US20170198909A1 - Device for supplying emulsified fuel and method for supplying said fuel - Google Patents

Device for supplying emulsified fuel and method for supplying said fuel Download PDF

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Publication number
US20170198909A1
US20170198909A1 US15/320,652 US201515320652A US2017198909A1 US 20170198909 A1 US20170198909 A1 US 20170198909A1 US 201515320652 A US201515320652 A US 201515320652A US 2017198909 A1 US2017198909 A1 US 2017198909A1
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Prior art keywords
water
emulsion
tank
fuel oil
fuel
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US15/320,652
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English (en)
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Toshiharu Fukai
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23K—FEEDING FUEL TO COMBUSTION APPARATUS
    • F23K5/00—Feeding or distributing other fuel to combustion apparatus
    • F23K5/02—Liquid fuel
    • F23K5/08—Preparation of fuel
    • F23K5/10—Mixing with other fluids
    • F23K5/12—Preparing emulsions
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/32—Liquid carbonaceous fuels consisting of coal-oil suspensions or aqueous emulsions or oil emulsions
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/32—Liquid carbonaceous fuels consisting of coal-oil suspensions or aqueous emulsions or oil emulsions
    • C10L1/328—Oil emulsions containing water or any other hydrophilic phase
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M25/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding non-fuel substances or small quantities of secondary fuel to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture
    • F02M25/022—Adding fuel and water emulsion, water or steam
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M25/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding non-fuel substances or small quantities of secondary fuel to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture
    • F02M25/022—Adding fuel and water emulsion, water or steam
    • F02M25/0221—Details of the water supply system, e.g. pumps or arrangement of valves
    • F02M25/0224—Water treatment or cleaning
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23K—FEEDING FUEL TO COMBUSTION APPARATUS
    • F23K5/00—Feeding or distributing other fuel to combustion apparatus
    • F23K5/02—Liquid fuel
    • F23K5/14—Details thereof
    • F23K5/147—Valves
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L2200/00—Components of fuel compositions
    • C10L2200/04—Organic compounds
    • C10L2200/0461—Fractions defined by their origin
    • C10L2200/0469—Renewables or materials of biological origin
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L2250/00—Structural features of fuel components or fuel compositions, either in solid, liquid or gaseous state
    • C10L2250/08—Emulsion details
    • C10L2250/082—Oil in water (o/w) emulsion
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23K—FEEDING FUEL TO COMBUSTION APPARATUS
    • F23K2300/00—Pretreatment and supply of liquid fuel
    • F23K2300/10—Pretreatment
    • F23K2301/10—
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
    • Y02T10/12—Improving ICE efficiencies

Definitions

  • the present invention is related to an emulsion fuel supply device for supplying an emulsion fuel obtained by emulsifying a fuel oil and water to a combustion apparatus and a supply method of the same.
  • an emulsion fuel obtained by mixing water, a fuel oil, such as gasoline, light oil, kerosene, heavy oil, vegetable oil, and waste oil, and an emulsifier produces little nitrogen oxide (NOX) and soot in combustion, thus being an effective fuel for preventing air pollution.
  • a ratio of the fuel fed to a combustion apparatus drops by a mixing amount of the water, which, in theory, can cause a reduction of fuel cost.
  • Patent Document 1 various methods of producing an emulsion fuel and supply devices to a combustion apparatus have been proposed (e.g., Patent Document 1).
  • Patent Document 1 discloses an emulsion fuel system including a fuel oil tank for storing a fuel oil, a water tank for storing water, an emulsion generation unit for producing an emulsion fuel substantially composed of the fuel oil and water from the fuel oil supplied from the fuel oil tank and the water supplied from the water tank, and a power generator in which the emulsion fuel produced in the emulsion generation unit is introduced and burned.
  • the emulsion generation unit has two or more emulsion generation devices that produce the emulsion fuel from the fuel oil and the water, and the emulsion fuel is produced in at least one of the two or more emulsion generation devices using the fuel oil supplied from the fuel oil tank and the water supplied from the water tank.
  • the power generator is driven by burning the emulsion fuel continuously produced in the emulsion generation unit.
  • the emulsion fuel can be produced without using an emulsifier, and a production quantity of the emulsion fuel can be changed as necessary without the need for storing the produced emulsion fuel and without increasing pressure loss of the system.
  • PATENT DOCUMENT 1 JP 2011-122035 A
  • Patent Document 1 uses water not applied with a special treatment, thus energy efficiency of the produced emulsion fuel is low and energy obtained from the power generator is reduced by an amount corresponding to a mixture ratio of the water. As such, there is little merit in using the emulsion fuel instead of the fuel oil. Furthermore, because the produced emulsion fuel has low energy efficiency, the operation of the power generator is not stabilized and a misfire occurs in the power generator, thereby easily causing engine stalling.
  • Patent Document 1 in order to control a fluctuation of loads on the power generator caused by lack of an emulsifier, a plurality of the emulsion generation devices are connected in parallel and the number of the emulsion generation devices in operation is suitably increased or decreased corresponding to the loads of the power generator.
  • This requires, in each of the emulsion generation devices, a valve for switching between use and disuse and a discarding pipe for discarding a mixture of a fuel and water subjected to an oil-water separation treatment inside of the emulsion generation devices of which operation is temporarily suspended, thus making a device configuration complicated.
  • the present invention was made in view of the problems described above, and it is an object thereof to provide an emulsion fuel supply device capable of stably driving a combustion apparatus with a simple device configuration, and a supply method thereof.
  • Another object of the present invention is to provide an emulsion fuel supply device capable of supplying an emulsifier-free emulsion fuel that has high combustion efficiency in a combustion apparatus, and a supply method thereof.
  • the device is for supplying an emulsion fuel having an aqueous phase and an oil phase of a fuel oil to a combustion apparatus and includes: a processed water generation device for producing processed water by removing, from raw water, Ca ions and Mg ions contained in the raw water and allowing to remain or adding Na ions in the raw water; a tank for storing the processed water supplied from the processed water generation device and the fuel oil; a merging section for merging the fuel oil supplied from the tank and the processed water supplied from the tank at a predetermined flow rate ratio; an emulsion generation section for producing the emulsion fuel from a mixture of the fuel oil and the processed water merged by the merging section; and a supply section for supplying the emulsion fuel produced by the emulsion generation section to the combustion apparatus.
  • a processed water generation device for producing processed water by removing, from raw water, Ca ions and Mg ions contained in the raw water and allowing to remain or adding Na ions in the raw water
  • a tank for storing the
  • a raw material of the emulsion fuel in use is the processed water produced by removing, from raw water, Ca ions and Mg ions contained in the raw water and allowing to remain or adding Na ions in the raw water, thus the emulsion fuel can be produced by using the processed water containing highly active atomic hydrogen, making it possible to supply the emulsion fuel of high energy efficiency.
  • the emulsion fuel of the present invention uses the processed water made of soft water from which Ca ions and Mg ions are removed as a raw material, and also does not contain an emulsifier, thus oxidation, rust and corrosion in a combustion apparatus can be suppressed and the deterioration of a combustion apparatus caused by the emulsion fuel can be suppressed.
  • the tank may be a single tank storing the processed water and the fuel oil, including a water supply pipe having a liquid suction port arranged near a bottom part of the tank and an oil supply pipe having a liquid suction port attached on a float floating on the surface of a liquid stored in the tank, and the merging section may alternately perform a supply of the processed water from the water supply pipe and a supply of the fuel oil from the oil supply pipe to merge the fuel oil and the processed water.
  • the tank may include a water tank for storing the processed water supplied from the processed water generation device and a fuel oil tank for storing the fuel oil, formed as a separate part from the water tank, and include an in-tank liquid height adjusting device for adjusting the difference between the height from a bottom surface of the fuel oil tank to a liquid surface of the fuel oil and the height from a bottom surface of the water tank to a water surface of the processed water to be within a predetermined range.
