scope of the invention.
• any optical isomers i.e. enantiomers or diastereomers
• pure or partially purified optical isomers i.e. a mixture of stereoisomeres
• one embodiment of the invention relates to a compound of the invention having an enantiomeric excess of at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 96%, preferably at least 98%.
• Racemic forms may be resolved into the optical antipodes by known methods, for example, by separation of diastereomeric salts thereof with an optically active acid, and liberating the optically active amine compound by treatment with a base.
• optically active acids suitable for this purpose may include, but are not limited to d- or l-tartaric, mandelic or camphorsulfonic acids.
• Another method for resolving racemates into the optical antipodes is based upon chromatography on an optically active matrix.
• the compounds of the present invention may also be resolved by the formation and chromatographic separation of diastereomeric derivatives from chiral derivatizing reagents, such as, chiral alkylating or acylating reagents, followed by cleavage of the chiral auxiliary.
• any of the above methods may be applied either to resolve the optical antipodes of the compounds of the invention per se or to resolve the optical antipodes of synthetic intermediates, which can then be converted by methods described herein into the optically resolved final products which are the compounds of the invention.
• Optically active compounds can also be prepared from optically active starting materials.
• the present invention further provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• the present invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a specific compound disclosed in the Experimental Section or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• the compounds of the invention may be administered alone or in combination with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or excipients, in either single or multiple doses.
• the pharmaceutical compositions according to the invention may be formulated with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or diluents as well as any other known adjuvants and excipients in accordance with conventional techniques such as those disclosed in Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 22 th Edition, Gennaro, Ed., Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa., 2013.
• compositions for oral administration include solid dosage forms such as capsules, tablets, dragees, pills, lozenges, powders and granules. Where appropriate, the compositions may be prepared with coatings such as enteric coatings or they may be formulated so as to provide controlled release of the active ingredient such as sustained or prolonged release according to methods well known in the art.
• Liquid dosage forms for oral administration include solutions, emulsions, suspensions, syrups and elixirs.
• Pharmaceutical compositions for parenteral administration include sterile aqueous and nonaqueous injectable solutions, dispersions, suspensions or emulsions as well as sterile powders to be reconstituted in sterile injectable solutions or dispersions prior to use.
• Other suitable administration forms include, but are not limited to, suppositories, sprays, ointments, creams, gels, inhalants, dermal patches and implants.
• Typical oral dosages range from about 0.01 to about 100 mg/kg body weight per day.
• Suitable pharmaceutical carriers include inert solid diluents or fillers, sterile aqueous solutions and various organic solvents.
• solid carriers include lactose, terra alba, sucrose, cyclodextrin, talc, gelatin, agar, pectin, acacia, magnesium stearate, stearic acid and lower alkyl ethers of cellulose.
• liquid carriers include, but are not limited to, syrup, peanut oil, olive oil, phospholipids, fatty acids, fatty acid amines, polyoxyethylene and water.
• the carrier or diluent may include any sustained release material known in the art, such as glyceryl monostearate or glyceryl distearate, alone or mixed with a wax.
• sustained release material such as glyceryl monostearate or glyceryl distearate
• the pharmaceutical compositions formed by combining the compounds of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier are readily administered in a variety of dosage forms suitable for the disclosed routes of administration.
• the formulations may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form by methods known in the art of pharmacy.
• the preparation may be tabletted, placed in a hard gelatin capsule in powder or pellet form or it may be in the form of a troche or lozenge.
• the amount of solid carrier will vary widely but will range from about 25 mg to about 1 g per dosage unit.
• the preparation may be in the form of a syrup, emulsion, soft gelatin capsule or sterile injectable liquid such as an aqueous or non-aqueous liquid suspension or solution.
• (6S)-3-Fluoro-3-(fluoromethyl)-6-(2-fluorophenyl)-6-methylpiperidin-2-one and salts thereof, (6S)-6-(2,3-Difluorophenyl)-3-fluoro-3-(fluoromethyl)-6-methylpiperidin-2-one and salts thereof, and (6S)-3-Fluoro-3,6-bis(fluoromethyl)-6-(2-fluorophenyl)piperidin-2-one and salts thereof are central intermediates to the compounds of the invention.
• Coupling to an aromatic selected from phenyl, pyridyl, pyrimidyl, pyrazinyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl requires functionalization of the phenyl ring of the above phenyl piperidinones.
• the intermediate compounds involved in the coupling step are a further aspect of the invention, namely compounds selected from the group consisting of
• LC-MS was run on Waters Aquity UPLC-MS consisting of Waters Aquity including column manager, binary solvent manager, sample organizer, PDA detector (operating at 254 nm), ELS detector, and SQ-MS equipped with APPI-source operating in positive ion mode.
