US20170145547A1 - Grain boundary cohesion enhanced sulfide stress cracking (ssc)-resistant steel alloys - Google Patents

Grain boundary cohesion enhanced sulfide stress cracking (ssc)-resistant steel alloys Download PDF

Info

Publication number
US20170145547A1
US20170145547A1 US15/360,655 US201615360655A US2017145547A1 US 20170145547 A1 US20170145547 A1 US 20170145547A1 US 201615360655 A US201615360655 A US 201615360655A US 2017145547 A1 US2017145547 A1 US 2017145547A1
Authority
US
United States
Prior art keywords
alloy
mpa
nickel
vanadium
tungsten
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Abandoned
Application number
US15/360,655
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
James Saal
Gregory B. Olson
Aziz Asphahani
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Questek Innovations LLC
Original Assignee
Questek Innovations LLC
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Questek Innovations LLC filed Critical Questek Innovations LLC
Priority to US15/360,655 priority Critical patent/US20170145547A1/en
Publication of US20170145547A1 publication Critical patent/US20170145547A1/en
Assigned to QUESTEK INNOVATIONS LLC reassignment QUESTEK INNOVATIONS LLC ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: ASPHAHANI, Aziz, OLSON, GREGORY B., SAAL, James
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

Links

Images

Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
    • C22C38/54—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with boron
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
    • C21D1/18—Hardening; Quenching with or without subsequent tempering
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
    • C21D1/18—Hardening; Quenching with or without subsequent tempering
    • C21D1/25—Hardening, combined with annealing between 300 degrees Celsius and 600 degrees Celsius, i.e. heat refining ("Vergüten")
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D6/00—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys
    • C21D6/004—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys containing Cr and Ni
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
    • C22C38/42—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with copper
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
    • C22C38/44—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with molybdenum or tungsten
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
    • C22C38/46—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with vanadium
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
    • C22C38/50—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with titanium or zirconium
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D18/00—Pressure casting; Vacuum casting
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D8/00—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment
    • C21D8/10—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of tubular bodies
    • C21D8/105—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of tubular bodies of ferrous alloys
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
    • C21D9/08—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for tubular bodies or pipes
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16L—PIPES; JOINTS OR FITTINGS FOR PIPES; SUPPORTS FOR PIPES, CABLES OR PROTECTIVE TUBING; MEANS FOR THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16L9/00—Rigid pipes
    • F16L9/02—Rigid pipes of metal