  • the merging section may merge the fuel oil supplied from the fuel oil tank and the processed water supplied from the water tank with a predetermined flow rate ratio.
  • the fuel oil tank for storing the fuel oil for storing the fuel oil
  • the water tank for storing the water for storing the water
  • the in-tank liquid height adjusting device for adjusting the difference between the height from a bottom surface of the fuel oil tank to a liquid surface of the fuel oil and the height from a bottom surface of the water tank to a water surface of the water to be within a predetermined range, thus it becomes possible to merge the fuel oil supplied from the fuel oil tank and the water supplied from the water tank with a desired flow rate ratio by the merging section.
  • the water tank and the fuel tank may be arranged at a position higher than the combustion apparatus, and supply passages of the processed water and the fuel oil from the water tank and the fuel oil tank to the emulsion generation section may be a pump-less passage without having a pump. Then, the fuel oil and the processed water may be supplied to the emulsion generation section by gravity caused by the height difference between the water tank and the fuel oil tank, and the combustion apparatus, and pressure caused by a pump provided in the combustion apparatus.
  • a pump for supplying the processed water and the fuel requires a pressure-control valve and a pressure-control system using a computer in order to take a pressure balance between this pump and the pump in the combustion apparatus.
  • the supply passages of the processed water and the fuel are not provided with a pump, thus there is no need to separately install a control system for taking a balance between the pumps, and a low-cost emulsion fuel supply device having a simple device configuration can be achieved.
  • the processed water in use is produced by removing Ca ions and Mg ions from the raw water and allowing to remain or adding Na ions in the raw water, thus as long as the water tank and the oil tank are arranged at a position higher than the combustion apparatus, supplies of the processed water and the fuel can be performed smoothly and stably without a pump being installed on the supply passages of the processed water and the fuel.
  • the emulsion generation section may include a plurality of dispersion parts each having fine hole parts including a through-hole with small diameter and a cylindrical large-diameter part continuously installed downstream of the fine hole parts, the plurality of the dispersion parts being continuously connected to each other in series, and an introduction port for returning surplus fuel discharged from the combustion apparatus to the emulsion generation section, the introduction port being installed on a downstream side of the most upstream fine hole parts.
  • the surplus fuel is prevented from being subjected to an excessive dispersion treatment, and the emulsion fuel supplied to the combustion apparatus can be kept in an incomplete emulsion state, where the emulsion fuel is not completely emulsified.
  • the inventors of the present invention have found, as a result of their earnest study, that combustion efficiency is decreased in a combustion apparatus when an emulsion fuel is brought into a complete emulsion state, where an aqueous phase and an oil phase are completely emulsified. Therefore, the present invention has a such configuration that the introduction port for returning the surplus fuel to the emulsion generation section is arranged on the downstream side of the most upstream fine hole parts, thereby preventing conversion of the emulsion fuel supplied to the combustion apparatus into complete emulsion and making it possible to supply the emulsion fuel of excellent combustion efficiency.
  • the processed water generation device preferably includes: a soft water generation device for producing soft water from raw water, having an ion exchanger for removing Ca ions, Mg ions, and Fe ions from the raw water and also adding Na ions to the raw water, a tourmaline container for storing tourmaline, and an obsidian container for storing obsidian; a surface tension increasing section for increasing surface tension of the soft water and also increasing a quantity of atomic hydrogen in the soft water, having an introduction pipe for introducing the soft water produced in the soft water generation device and a circulation device for circulating the soft water introduced from the introduction pipe into at least one of the tourmaline container and the obsidian container for 30 minutes or more; and a processed water supply section for supplying processed water having passed through the surface tension increasing section to the water tank.
  • a soft water generation device for producing soft water from raw water, having an ion exchanger for removing Ca ions, Mg ions, and Fe ions from the raw water and also adding Na ions to the raw water
  • the surface tension increasing section is provided, thus the emulsion fuel can be produced by using the processed water having high surface tension and the emulsion fuel of high energy efficiency can be supplied.
  • an air suction port of the combustion apparatus is preferably connected to a gas supply quantity adjusting section for adjusting a supply quantity of gas to the combustion apparatus within a range of zero to a misfiring air quantity as fuel oil being supplied, beyond which a misfire is caused when a water-free fuel oil is supplied, and an oxygen gas supply section for supplying oxygen gas.
  • the gas supply quantity adjusting section is provided, thus the combustion apparatus can be efficiently operated.
  • atomic hydrogen as an energy source and also oxygen are produced, thus when the processed water supplied from the processed water generation device is used for the emulsion fuel, in principle, a supply of oxygen and the air in the combustion apparatus becomes unnecessary.
  • the oxygen gas supply section thus even when a ratio of water in the emulsion fuel is increased, a misfire in the combustion apparatus can be suppressed. As a result, it becomes possible to increase a ratio of water in the emulsion fuel, thereby reducing a ratio of the fuel oil, so that operation cost of the combustion apparatus can be reduced.
  • the fine hole parts are preferably inclined relative to an extended direction of the emulsion generation section.
  • a fluid is jetted from the fine hole parts to the large-diameter part in an oblique direction and collides against a wall face and the like of the large-diameter part, whereby diffusion of the liquid is further promoted.
  • the problems described above can be solved according to an emulsion fuel supply method of the present invention.
  • the method is for supplying an emulsion fuel having an aqueous phase and an oil phase of a fuel oil to a combustion apparatus and includes: a processed water generation step for producing processed water by removing, from raw water, Ca ions and Mg ions contained in the raw water and allowing to remain or adding Na ions in the raw water; a merging step for merging the fuel oil supplied from a tank storing the processed water produced in the processed water generation step and the fuel oil, and the processed water supplied from the tank in a predetermined flow rate ratio; an emulsion generation step for producing the emulsion fuel by supplying a mixture of the fuel oil and the processed water merged in the merging step to an emulsion generation section; and a supply step for supplying the emulsion fuel produced in the emulsion generation step to the combustion apparatus.
  • the processed water and the fuel oil may be merged by alternately performing a supply from a water supply pipe having a suction port arranged near a bottom part of the tank and a supply from an oil supply pipe having a suction port attached on a float floating on the surface of a liquid stored in the tank.
  • an in-tank liquid height adjusting step for adjusting the difference between the height from a bottom surface of the water tank storing the processed water supplied after being produced in the processed water generation step to a water surface of the processed water, and the height from a bottom surface of the fuel oil tank storing the fuel oil to a liquid surface of the fuel oil, to be within a predetermined range. Then, in the merging step, the fuel oil supplied from the fuel oil tank and the processed water supplied from the water tank may be merged at a predetermined flow rate ratio.
  • the fuel oil and the processed water may be supplied to the emulsion generation section by gravity caused by the height difference between the water tank and the fuel oil tank arranged at a position higher than that of the combustion apparatus, and the combustion apparatus, and pressure caused by a pump provided in the combustion apparatus.
  • a mixture of the fuel oil and the processed water merged in the merging step may be allowed to pass through the emulsion generation section including a plurality of dispersion parts each having fine hole parts including a through-hole with small diameter and a cylindrical large-diameter part continuously installed downstream of the fine hole parts, the plurality of the dispersion parts being continuously connected to each other in series. Also, surplus fuel discharged from the combustion apparatus may be returned to a downstream side of the most upstream dispersion part arranged in the emulsion generation section.
  • Mg ions, Ca ions, and Fe ions contained in the raw water are removed from the raw water by ion exchange, and then the raw water is allowed to pass through at least one of the tourmaline container filled with tourmaline and the obsidian container filled with obsidian to produce the processed water.
  • Na ion concentration in the processed water is increased more than Na ion concentration in the raw water.
  • the processed water is removed of Mg ions, Ca ions, and Fe ions and contains Na ions
  • a fatty acid liberated by hydrolysis of a triglyceride contained in the fuel oil reacts with Na ions, instead of reacting with Mg ions, Ca ions, and Fe ions, to produce a fatty acid sodium salt serving as a surfactant, thereby making emulsification possible.