• LC-conditions The column was Acquity UPLC BEH C18 1.7 ⁇ m; 2.1 ⁇ 150 mm operating at 60° C. with 0.6 ml/min of a binary gradient consisting of water+0.05% trifluoroacetic acid (A) and acetonitrile+5% water+0.03% trifluoroacetic acid (B). Gradient: 0.00 min: 10% B; 3.00 min: 99.9% B; 3.01 min: 10% B; 3.60 min: 10% B. Total run time: 3.60 min.
• LC-MS was run on Waters Acquity UPLC-MS consisting of Waters Acquity including column manager, binary solvent manager, sample organizer, PDA detector (operating at 254 nm), ELS detector, and TQ-MS equipped with APPI-source operating in positive ion mode.
• LC-conditions The column was Acquity UPLC BEH C18 1.7 ⁇ m; 2.1 ⁇ 50 mm operating at 60° C. with 1.2 ml/min of a binary gradient consisting of water+0.05% trifluoroacetic acid (A) and acetonitrile+5% water+0.05% trifluoroacetic acid (B). Gradient: 0.00 min: 10% B; 1.00 min: 100% B; 1.01 min: 10% B; 1.15 min: 10% B. Total run time: 1.15 min.
• R 1 and R 2 are as defined for Formula I, R 3 is hydrogen or a nitro group and R 4 is as an alkyl group such as methyl or ethyl
• Compounds of general formula IV may be prepared by reacting compounds of formula II with a sulfinamide such as III in the presence of a Lewis acid/drying agent such as titanium tetraethoxide.
• a Lewis acid/drying agent such as titanium tetraethoxide.
• compounds of general formula V such as ethyl bromoacetate in the presence of Zn powder or in the presence of diethyl zinc and tris(triphenylphosphine)rhodium(I) chloride gives compounds of general formula VI (Hilpert, H. et al J. Med. Chem. 2013, 56, 3980-3995).
• Hydrolysis of compounds of general formula VI with an aqueous base such as sodium hydroxide in water gives compounds of general formula VII.
• Compounds of general formula IX can be fluorinated with a fluorination reagent such as N-fluorodibenzenesulfonamide (NFSi) in the precense of a base such as 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) to give compounds of general formula X.
• a fluorination reagent such as N-fluorodibenzenesulfonamide (NFSi) in the precense of a base such as 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU)
• NFSi N-fluorodibenzenesulfonamide
• DBU 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene
• the ester moiety of compounds of general formula XI can be reduced with a reducing reagent such as sodium borohydride to give compounds of general formula XII.
• the mixture of two diastereomers of compounds of general formula XII can be converted to compounds of general formula XIII as a mixture of two diastereomers by treatment with reagents such as nonafluorobutanesulfonyl fluoride (NfF) and a base such as triethylamine followed by treatment with a reagent such as tetra-N-butylammonium fluoride (TBAF).
• NfF nonafluorobutanesulfonyl fluoride
• TBAF tetra-N-butylammonium fluoride
• the mixture of two diastereomers of compounds of general formula XIII when R 3 is a nitro group can be separated by chromatography to give compounds of general formulae XIVa and XIVb (Scheme
• R 1 and R 2 are as defined under formula I and R 3 is a nitro group.
• R 1 , R 2 and Ar are as defined under Formula I.
• the mixture was concentrated to remove methanol and the aqueous phase was extracted with ethyl acetate (700 mL, three times), the combined organic phases were washed with brine (300 mL), dried over Na 2 SO 4 and concentrated. The crude product was used in the next step directly without further purification.
• (3S,6S)-6-(5-Amino-2-fluorophenyl)-3-fluoro-3-(fluoromethyl)-6-methylpiperidine-2-thione was prepared in a similar way from (3S,6S)-3-fluoro-6-(2-fluoro-5-nitrophenyl)-3-(fluoromethyl)-6-methylpiperidine-2-thione.
• (3S,6S)-6-(5-Amino-2,3-difluorophenyl)-3-fluoro-3-(fluoromethyl)-6-methylpiperidine-2-thione was prepared in a similar way from (3S,6S)-6-(2,3-difluoro-5-nitrophenyl)-3-fluoro-3-(fluoromethyl)-6-methylpiperidine-2-thione
• (3R,6S)-6-(5-Amino-2-fluorophenyl)-3-fluoro-3,6-bis(fluoromethyl)piperidine-2-thione and (3S,6S)-6-(5-amino-2-fluorophenyl)-3-fluoro-3,6-bis(fluoromethyl)piperidine-2-thione were prepared in a similar way starting from (6S)-3-fluoro-6-(2-fluoro-5-nitrophenyl)-3,6-bis(fluoromethyl)piperidine-2-thione followed by chromatographic separation of the two diastereomers.