Definitions

  • SSC Sulfide stress cracking
  • IG intergranular
  • HE hydrogen embrittlement
  • SCC IG stress corrosion cracking
  • HSLA high strength low alloy
  • 965-1100 MPa 140-160 ksi
  • HSLA steels suffer from either a low sulfide stress corrosion cracking toughness or yield strength, or both. Accordingly, there exists a need for an HSLA steel that can be economically manufactured and have good sulfide stress corrosion cracking toughness and good yield strength.
  • an alloy comprising, by weight, about 0% to about 8% nickel, about 1% to about 6% tungsten, about 1% to about 4% copper, about 0.1% to about 2% chromium, about 0.01% to about 1% vanadium, about 0.01% to about 0.5% carbon, about 0.01% to about 0.1% titanium, about 0.001% to about 0.01% boron, about 0% to about 1% silicon, and about 0% to about 0.1% calcium, the balance essentially iron and incidental elements and impurities.
  • aspects of the disclosure include processes for producing the alloy, and manufactured articles comprising the alloy.
  • FIG. 1 is an illustration of K1SCC versus yield strength.
  • the points labeled “Lit. HSLA (SSC)” in the lower left are literature values for existing HSLA oil and gas SSC-resistant steels. Note that these points are reported values of KISSC (which correlates to KISCC).
  • the bottom curve is a fit to these points.
  • the points labeled “HyTuf”, “4340”, “300M”, and “AerMet100” are existing high strength alloys, and follow the bottom curve.
  • the points labeled “QT S53”, “QT PH48S” and “QT M54” are existing steels and are significantly higher than the bottom curve, presumably due to the increased grain boundary cohesion.
  • the middle curve is the bottom curve shifted up to cross the “QT S53” values.
  • An exemplary embodiment (QT-SSC alloy) is predicted to achieve a KISSC along the middle curve with a 140-160 ksi (965-1100 MPa) yield strength.
  • the upper curve is the bottom curve shifted up to the KIC values of “QT S53” and “4340” (which are equivalent). Since KISCC/KISSC is a fraction of KIC, the purple curve demonstrates the effect of cohesion on bringing corrosion toughness from about 20% of KIC (the bottom curve) to about 80% of KIC (the middle curve).
  • FIG. 2 is a CALPHAD equilibrium step diagram of phase fraction vs. temperature for an exemplary embodiment (QT-SSC alloy).
  • FIG. 3 is a CALPHAD metastable step diagram of phase fraction vs. temperature for an exemplary embodiment (QT-SSC alloy).
  • FIG. 4 is a plot of hardness vs. aging temperature for QT-SSC steel, one embodiment of the disclosed alloys.
  • HSLA high strength low alloy
  • methods for making the alloys, and manufactured articles comprising the alloys can possess both improved processing and physical properties over existing HSLA steels, such as improved sulfide stress cracking toughness with increased yield strength, making the alloys useful in extreme environments, such as those in oil and gas applications.
  • the disclosed alloys have improved sulfide stress cracking (SSC) toughness, reduced hydrogen embrittlement (HE), improved corrosion resistance, and improved yield strength, relative to existing HSLA steels ( FIG. 1 ). These improved properties may be the result of incorporating comparatively greater amounts of tungsten, nickel, and copper in the alloys, which was discovered, in part, due to the development of predictive models. Additionally, the alloy was designed to implement a variety of strategies, includingin conjunction with improved grain boundary cohesionsurface scale formation, improved hydrogen trapping, slow bulk/grain boundary hydrogen diffusion, and promotion of surface H 2 formation.
  • Intergranular fracture may be a primary SSC mode in high yield strength steels.
  • the occurrence of intergranular fracture may be reduced by improving the grain boundary cohesion with alloying additions.
  • the change in grain boundary cohesion due to alloying ( ⁇ 2 ⁇ in J/m 2 ) is quantified by the Rice-Wang model (Rice, J. R.; Wang, J. S. Materials Science and Engineering, A107 (1989) 23-40):
  • E i pot is the embrittling potency of element i and ⁇ i is the grain boundary composition of element i.
  • ⁇ i is the grain boundary composition of element i.
  • Lower (more negative) values of ⁇ 2 ⁇ indicate a stronger cohesion between grains and a greater resistance to intergranular cracking by SSC.
  • the grain boundary composition is predicted by the McLean Gibbs isotherm (McLean, D. Grain boundaries in metals, London: Oxford University Press; 1957):
  • x i Matrix is the alloy matrix composition (calculated with CALPHAD and internal thermodynamic databases)
  • E GB i is the grain boundary segregation energy for element i
  • R is the gas constant
  • T is absolute temperature.
  • Grain boundary cohesion was accomplished in the disclosed alloys by specific alloying additions that both segregate to the matrix grain boundary (E GB i ⁇ 0) and improve cohesion (E i pot ⁇ 0).
  • Tungsten was found to be a particularly potent cohesion enhancing element, and the tungsten content of the disclosed alloys is unique compared to existing alloys.
  • Boron was also found to be a potent cohesion enhancing element, and a significant amount of boron can be incorporated to be present at the grain boundaries of the disclosed alloys.
  • Scales may be made from oxides, sulfides, or other p-block elements.
  • the addition of copper in the disclosed alloys may provide BCC copper precipitates and copper in the grain boundary, which can strengthen the alloy, alter scale formation, and promote H 2 recombination at the surface.
  • SSC may occur when hydrogen collects at grain boundaries. Therefore, impeding hydrogen diffusion by trapping hydrogen at precipitate interfaces may reduce intergranular SSC. Modification of the alloy chemistry to promote carbide and other precipitate formation with particular morphology (e.g., fine homogenously dispersed globular carbides) may decrease SSC in the alloys. Accordingly, the disclosed alloys may possess a large volume fraction of M 2 C carbide, and heat treatment can ensure a fine, homogeneous carbide dispersion.
  • Hydrogen may diffuse through alloys in sufficient quantity and speed to promote cracking.
  • the disclosed alloy compositions may slow diffusion of hydrogen in the bulk and along grain boundaries.
  • alloy QT-SSC Alloy QT-SSC
  • Table 1 A representative composition of the disclosed alloys (alloy QT-SSC) is summarized in Table 1.
  • Table 1 describes the nominal composition of elements in weight and atomic percentages.
  • matrix and grain boundary compositions are calculated to have the values listed in Table 1 at 500° C. (an example temperature).
  • the alloy is calculated to have a ⁇ 2 ⁇ value of ⁇ 2.64 J/m 2 , an M 2 C phase fraction of 0.0129, and a BCC copper phase fraction of 0.0295.
  • a CALPHAD metastable step diagram of phase fraction vs. temperature ( FIG. 3 ) of the disclosed alloy were generated.
  • QT-SSC has a significantly lower calculated ⁇ 2 ⁇ value compared to prior art alloys, indicating superior predicted SSC resistance.
  • solvus may refer to a line (binary system) or surface (ternary system) on a phase diagram which separates a homogeneous solid solution from a field of several phases which may form by exsolution or incongruent melting.
  • solidus may refer to the temperature below which a mixture is completely solid.
  • liquidus may refer to the temperature above which a material is completely liquid, and the maximum temperature at which crystals can co-exist with the melt in thermodynamic equilibrium.
  • the conjunctive term “or” includes any and all combinations of one or more listed elements associated by the conjunctive term.
  • the phrase “an apparatus comprising A or B” may refer to an apparatus including A where B is not present, an apparatus including B where A is not present, or an apparatus where both A and B are present.
