US20170150107A1 - Optimizing drive schemes for multiple projector systems - Google Patents

Optimizing drive schemes for multiple projector systems Download PDF

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Publication number
US20170150107A1
US20170150107A1 US15/312,165 US201515312165A US2017150107A1 US 20170150107 A1 US20170150107 A1 US 20170150107A1 US 201515312165 A US201515312165 A US 201515312165A US 2017150107 A1 US2017150107 A1 US 2017150107A1
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light
image
boost
modulated
projector
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Eric Kozak
Gerwin Damberg
Anders Ballestad
Raveen Kumaran
James Gregson
Johannes MINOR
Gil Rosenfeld
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MTT Innovation Inc
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MTT Innovation Inc
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Assigned to MTT INNOVATION INCORPORATED reassignment MTT INNOVATION INCORPORATED ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: BALLESTAD, ANDERS, DAMBERG, GERWIN, GREGSON, JAMES, KOZAK, ERIC, KUMARAN, RAVEEN, MINOR, Johannes
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N9/00—Details of colour television systems
    • H04N9/12—Picture reproducers
    • H04N9/31—Projection devices for colour picture display, e.g. using electronic spatial light modulators [ESLM]
    • H04N9/3141—Constructional details thereof
    • H04N9/3147—Multi-projection systems
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
    • G02B27/48—Laser speckle optics
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03B—APPARATUS OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR TAKING PHOTOGRAPHS OR FOR PROJECTING OR VIEWING THEM; APPARATUS OR ARRANGEMENTS EMPLOYING ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ACCESSORIES THEREFOR
    • G03B21/00—Projectors or projection-type viewers; Accessories therefor
    • G03B21/14—Details
    • G03B21/26—Projecting separately subsidiary matter simultaneously with main image
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03B—APPARATUS OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR TAKING PHOTOGRAPHS OR FOR PROJECTING OR VIEWING THEM; APPARATUS OR ARRANGEMENTS EMPLOYING ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ACCESSORIES THEREFOR
    • G03B35/00—Stereoscopic photography
    • G03B35/18—Stereoscopic photography by simultaneous viewing
    • G03B35/20—Stereoscopic photography by simultaneous viewing using two or more projectors
    • H04N13/0459—
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N13/00—Stereoscopic video systems; Multi-view video systems; Details thereof
    • H04N13/30—Image reproducers
    • H04N13/332—Displays for viewing with the aid of special glasses or head-mounted displays [HMD]
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N13/00—Stereoscopic video systems; Multi-view video systems; Details thereof
    • H04N13/30—Image reproducers
    • H04N13/363—Image reproducers using image projection screens
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N9/00—Details of colour television systems
    • H04N9/12—Picture reproducers
    • H04N9/31—Projection devices for colour picture display, e.g. using electronic spatial light modulators [ESLM]
    • H04N9/3102—Projection devices for colour picture display, e.g. using electronic spatial light modulators [ESLM] using two-dimensional electronic spatial light modulators
    • H04N9/312—Driving therefor
    • H04N9/3126—Driving therefor for spatial light modulators in series
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N9/00—Details of colour television systems
    • H04N9/12—Picture reproducers
    • H04N9/31—Projection devices for colour picture display, e.g. using electronic spatial light modulators [ESLM]
    • H04N9/3141—Constructional details thereof
    • H04N9/315—Modulator illumination systems
    • H04N9/3155—Modulator illumination systems for controlling the light source
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N9/00—Details of colour television systems
    • H04N9/12—Picture reproducers
    • H04N9/31—Projection devices for colour picture display, e.g. using electronic spatial light modulators [ESLM]
    • H04N9/3141—Constructional details thereof
    • H04N9/315—Modulator illumination systems
    • H04N9/3161—Modulator illumination systems using laser light sources
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N9/00—Details of colour television systems
    • H04N9/12—Picture reproducers
    • H04N9/31—Projection devices for colour picture display, e.g. using electronic spatial light modulators [ESLM]
    • H04N9/3141—Constructional details thereof
    • H04N9/315—Modulator illumination systems
    • H04N9/3164—Modulator illumination systems using multiple light sources
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N9/00—Details of colour television systems
    • H04N9/12—Picture reproducers
    • H04N9/31—Projection devices for colour picture display, e.g. using electronic spatial light modulators [ESLM]
    • H04N9/3179—Video signal processing therefor
    • H04N9/3182—Colour adjustment, e.g. white balance, shading or gamut
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N9/00—Details of colour television systems
    • H04N9/12—Picture reproducers
    • H04N9/31—Projection devices for colour picture display, e.g. using electronic spatial light modulators [ESLM]
    • H04N9/3179—Video signal processing therefor
    • H04N9/3188—Scale or resolution adjustment