• Methyl 5-(methoxy-d 3 )picolinate 200 mg, 1.175 mmol was dissolved in water (1.5 ml) and 1,4-dioxane (3 ml). Lithium hydroxide (70.4 mg, 2.94 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred for 1 hour. The reaction mixture was evaporated to about 2 ml and extracted with diethylether. The organic phase was extracted with 1M NaOH and the combined aqueous phases were acidified to pH 2 with 6N HCl (aq).
• FIG. 1 nOe in ROESY of (3R,6S)-6-(5-amino-2-fluorophenyl)-3-fluoro-3-(fluoromethyl)-6-methylpiperidine-2-thione
• HATU (1-[bis(dimethylamino)methylene]-1H-1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-b]pyridinium 3-oxid hexafluorophosphate) (600 mg, 1.58 mmol) was added to 5-methoxypicolinic acid (242 mg, 1.58 mmol) in DMF (1 ml). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 5 minutes.
• the binding assay was performed as SPA-based assay using a biotinylated form of human BACE1 recombinantly expressed and subsequently purified from Freestyle HEK293 cells.
• the binding assay was run in a 50 mM sodium acetate buffer, pH 4.5 containing 50 mM NaCl and 0.03% Tween-20 in white clear bottom 384 plates (Corning #3653).
• radioligand [ 3 H]—N-((1S,2R)-1-benzyl-3-cyclopropylamino-2-hydroxy-propyl)-5-(methanesulfonyl-methyl-amino)-N-((R)-1-phenyl-ethyl)-isophthalamide
• TRQ11569 purchased from GE Healthcare
• test compound was mixed with test compound at a given concentration, 6 nM (final concentration) human BACE1 and 25 ⁇ g Streptavidin coated PVT core SPA beads (RPNQ0007, GE Healthcare Life Sciences) in a total volume of 40 ⁇ l.
• Several concentrations of each test compound were tested in the assay for IC 50 determination.
• IC 50 value the concentration mediating 50% inhibition of the specific binding of the radioligand
• K i IC 50 /(1+L/K d )
• L and K d are the final concentration of the radioligand used in the assay and the dissociation constant of the radioligand, respectively.
• the K d of the radioligand was determined from saturation binding experiments.
• the efficacy assay was performed as a FRET-based assay using a commercially available BACE1 kit (Life Technologies, P2985). 2 ⁇ l test compound at 10 ⁇ M (final concentration) and 15 ⁇ l BACE1 enzyme from the kit (final concentration 3 nM) were preincubated for 15 minutes at room temperature before addition of 15 ⁇ l of substrate from the kit (250 nM final concentration) and incubated for additional 90 minutes at room temperature. The assay plate was subsequently read in a Pherastar (Ex540/Em590).
• the enzyme activity observed in presence of test compound were normalized to the enzyme activity observed in presence of buffer and 10 ⁇ M (final concentration) of the high affinity BACE1 reference inhibitor (S)-6-[3-Chloro-5-(5-prop-1-ynyl-pyridin-3-yl)-thiophen-2-yl]-2-imino-3,6-dimethyl-tetrahydropyrimidin-4-one, respectively.
• S high affinity BACE1 reference inhibitor
• S high affinity BACE1 reference inhibitor
• the animals undergoing treatment were closely monitored by veterinary staff for any signs of toxicity. Monitoring parameters included body weight, physical appearance, changes in coat appearance, occurrence of unprovoked behavior, and blunted or exaggerated responses to external stimuli.
• Trunk-blood was sampled in EDTA coated tubes after decapitation of the animal.
• the blood was centrifuged at 2200G at 4° C. for 15 minutes and the plasma was collected and frozen at ⁇ 80° C.
• the blood was aliquoted for A ⁇ ELISA and pharmacokinetic analysis.
• the brain was extracted and split into 2 halves.
• the right hemibrains were snap frozen on dry ice and stored at ⁇ 80° C.
• the left half was dissected; with the front forebrain taken for A ⁇ ELISA and the remainder used for DMPK analysis. These samples were also snap frozen on dry ice and stored at ⁇ 80° C. until use for analysis.
• the cortex samples were thawed slightly on wet ice before they were homogenized with a small volume dispersing instrument (T10 basic ULTRA-TURRAX®) which was set at speed 5 for approximately 5-7 sec.