  • the phrases “at least one of A, B, . . . and N” or “at least one of A, B, . . . N, or combinations thereof” are defined in the broadest sense to mean one or more elements selected from the group comprising A, B, . . . and N, that is to say, any combination of one or more of the elements A, B, . . . or N including any one element alone or in combination with one or more of the other elements which may also include, in combination, additional elements not listed.
  • the modifier “about” used in connection with a quantity is inclusive of the stated value and has the meaning dictated by the context (for example, it includes at least the degree of error associated with the measurement of the particular quantity).
  • the modifier “about” should also be considered as disclosing the range defined by the absolute values of the two endpoints.
  • the expression “from about 2 to about 4” also discloses the range “from 2 to 4.”
  • the term “about” may refer to plus or minus 10% of the indicated number.
  • “about 10%” may indicate a range of 9% to 11%, and “about 1” may mean from 0.9-1.1.
  • Other meanings of “about” may be apparent from the context, such as rounding off, so, for example “about 1” may also mean from 0.5 to 1.4.
  • the disclosed alloys may comprise nickel, tungsten, copper, chromium, vanadium, carbon, titanium, boron, silicon, calcium, and iron, along with incidental elements and impurities.
  • the alloys may comprise, by weight, about 0% to about 8% nickel, about 1% to about 6% tungsten, about 1% to about 4% copper, about 0.1% to about 2% chromium, about 0.01% to about 1% vanadium, about 0.01% to about 0.5% carbon, about 0.01% to about 0.1% titanium, about 0.001% to about 0.01% boron, about 0% to about 1% silicon, and about 0% to about 0.1% calcium, the balance essentially iron and incidental elements and impurities. It is understood that the alloys described herein may consist only of the above-mentioned constituents or may consist essentially of such constituents, or in other embodiments, may include additional constituents.
  • the alloys may comprise, by weight, about 0.5% to about 7.5% nickel, about 2% to about 5% tungsten, about 1.5% to about 3.5% copper, about 0.1% to about 1.5% chromium, about 0.01% to about 0.5% vanadium, about 0.01% to about 0.3% carbon, about 0.01% to about 0.075% titanium, about 0.001% to about 0.005% boron, about 0% to about 0.5% silicon, and about 0% to about 0.075% calcium, the balance essentially iron and incidental elements and impurities. It is understood that the alloys described herein may consist only of the above-mentioned constituents or may consist essentially of such constituents, or in other embodiments, may include additional constituents.
  • the alloys may comprise, by weight, about 1% to about 7% nickel, about 2.5% to about 4.5% tungsten, about 2% to about 3% copper, about 0.1% to about 1% chromium, about 0.01% to about 0.2% vanadium, about 0.01% to about 0.2% carbon, about 0.01% to about 0.05% titanium, about 0.001% to about 0.002% boron, about 0% to about 0.2% silicon, and about 0% to about 0.05% calcium, the balance essentially iron and incidental elements and impurities. It is understood that the alloys described herein may consist only of the above-mentioned constituents or may consist essentially of such constituents, or in other embodiments, may include additional constituents.
  • the alloys may comprise, by weight, about 6.3% to about 6.7% nickel, about 3.8% to about 4.2% tungsten, about 2.3% to about 2.7% copper, about 0.3% to about 0.7% chromium, about 0.08% to about 0.12% vanadium, about 0.08% to about 0.12% carbon, about 0.01% to about 0.03% titanium, about 0.0013% to about 0.0017% boron, about 0% to about 0.02% silicon, and about 0% to about 0.02% calcium, the balance essentially iron and incidental elements and impurities. It is understood that the alloys described herein may consist only of the above-mentioned constituents or may consist essentially of such constituents, or in other embodiments, may include additional constituents.
  • the alloys may comprise, by weight, about 0% to about 8% nickel, about 0% to about 7% nickel, about 0% to about 6% nickel, about 0% to about 5% nickel, about 0% to about 4% nickel, about 0% to about 3% nickel, about 0% to about 2% nickel, about 0% to about 1% nickel, about 0% to about 0.5% nickel, about 0.5% to about 8% nickel, about 0.5% to about 7% nickel, about 0.5% to about 6% nickel, about 0.5% to about 5% nickel, about 0.5% to about 4% nickel, about 0.5% to about 3% nickel, about 0.5% to about 2% nickel, about 0.5% to about 1% nickel, about 1% to about 8% nickel, about 1% to about 7% nickel, about 1% to about 6% nickel, about 1% to about 5% nickel, about 1% to about 4% nickel, about 1% to about 3% nickel, about 1% to about 2% nickel, about 2% to about 8% nickel, about 2% to about 7% nickel, about 2% to about 8% nickel, about
  • the alloys may comprise, by weight, 0%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%, 3.5%, 4%, 4.5%, 5%, 5.5%, 6%, 6.5%, 7%, 7.5%, or 8% nickel.
  • the alloys may comprise, by weight, about 0% nickel, about 0.5% nickel, about 1% nickel, about 1.5% nickel, about 2% nickel, about 2.5% nickel, about 3% nickel, about 3.5% nickel, about 4% nickel, about 4.5% nickel, about 5% nickel, about 5.5% nickel, about 6% nickel, about 6.5% nickel, about 7% nickel, about 7.5% nickel, or about 8% nickel.
  • the alloys may comprise, by weight, about 1% to about 6% tungsten, about 1% to about 5% tungsten, about 1% to about 4% tungsten, about 1% to about 3% tungsten, about 1% to about 2% tungsten, about 1% to about 1.5% tungsten, about 1.5% to about 6% tungsten, about 1.5% to about 5% tungsten, about 1.5% to about 4% tungsten, about 1.5% to about 3% tungsten, about 1.5% to about 2% tungsten, about 2% to about 6% tungsten, about 2% to about 5% tungsten, about 2% to about 4% tungsten, about 2% to about 3% tungsten, about 3% to about 6% tungsten, about 3% to about 5% tungsten, about 3% to about 4% tungsten, about 2% to about 3% tungsten, about 3% to about 6% tungsten, about 3% to about 5% tungsten, about 3% to about 4% tungsten, about 2%
  • the alloys may comprise, by weight, 1%, 1.5%, 1.6%, 1.7%, 1.8%, 1.9%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%, 3.5%, 4%, 4.5%, 5%, 5.5%, or 6° A tungsten.
  • the alloys may comprise, by weight, about 1% tungsten, about 1.5% tungsten, about 1.6% tungsten, about 1.7% tungsten, about 1.8% tungsten, about 1.9% tungsten, about 2% tungsten, about 2.5% tungsten, about 3% tungsten, about 3.5% tungsten, about 4% tungsten, about 4.5% tungsten, about 5% tungsten, about 5.5% tungsten, or about 6% tungsten.
  • the alloys may comprise, by weight, about 1% to about 4% copper, about 1% to about 3% copper, about 1% to about 2% copper, about 2% to about 4% copper, about 2% to about 3% copper, or about 3% to about 4% copper.
  • the alloys may comprise, by weight, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%, 3.5%, or 4% copper.
  • the alloys may comprise, by weight, about 1% copper, about 1.5% copper, about 2% copper, about 2.5% copper, about 3% copper, about 3.5% copper, or about 4% copper.
  • the alloys may comprise, by weight, about 0.1% to about 2% chromium, about 0.1% to about 1.5% chromium, about 0.1% to about 1% chromium, about 0.1% to about 0.5% chromium, about 0.5% to about 2% chromium, about 0.5% to about 1.5% chromium, about 0.5% to about 1% chromium, about 1% to about 2% chromium, about 1% to about 1.5% chromium, or about 1.5% to about 2% chromium.
  • the alloys may comprise, by weight, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, 1%, 1.1%, 1.2%, 1.3%, 1.4%, 1.5%, 1.6%, 1.7%, 1.8%, 1.9%, or 2% chromium.