  • Emulsion produced from the fuel oil and the processed water is derived from the processed water having higher surface tension than the raw water, thus the emulsion has high energy, generates a high heat quantity in combustion, and has excellent combustion efficiency.
  • a conventional emulsifier has a property of lowering surface tension of a liquid, which in turn reduces a heat generation quantity of the emulsion fuel in combustion.
  • the processed water of the present invention has enhanced surface tension while maintaining a capability of being emulsified with the fuel oil, thus a high heat generation quantity can be achieved.
  • surface tension of the processed water measured at a water temperature of 26° C. is preferably adjusted to 50 mN/m or more.
  • the emulsion fuel generating a high heat quantity in combustion can be achieved.
  • gas is supplied to the combustion apparatus in a supply quantity within a range of 0 to the misfiring air quantity as fuel oil being supplied, beyond which a misfire is caused when a water-free fuel oil is supplied.
  • the gas supply quantity adjusting section is provided, thus the combustion apparatus can be efficiently operated.
  • atomic hydrogen as an energy source and also oxygen are produced, thus when the processed water supplied from the processed water generation device is used for the emulsion fuel, in principle, a supply of oxygen and the air in the combustion apparatus becomes unnecessary.
  • the processed water produced by removing, from raw water, Ca ions and Mg ions contained in the raw water and allowing to remain or adding Na ions in the raw water, is used as a raw material of the emulsion fuel, thus it becomes possible to produce the emulsion fuel by using the processed water having highly active atomic hydrogen, and supply the emulsion fuel of high energy efficiency.
  • the emulsion fuel of the present invention uses the processed water made of soft water from which Ca ions and Mg ions are removed as a raw material, and also does not contain an emulsifier, thus oxidation, rust and corrosion in the combustion apparatus can be suppressed and deterioration of the combustion apparatus caused by the emulsion fuel can be suppressed.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram of an emulsion fuel supply device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic block diagram of a processed water treatment device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic longitudinal cross-sectional block diagram of an emulsion generator according to one embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic block diagram of an example of having a separation tank for surplus emulsion in the emulsion fuel supply device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 5 is a schematic block diagram of an emulsion fuel supply device according to a modified example of the present invention.
  • FIG. 6 is graphs showing average diameter and standard deviation of emulsion particles in samples, in which heavy oil A is added and stirred in processed water of Example 1, distilled water, and ultrapure water.
  • FIG. 7 is a measurement result of surface tension of processed water of Examples 2 to 9 and ultrapure water.
  • FIG. 8 is a measurement result of surface tension of processed water of Examples 10 and 11, ultrapure water, raw water, surfactant-added tap water in which a surfactant is added to the raw water.
  • FIG. 9 is a measurement result of an ion chromatograph method with the processed water of Example 1 and raw water of the processed water.
  • an emulsion fuel refers to a fuel in which an aqueous liquid and an oily liquid are dispersed to be converted to a state similar to emulsion, regardless of the presence/absence of an emulsifier. Further, the emulsion fuel includes both complete emulsion in which an aqueous liquid and an oily liquid are emulsified by dispersion and incomplete emulsion in which an aqueous liquid and an oily liquid are mixed to be partially dispersed and partially undispersed.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram of an emulsion fuel supply device 1 according to the present embodiment.
  • the emulsion fuel supply device 1 is a device for producing an emulsion fuel from water and a fuel oil and supplying the emulsion fuel and oxygen to a diesel engine 70 as a combustion apparatus.
  • the emulsion fuel supply device 1 includes, as main constitutional elements, a processed water treatment device 10 for producing processed water as a raw material of the emulsion fuel from tap water, a processed water tank 20 for storing the processed water, a fuel oil tank 30 for storing the fuel oil, a liquid feed part 40 for transporting a mixture liquid in which the processed water and the fuel oil are merged to an emulsion generator 50 , an emulsion generator 50 for producing the emulsion fuel from the mixture liquid of the processed water and the fuel oil and also supplying the emulsion fuel to the diesel engine 70 , and a oxygen gas cylinder 60 for mixing the air introduced into the diesel engine 70 with oxygen gas.
  • fuel oils As a fuel oil, a variety of fuel oils may be used. For example, well-known fuel oils used for an emulsion fuel, such as heavy oil A, heavy oil B, heavy oil C, light oil, kerosene, gasoline, and biofuel, can be used.
  • well-known fuel oils used for an emulsion fuel such as heavy oil A, heavy oil B, heavy oil C, light oil, kerosene, gasoline, and biofuel, can be used.
  • the processed water treatment device 10 includes, as shown in FIG. 2 , a soft water generation device 100 , in which a first soft water generator 110 , a second soft water generator 112 , an ion generator 114 , and an obsidian container 116 are connected in series in this order via communication pipes 118 a , 118 b , and 118 c , and a surface tension increasing device 140 connected at a downstream side of the soft water generation device 100 .
  • the soft water generation device 100 is a device for producing soft water from raw water.
  • the soft water refers to water having a hardness of less than 100 mg/l.
  • water having the hardness of less than 100 mg/l from which Ca ions, Mg ions, and Fe ions are removed.
  • Raw water with high pressure such as tap water, for example, is introduced into the first soft water generator 110 from a water supply pipe 120 via a communication pipe 122 .
  • An inlet open/close valve 124 functioning as a faucet is provided between the water supply pipe 120 and the communication pipe 122 , and a check valve 126 is provided on the way of the communication pipe 122 .
  • a discharge pipe 128 a is installed on an outlet side of the obsidian container 116 and an outlet open/close valve 130 a is provided on the tip or the way of the discharge pipe 128 a.
  • a granular ion exchange resin 132 is filled inside the first soft water generator 110 and the second soft water generator 112 . It is noted that the two soft water generators 110 and 112 can be combined into a single soft water generator.
  • the ion exchange resin 132 is for removing metal ions contained in raw water, such as Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , and Fe 2+ , and converting the raw water into soft water, in particular, for lowering the hardness of the raw water to a level near to zero.
  • a strongly acidic cation exchange resin RzSO 3 Na
  • a styrene-divinyl benzene copolymer having a spherical shape is uniformly sulfonated
  • the raw water when raw water is hard water, the raw water is removed of metal ions such as Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , and Fe 2+ by passing through the ion exchange resin 132 , and becomes soft water. Further, Na+, OH ⁇ , and a hydronium ion (H 3 O + ) are generated in the raw water. However, chlorine contained in the tap water passes through the resin as it is without being ionized.
  • metal ions such as Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , and Fe 2+ by passing through the ion exchange resin 132 , and becomes soft water.
  • Na+, OH ⁇ , and a hydronium ion (H 3 O + ) are generated in the raw water.
  • chlorine contained in the tap water passes through the resin as it is without being ionized.
  • Tourmaline has a plus electrode and a minus electrode, and because of this plus electrode and minus electrode, water is charged with an electromagnetic wave having a wave length of 4 to 14 ⁇ m and a cluster of water is cleaved to produce a hydronium ion (H 3 O + ). Energy of the electromagnetic wave having a wave length of 4 to 14 ⁇ m is about 0.004 watt/cm 2 .
  • metal plate at least one kind of metal selected from aluminum, stainless steel, and silver is used. It is preferred that metal used for this purpose does not become rusty in water or dissolve in water.
  • Aluminum has a bleaching effect as well as a bactericidal effect and an antimicrobial effect
  • stainless steel has a cleaning-improving effect as well as a bactericidal effect and an antimicrobial effect
  • silver has a bactericidal effect and an antimicrobial effect.
  • a weight ratio of tourmaline to the metal plate is preferably from 10:1 to 1:10. When the weight ratio exceeds this range, one material occupies too much ratio and effects of the both materials cannot be exerted simultaneously.
  • Each of the cartridges of the ion generator 114 is configured such that water passing through a number of holes formed on a bottom surface of the cartridge is jetted upward from below into a tourmaline powder or a tourmaline pellet.