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N9/00—Details of colour television systems
    • H04N9/12—Picture reproducers
    • H04N9/31—Projection devices for colour picture display, e.g. using electronic spatial light modulators [ESLM]
    • H04N9/3191—Testing thereof
    • H04N9/3194—Testing thereof including sensor feedback
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03B—APPARATUS OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR TAKING PHOTOGRAPHS OR FOR PROJECTING OR VIEWING THEM; APPARATUS OR ARRANGEMENTS EMPLOYING ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ACCESSORIES THEREFOR
    • G03B21/00—Projectors or projection-type viewers; Accessories therefor
    • G03B21/005—Projectors using an electronic spatial light modulator but not peculiar thereto
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03B—APPARATUS OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR TAKING PHOTOGRAPHS OR FOR PROJECTING OR VIEWING THEM; APPARATUS OR ARRANGEMENTS EMPLOYING ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ACCESSORIES THEREFOR
    • G03B2206/00—Systems for exchange of information between different pieces of apparatus, e.g. for exchanging trimming information, for photo finishing

Definitions

  • This invention relates to image projectors and methods for projecting images.
  • the invention has application, for example, in cinema projection, projection television, advertising displays, general illumination such as spatially adaptive automotive headlights and the like.
  • Many light projectors have a light source that uniformly illuminates an image formation chip, such as a DMD, LCoS, LCD or reflective LCD (or film) that subtractively modulates the incoming light in order to create a target image.
  • an image formation chip such as a DMD, LCoS, LCD or reflective LCD (or film) that subtractively modulates the incoming light in order to create a target image.
  • Such projectors typically 1) cannot exceed a peak luminance set by the optical power of the light source, the projected image size, and the reflectivity of the image screen, and 2) have a dynamic range or contrast that is limited by the image formation device, for example film, or digital devices like LCD, LCOs or DMD imaging chips.
  • Light projectors vary in their capability to produce target images with specified luminance and chromaticity values.
  • the range of capabilities stem from technological limitations related to maximum peak luminance (optical output of the light source) to lowest black-level and hence contrast (contrast of the included image formation technology), to chromatic purity and colour gamut (governed either by the filters applied to a broadband source or to the wavelength of, for example, a laser light source), as well as uniformity and noise specifications.
  • Some projectors can produce light output with limited contrast, for example reaching a peak luminance of 100 cd/m 2 and a black level of 1 cd/m 2 , and hence a contrast of 100:1.
  • the contrast or dynamic range of a projector can be dynamically adjusted by inserting an iris or aperture in the light path, whose light blocking may be driven in response to image content.
  • the type of and requirements of image or video content to be reproduced on a projector can vary significantly in time over the course of a presentation of image or video content.
  • the presentation could, for example, comprise presentation of a movie in a cinema, a live performance that uses projectors, or projection of light by adaptive (image-) projector headlights while driving in different conditions in a vehicle.
  • a movie might begin with a dark, high contrast, black and white scene, and later contain bright and low contrast scenes with pure colors.
  • an adaptive car headlight might be required to project a uniform, and low contrast light field on an empty road outside the city, but within the city be required to produce a very high contrast, bright image to highlight stop signs, avoid illuminating upcoming cars (casting a shadow in that region) or signaling information on the road.
  • High brightness, high dynamic range projectors are often more expensive than standard lower dynamic range projectors for similar average light (power) outputs.
  • One reason for this is that achieving better black levels often requires more elements within the system (for example dual modulation designs that use cascaded, light attenuating elements).
  • Another reason is that achieving higher peak luminance on the same screen requires more light-source power in the projector.
  • This invention has a number of aspects.
  • One aspect provides a projector system that combines a plurality of projectors.
  • the projectors may have performance characteristics different from one another.
  • the projectors may be separate devices or share certain components, such as control electronic or certain optical elements.
  • Another aspect provides control hardware devices useful for coordinating the operation of two or more projectors to display an image.
  • Another aspect provides a method for splitting an incoming image signal into separate images.
  • Each device has a set of operating specifications (which may include, for example, specifications such as peak luminance, resolution, black level, contrast, chromatic extent or gamut).
  • specifications which may include, for example, specifications such as peak luminance, resolution, black level, contrast, chromatic extent or gamut.