  • the alloys may comprise, by weight, about 0.1% chromium, about 0.2% chromium, about 0.3% chromium, about 0.4% chromium, about 0.5% chromium, about 0.6% chromium, about 0.7% chromium, about 0.8% chromium, about 0.9% chromium, about 1% chromium, about 1.1% chromium, about 1.2% chromium, about 1.3% chromium, about 1.4% chromium, about 1.5% chromium, about 1.6% chromium, about 1.7% chromium, about 1.8% chromium, about 1.9% chromium, or about 2% chromium.
  • the alloys may comprise, by weight, about 0.01% to about 1% vanadium, about 0.01% to about 0.8% vanadium, about 0.01% to about 0.6% vanadium, about 0.01% to about 0.4% vanadium, about 0.01% to about 0.2% vanadium, about 0.01% to about 0.1% vanadium, about 0.01% to about 0.05% vanadium, about 0.05% to about 1% vanadium, about 0.05% to about 0.8% vanadium, about 0.05% to about 0.6% vanadium, about 0.05% to about 0.4% vanadium, about 0.05% to about 0.2% vanadium, about 0.05% to about 0.1% vanadium, about 0.1% to about 1% vanadium, about 0.1% to about 0.8% vanadium, about 0.1% to about 0.6% vanadium, about 0.1% to about 0.4% vanadium, about 0.1% to about 0.2% vanadium, about 0.05% to about 0.1% vanadium, about 0.1% to about 1% vanadium, about 0.1% to about 0.8% vanadium
  • the alloys may comprise, by weight, 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.03%, 0.04%, 0.05%, 0.06%, 0.07%, 0.08%, 0.09%, 0.1%, 0.15%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, or 1% vanadium.
  • the alloys may comprise, by weight, about 0.01% vanadium, about 0.02% vanadium, about 0.03% vanadium, about 0.04% vanadium, about 0.05% vanadium, about 0.1% vanadium, about 0.2% vanadium, about 0.3% vanadium, about 0.4% vanadium, about 0.5% vanadium, about 0.6% vanadium, about 0.7% vanadium, about 0.8% vanadium, about 0.9% vanadium, or about 1% vanadium.
  • the alloys may comprise, by weight, about 0.01% to about 0.5% carbon, about 0.01% to about 0.4% carbon, about 0.01% to about 0.3% carbon, about 0.01% to about 0.2% carbon, about 0.01% to about 0.1% carbon, about 0.1% to about 0.5% carbon, about 0.1% to about 0.4% carbon, about 0.1% to about 0.3% carbon, about 0.1% to about 0.2% carbon, about 0.2% to about 0.5% carbon, about 0.2% to about 0.4% carbon, about 0.2% to about 0.3% carbon, about 0.3% to about 0.5% carbon, about 0.3% to about 0.4% carbon, or about 0.4% to about 0.5% carbon.
  • the alloys may comprise, by weight, 0.01%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.15%, 0.2%, 0.25%, 0.3%, 0.35%, 0.4%, 0.45%, or 0.5% carbon.
  • the alloys may comprise, by weight, about 0.01% carbon, about 0.05% carbon, about 0.1% carbon, about 0.15% carbon, about 0.2% carbon, about 0.25% carbon, about 0.3% carbon, about 0.35% carbon, about 0.4% carbon, about 0.45% carbon, or about 0.5% carbon.
  • the alloys may comprise, by weight, about 0.01% to about 0.1% titanium, about 0.01% to about 0.075% titanium, about 0.01% to about 0.05% titanium, about 0.01% titanium to about 0.025% titanium, about 0.025% to about 0.1% titanium, about 0.025% to about 0.075% titanium, about 0.025% to about 0.05% titanium, about 0.05% to about 0.1% titanium, about 0.05% to about 0.075% titanium, or about 0.075% to about 0.1% titanium.
  • the alloys may comprise, by weight, 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.03%, 0.04%, 0.05%, 0.06%, 0.07%, 0.08%, 0.09%, or 0.1% titanium.
  • the alloys may comprise, by weight, about 0.01% titanium, about 0.02% titanium, about 0.03% titanium, about 0.04% titanium, about 0.05% titanium, about 0.06% titanium, about 0.07% titanium, about 0.08% titanium, about 0.09% titanium, or about 0.1% titanium.
  • the alloys may comprise, by weight, about 0.001% to about 0.01% boron, about 0.001% to about 0.0075% boron, about 0.001% to about 0.005% boron, about 0.001% to about 0.0025% boron, about 0.0025% to about 0.01% boron, about 0.0025% to about 0.0075% boron, about 0.0025% to about 0.005% boron, about 0.005% to about 0.01% boron, about 0.005% to about 0.0075% boron, or about 0.0075% to about 0.01% boron.
  • the alloys may comprise, by weight, 0.001%, 0.002%, 0.003%, 0.004%, 0.005%, 0.006%, 0.007%, 0.008%, 0.009%, or 0.01% boron.
  • the alloys may comprise, by weight, about 0.001% boron, about 0.002% boron, about 0.003% boron, about 0.004% boron, about 0.005% boron, about 0.006% boron, about 0.007% boron, about 0.008% boron, about 0.009% boron, or about 0.01% boron.
  • the alloys may comprise, by weight, about 0% to about 1% silicon, about 0% to about 0.75% silicon, about 0% to about 0.5% silicon, about 0% to about 0.25% silicon, about 0.25% to about 1% silicon, about 0.25% to about 0.75% silicon, about 0.25% to about 0.5% silicon, about 0.5% to about 1% silicon, about 0.5% to about 0.75% silicon, or about 0.75% to about 1% silicon.
  • the alloys may comprise, by weight, 0%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, or 1% silicon.
  • the alloys may comprise, by weight, about 0% silicon, about 0.1% silicon, about 0.2% silicon, about 0.3% silicon, about 0.4% silicon, about 0.5% silicon, about 0.6% silicon, about 0.7% silicon, about 0.8% silicon, about 0.9% silicon, or about 1% silicon.
  • the alloys may comprise, by weight, about 0% to about 0.1% calcium, about 0% to about 0.075% calcium, about 0% to about 0.05% calcium, about 0% to about 0.025% calcium, about 0.025% to about 0.1% calcium, about 0.025% to about 0.075% calcium, about 0.025% to about 0.05% calcium, about 0.05% to about 0.1% calcium, about 0.05% to about 0.075% calcium, or about 0.075% to about 0.1% calcium.
  • the alloys may comprise, by weight, 0%, 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.03%, 0.04%, 0.05%, 0.06%, 0.07%, 0.08%, 0.09%, or 0.1% calcium.
  • the alloys may comprise, by weight, about 0% calcium, about 0.01% calcium, about 0.02% calcium, about 0.03% calcium, about 0.04% calcium, about 0.05% calcium, about 0.06% calcium, about 0.07% calcium, about 0.08% calcium, about 0.09% calcium, or about 0.1% calcium.
  • the alloys comprise, by weight, about 6.5% nickel, about 4.5% tungsten, about 2.5% copper, about 0.5% chromium, about 0.1% vanadium, about 0.1% carbon, about 0.02% titanium, about 0.0015% boron, about 0% silicon, and about 0% calcium, the balance essentially iron and incidental elements and impurities.
  • the alloys may comprise, by weight, a balance of iron and incidental elements and impurities.
  • incident elements and impurities may include one or more of niobium, ruthenium, lanthanum, zirconium, manganese, cerium, magnesium, and nitrogen.
  • the incidental elements and impurities may include one or more of niobium (e.g., maximum 2%), ruthenium (e.g., maximum 2%), lanthanum (e.g., maximum 2%), zirconium (e.g., maximum 2%), manganese (e.g., maximum 2%), cerium (e.g., maximum 2%), magnesium (e.g., maximum 2%), and nitrogen (e.g., maximum 0.02%).
  • niobium e.g., maximum 2%
  • ruthenium e.g., maximum 2%
  • lanthanum e.g., maximum 2%
  • zirconium e.g., maximum 2%
  • manganese e.g., maximum 2%
  • cerium e.g., maximum 2%
  • magnesium e.g., maximum 2%
  • nitrogen e.g., maximum 0.02%
  • the alloys may comprise, by weight, 6.5% nickel, 4.5% tungsten, 2.5% copper, 0.5% chromium, 0.1% vanadium, 0.1% carbon, 0.02% titanium, 0.0015% boron, 0% silicon, and 0% calcium, the balance essentially iron and incidental elements and impurities.
  • the incidental elements and impurities may include one or more of niobium (e.g., maximum 2%), ruthenium (e.g., maximum 2%), lanthanum (e.g., maximum 2%), zirconium (e.g., maximum 2%), manganese (e.g., maximum 2%), copper (e.g., maximum 2%), vanadium (e.g., maximum 2%), cerium (e.g., maximum 2%), magnesium (e.g., maximum 2%), and nitrogen (e.g., maximum 0.02%).
  • niobium e.g., maximum 2%
  • ruthenium e.g., maximum 2%
  • lanthanum e.g., maximum 2%
  • zirconium e.g., maximum 2%
  • manganese e.g., maximum 2%
  • copper e.g., maximum 2%
  • vanadium e.g., maximum 2%
  • cerium e.g.
  • the alloys may consist of, by weight, 6.5% nickel, 4.5% tungsten, 2.5% copper, 0.5% chromium, 0.1% vanadium, 0.1% carbon, 0.02% titanium, 0.0015% boron, 0% silicon, and 0% calcium, the balance essentially iron and incidental elements and impurities.