  • the size and the number of the holes are set in such a way that the water having high water pressure vigorously collides with a tourmaline powder or a tourmaline pellet inside the cartridge and the tourmaline powder or the tourmaline pellet is stirred in the cartridge by force of the water.
  • a purpose for jetting water to tourmaline for stirring tourmaline is that, by generating friction between tourmaline and water by the stirring, the plus and minus electrodes are dissolved from tourmaline into the water and cleave clusters of water, so that a large quantity of hydronium ions (H 3 O + ) are produced.
  • the plus and minus electrodes are generated when tourmaline is rubbed against each other and, by the contact of the electrodes with water, minus ions are increased in the water. It is noted that when a large quantity of hydronium ions (H 3 O + ) are desired to be produced by cleaving clusters of water, the cartridge may be filled with only tourmaline.
  • tourmaline contains the plus and minus electrodes, when tourmaline is stirred in water, water is dissociated into a hydrogen ion and a hydroxide ion.
  • hydronium ion (H 3 O + ) having a surfactant effect is produced by a hydrogen ion and water.
  • An amount of the hydronium ion produced in the ion generator 114 is much higher than that generated in the ion exchange resin 132 .
  • hydronium ions A part of the produced hydronium ions are combined with water to produce hydroxyl ions (H 3 O 2 ⁇ ) and hydrogen ions.
  • the water passing through the ion exchange resin 132 is allowed to pass through the ion generator 114 to generate a hydronium ion (H 3 O+), a hydroxyl ion (H 3 O 2 ⁇ ), H + , and OH ⁇ . It is noted that chlorine passing through the ion exchange resin 132 and Na produced in the ion exchange resin 132 pass through the ion generator 114 as they are.
  • the water passing through the ion generator 114 is allowed to pass through the inside of the obsidian container 116 storing obsidian having a particle diameter of about 5 mm to 50 mm There is no limitation on a production area of obsidian.
  • This Cl ⁇ and the above Na + are brought into a stable state as an ion.
  • a stable state refers to a state where an ion condition is maintained over a long period of time.
  • the hydroxyl ion is also brought into a stable state as an ion.
  • the soft water generation device 100 of the present embodiment includes the first soft water generator 110 , the second soft water generator 112 , the ion generator 114 , and the obsidian container 116 , however the present invention is not limited thereto and the device may be any of devices capable of removing Ca ions, Mg ions, and Fe ions from raw water.
  • the order of passing water through the ion generator 114 and the obsidian container 116 may be reversed, and the water may be allowed to pass through the obsidian container 116 first, and then pass through the ion generator 114 .
  • a downstream side of the soft water generation device 100 is connected to the surface tension increasing device 140 by connecting the a communication pipe 118 d to an outlet open/close valve 130 a on the discharge pipe 128 a of the soft water generation device 100 .
  • the surface tension increasing device 140 is a device for increasing surface tension of the soft water and also increasing a quantity of atomic hydrogen in the soft water by passing the soft water produced from the raw water in the soft water generation device 100 through a tourmaline powder or a tourmaline pellet, and/or the obsidian container 116 .
  • the surface tension increasing device 140 of the present embodiment is, as shown in FIG. 2 , formed by connecting the obsidian containers 116 in series, however, the device is not limited thereto, and it may be formed by connecting a plurality of the ion generators 114 in series or by connecting the ion generators 114 and the obsidian containers 116 in series.
  • Configurations of the ion generator 114 and/or the obsidian container 116 , constituting the surface tension increasing device 140 are the same as those included in the soft water generation device 100 .
  • a discharge pipe 128 b is installed on an outlet side of the most downstream obsidian container 116 and an outlet open/close valve 130 b is provided on the tip or the way of the discharge pipe 128 b .
  • the open/close valve 130 b is connected to an introduction pipe 21 for supplying the processed water produced in the surface tension increasing device 140 to the processed water tank 20 shown in FIG. 1 .
  • Processed water is produced from raw water by passing the raw water through the soft water generation device 100 and then the surface tension increasing device 140 .
  • the processed water contains large quantities of Na + , Cl ⁇ , H + , OH ⁇ , H 2 , hydronium ions (H 3 O + ), hydroxyl ions (H 3 O 2 ⁇ ), active hydrogen (atomic hydrogen), and dissolved oxygen.
  • soft water produced by passing the raw water through the soft water generation device 100 may be also used as processed water.
  • the process water passing through the soft water generation device 100 and then the surface tension increasing device 140 contains a more quantity of active atomic hydrogen having high energy, and has higher energy, as compared to the one passing through the soft water generation device 100 , but not the surface tension increasing device 140 . That is, the former produces more energy during combustion.
  • raw water (tap water) is softened by the soft water generation device 100
  • the raw water is subjected to repeating a treatment of passing through at least one of tourmaline and obsidian for 30 minutes or more up to several hours using the surface tension increasing device 140 to obtain the processed water of the present embodiment.
  • the processed water thus obtained contains Mg ions, Ca ions, and Fe ions in an amount equal to or less than the detection lower limit of an ion chromatograph method, while concentration of Na ions is increased 3 times or more, preferably 3.5 times or more, than the raw water.
  • surface tension of the processed water is higher than that of the raw water (tap water) and increased to the same level as that of ultrapure water.
  • the processed water treated with the processed water treatment device 10 of the present embodiment does not contain Mg ions, Ca ions, or Fe ions, and has high concentration of Na ions, thus when the processed water is mixed and stirred with an oil, a fatty acid is liberated by hydrolysis of a triglyceride contained in the oil, and reacts with Na ions to produce a fatty acid sodium salt as a surfactant. Therefore, the processed water of the present embodiment can be emulsified by being mixed and stirred with a fuel oil without using an emulsifier.
  • incomplete emulsion obtained by emulsifying the processed water of the present embodiment and the fuel oil can be used as an emulsion fuel.
  • the emulsion fuel of the present embodiment is an emulsifier-free emulsion fuel, which is produced by emulsifying the processed water of the present embodiment and the fuel oil. Since surface tension of the emulsion fuel increases through the surface tension increasing device 140 and the processed water used for producing the emulsion fuel contains atomic hydrogen, the emulsion fuel generates a higher heat quantity in combustion and exhibits better combustion efficiency than the fuel oil used as a raw material.
  • the processed water tank 20 is a tank for storing the processed water produced by the processed water treatment device 10 and includes an introduction pipe 21 for introducing the processed water from the processed water treatment device 10 to the processed water tank 20 , a water supply pipe 22 for supplying the processed water in the processed water tank 20 to a liquid feed part 40 , and a ball tap 23 for keeping a height of the processed water in the processed water tank 20 at a predetermined water level.
  • the ball tap 23 is a known ball tap, having a floating ball fixed to a tip of a support shaft that is attached to a valve on the introduction pipe 21 .
  • the ball tap 23 is configured that the floating ball floating on a liquid surface moves up and down in accompany with an up-and-down movement of the liquid surface, and when a location of the floating ball becomes lower than a predetermined position, the valve on the introduction pipe 21 is opened to supply water into the processed water tank 20 from the introduction pipe 21 .
  • the water supply pipe 22 is provided with an electromagnetic valve 25 operable from an operation panel not illustrated, a flow rate control valve 27 for controlling a flow rate of the processed water from the water supply pipe 22 , and a flow rate sensor 28 .
  • the fuel oil tank 30 is a tank for storing a fuel oil supplied from a crude oil tank 34 and includes an introduction pipe 31 for introducing a fuel oil from the crude oil tank 34 to the fuel oil tank 30 , an oil supply pipe 32 for supplying the fuel oil in the fuel oil tank 30 to the liquid feed part 40 , and a ball tap 33 for keeping a height of the fuel oil in the fuel oil tank 30 at a predetermined liquid level.
  • the configuration of the ball tap 33 is the same as the ball tap 23 , and with the ball taps 23 and 33 , liquid heights of the processed water tank 20 and the fuel oil tank 30 are kept at the same height with each other.