  • defined mathematical functions provide image quality and cost metrics in a mathematical framework that permits optimization to achieve goals such as improved image quality or lower cost. The results of the optimization yield separate image data for each image generating device.
  • This concept can be applied to projectors, where two or more systems with similar or different capabilities produce a combined image in accordance with image data.
  • a low dynamic range projector is present in an installation or a high dynamic range projector of suitable maximum output power cannot be found, it may be desirable to combine two or more projectors with similar or different capabilities in order to create a single image with high peak luminance and low black levels.
  • An example of such an arrangement comprises a low dynamic range projector and a high dynamic range projector to create a single image with high peak luminance and low black levels.
  • FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing a projection system according to an example embodiment.
  • FIG. 2A is an example image.
  • FIG. 2B and FIG. 2C are respectively images projected by an LDR projector and an HDR projector that may be combined to reproduce the image of FIG. 2A .
  • FIG. 3A is another example image.
  • FIG. 3B and FIG. 3C are respectively images projected by an LDR projector and an HDR projector that may be combined to reproduce the image of FIG. 3A .
  • FIG. 4A is another example image.
  • FIG. 4B and FIG. 4C are respectively images projected by an LDR projector and an HDR projector that may be combined to reproduce the image of FIG. 4A .
  • FIG. 5A is another example image.
  • FIG. 5B and FIG. 5C are respectively images projected by an LDR projector and an HDR projector that may be combined to reproduce the image of FIG. 5A .
  • FIG. 6A is another example image.
  • FIG. 6B and FIG. 6C are respectively images projected by an LDR projector and an HDR projector that may be combined to reproduce the image of FIG. 6A .
  • FIG. 7 is a schematic illustration of an abstract conception of a display.
  • FIG. 8 illustrates two displays acting serially.
  • FIG. 9 illustrates two displays acting in parallel.
  • FIG. 10 is a block diagram illustrating an example compound display.
  • FIG. 11 is a block diagram illustrating a system in which display parameter optimization is performed to determine the parameters and illumination to be used to reproduce an input target image using a display.
  • FIG. 12 is a flowchart illustrating the combination of images from first and second projectors to yield an output image.
  • FIG. 13 is a flowchart illustrating a method for determining what image will be shown by each of a plurality of projectors to yield a target image.
  • FIG. 14 is block diagram illustrating a projection system with a independent main and auxiliary light source (“boost light source”) as well as two imaging elements that can steer or attenuate light onto a screen.
  • boost light source independent main and auxiliary light source
  • FIG. 15 is a flow chart illustrating how to control the light sources of a projection system with a main and an auxiliary (boost) light source.
  • FIG. 16 illustrates example image data with different image characteristics and the corresponding intensity settings (control signals) for an auxiliary (boost) light source.
  • FIG. 1 schematically illustrates a projector system comprising a plurality of projectors.
  • all of the plurality of projectors contribute light to the same viewing area (e.g. boundaries of the fields of view of the projectors may be the same).
  • Each of the plurality of projectors may deliver light to any part of the viewing area. Viewers perceive the combined output of the projectors.
  • each of the projectors projects onto the full display area of the viewing screen.
  • the image ( FIG. 2A ) has a high black level. Darker details are surrounded closely by white features. In this example case the desired brightness of the image exceeds the capability of the LDR projector.
  • the LDR projector may be controlled to output as much light as it can (see FIG. 2B ) and the HDR projector may be controlled to supplement some of the brighter features to simply increase the overall brightness of the image as shown in FIG. 2C .
  • This image does not have very high dynamic range.
  • the LDR projector is sufficiently bright to produce the image at the desired level. In this case the LDR projector may simply show the input image “as is” ( FIG. 3B ) and the HDR projector may output nothing or be off ( FIG. 3C ).
  • This image ( FIG. 4A ) shows some detail in the darker areas so the image does not have a very low black level. Brighter parts of the image exceed the brightness capability of the LDR projector.
  • the LDR projector may display an image as shown in FIG. 4B and the HDR projector may display an image as shown in FIG. 4C .
  • FIG. 5A This image ( FIG. 5A ) has very low back levels with complete absence of detail in the darks. Due to the high expected brightness of the candle flame, the LDR projector may be turned off altogether, or dimmed down by the use of an iris ( FIG. 5B ), and the HDR projector may produce the entire image ( FIG. 5C ).
  • FIG. 6A shows the peak brightness of the image.
  • the LDR projector would need an Iris over the lens (detailed below) to get the black levels down sufficiently. In this case the peak brightness through the partially closed Iris would be sufficient to display the image so the HDR projector would not be needed.