  • the incidental elements and impurities may include one or more of niobium (e.g., maximum 2%), ruthenium (e.g., maximum 2%), lanthanum (e.g., maximum 2%), zirconium (e.g., maximum 2%), manganese (e.g., maximum 2%), copper (e.g., maximum 2%), vanadium (e.g., maximum 2%), cerium (e.g., maximum 2%), magnesium (e.g., maximum 2%), and nitrogen (e.g., maximum 0.02%).
  • niobium e.g., maximum 2%
  • ruthenium e.g., maximum 2%
  • lanthanum e.g., maximum 2%
  • zirconium e.g., maximum 2%
  • manganese e.g., maximum 2%
  • copper e.g., maximum 2%
  • vanadium e.g., maximum 2%
  • cerium e.g.
  • the alloys may have a 42y value of about ⁇ 4 J/m 2 to about 0 J/m 2 , about ⁇ 4 J/m 2 to about ⁇ 1 J/m 2 , about ⁇ 4 J/m 2 to about ⁇ 2 J/m 2 , about ⁇ 3 J/m 2 to about ⁇ 2 J/m 2 , about ⁇ 3 J/m 2 to about ⁇ 1 J/m 2 , about ⁇ 3 J/m 2 to about 0 J/m 2 , or about ⁇ 2.8 J/m 2 to about ⁇ 2.5 J/m 2 .
  • the alloys may have a ⁇ 2 ⁇ value of less than or equal to 0 J/m 2 , less than or equal to ⁇ 0.5 J/m 2 , less than or equal to ⁇ 1 J/m 2 , less than or equal to ⁇ 1.5 J/m 2 , less than or equal to ⁇ 2 J/m 2 , less than or equal to ⁇ 2.1 J/m 2 , less than or equal to ⁇ 2.2 J/m 2 , less than or equal to ⁇ 2.3 J/m 2 , less than or equal to ⁇ 2.4 J/m 2 , less than or equal to ⁇ 2.5 J/m 2 , less than or equal to ⁇ 2.6 J/m 2 , less than or equal to ⁇ 2.7 J/m 2 , less than or equal to ⁇ 2.8 J/m 2 , less than or equal to ⁇ 2.9 J/m 2 , or less than or equal to ⁇ 3 J/m 2 .
  • the alloys may have a ⁇ 2 ⁇ value of 0 J/m 2 , ⁇ 0.5 J/m 2 , ⁇ 1 J/m 2 , ⁇ 1.5 J/m 2 , ⁇ 2 J/m 2 , ⁇ 2.1 J/m 2 , ⁇ 2.2 J/m 2 , ⁇ 2.3 J/m 2 , ⁇ 2.4 J/m 2 , ⁇ 2.5 J/m 2 , ⁇ 2.6 J/m 2 , ⁇ 2.64 J/m 2 , ⁇ 2.7 J/m 2 , ⁇ 2.8 J/m 2 , ⁇ 2.9 J/m 2 , ⁇ 3 J/m 2 , ⁇ 3.1 J/m 2 , ⁇ 3.2 J/m 2 , ⁇ 3.3 J/m 2 , ⁇ 3.4 J/m 2 , ⁇ 3.5 J/m 2 , or ⁇ 4 J/m 2 .
  • the alloys may have a ⁇ 2 ⁇ value of about 0 J/m 2 , about ⁇ 0.5 J/m 2 , about ⁇ 1 J/m 2 , about ⁇ 1.5 J/m 2 , about ⁇ 2 J/m 2 , about ⁇ 2.5 J/m 2 , about ⁇ 2.64 J/m 2 , about ⁇ 3 J/m 2 , about ⁇ 3.5 J/m 2 , or about ⁇ 4 J/m 2 .
  • the alloys may have a yield strength of about 800 MPa to about 1300 MPa, about 800 MPa to about 1200 MPa, about 800 MPa to about 1100 MPa, about 900 MPa to about 1100 MPa, or about 965 MPa to about 1100 MPa.
  • the alloys may have a yield strength of greater than or equal to 800 MPa, greater than or equal to 825 MPa, greater than or equal to 850 MPa, greater than or equal to 875 MPa, greater than or equal to 900 MPa, greater than or equal to 925 MPa, greater than or equal to 950 MPa, greater than or equal to 975 MPa, greater than or equal to 1000 MPa, greater than or equal to 1025 MPa, greater than or equal to 1050 MPa, greater than or equal to 1075 MPa, greater than or equal to 1100 MPa, greater than or equal to 1150 MPa, greater than or equal to 1200 MPa, greater than or equal to 1250 MPa, or greater than or equal to 1300 MPa.
  • the alloys may have a yield strength of 800 MPa, 810 MPa, 820 MPa, 830 MPa, 840 MPa, 850 MPa, 860 MPa, 870 MPa, 880 MPa, 890 MPa, 900 MPa, 910 MPa, 920 MPa, 930 MPa, 940 MPa, 950 MPa, 960 MPa, 965 MPa, 970 MPa, 980 MPa, 990 MPa, 1000 MPa, 1010 MPa, 1020 MPa, 1030 MPa, 1040 MPa, 1050 MPa, 1060 MPa, 1070 MPa, 1080 MPa, 1090 MPa, 1100 MPa, 1150 MPa, 1200 MPa, 1250 MPa, or 1300 MPa.
  • the alloys may have a yield strength of about 800 MPa, about 900 MPa, about 1000 MPa, about 1100 MPa, about 1200 MPa, or about 1300 MPa. The yield strength may be measured according to ASTM E8 or ASTM E21.
  • the alloys may have a sulfide stress corrosion cracking toughness (K1SSC) value of about 30 MPa*m 1/2 to about 60 MPa*m 1/2 , about 40 MPa*m 1/2 to about 60 MPa*m 1/2 , about 50 MPa*m 1/2 to about 60 MPa*m 1/2 , about 40 MPa*m 1/2 to about 50 MPa*m 1/2 , or about 40 MPa*m 1/2 to about 45 MPa*m 1/2 .
  • K1SSC sulfide stress corrosion cracking toughness
  • the alloys may have a sulfide stress corrosion cracking toughness (K1SSC) value of greater than or equal to 30 MPa*m 1/2 , greater than or equal to 33 MPa*m 1/2 , greater than or equal to 35 MPa*m 1/2 , greater than or equal to 38 MPa*m 1/2 , greater than or equal to 40 MPa*m 1/2 , greater than or equal to 43 MPa*m 1/2 , greater than or equal to 45 MPa*m 1/2 , greater than or equal to 48 MPa*m 1/2 , greater than or equal to 50 MPa*m 1/2 , greater than or equal to 55 MPa*m 1/2 , greater than or equal to 58 MPa*m 1/2 , or greater than or equal to 60 MPa*m 1/2 .
  • K1SSC sulfide stress corrosion cracking toughness
  • the alloys may have a sulfide stress corrosion cracking toughness (K1SSC) value of 30 MPa*m 1/2 , 31 MPa*m 1/2 , 32 MPa*m 1/2 , 33 MPa*m 1/2 , 34 MPa*m 1/2 , 35 MPa*m 1/2 , 36 MPa*m 1/2 , 37 MPa*m 1/2 , 38 MPa*m 1/2 , 39 MPa*m 1/2 , 40 MPa*m 1/2 , 41 MPa*m 1/2 , 42 MPa*m 1/2 , 43 MPa*m 1/2 , 44 MPa*m 1/2 , 45 MPa*m 1/2 , 46 MPa*m 1/2 , 47 MPa*m 1/2 , 48 MPa*m 1/2 , 49 MPa*m 1/2 , 50 MPa*m 1/2 , 51 MPa*m 1/2 , 52 MPa*m 1/2 , 53 MPa*m 1/2 , 54 MPa*m 1/2 , 55 MPa*m 1/2 , 56 MPa*m 1/2 , 57 MPa*m 1/2 , 58 MP
  • the alloys may have a sulfide stress corrosion cracking toughness (K1SSC) value of about 30 MPa*m 1/2 , about 35 MPa*m 1/2 , about 40 MPa*m 1/2 , about 45 MPa*m 1/2 , about 50 MPa*m 1/2 , about 55 MPa*m 1/2 , or about 60 MPa*m 1/2 .
  • K1SSC sulfide stress corrosion cracking toughness
  • the alloys may have an M 2 C phase fraction of about 0.01 to about 0.015, about 0.01 to about 0.013, or about 0.012 to about 0.013.
  • the alloys may have an M 2 C phase fraction of 0.01, 0.011, 0.012, 0.0125, 0.0126, 0.0127, 0.0128, 0.0129, 0.013, 0.0131, 0.0132, 0.0133, 0.0134, 0.0135, 0.014, or 0.015.
  • the alloys may have an M 2 C phase fraction of about 0.01, about 0.011, about 0.012, about 0.0129, about 0.013, about 0.014, or about 0.015.
  • M is selected from the group consisting of Fe, Cr, Cu, Ni, W, V, and Ti, or any combination thereof. In certain embodiments, M is selected from the group consisting of Cr, W, V, and Ti, or any combination thereof. In certain embodiments, M is selected from the group consisting of Cr, W, and V, or any combination thereof.
  • the alloys may have a BCC copper phase fraction of about 0.025 to about 0.035, about 0.025 to about 0.033, about 0.025 to about 0.03, about 0.027 to about 0.033, or about 0.027 to about 0.03.
  • the alloys may have a body centered cubic copper phase fraction of 0.025, 0.026, 0.027, 0.028, 0.029, 0.0295, 0.03, 0.031, 0.032, 0.033, 0.034, or 0.035.
  • the alloys may have a body centered cubic copper phase fraction of about 0.025, about 0.026, about 0.027, about 0.028, about 0.029, about 0.0295, about 0.03, about 0.031, about 0.032, about 0.033, about 0.034, or about 0.035.
  • the alloys may be produced by vacuum melt practices or air melt practices. Calcium or silicon may be added to the melt for the purpose of decreasing impurities such as sulfur, phosphorous, or nitrogen. Calcium or silicon may be added in minute quantities. Additional titanium may be added to the melt for the purpose of converting nitrogen to TiN.
  • the alloys may be produced by methods including, but not limited to, single melting, double melting, casting, centrifugal casting, additive manufacturing, or powder production.
  • a method for producing the disclosed alloys may include, but are not limited to, steps such as preparing a melt, melting, casting, homogenization, hot rolling, hot working, cold rolling, cold working, solutionizing, quenching, quenching with oil, cooling, subzero cooling, warming, aging, hardening, or softening. These steps may be performed in a different order. These steps may be performed more than once, in a cycle. Not all steps are required. Other common preparation techniques and variations upon the methods disclosed herein will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art.
  • manufactured articles including the disclosed alloys.
  • Exemplary manufactured articles include, but are not limited to, steel pipes or tubes.