  • the oil supply pipe 32 is provided with a filer 36 for removing dirt and the like in the fuel oil, a flow rate control valve 37 for controlling a flow rate of the fuel oil from the oil supply pipe 32 , and a flow rate sensor 38 .
  • the processed water tank 20 and the fuel oil tank 30 are arranged at a position higher than the diesel engine 70 .
  • the processed water and the fuel oil can be supplied to the diesel engine 70 via the liquid feed part 40 and the emulsion generator 50 only by gravity of the processed water tank 20 and the fuel oil tank 30 , and pressure of a pump 76 originally installed in the diesel engine 70 , thus there is no need of providing a separate pump with the liquid feed part 40 .
  • the liquid feed part 40 is a part for merging the processed water from the water supply pipe 22 and the fuel oil from the oil supply pipe 32 into a single liquid feed pipe 41 and feeding a merged liquid to the emulsion generator 50 .
  • An upstream side of the liquid feed part 40 is connected to the water supply pipe 22 and the oil supply pipe 32 , while a downstream side of the liquid feed part 40 is provided with the liquid feed pipe 41 connected to the emulsion generator 50 , a filter 42 for removing a dirt and the like of a liquid passing through the liquid feed pipe 41 , and a scale 43 displaying scales in units of 1 cm and 1 mm, arranged along the liquid feed pipe 41 .
  • the liquid feed pipe 41 is made of a transparent tube, so that a liquid flowing inside of the pipe can be visually inspected from the outside.
  • the processed water and the fuel oil are separated and flow in a strip pattern where the processed water and the fuel oil are alternately arranged.
  • a mixing ratio of the processed water and the fuel oil can be known by reading lengths of a processed water part and a fuel oil part from the scales displayed on the scale 43 .
  • the mixing ratio may be read by visual inspection for calculation or taken as an image by a digital camera and analyzed by a computer for calculation.
  • the liquid feed pipe 41 is arranged in such a manner that its axial direction becomes horizontal over the whole length.
  • the processed water is heavier in specific gravity than the fuel oil, thus, if the liquid feed pipe 41 has a portion where the axial direction of the liquid feed pipe 41 is tilted with respect to the horizontal direction, the processed water ends up being shifted to a lower side and the fuel oil ends up being shifted to a higher side when supplies of the processed water and the fuel oil to the diesel engine 70 are stopped.
  • the processed water part accumulated in the lower side reaches the diesel engine 70 via the emulsion generator 50 and causes temporal reduction in a ratio of the fuel oil in the emulsion fuel, thus there is a danger of a misfire in the diesel engine 70 .
  • liquid feed pipe 41 when the liquid feed pipe 41 is arranged with its axial direction set horizontal over the whole length, a ratio of the processed water to the fuel oil hardly changes in various parts inside the liquid feed pipe 41 during stopping of the supplies of the processed water and the fuel oil, thus there is no need to do a work such as removing the processed water from the liquid feed pipe 41 before restarting the supplies in order to prevent a misfire in the diesel engine 70 , and workability is improved.
  • the total length of the liquid feed pipe 41 is 50 cm or less, preferably 30 cm or less, and further preferably 20 cm or less.
  • the emulsion generator 50 is a device for jetting a mixture of the processed water and the fuel oil, fed from the liquid feed part 40 , from fine holes to a larger diameter space for emulsification.
  • the emulsion generator 50 is, as shown in FIG. 3 , shaped in an approximately cylindrical lengthy body in which housings 51 , 54 , and 57 are connected in series.
  • the housing 51 is formed in approximately cylinder shape.
  • a cylindrical connection part 51 a for connecting to the liquid feed pipe 41 is formed at an axial end of the housing 51 on an upstream side.
  • a closing part 53 for closing an end part and a pair of fine holes 53 a including through holes obliquely penetrating the closing part 53 with respect to an axial direction are formed at an axial end of the housing 51 on a downstream side.
  • the pair of the fine holes 53 a are adjacently formed in a width direction perpendicular to the axial direction of the housing 51 and also obliquely formed so as to mutually approach to each other toward a downstream side. In this manner, since the pair of the fine holes 53 a are obliquely formed so as to mutually approach to each other toward the downstream side, two flows of liquid proceeding the fine holes 53 a are jetted into a large-diameter space 55 and collide with each other, thus diffusion of the liquid is further promoted.
  • the pair of the fine holes 53 a are formed to be symmetrical to each other with a plane passing through a central axis of the housing 51 as a center.
  • the number of the fine holes 53 a is not limited to a pair and a plurality of three or more, for example four, fine holes may be installed.
  • the housing 54 has the same shape as the housing 51 , except that a connection part 54 a is formed connectably with an outer periphery of the closing part 53 .
  • the housing 57 has the same shape as the housing 54 , except that a return emulsion introduction port 59 as an introduction port for introducing surplus emulsion fuel that is surplus fuel returning from the diesel engine 70 is provided on a side surface of a large-diameter space 58 on a downstream side of the fine holes 53 a and 56 a , and a connection part 58 b connected to a supply pipe 71 for supplying the emulsion fuel to the diesel engine 70 is provided at an axial end part of the housing 57 on a downstream side.
  • a mixture of the processed water and the fuel oil is supplied to the large-diameter space 52 from the connection part 51 a by the pump 76 equipped in the diesel engine 70 and connected to the supply pipe 71 , and jetted into the large-diameter space 55 through the fine holes 53 a .
  • Emulsification is performed by jetting the mixture into the large-diameter space 55 from the fine holes 53 a and diffusing the mixture. Further, when the mixture is jetted into the large-diameter space 58 from the fine holes 56 a , the similar diffusion occurs and emulsification is promoted again.
  • the mixture is merged with surplus emulsion fuel that is returned from a surplus emulsion discharge pipe 72 of the diesel engine 70 through the return emulsion introduction port 59 , and supplied to the diesel engine 70 through the connection part 58 b and the supply pipe 71 .
  • the surplus emulsion fuel returning from the diesel engine 70 is returned to the emulsion generator 50 through the surplus emulsion discharge pipe 72 , however, as shown in FIG. 4 , the surplus emulsion discharge pipe 72 may be connected to a separation tank 80 for separating the surplus emulsion into the processed water and the fuel oil.
  • the separation tank 80 is a tank for storing the surplus emulsion fuel supplied from the surplus emulsion discharge pipe 72 and separating the surplus emulsion into the processed water and the fuel oil by a still-standing treatment.
  • a downstream end part of the surplus emulsion discharge pipe 72 is arranged to be positioned on a liquid surface of the separation tank 80 .
  • An upstream end part of the water supply pipe 82 is connected to a bottom surface of the separation tank 80 in a manner that an opening of the water supply pipe 82 serving as a suction port is positioned near the bottom part of the separation tank 80 .
  • the processed water and the fuel oil are stored in the separation tank 80 , the processed water having greater specific gravity is stored near the bottom surface of the tank to form a water phase W, and the fuel oil having smaller specific gravity is stored near the liquid surface of the tank to form an oil phase O, thus creating a two-phase state where the water phase W and the oil phase O are separated. Consequently, it becomes possible to discharge the processed water stored near the bottom surface of the separation tank 80 from the opening at the upstream end part of the water supply pipe 82 .
  • An upstream part of an oil supply pipe 83 is arranged on an upper part of the separation tank 80 , and a suction port at an upstream end part of the oil supply pipe 83 is, as shown in FIG. 4 , fixed to a float 81 that is made of a known material.
  • An opening serving as the upstream suction port of the oil supply pipe 83 , fixed to the float 81 is positioned inside the oil phase O and makes it possible to discharge the fuel oil stored near the liquid surface of the separation tank 80 .
  • the water supply pipe 82 and the oil supply pipe 83 are each provided with an electromagnetic valve.
  • the processed water and the fuel oil separated in the separation tank 80 are returned to the processed water tank 20 and the fuel oil tank 30 , respectively, however, the separated processed water may be discarded instead of returning to the processed water tank 20 .