  • FIG. 6B shows the image output by the LDR projector with an iris partially closed.
  • FIG. 6C shows the (black/null) output of the HDR projector.
  • Low dynamic range projectors often produce a dark grey image when attempting to show black due to limitations of light-modulator technology.
  • the brightest areas have luminances lower than the peak luminance of the projector.
  • better contrast can be achieved by dimming the light source.
  • the amount of detail in dark areas of a target image can be determined to be of higher perceptual importance to the viewer.
  • bright content may be sacrificed by dimming the projector to regain deeper black levels.
  • Most low dynamic range projectors are lamp based and cannot easily be dimmed or turned on and off (to create pure black) on a per scene basis due to warm-up issues.
  • an iris can be placed in the optical path (e.g. over the lens). The iris may then be made smaller to improve the black level of the projected image. Also note that the iris is not binary; an iris may be opened to a size dictated by the desired image black level. It is assumed that the iris can change size with sufficient speed as to not create a noticeable lag when changing scenes.
  • the iris function may also be implemented by some other electrical or mechanical means such as an LCD plate (electrically dimmable) or a high speed shutter rapidly closing and opening.
  • the LDR projector has a solid state light source that has a light output that can be controlled, an iris may not be needed.
  • the light source may be dimmed in an amount such that its light output is equivalent to the light that would have been available through a constricted iris.
  • a high dynamic range projector may optionally include a globally dimmable solid state light source and/or an iris.
  • the HDR projector may be used to correct for the non-uniformity of the light field.
  • P e.g. pixel values
  • S source illumination
  • Displays in a network can be connected either in series to form a single optical path, or in parallel to combine multiple optical paths, or in a combination of serial and parallel designs.
  • FIG. 8 An example of a serial connection for two displays is shown in FIG. 8 for a system comprising two amplitude modulators connected in series. Such an arrangement is used in some Extended Dynamic Range (EDR) projectors which compensate for limited contrast ratios of individual amplitude modulators by cascading the modulators. The output contrast is consequently the product of the contrast ratios of the two modulators.
  • EDR Extended Dynamic Range
  • FIG. 9 An example of a parallel arrangement is found in projector super-resolution applications, in which the output images from multiple projectors are overlapped with a slight deregistration in order to generate higher spatial frequency features than are present in an image from a single projector. This arrangement is shown in FIG. 9 .
  • the optical paths of two amplitude modulating projectors are combined (by the projection screen) to produce an output image.
  • the output image can be determined mathematically by either addition or composition of images generated by the component displays. Taking two displays with functions F 1 and F 2 taking parameters P 1 and P 2 respectively, a parallel configuration results in the following expression for the output image:
  • Compound displays can consequently be represented as specific types of abstract displays, which can in turn be arranged into networks and/or grouped to form higher level compound displays.
  • component display image formation models, Fi are known a mathematical image formation model of the overall display system can be expressed via combinations of the serial and parallel formulas. Such an image formation model may be applied to optimize the operation of a display system.
  • a display system as an abstract (possibly compound) display that takes parameters, P, and source illumination, S, to produce an output image can allow the parameters to be jointly optimized.
  • Such a system is depicted in FIG. 11 , in which display parameter optimization is performed to determine the parameters, P, and illumination, S, required to reproduce an input target image, T, for an abstract (possibly compound) display.
  • the simulated (or measured) output of this display is then fed back through the system to several modules: an image fidelity model, a system constraint model and a quality heuristics model.
  • a camera located to acquire images showing the output of the display may also be incorporated into the feedback loop.
  • optimization is performed using a cost function that includes differences between images acquired by the camera and the desired output of the display system (a target image).
  • Each of the models attempts to correct for deviations of the output image or parameter selection from desirable properties.
  • One common model is image fidelity: it is desirable that the image produced by the system closely approximate the target image, T, or a modified version of the target image, perhaps one where perceptual factors are taken into account. Errors between the output image and target image are used by the model to compute parameter adjustments. Optimization may proceed until either convergence of the parameters is achieved or a time budget is exhausted.
  • the system constraints model ensures that the parameter selection result in physically realizable (and desirable configurations). Such criteria can include requiring that source illumination profiles are within the available power or that parameters for modulators vary between opaque and transmissive, i.e. do not produce light. Desirable configurations may include choosing parameters that have spatial or temporal coherence, that are within a certain range (see e.g. the LCoS linearity discussion earlier), or parameters that minimize power usage and/or maximize component lifetime.