• the tissue was processed in a 10 times volume of the weight, for example 100 mg of tissue was homogenized in 1000 ⁇ L of Homogenization buffer.
• Homogenization buffer 50 ml Milli Q water+50 nM NaCl+0.2% Diethylamin (DEA)+1 tablet of Complete Protease inhibitor cocktail+1 nM 4-(2-aminoethyl) benzenesulfonyl fluoride hydrochloride irreversible serine protease inhibitor (AEBSF).
• WAKO 294-62501 Human/Rat Abeta amyloid (40) kit was used for all ELISA analyses.
• 30 ⁇ L plasma samples or 30 ⁇ L of the cortex supernatants generated as described above were placed in 600 ⁇ L microtubes tubes on wet ice.
• 30 ⁇ L of 8M urea (AppliChem A1049, 9025) was added to generate a 2-fold dilution. Both plasma and cortex supernatants were incubated on ice for 30 min.
• Standard rows were prepared from the standard peptide stock provided in the kit and standard diluent containing 1.6M Urea (200 ⁇ L 8M urea+800 ⁇ L of standard diluent) and 0.8M urea (400 ⁇ L 8M urea+3600 ⁇ L Standard diluent).
• a serial 2-fold dilution of A ⁇ 340 from 100 pmol/ml to 0 pmol/L was prepared for the assay.
• TMB 3,3′,5,5′-Tetramethylbenzidine
• Concentration of A ⁇ in the samples was determined based on a standard curve generated from standards containing known concentrations of synthetic A ⁇ 40. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that diethylamine (DEA) and urea extractions will release soluble A ⁇ , and insoluble A ⁇ respectively. Since the ELISA kit is validated and widely used, it is accepted that as long as the treatment conditions and assay conditions are the same for each compound tested, then the assay should yield consistent robust data for the compounds tested and produce minimal discrepancies.
• DEA diethylamine
• the interpolated values of the samples loaded on plates are multiplied by 20 to account for the dilutions made when the volumes of DEA, urea and neutralization solution were added up. Values are calculated as percentage change in A ⁇ 40 compared to vehicle treated animals.
• TC test compound
• Brain homogenate was prepared by homogenizing the brain 1:4 (v/v) with water:2-propanol:DMSO (50:30:20 v/v/v) followed by centrifugation and collection of the supernatant.
• Calibration standards and QC samples were prepared using a Hamilton robot. 150 ⁇ L of ISTD in acetonitrile (1 ng/mL ISTD) was added to 25 ⁇ L of calibration standards, QC samples and test samples (plasma and brain homogenate) using a Biomek robot.
• MS/MS detection was done with an Applied Biosystems Sciex API 4000 instrument in positive-ion electrospray ionisation mode. TC and ISTD were detected at a parent>daughter mass to charge ratio (m/z). Nitrogen was used for the nebulizer and collision gases. The peak area correlated linearly with the plasma and brain concentration of the analytes in the range of 1.00-1000 ng/mL plasma and 5.00-5000 ng/g brain (corrected for dilution). If the plasma/brain sample drug concentration was above 1000 ng/mL or 5000 ng/g, the sample was diluted appropriately in blank plasma/blank brain homogenate before analysis.
• Mobile phase A 0.1% aq. formic acid or 0.1% aq. ammonium hydroxide
• Mobile phase B Acetonitrile with 0.1% aq. formic acid or 0.1% aq. ammonium hydroxide.
• Compound 1 was administered at doses of 10 mg/kg p.o. and 30 mg/kg p.o. and brain and plasma samples were collected at 3 hours post dose and the following exposures were measured as described above.
• test compounds were assessed in MDCK-MDR1 cells that were cultured to confluency (4-6 days) in a 96 transwell plate.
• Test compounds were diluted with the transport buffer (HBSS+1% BSA) to a concentration of 0.5 ⁇ M and applied to the apical or basolateral side of the cell monolayer. Permeation of the test compounds from A to B direction or B to A direction was determined in triplicate over a 60-minute incubation time at 37° C. and 5% CO2 with a relative humidity of 95%.
• Test compounds were quantified by LC-MS/MS analysis based on the peaks area ratios of analyte/IS in both the receiver and donor wells of the transwell plate.
• dCr/dt is the cumulative concentration of compound in the receiver chamber as a function of time ( ⁇ M/s);
• Vr is the solution volume in the receiver chamber (0.05 mL on the apical side; 0.25 mL on the basolateral side);
• A is the surface area for the transport, i.e. 0.0804 cm 2 for the area of the monolayer;
• C0 is the initial concentration in the donor chamber ( ⁇ M).

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