  • the emulsion fuel produced in the emulsion generator 50 is made of incomplete emulsion, which is not in a completely emulsified state.
  • the diesel engine 70 is a known diesel engine for a ship and includes a pump 76 for feeding the emulsion fuel supplied from a supply pipe 71 to the diesel engine 70 , a surplus emulsion discharge pipe 72 for discharging surplus emulsion fuel in the diesel engine 70 , an air suction port 73 for introducing the air via a filter 79 from the open air outside an engine compartment not illustrated, where the diesel engine 70 is installed, and an exhaust port 74 for exhausting an exhaust gas.
  • the air suction port 73 is provided with a valve 78 for adjusting an introduction quantity of the air from zero to a desired quantity. Further, an oxygen gas cylinder 60 is connected to the air suction port 73 via an oxygen introduction pipe 61 .
  • the air suction port 73 is configured such that the air introduced into the diesel engine 70 can be mixed with oxygen gas by controlling an electromagnetic valve 62 installed on the oxygen introduction pipe 61 from an operation panel not illustrated on the basis of a measured value of a flow rate measuring instrument 63 installed on the oxygen introduction pipe 61 .
  • the emulsion fuel of the present embodiment is produced by the following emulsion fuel supply method and supplied to the diesel engine 70 .
  • a raw water processing step is performed to prepare processed water from raw water.
  • the emulsion fuel supply method does not need to include the raw water processing step and processed water prepared in advance may be used.
  • pressurized raw water such as tap water is supplied to the processed water treatment device 10 shown in FIG. 2 .
  • the raw water By passing the raw water through the ion exchange resin 132 made of a strongly acidic cation exchange resin and the like in the first soft water generator 110 and the second soft water generator 112 , the raw water is removed of metal ions contained in the raw water, such as Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , and Fe 2+ , and converted into soft water, and, in the same time, Na + , OH ⁇ , and a hydronium ion (H 3 O + ) are produced in the raw water.
  • metal ions contained in the raw water such as Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , and Fe 2+
  • the water passing through the first soft water generator 110 and the second soft water generator 112 is supplied to the ion generator 114 and allowed to pass through a tourmaline powder having an average particle diameter of 5 to 15 ⁇ m or a tourmaline pellet obtained by mixing a tourmaline powder with other ceramic material and then burning a mixture.
  • a tourmaline powder having an average particle diameter of 5 to 15 ⁇ m or a tourmaline pellet obtained by mixing a tourmaline powder with other ceramic material and then burning a mixture.
  • water is charged with an electromagnetic wave having a wave length of 4 to 14 ⁇ m and a cluster of water is cleaved to generate a hydronium ion (H 3 O + ), a hydroxyl ions (H 3 O 2 ⁇ ), H + , and OH ⁇ .
  • the water is allowed to pass through the inside of the obsidian container 116 storing obsidian having a particle diameter of about 5 mm to 50 mm Hydronium ions are further generated, and also hydroxyl ions and hydrogen ions are further generated in the water passing through obsidian as compared with the water passing through the ion generator 114 .
  • Soft water is produced by the above treatment.
  • a circulation time in the ion generator 114 only, in the obsidian container 116 only, or in both the ion generator 114 and the obsidian container 116 is set to be 30 minutes or more.
  • the processed water is supplied to the processed water tank 20 from the introduction pipe 21 .
  • a fuel oil is supplied to the fuel oil tank 30 from the crude oil tank 34 through the introduction pipe 31 .
  • liquid heights of the processed water tank 20 and the fuel oil tank 30 i.e., quantities of the water and the oil, are kept at a predetermined height by the ball taps 23 and 33 , respectively.
  • the liquid heights of the processed water tank 20 and the fuel oil tank 30 are adjusted to have substantially the same heights, specifically the liquid height difference between them is 3 cm or less and preferably 1 cm or less. Having such a configuration makes it possible to feed the processed water and the fuel oil to the liquid feed part 40 at a proper ratio.
  • a ratio of the processed water to the fuel oil fed to the liquid feed pipe 41 varies depending on which is higher between the liquid height of the processed water tank 20 and the liquid height of the fuel oil tank 30 , thus this configuration is not desirable. For example, at a timing at which the liquid height of the processed water tank 20 is higher than that of the fuel oil tank 30 , only the processed water is fed to the liquid feed pipe 41 , and interfacial tension between the processed water and the fuel oil prevents the fuel oil from entering the liquid feed pipe 41 .
  • the pump 76 of the diesel engine 70 is driven while the electromagnetic valve 25 is closed, so that only the fuel oil is fed to the liquid feed pipe 41 from the fuel oil tank 30 by pressure of the pump 76 .
  • the diesel engine 70 When the fuel oil reaches the diesel engine 70 , the diesel engine 70 is ignited to perform combustion of the fuel oil.
  • the electromagnetic valve 25 is opened to mix the processed water with the fuel oil passing through the liquid feed pipe 41 , thereby supplying the fuel oil and the processed water.
  • the liquid feed pipe 41 a phase of the processed water and a phase of the fuel oil are alternately proceeding.
  • a ratio between the processed water and the fuel oil circulating the liquid feed pipe 41 can be calculated by measuring the length of the phase of the processed water and the length of the phase of the fuel oil with the scale 43 .
  • the ratio between the processed water and the fuel oil is adjusted by the flow rate control valves 27 and 37 .
  • the ratio between the processed water and the fuel oil is from 2:8 to 5:5, preferably from 2.5:7.5 to 5:5.
  • the ratio of the processed water exceeds 40%, a misfire easily occurs in the diesel engine 70 , however a misfire rarely occurs even when the ratio of the processed water becomes 35 to 50% if oxygen gas is mixed into the air suction port 73 from an oxygen introduction pipe by opening an electromagnetic valve 62 of the oxygen gas cylinder 60 .
  • a mixture of the processed water and the fuel oil passing through the liquid feed pipe 41 is fed to the emulsion generator 50 by gravity of the processed water tank 20 and the fuel oil tank 30 and pressure of the pump 76 , and jetted into the large-diameter spaces 55 and 58 from the fine holes 53 a and 56 a , whereby the emulsion fuel in which the processed water and the fuel oil are incompletely emulsified is produced.
  • the emulsion fuel When the emulsion fuel reaches the diesel engine 70 , to which only the fuel oil has been supplied, the emulsion fuel replaces the fuel oil and is used for combustion in the diesel engine 70 .
  • a frequency of the diesel engine 70 supplied with the emulsion fuel having a ratio of 3:7 between the processed water and the fuel oil is comparable or superior to that of the diesel engine 70 supplied with the 100% fuel oil without being mixed with the processed water.
  • a comparable or more amount of energy can be obtained even when the processed water is dispersed.
  • the ratio between the processed water and the fuel oil fed to the liquid feed pipe 41 is adjusted by controlling the flow rate control valves 27 and 37 , however the present invention is not limited thereto, and the processed water and the fuel oil may be alternately supplied to the liquid feed pipe 41 by controlling the electromagnetic valve 25 installed on the water supply pipe 22 and an electromagnetic valve not illustrated, installed on the oil supply pipe 32 , from an operation panel not illustrated.
  • the electromagnetic valve of the fuel oil, not illustrated is set to open when the electromagnetic valve 25 of the processed water is closed, and conversely, the electromagnetic valve 25 of the processed water is set to open when the electromagnetic valve of the fuel oil, not illustrated, is closed.
  • the ratio of the processed water and the fuel oil fed to the liquid feed pipe 41 is adjusted by controlling a ratio of the number of seconds specified as an opening time of the electromagnetic valve 25 of the processed water and the electromagnetic valve of the fuel oil, not illustrated.
  • the electromagnetic valve not illustrated is installed on the oil supply pipe 32 , and also the operation panel not illustrated for controlling the above electromagnetic valve not illustrated and the electromagnetic valve 25 is installed.