  • the steel pipes or tubes may be used in oil or gas drilling, extraction, transport, or other services.
  • the steel pipes or tubes may be formed by various methods, including piercing followed by hot rolling, extruding, forging, and other techniques, including those that form a tube or a pipe with no seam.
  • Table 3 shows the design and composition of the exemplified alloy (QT-SSC).
  • a melt was prepared with the nominal composition of 6.5 Ni, 4 W, 2.5 Cu, 0.5 Cr, 0.1 V, 0.1 C, 0.02 Ti, 0.0015 B, and balance Fe, in wt %.
  • the QT-SSC alloy was prepared. Steel was melted and cast by vacuum induction melting at a weight of about 50 pounds. The steel was subjected to homogenization at 1204° C. for 8 hours, and hot rolled from an initial 4 inch round cross section to 0.75 inch by 2.75 inch plate. Test samples of the QT-SSC alloy were excised from the hot rolled plate and solutionized at 950° C. for 1 hour, quenched with oil, subzero cooled at ⁇ 73° C. for about 1 hour, and warmed in air to room temperature.
  • the hardness of the QT-SSC steel was measured at about 38 on the Rockwell C scale. Samples were then subjected to isochronal aging heat treatments at secondary hardening temperatures in the range of 450 and 625° C. for 5 hours. As shown in FIG. 4 , hardness was increased by aging in the range of 450 to 550° C., followed by softening by over-aging at above 550° C. Additional testing of room temperature mechanical properties indicated a range of achievable strength-toughness combinations with different aging conditions, as shown in Table 4.
  • An alloy comprising, by weight, about 0% to about 8% nickel, about 1% to about 6% tungsten, about 1% to about 4% copper, about 0.1% to about 2% chromium, about 0.01% to about 1% vanadium, about 0.01% to about 0.5% carbon, about 0.01% to about 0.1% titanium, about 0.001% to about 0.01% boron, about 0% to about 1% silicon, and about 0% to about 0.1% calcium, the balance essentially iron and incidental elements and impurities.
  • Clause 2 The alloy of clause 1 comprising, by weight, about 6% to about 7% nickel, about 3.5% to about 4.5% tungsten, about 2% to about 3% copper, about 0.1% to about 1% chromium, about 0.01% to about 0.2% vanadium, about 0.01% to about 0.2% carbon, about 0.01% to about 0.05% titanium, and about 0.001% to about 0.002% boron, the balance essentially iron and incidental elements and impurities.
  • Clause 3 The alloy of clause 1, wherein the alloy has a calculated ⁇ 2 ⁇ value of less than or equal to ⁇ 2 J/m 2 .
  • Clause 4 The alloy of clause 1, wherein the alloy has a yield strength of greater than or equal to 965 MPa (140 ksi), measured according to ASTM E8.
  • Clause 5 The alloy of clause 1, wherein the alloy has a sulfide stress corrosion cracking toughness (K1SSC) value of greater than or equal to 44 MPa*m 1/2 (40 ksi*in 1/2 ).
  • K1SSC sulfide stress corrosion cracking toughness
  • Clause 7 The alloy of clause 1, wherein the alloy has a body centered cubic copper phase fraction of 0.025 to 0.035.
  • Clause 8 The alloy of clause 1 comprising about 6.5% nickel.
  • Clause 9 The alloy of clause 1 comprising about 4% tungsten.
  • Clause 10 The alloy of clause 1 comprising about 2.5% copper.
  • Clause 11 The alloy of clause 1 comprising about 0.5% chromium.
  • Clause 12 The alloy of clause 1 comprising about 0.1% vanadium.
  • Clause 13 The alloy of clause 1 comprising about 0.1% carbon.
  • Clause 14 The alloy of clause 1 comprising about 0.02% titanium.
  • Clause 15 The alloy of clause 1 comprising about 0.0015% boron.
  • Clause 16 The alloy of clause 1 comprising, by weight, about 6.5% nickel, about 4.5% tungsten, about 2.5% copper, about 0.5% chromium, about 0.1% vanadium, about 0.1% carbon, about 0.02% titanium, and about 0.0015% boron, the balance essentially iron and incidental elements and impurities.
  • a method for producing an alloy comprising:
  • preparing a melt that comprises, by weight, about 0% to about 8% nickel, about 1% to about 6% tungsten, about 1% to about 4% copper, about 0.1% to about 2% chromium, about 0.01% to about 1% vanadium, about 0.01% to about 0.5% carbon, about 0.01% to about 0.1% titanium, about 0.001% to about 0.01% boron, about 0% to about 1% silicon, and about 0% to about 0.1% calcium, the balance essentially iron and incidental elements and impurities.
  • Clause 18 The method of clause 17, wherein the melt comprises, by weight, about 6% to about 7% nickel, about 3.5% to about 4.5% tungsten, about 2% to about 3% copper, about 0.1% to about 1% chromium, about 0.01% to about 0.2% vanadium, about 0.01% to about 0.2% carbon, about 0.01% to about 0.05% titanium, and about 0.001% to about 0.002% boron, the balance essentially iron and incidental elements and impurities.
  • Clause 19 The method of clause 17, wherein the melt comprises, by weight, about 6.5% nickel, about 4.5% tungsten, about 2.5% copper, about 0.5% chromium, about 0.1% vanadium, about 0.1% carbon, about 0.02% titanium, and about 0.0015% boron, the balance essentially iron and incidental elements and impurities.
  • Clause 20 The method of clause 17, wherein the alloy has a calculated ⁇ 2 ⁇ value of less than or equal to ⁇ 2 J/m 2 .
  • Clause 21 The method of clause 17, wherein the alloy has a yield strength of greater than or equal to 965 MPa (140 ksi), measured according to ASTM E8.
  • Clause 22 The method of clause 17, wherein the alloy has a sulfide stress corrosion cracking toughness (K1SSC) value of greater than or equal to 44 MPa*m 1/2 (40 ksi*in 1/2 ).
  • K1SSC sulfide stress corrosion cracking toughness
  • Clause 23 The method of clause 17, wherein the alloy has an M 2 C phase fraction of 0.01 to 0.015, wherein M is selected from the group consisting of W, Cr, V, and Ti, or any combination thereof.
  • Clause 24 The method of clause 17, wherein the alloy has a body centered cubic copper phase fraction of 0.025 to 0.035.
  • Clause 25 The method of clause 17, wherein the alloy is produced by vacuum melt or air melt practices.
  • a manufactured article comprising an alloy that comprises, by weight, about 0% to about 8% nickel, about 1% to about 6% tungsten, about 1% to about 4% copper, about 0.1% to about 2% chromium, about 0.01% to about 1% vanadium, about 0.01% to about 0.5% carbon, about 0.01% to about 0.1% titanium, about 0.001% to about 0.01% boron, about 0% to about 1% silicon, and about 0% to about 0.1% calcium, the balance essentially iron and incidental elements and impurities.
  • Clause 27 The article of clause 26, wherein the alloy comprises, by weight, about 6% to about 7% nickel, about 3.5% to about 4.5% tungsten, about 2% to about 3% copper, about 0.1% to about 1% chromium, about 0.01% to about 0.2% vanadium, about 0.01% to about 0.2% carbon, about 0.01% to about 0.05% titanium, and about 0.001% to about 0.002% boron, the balance essentially iron and incidental elements and impurities.
  • Clause 28 The article of clause 26, wherein the alloy comprises, by weight, about 6.5% nickel, about 4.5% tungsten, about 2.5% copper, about 0.5% chromium, about 0.1% vanadium, about 0.1% carbon, about 0.02% titanium, and about 0.0015% boron, the balance essentially iron and incidental elements and impurities.
  • Clause 29 The article of clause 26, wherein the alloy has a calculated ⁇ 2 ⁇ value of less than or equal to ⁇ 2 J/m 2 .
  • Clause 30 The article of clause 26, wherein the alloy has a yield strength of greater than or equal to 965 MPa (140 ksi), measured according to ASTM E8.
  • Clause 31 The article of clause 26, wherein the alloy has a sulfide stress corrosion cracking toughness (K1SSC) value of greater than or equal to 44 MPa*m 1/2 (40 ksi*in 1/2 ).
  • K1SSC sulfide stress corrosion cracking toughness
  • Clause 33 The article of clause 26, wherein the alloy has a body centered cubic copper phase fraction of 0.025 to 0.035.
  • Clause 34 The article of clause 26, wherein the article is a steel pipe or steel tube.