  • Image quality heuristics may be used to compensate for behaviors that are not easily modeled or which are costly to model for the image formation models.
  • Image quality heuristics may include moiré, diffraction, temporal behavior and color fringing, among other artifacts.
  • the heuristics models are intended to help compensate for these using empirical image-quality criteria.
  • Image quality heuristics can also be provided to adjust parameters to optimize for properties of human perception, such as veiling luminance, adaptation levels, mean picture levels, metamerism and variations in sensitivity to chroma/luma errors. Sensitivity to these properties can be exploited in content generation.
  • FIG. 12 shows HDR+LDR projector systems depicted in the above-described abstract display framework.
  • the LDR and HDR projectors may themselves be compound displays.
  • An example embodiment having desirable properties for commercial applications has a relatively high power LDR projector that can achieve a full-screen white suitable for typical average picture levels combined with a lower-power HDR projector that can achieve much higher peak brightness but does not have the power to do so over the entire screen.
  • Such a system can be vastly more efficient and less costly than building a single projector capable of increased full-screen white values due to distributions of luminance in typical images.
  • Some example ways to provide such global dimming use an iris, a controllable shutter, and/or a variable output light source.
  • the iris is a very simple display that modulates the intensity of the LDR projector, which could be replaced, in principle by a source, S 1 , for the LDR projector that can be dynamically modulated.
  • the display parameter optimization searches for LDR parameters P 1 , Iris/drive level parameters P 2 and HDR parameters P 3 causing the output image O to best match the target image T.
  • the output image as modeled by the image formation models is then:
  • the optimization may comprise minimizing the sum of cost functions representing the image fidelity, image quality and system constraints, for example as follows:
  • the image fidelity model is the function, C, which weights errors between the image produced by the system, F(P,S), to produce a scalar indicating how preferable the current set of parameters are.
  • C Common examples for C are the mean squared error (MSE) or the mean absolute error (MAE).
  • the functions Q i represent image quality heuristics/models which also produce scalar values indicating how preferable the current parameters are in terms of unmodeled artifacts, e.g. moiré, color fringing, or diffractions artifacts.
  • the constants ⁇ and ⁇ i control the relative importance given to the various terms (which may be contradictory), providing a way for the content generation to favour one objective over another.
  • the HDR projector is necessary for high luminance regions, it may be desirable, from an image quality perspective, to also make use of the HDR projector in regions below the full-screen white level of the LDR projector. This requires portioning content between the two projectors.
  • One straightforward way of approaching this is to blur or diffuse the mask used by the HDR projector, for example by blurring a dilated binary mask of pixels above the LDR projector full-screen white.
  • a more sophisticated approach could compute approximations of the veiling luminance at each pixel in order to adjust blending parameters dynamically.
  • the blending factors may be dynamically adjusted spatially within a scene to achieve desired local behaviour. For instance, low luminance content adjacent to high-luminance regions may be obscured by veiling luminance of highlights. In this case, neither of the LDR and HDR projectors need to display content for those regions. Alternatively, some scenes may have large bright regions and large dim regions. The adjustments discussed above can then be made, taking into account the scattering behavior of the projectors.
  • the primary colours used in the HDR and LDR projectors differ, perhaps by design, it may be possible to extend the color gamut of the combined system. This can be achieved by mapping the target image to the appropriate color-space and determining what mixture of the two available sets of primaries best represents the target color, for instance choosing as broad a set of primaries as possible to improve metamerism.
  • the process here is similar in principle to that used in extending the dynamic luminance range, as has been discussed throughout this document.
  • HDR and LDR projectors are deregistered, it may be possible to increase the apparent resolution of the combined system to decrease aliasing near edges. This can be achieved by optimizing for a high resolution target image, which will cause the projector contributions between HDR and LDR to automatically adjust in order to best approximate the high spatial frequency features.
  • R is a function modeling scatter from the viewing environment
  • F′ is the image formation model for the system in a non-scattering viewing environment. Parameters for the displays optimized using this image formation model automatically attempt to compensate for the resulting scatter.
  • a similar approach can use actual measurements of scattered light in place of the function R in order to dynamically compensate for light scattering from the viewing environment.
  • the method illustrated in FIG. 13 details one approach to determining what image will be shown by what projector, and how they are computed.
  • the decision boxes depicted in FIG. 13 may incorporate a small amount of temporal hysteresis such that the LDR and HDR projectors will not bounce back and forth about a threshold from image to image.