  • the operation panel is provided with a setting screen for setting a supply timing of the electromagnetic valve not illustrated and the electromagnetic valve 25 . Further, the operation panel including a CPU, a storage section, and a timer, is connected to a control device, not illustrated, that is in turn connected to the electromagnetic valve not illustrated and the electromagnetic valve 25 . This configuration makes it possible to control the electromagnetic valve not illustrated and the electromagnetic valve 25 by the CPU based on a control program stored in the storage section.
  • the air suction port 73 when the emulsion fuel is supplied to the diesel engine 70 , the air is supplied from the air suction port 73 .
  • An air quantity in this operation is set within a range of zero in the air quantity, i.e., no air is supplied, to the air quantity, beyond which a misfire is caused to the diesel engine 70 due to incomplete combustion when supplied with a water-free fuel oil (hereinafter, referred to as a “misfiring air quantity as fuel oil being supplied”).
  • the supply quantity of the air is adjusted by controlling a valve not illustrated while viewing an air quantity display, not illustrated, installed on the air suction port 73 .
  • a misfire occurs in the diesel engine 70 if the supply air quantity from the air suction port 73 becomes less than the misfiring air quantity as fuel oil being supplied.
  • the emulsion fuel of the present embodiment is supplied, a misfire does not occur in the diesel engine 70 even if the supply air quantity from the air suction port 73 is less than the misfiring air quantity as fuel oil being supplied. This is because the emulsion fuel of the present embodiment has higher energy than the fuel oil.
  • the emulsion fuel of the present embodiment does not require a supply of the air, oxygen, or the like for operating the diesel engine 70 .
  • a gas supplied from the air suction port 73 may be any of the air, the air mixed with oxygen, and oxygen.
  • the diesel engine 70 is efficiently operated when the supply quantity of the air from the air suction port 73 is set to zero and the supply of the air is cut off. Since the processed water of the present embodiment contains oxygen as well as atomic hydrogen as energy source, supplies of oxygen and the air to the diesel engine 70 become, in principle, unnecessary.
  • n1 sec. and n2 sec. are set to 3 to 4 seconds and 1 to 2 seconds, respectively.
  • the electromagnetic valve on the oil supply pipe 32 is closed, the electromagnetic valve 25 is opened, and then the timer is reset to zero.
  • the electromagnetic valve 25 on the water supply pipe 22 is closed and the electromagnetic valve on the oil supply pipe 32 is opened.
  • the processed water and the fuel oil are alternately fed to the liquid feed pipe 41 from the water supply pipe 22 and the oil supply pipe 32 for the seconds set on the setting screen, and then the emulsion fuel in which the processed water and the fuel oil are dispersed at a desired ratio is passed through the emulsion generator 50 and lightly emulsified by stirring. Thereby the emulsion fuel can be ready to be supplied to the diesel engine 70 .
  • the processed water tank 20 for storing the processed water and the fuel oil tank 30 for storing the fuel oil are provided separately and independently.
  • the processed water and the fuel oil may be stored in a single water/oil tank 20 ′.
  • FIG. 5 shows an emulsion fuel supply device 1 ′ according to a modified example, including the single water/oil tank 20 ′ for storing the processed water and the fuel oil.
  • the emulsion fuel supply device 1 ′ of the present example has the same configuration with the emulsion fuel supply device 1 shown in FIG. 1 , except that: the water/oil tank 20 ′ is provided in place of the processed water tank 20 and the fuel oil tank 30 shown in FIG. 1 ; the ball taps 23 and 33 for adjusting liquid quantities are not provided at the tips of the introduction pipes 21 and 31 from the processed water treatment device 10 and the crude oil tank 34 shown in FIG.
  • an upstream tip of an oil supply pipe 32 ′ for supplying the fuel oil to an liquid feed pipe 41 ′ is attached to a float 33 ′; and the surplus emulsion discharge pipe 72 is branched into a discharge pipe 72 a connected to the return emulsion introduction port 59 and a discharge pipe 72 b connected the water/oil tank 20 ′.
  • the water/oil tank 20 ′ is a tank for storing the processed water supplied from the processed water treatment device 10 via the introduction pipe 21 and the fuel oil supplied from the crude oil tank 34 via the introduction pipe 31 .
  • the tank has a mixer-less structure having no stirring device for stirring a mixture of the processed water and the fuel oil.
  • the emulsion generator 50 located downstream of the tank is equipped with capability to emulsify the processed water and the fuel oil that are completely separated from each other, thus it is not necessary to install a stirring device in the water/oil tank 20 ′.
  • the water/oil tank 20 ′ being a mixer-less tank can simplify a configuration of the device.
  • the processed water and the fuel oil are supplied by opening valves 21 a and 31 a by an operator.
  • An upstream end part of a water supply pipe 22 ′ is connected on a bottom surface of the water/oil tank 20 ′ in such a way that an opening of the pipe as a suction port is positioned near the bottom part of the water/oil tank 20 ′.
  • the processed water and the fuel oil are stored in the water/oil tank 20 ′
  • the processed water having greater specific gravity is stored near the bottom surface of the tank to form a water phase W
  • the fuel oil having smaller specific gravity is stored near the liquid surface of the tank to form an oil phase O, thus creating a two-phase state where the water phase W and the oil phase O are separated. Consequently, it becomes possible to discharge the processed water stored near the bottom surface of the water/oil tank 20 ′ from the opening of the upstream end part of the water supply pipe 22 ′.
  • An upstream part of an oil supply pipe 32 ′ is arranged on an upper part of the water/oil tank 20 ′, and a suction port at the upstream end part of the oil supply pipe 32 ′ is, as shown in FIG. 5 , fixed to a float 33 ′ that is made of a known material.
  • An opening serving as the upstream suction port of the oil supply pipe 32 ′, fixed to the float 33 ′, is positioned inside the oil phase O, and makes it possible to discharge the fuel oil stored near the liquid surface of the water/oil tank 20 ′.
  • the water supply pipe 22 ′ and the oil supply pipe 32 ′ are provided with electromagnetic valves 25 ′ and 35 ′, respectively, and the electromagnetic valves 25 ′ and 35 ′ are connected to an operation panel not illustrated, configured such that alternate supplies of the processed water and the fuel oil can be controlled from the operation panel.
  • the electromagnetic valve 35 ′ of the fuel oil is set to open when the electromagnetic valve 25 ′ of the processed water is closed, and conversely, the electromagnetic valve 25 ′ of the processed water is set to open when the electromagnetic valve 35 ′ of the fuel oil is closed.
  • a ratio of a processed water quantity and a fuel oil quantity fed to the liquid feed pipe 41 ′ is adjusted by controlling a ratio of the number of seconds specified as an opening time of the electromagnetic valve 25 ′ of the processed water and the electromagnetic valve 35 ′ of the fuel oil.
  • the surplus emulsion discharge pipe 72 is branched into the discharge pipe 72 a connected to the return emulsion introduction port 59 and a discharge pipe 72 b connected to the water/oil tank 20 ′, thus whether the surplus emulsion fuel from the diesel engine 70 is returned to the emulsion generator 50 or the water/oil tank 20 ′ is switchable by a valve.
  • the surplus emulsion fuel returned to the water/oil tank 20 ′ is, as in the case of being returned to the separation tank 80 shown in FIG. 5 , separated into the processed water and the fuel oil by a still-standing treatment in the water/oil tank 20 ′.
  • the separated processed water and fuel oil are mixed, respectively, with the processed water supplied from the processed water treatment device 10 and the fuel oil supplied from the crude oil tank 34 , incompletely emulsified in the emulsion generator 50 again, and then supplied to the diesel engine 70 .
  • Tap water was supplied to and passed through the soft water generation device 100 shown in FIG. 2 , and then passed through the ion generator 114 and the obsidian container 116 for 30 minutes for each to obtain processed water of Example 1.
  • Example 1 The processed water of Example 1, tap water, distilled water, and ultrapure water were each put in a beaker, and 2.7 wt. %, 3 wt. %, and 5 wt. % of heavy oil A were separately added to the each beaker. After stirred with a stirrer, emulsion was prepared from each mixture. Emulsification condition in each sample was observed immediately after preparation, after three hours, after one day, and after three days.