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Contacts (AREA)
  • Adornments (AREA)
  • Heat Treatment Of Articles (AREA)
  • Heat Treatment Of Steel (AREA)
  • Turbine Rotor Nozzle Sealing (AREA)
  • Solid-Phase Diffusion Into Metallic Material Surfaces (AREA)
US15/360,655 2015-11-25 2016-11-23 Grain boundary cohesion enhanced sulfide stress cracking (ssc)-resistant steel alloys Abandoned US20170145547A1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US15/360,655 US20170145547A1 (en) 2015-11-25 2016-11-23 Grain boundary cohesion enhanced sulfide stress cracking (ssc)-resistant steel alloys

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US201562259835P 2015-11-25 2015-11-25
US15/360,655 US20170145547A1 (en) 2015-11-25 2016-11-23 Grain boundary cohesion enhanced sulfide stress cracking (ssc)-resistant steel alloys

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US20170145547A1 true US20170145547A1 (en) 2017-05-25

Family

ID=58721408

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US15/360,655 Abandoned US20170145547A1 (en) 2015-11-25 2016-11-23 Grain boundary cohesion enhanced sulfide stress cracking (ssc)-resistant steel alloys

Country Status (5)

Country Link
US (1) US20170145547A1 (es)
EP (1) EP3380641A4 (es)
BR (1) BR112018010493A8 (es)
MX (1) MX2018006361A (es)
WO (1) WO2017091743A1 (es)

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2022150241A1 (en) 2021-01-07 2022-07-14 Exxonmobil Upstream Research Company Process for protecting carbon steel pipe from sulfide stress cracking in severe sour service environments
US11939646B2 (en) 2018-10-26 2024-03-26 Oerlikon Metco (Us) Inc. Corrosion and wear resistant nickel based alloys
US12076788B2 (en) 2019-05-03 2024-09-03 Oerlikon Metco (Us) Inc. Powder feedstock for wear resistant bulk welding configured to optimize manufacturability

Citations (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2895861A (en) * 1957-05-28 1959-07-21 Creusot Forges Ateliers Process for improving stress corrosion cracking resistance of alloyed steel in hydrogen sulphide atmosphere
US3655465A (en) * 1969-03-10 1972-04-11 Int Nickel Co Heat treatment for alloys particularly steels to be used in sour well service
US3692514A (en) * 1968-12-13 1972-09-19 Int Nickel Co Alloy steel containing copper and nickel adapted for production of line pipe
US5352304A (en) * 1992-11-16 1994-10-04 Allegheny Ludlum Corporation High strength low alloy steel
US20040047758A1 (en) * 2000-01-05 2004-03-11 Northwestern University Method for enhancement of grain boundary cohesion in crystalline materials and compositions of matter therefor
US7160399B2 (en) * 2001-02-09 2007-01-09 Questek Innovations Llc Nanocarbide precipitation strengthened ultrahigh-strength, corrosion resistant, structural steels
US7658883B2 (en) * 2006-12-18 2010-02-09 Schlumberger Technology Corporation Interstitially strengthened high carbon and high nitrogen austenitic alloys, oilfield apparatus comprising same, and methods of making and using same
US7879159B2 (en) * 2005-01-25 2011-02-01 QuesTek Innovations, LLC Martensitic stainless steel strengthened by Ni3Ti η-phase precipitation
US20120204994A1 (en) * 2011-02-07 2012-08-16 Dalmine S.P.A. Heavy wall steel pipes with excellent toughness at low temperature and sulfide stress corrosion cracking resistance