  • the “Tone Map Image” operation examines the luminance levels (if available) in the incoming image and maps them to the capabilities of the combined LDR and HDR projector. This operation also takes in account the ambient light level when mapping the darker areas of the image, and the maximum overall luminance the observer would be comfortable with.
  • the “Adjust Black Level” operation will increase the black level of the mapped image in cases where the observer will not be able to perceive the lower black level.
  • An example of this would be black text in a white field where veiling luminance would not allow an observer to distinguish a very low black level from a slightly elevated one.
  • a forward model of the projectors may be used (to predict halo from brightness).
  • an iris size (the amount of light attenuated by the iris or by dimming a light source) may be calculated to compensate for the elevated native black level of the LDR projector. Shrinking the iris will also lower the peak brightness available from the LDR projector. The reduced peak brightness may be computed as well.
  • the HDR projector may be used to generate the entire image. Note that as explained in the iris section above, it may be desired to never completely block all light from the LDR projector.
  • threshold banding would be in the small pixel areas surrounding a bright feature. Here both projectors would contribute light and sum together to create the pixels. The size of this area can be calculated from the veiling luminance effect or simply a fixed number of pixels when there is a fairly soft transition between the highlight and the adjacent features (bright spot on a gradient).
  • FIG. 14 schematically shows a projection system with two imaging elements in which an auxiliary booster light source is used when required to reproduce certain high brightness and/or low contrast images.
  • High dynamic range projectors use two or more imaging stages to lower black levels when generating images. Each one of these image stages has a loss associated with it so when creating very bright images there is far more light loss in a multi stage projector as compared with a single stage projector. Light can be added when required before the final imaging stage to boost the efficiency of the system when low black levels are not required.
  • Image forming elements used in the light path of projection systems are non-ideal in nature. When forming an image they allow light to leak through in dark areas and absorb some light in bright areas at the expense of overall contrast. To address this, projector manufacturers have made systems with multiple imaging elements to decrease the amount of light leaking through the system in dark areas. This in turn has required a much brighter light source to compensate for the transmission losses through two (or more) imaging elements in bright areas. These projectors show dramatically lower operational efficiency when showing bright images as compared with single stage projectors.
  • a projection system examines the nature of the image being projected and in the case of a low contrast high brightness image will add a calculated amount of uniform light before the final imaging stage. The added light will then only have to travel through a single imaging stage and thus incur far lower transmission losses. Thus, the operational efficiency of the system when producing bright images will be substantially increased. When producing images that require far less light and higher contrast, little or no light will be added before the last imaging elements to preserve the low black levels expected of a multiple stage system.
  • boost light delivered to the second imaging stage be uniform or even.
  • the booster light is non-uniform.
  • An example application of this is in the case where a first imaging stage provides a light output that includes undesired light patches or other artifacts.
  • the first stage is a light steering stage the first stage may provide static artifacts that are not steerable (for example a global roll-off of intensity towards the edges, or visible patches and stripes from different laser diodes that for one reason or another are not corrected for).
  • the booster light may be structured in such a way that the sum of the booster light and the artifacts is uniform or near uniform illumination. This may be done by providing a non-uniform pattern of booster light inverse to the pattern of artifacts from the first stage.
  • FIG. 14 shows a “main light source” and a “boost light source”.
  • the light output of both light sources may be controlled in an independent fashion.
  • the “main light source” is expected to illuminate the first imaging element in an even, or otherwise defined manner.
  • the “boost light source” is expected to illuminate the last imaging element.
  • the purpose of the first imaging element is to block light or steer light away from darker parts of the image such that the last imaging element will not have to block much light from darker parts of the image being projected, leading to a high contrast image when desired.
  • the first imaging element may, for example, modulate the phase and/or intensity of light from the main light source.
  • the “last imaging element” can be paired such that the boost light source has its own independent light path to the screen. This may be desirable in a very high power system when a single final stage imaging element may not be able to handle the thermal stress or intensity associated with both light paths being summed on its surface.
  • the methods can be implemented separately for each color primary in the system or operated in a color field sequential manner on one or more example implementations.
  • FIG. 15 is a flow chart illustrating an intensity control method for the light sources in such a projection system.
  • Such a method may be implemented in a controller for a display.
  • the method is implemented in an image processing system that provides output image data accompanied by control signals for light sources.
  • the boost light will be active when displaying low contrast imagery or when veiling luminance in the observer's eye or other optical scatter in the system or environment masks surrounding dark areas such that elevating the intensity of those dark areas does not result in noticeable degradation of the displayed image.