  • Tap water was supplied to and passed through the soft water generation device 100 shown in FIG. 2 , and then circulated in the ion generator 114 for 30 minutes, 1 hour, and 3 hours to obtain processed water of Examples 2 to 4.
  • Tap water was supplied to and passed through the soft water generation device 100 shown in FIG. 1 , and then circulated in the obsidian container 116 for 30 minutes, 1 hour, 3 hours, 4 hours, and 5 hours to obtain processed water of Examples 5 to 9.
  • the processed water of Examples 2 to 9 and ultrapure water were measured for surface tension under a sample temperature condition of 26.0° C. at the time of measurement.
  • FIG. 7 A result is shown in FIG. 7 . From the result of FIG. 7 , the processed water of Examples 2 to 4, circulated in the ion generator 114 for 30 minutes, 1 hour, and 3 hours, and the processed water of Examples 5, 6, and 8, circulated in the obsidian container 116 for 30 minutes, 1 hour, and 4 hours, showed the same level of surface tension as ultrapure water.
  • Tap water was supplied to and passed through the soft water generation device 100 shown in FIG. 2 , and then passed through the obsidian container 116 for 5 hours to obtain processed water of Example 10.
  • tap water was supplied to and passed through the soft water generation device 100 shown in FIG. 1 , and then passed through both the ion generator 114 and the obsidian container 116 to obtain processed water of Example 11.
  • the processed water of Examples 10 and 11, ultrapure water, raw water (tap water) used for preparing Examples 10 and 11, and surfactant-added tap water in which a surfactant was added to the raw water (tap water) were measured for surface tension at a sample temperature of 26.0° C. at the time of measurement.
  • FIG. 8 A result was shown in FIG. 8 . From the result of FIG. 8 , the processed water of Examples 10 and 11 showed a value of surface tension higher than the raw water, but lower than the ultrapure water. The surfactant-added tap water showed a value of surface tension significantly lower than other samples. The processed water of Examples 10 and 11 showed a value of surface tension similar to the ultrapure water and the raw water, but significantly higher than the surfactant-added tap water.
  • Heavy oil A was added to the processed water of Example 1 prepared in Test Example 1, ultrapure water, ion exchange water passing through an anion exchange resin, and distilled water, and each mixture was stirred to obtain emulsion of each sample. Zeta potential of these emulsion samples was measured by using a zeta potential measuring device.
  • zeta potential of the processed water was 33 mV expressed by an absolute value, and there was no significant difference from others, however a particle surface charge of the processed water was negative, while a particle surface charge of the other samples was positive. This demonstrated that negative ions existed in the processed water.
  • the processed water of Example 1 prepared in Test Example 1 and raw water (tap water) of the processed water were subjected to an ion chromatograph method for analyzing anion and an ion chromatograph method for analyzing cation by using an ion chromatograph.
  • FIG. 9 A measurement result is shown in FIG. 9 .
  • an upper part in each graph shows a measurement result of the processed water, while a lower part shows a measurement result of the raw water.
  • Tap water was supplied to and passed through the soft water generation device 100 shown in FIG. 1 , and then passed through the ion generator 114 and the obsidian container 116 sequentially for 5 minutes for each to obtain processed water of Comparative Example 1, or sequentially for 15 minutes for each to obtain processed water of Example 12.
  • the processed water of Example 12 had a measurement value of 127.0, and a quantity of the salad oil dissolved in the water is 20.06 mMol, showing that 2.5 times more salad oil was dissolved as compared to the tap water.
  • the processed water of Comparative Example 1 had a measurement value of 74.9, and a quantity of the salad oil dissolved in the water is 11.83 mMol, showing that 1.5 times more salad oil was dissolved as compared to the tap water.
  • pH, dissolved oxygen quantity, Na ion concentration, and oxidation-reduction potential were measured with the following samples: the processed water of Example 1 in which tap water (city water supply in Ueda city, Japan) was supplied to and passed through the soft water generation device 100 shown in FIG. 2 , and then circulated in the ion generator 114 and in the obsidian container 116 for 30 minutes for each; the processed water of Example 2 in which tap water (city water supply in Ueda city) was supplied to and passed through the soft water generation device 100 shown in FIG.
  • Example 5 in which tap water (city water supply in Ueda city) was supplied to and passed through the soft water generation device 100 shown in FIG. 1 , and then circulated in the obsidian container 116 for 30 minutes
  • processed water of Comparative Example 2 in which tap water (city water supply in Ueda city) was supplied to and passed through the soft water generation device 100 shown in FIG. 2
  • tap water (city water supply in Ueda city) of Comparative Example 3 as raw water of the processed water of Examples 1, 2, and 5, and Comparative Example 2.
  • a saturation dissolved oxygen quantity of pure water is 10.2 mg/L under a condition of 1 atom and 13° C., 9.98 mg/L under a condition of 1 atom and 14° C., 8.38 mg/L under a condition of 1 atom and 23° C., and 8.25 mg/L under a condition of 1 atom and 24° C.
  • dissolved oxygen quantities in Comparative Examples 2 and 3 showed slightly lower values than the saturation dissolved oxygen quantity of pure water.
  • dissolved oxygen quantities in all of Examples 1, 2 and 5 showed higher values than the saturation dissolved oxygen quantity of pure water, demonstrating that the processed water of the present invention dissolved more oxygen than the saturation dissolved oxygen quantity of pure water.
  • the processed water applied to Examples of the present invention was more easily emulsified than distilled water and ultrapure water and showed a zeta-potential value with a negative sign. Further, Mg ions and Ca ions were not contained, while Na ions were increased.
  • the processed water applied to Examples of the present invention had surface tension close to that of ultrapure water.
  • the processed water had a special property, namely that, when mixed with oil without adding a surfactant separately, the processed water exhibited an ability of being emulsified with the oil by synthesizing a surfactant by itself.
  • Dissolved oxygen can be a factor for improving combustion efficiency of the emulsion fuel prepared by emulsifying with the fuel oil.
  • the emulsion fuel according to the Example of the present invention was measured for a heat generation quantity.
  • Example 1 The processed water of Example 1 obtained in Test Example 1 and heavy oil A were mixed in a beaker of 300 ml at a predetermined ratio (mass ratio) and stirred at 200 to 400 rpm with a propeller-type stirrer. A sample obtained by stirring was enclosed in a capsule and ignited in a sealed container filled with the air to measure a heat generation quantity. Measurements were performed seven times in each sample.
  • an increase rate C of a heat generation quantity caused by processed water was calculated by the following formula.
  • an average increase rate was 0.071 when a mass ratio of the processed water in the emulsion was 30%, an average increase rate was 0.126 when 40%, an average increase rate was 0.237 when 50%, and an average increase rate was 0.275 when 60%, thus a heat generation quantity was improved by 20% or more by mixing the processed water into the emulsion by 50% or more for emulsification.
  • the emulsion fuel was supplied to a compact generator and a diesel generator, and operation tests of the compact generator and the diesel generator were performed.
  • a power generating time of the compact generator (load: two blowers: 4.3 A) with 40 ml of gasoline was 188 seconds
  • a power generating time of the compact generator (load: two blowers: 4.3 A) with the emulsion fuel of the present invention in which 2 ml of the processed water was added to 40 ml of gasoline was 266 seconds (extended by 41%).
  • a power generating time of the diesel generator (load: seven projectors: 30 A) with 100 ml of heavy oil A was 129 seconds
  • a power generating time of the diesel generator (load: seven projectors: 30 A) with the emulsion fuel of the present invention in which 40 ml of the processed water was added to 100 ml of heavy oil A was 234 seconds (extended by 81%).

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
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  • Feeding And Controlling Fuel (AREA)
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CN108049986A (zh) * 2017-09-07 2018-05-18 同济大学 一种废热回收高温油水混合喷射的柴油机结构
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