Family Cites Families (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPH08120399A (ja) * 1994-10-25 1996-05-14 Sumitomo Metal Ind Ltd 耐遅れ破壊性に優れた機械構造用鋼
KR100460346B1 (ko) * 2002-03-25 2004-12-08 이인성 금속간상의 형성이 억제된 내식성, 내취화성, 주조성 및열간가공성이 우수한 슈퍼 듀플렉스 스테인리스강
US6723182B1 (en) * 2002-11-14 2004-04-20 Arthur J. Bahmiller Martensitic alloy steels having intermetallic compounds and precipitates as a substitute for cobalt
JP4978073B2 (ja) * 2006-06-16 2012-07-18 Ｊｆｅスチール株式会社 耐食性に優れる油井用高靭性超高強度ステンレス鋼管およびその製造方法
JP2013129879A (ja) * 2011-12-22 2013-07-04 Jfe Steel Corp 耐硫化物応力割れ性に優れた油井用高強度継目無鋼管およびその製造方法

Patent Citations (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2895861A (en) * 1957-05-28 1959-07-21 Creusot Forges Ateliers Process for improving stress corrosion cracking resistance of alloyed steel in hydrogen sulphide atmosphere
US3692514A (en) * 1968-12-13 1972-09-19 Int Nickel Co Alloy steel containing copper and nickel adapted for production of line pipe
US3655465A (en) * 1969-03-10 1972-04-11 Int Nickel Co Heat treatment for alloys particularly steels to be used in sour well service
US5352304A (en) * 1992-11-16 1994-10-04 Allegheny Ludlum Corporation High strength low alloy steel
US20040047758A1 (en) * 2000-01-05 2004-03-11 Northwestern University Method for enhancement of grain boundary cohesion in crystalline materials and compositions of matter therefor
US7160399B2 (en) * 2001-02-09 2007-01-09 Questek Innovations Llc Nanocarbide precipitation strengthened ultrahigh-strength, corrosion resistant, structural steels
US7879159B2 (en) * 2005-01-25 2011-02-01 QuesTek Innovations, LLC Martensitic stainless steel strengthened by Ni3Ti η-phase precipitation
US7658883B2 (en) * 2006-12-18 2010-02-09 Schlumberger Technology Corporation Interstitially strengthened high carbon and high nitrogen austenitic alloys, oilfield apparatus comprising same, and methods of making and using same
US20120204994A1 (en) * 2011-02-07 2012-08-16 Dalmine S.P.A. Heavy wall steel pipes with excellent toughness at low temperature and sulfide stress corrosion cracking resistance

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
"Segregation-induced changes in grain boundary cohesion and embrittlement in binary alloys" by Gibson and Schuh, Acta Materialia 95 (2015) 144-145 <https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1508/1508.04058.pdf> (Year: 2015) *

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US11939646B2 (en) 2018-10-26 2024-03-26 Oerlikon Metco (Us) Inc. Corrosion and wear resistant nickel based alloys
US12076788B2 (en) 2019-05-03 2024-09-03 Oerlikon Metco (Us) Inc. Powder feedstock for wear resistant bulk welding configured to optimize manufacturability
WO2022150241A1 (en) 2021-01-07 2022-07-14 Exxonmobil Upstream Research Company Process for protecting carbon steel pipe from sulfide stress cracking in severe sour service environments

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
WO2017091743A1 (en) 2017-06-01
MX2018006361A (es) 2018-11-09
BR112018010493A8 (pt) 2019-02-26
BR112018010493A2 (pt) 2018-11-13
EP3380641A4 (en) 2019-06-05
EP3380641A1 (en) 2018-10-03

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
AU2014294080B2 (en) High-strength steel material for oil well and oil well pipes
KR102037086B1 (ko) 지열 발전 터빈 로터용 저합금강 및 지열 발전 터빈 로터용 저합금 물질, 및 이들의 제조 방법
KR101909757B1 (ko) 우수한 강도 및 인성을 갖는 증기 터빈 블레이드용 강철
JP2015052166A (ja) 過酷なオイル及びガス環境用の超高強度合金及び製造方法
JP6540920B1 (ja) 油井管用マルテンサイト系ステンレス継目無鋼管およびその製造方法
JP6117372B2 (ja) 高強度析出硬化型ステンレス鋼
JP2014500907A (ja) Ｎｉ−Ｆｅ−Ｃｒ−Ｍｏ−合金
MX2011000918A (es) Aleacion de acero de alta resistencia y alta tenacidad.
JP2017202494A (ja) オーステナイト系耐熱鋼溶接金属およびそれを有する溶接継手
US20170145547A1 (en) Grain boundary cohesion enhanced sulfide stress cracking (ssc)-resistant steel alloys
JP2023515568A (ja) 高破壊靭性かつ高強度の析出硬化型ステンレス鋼
JP2015062910A (ja) オーステナイト系ステンレス鋼溶接材料
KR101696967B1 (ko) 고강도 고인성 강합금
JP2009516082A (ja) 超高強度マルテンサイト系合金
JPH0114992B2 (es)
JP3819848B2 (ja) 耐熱鋼及びその製造方法
JP6201731B2 (ja) オーステナイト系耐熱鋳造合金
JP2017202495A (ja) オーステナイト系耐熱鋼用溶接材料
JP6638551B2 (ja) オーステナイト系耐熱鋼溶接金属およびそれを有する溶接継手
CN103981437A (zh) 一种高强度、高韧性合金钢、制备方法及其在钢构中的应用
JPWO2019182024A1 (ja) Ｎｉ基合金およびそれを用いた耐熱板材
JP7131318B2 (ja) オーステナイト系ステンレス鋼
WO2024201749A1 (ja) Ｃｒ－Ｎｉ合金管
JPS61223155A (ja) 高耐食性Ｎｉ基合金およびその製造法

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
AS Assignment

Owner name: QUESTEK INNOVATIONS LLC, ILLINOIS

Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:SAAL, JAMES;OLSON, GREGORY B.;ASPHAHANI, AZIZ;REEL/FRAME:046957/0885

Effective date: 20151130

STPP Information on status: patent application and granting procedure in general

Free format text: NON FINAL ACTION MAILED

STPP Information on status: patent application and granting procedure in general

Free format text: FINAL REJECTION MAILED

STCB Information on status: application discontinuation

Free format text: ABANDONED -- FAILURE TO RESPOND TO AN OFFICE ACTION