  • Image statistics for example a histogram of the luminance distribution within an image, or other methods may be employed to determine the overall contrast requirements of the image.
  • the boost light source may be used whenever possible as it is a more efficient light path than from the main light source and may always be used to provide brightness up to the darkest level present in an image.
  • the main light source may be dimmed to compensate for light being added to the image by the boost light source.
  • FIG. 16 illustrates example images with different characteristics such as peak luminance, mean luminance and black level as well as sensible intensity levels for a auxiliary (boost) light source.
  • Cases A and H show an image that is uniformly white at full intensity.
  • the boost light can drive higher than the lowest level due to veiling luminance effects.
  • Cases P and Q are also affected by veiling luminance and allow some light to come from the boost light.
  • the boost light drives to the lowest brightness level present in the image.
  • the boost light may be provided at a level determined by multiplying the lowest luminance level in the image by a factor. The factor may be based on the contrast capability of the second modulator.
  • the booster light may be provided with a luminance sufficient to achieve 2000 cd/m 2 with a fully open modulator C 2 while allowing the light level to be reduced to 1 cd/m 2 by setting the second modulator to its least light-transmitting state.
  • a dark patch exceeds a threshold size such that it will not be masked by a veiling luminance effect
  • the boost light will be completely turned off and the non-black area of the screen will be illuminated through two image forming elements in series—drastically reducing the amount of light leaking through into the dark areas.
  • E, F, G, R, S, T, and U there is enough dark content that the boost light is powered off to preserve the black levels.
  • boost light and the main light source are distinct from one another.
  • an optical system is provided that can direct some or all light from a main light source directly onto the last imaging element bypassing the first imaging element.
  • a variable beam splitter may be applied to divert some light from a main light source onto the last imaging element.
  • Some embodiments have both a separate boost light source and a provision for diverting light from the main light source onto the last imaging element.
  • an optical element or elements are provided to combine light from the boost light source with light that has been modulated by the first imaging element and to direct the combined light onto the last imaging element.
  • the optical element or elements comprises a prism in some embodiments.
  • the boost light source comprises a plurality of light sources such as a plurality of light-emitting diodes (LEDs).
  • the boost light source is arranged around an outer perimeter of the first imaging element.
  • the boost light source may comprise a ring of LEDs. Suitable reflectors, diffusers, spaces and/or other optical elements may be provided to cause light from the boost light source to be evenly distributed on the last imaging element.
  • FIGS. 2A to 6A show example images in five cases with different characteristics which are discussed above. The following explains by way of example how an auxiliary (booster) light source may be controlled for each of these 5 cases.
  • the projector system used in the following examples may include a high efficient projector with steerable light source (main light source and first imaging element), a secondary imager and a booster stage that illuminates only the secondary imager.
  • the secondary imager may, for example, comprise a reflective or transmissive spatial light modulator such as a LCD panel, LCOS, DMD, reflective LCD, or the like.
  • the boost stage is used to illuminate most of the image.
  • the first, steering and high contrast stage is used to add minimal highlights to the image. Little steering is required.
  • the boost stage is used to illuminate the entire image.
  • the steering stage is not used.
  • the boost stage is full on.
  • the steering stage is also full on providing maximum steering.
  • the boost stage is off.
  • the image is created using the steering stage only.
  • the boost stage in on, but at reduced intensity to preserve some of the black level in the image.
  • the steering stage is off as no highlights are needed.
  • Stereoscopic image pairs comprise an image intended for viewing with the right eye and an image intended for viewing with the left eye.
  • the disparity of the images creates a depth effect. No disparity will render images perceived to be in the plane of the projection screen.
  • a disparity between left and right eye images will render objects to be perceived away from the projection screen plane, either closer to the viewer (audience) or, if inverted further away (perceived to be behind the screen plane).
  • One characteristic of cinematic and other stereoscopic image content is that a pleasant viewing experience is more likely to be achieved if the disparity between left and right eye views is not too great (for example, depicted objects are not perceived as being too close to the viewer).
  • the differences between the left and right eye views in stereoscopic image pairs are therefore typically kept small. Even in image pairs with depicted content that is perceived as being very close to the viewer (or very far away), many image areas in the left and right eye views will typically be the same because in almost all cases only some objects will be rendered as being close or far relative to the viewer.
  • Projection systems are set up to produce different images for the left and right eyes which have different corresponding (to the filter at right and left eye) light properties, for example narrow band primaries different for left and right eye view, or clockwise and counter-clockwise circularly polarized light, or light with orthogonal linear polarization states, or temporal light fields matching the temporal shutter at the eye or the polarization of the polarization switch.
  • light properties for example narrow band primaries different for left and right eye view, or clockwise and counter-clockwise circularly polarized light, or light with orthogonal linear polarization states, or temporal light fields matching the temporal shutter at the eye or the polarization of the polarization switch.
  • one projector in a non-stereoscopic mode with a light source that is compatible with both the left and the right eye filters (for example a broadband light source in the case of a system based on color notch filters, or a randomly polarized system in the case of either the circular or linearly polarized filter system or a permanently ON light source in case of any temporal shutter filtering system).
  • the non-stereoscopic projector will create those parts of an image that are common to both the left and the right eye view.
  • a second projector may then be used to display the parts of the images that differ between the left and right eye views.
  • the second projector projects light having the properties required for the left and the right eye filters (wavelength, or polarization, or temporal image fields).
  • the power requirements for the second projector can be lower as the image regions with disparity between left and right are typically not large relative to all pixels of the image.
  • Light steering may be used to steer light to the display areas corresponding to depicted objects perceived as being out of the plane of the display screen.
  • a low power secondary projector can cost effectively be added to upgrade and enable an existing non-stereoscopic projection system to display stereoscopic images.
  • Embodiments of the invention may be implemented using specifically designed hardware, configurable hardware, programmable data processors configured by the provision of software (which may optionally comprise “firmware”) capable of executing on the data processors, special purpose computers or data processors that are specifically programmed, configured, or constructed to perform one or more steps in a method as explained in detail herein and/or combinations of two or more of these.
  • software which may optionally comprise “firmware”
  • specifically designed hardware are: logic circuits, application-specific integrated circuits (“ASICs”), large scale integrated circuits (“LSIs”), very large scale integrated circuits (“VLSIs”), and the like.
  • programmable hardware examples include one or more programmable logic devices such as programmable array logic (“PALs”), programmable logic arrays (“PLAs”), and field programmable gate arrays (“FPGAs”)).
  • PALs programmable array logic
  • PLAs programmable logic arrays
  • FPGAs field programmable gate arrays
  • programmable data processors are: microprocessors, digital signal processors (“DSPs”), embedded processors, graphics processors, math co-processors, general purpose computers, server computers, cloud computers, mainframe computers, computer workstations, and the like.
  • DSPs digital signal processors
  • embedded processors embedded processors
  • graphics processors graphics processors
  • math co-processors general purpose computers
  • server computers cloud computers
  • mainframe computers mainframe computers
  • computer workstations and the like.
  • one or more data processors in a control circuit for a device may implement methods as described herein by executing software instructions in a program memory accessible to the processors.
  • processes or blocks are presented in a given order, alternative examples may perform routines having steps, or employ systems having blocks, in a different order, and some processes or blocks may be deleted, moved, added, subdivided, combined, and/or modified to provide alternative or subcombinations. Each of these processes or blocks may be implemented in a variety of different ways. Also, while processes or blocks are at times shown as being performed in series, these processes or blocks may instead be performed in parallel, or may be performed at different times.
  • the invention may also be provided in the form of a program product.
  • the program product may comprise any non-transitory medium which carries a set of computer-readable instructions which, when executed by a data processor, cause the data processor to execute a method of the invention.
  • Program products according to the invention may be in any of a wide variety of forms.
  • the program product may comprise, for example, non-transitory media such as magnetic data storage media including floppy diskettes, hard disk drives, optical data storage media including CD ROMs, DVDs, electronic data storage media including ROMs, flash RAM, EPROMs, hardwired or preprogrammed chips (e.g., EEPROM semiconductor chips), nanotechnology memory, or the like.
  • the computer-readable signals on the program product may optionally be compressed or encrypted.
  • the invention may be implemented in software.
  • “software” includes any instructions executed on a processor, and may include (but is not limited to) firmware, resident software, microcode, and the like. Both processing hardware and software may be centralized or distributed (or a combination thereof), in whole or in part, as known to those skilled in the art. For example, software and other modules may be accessible via local memory, via a network, via a browser or other application in a distributed computing context, or via other means suitable for the purposes described above.
  • a component e.g. a software module, processor, assembly, display, iris, device, circuit, etc.
  • reference to that component should be interpreted as including as equivalents of that component any component which performs the function of the described component (i.e., that is functionally equivalent), including components which are not structurally equivalent to the disclosed structure which performs the function in the illustrated exemplary embodiments of the invention.

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