US20150328360A1 - Chlorhexidine gluconate compositions, resin systems and articles - Google Patents

Chlorhexidine gluconate compositions, resin systems and articles Download PDF

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US20150328360A1
US20150328360A1 US14/424,186 US201314424186A US2015328360A1 US 20150328360 A1 US20150328360 A1 US 20150328360A1 US 201314424186 A US201314424186 A US 201314424186A US 2015328360 A1 US2015328360 A1 US 2015328360A1
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composition
chg
hydrophobic
drape
skin
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Vinod P. Menon
Joseph D. Rule
Richard B. Ross
Deena M. Conrad-Vlasak
Katie F. Wlaschin
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3M Innovative Properties Co
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3M Innovative Properties Co
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L31/00—Materials for other surgical articles, e.g. stents, stent-grafts, shunts, surgical drapes, guide wires, materials for adhesion prevention, occluding devices, surgical gloves, tissue fixation devices
    • A61L31/14—Materials characterised by their function or physical properties, e.g. injectable or lubricating compositions, shape-memory materials, surface modified materials
    • A61L31/16—Biologically active materials, e.g. therapeutic substances
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L15/00—Chemical aspects of, or use of materials for, bandages, dressings or absorbent pads
    • A61L15/16—Bandages, dressings or absorbent pads for physiological fluids such as urine or blood, e.g. sanitary towels, tampons
    • A61L15/42—Use of materials characterised by their function or physical properties
    • A61L15/44—Medicaments
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L15/00—Chemical aspects of, or use of materials for, bandages, dressings or absorbent pads
    • A61L15/16—Bandages, dressings or absorbent pads for physiological fluids such as urine or blood, e.g. sanitary towels, tampons
    • A61L15/42—Use of materials characterised by their function or physical properties
    • A61L15/46—Deodorants or malodour counteractants, e.g. to inhibit the formation of ammonia or bacteria
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L15/00—Chemical aspects of, or use of materials for, bandages, dressings or absorbent pads
    • A61L15/16—Bandages, dressings or absorbent pads for physiological fluids such as urine or blood, e.g. sanitary towels, tampons
    • A61L15/42—Use of materials characterised by their function or physical properties
    • A61L15/58—Adhesives
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L31/00—Materials for other surgical articles, e.g. stents, stent-grafts, shunts, surgical drapes, guide wires, materials for adhesion prevention, occluding devices, surgical gloves, tissue fixation devices
    • A61L31/14—Materials characterised by their function or physical properties, e.g. injectable or lubricating compositions, shape-memory materials, surface modified materials
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/04—Antibacterial agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L2300/00—Biologically active materials used in bandages, wound dressings, absorbent pads or medical devices
    • A61L2300/20—Biologically active materials used in bandages, wound dressings, absorbent pads or medical devices containing or releasing organic materials
    • A61L2300/204—Biologically active materials used in bandages, wound dressings, absorbent pads or medical devices containing or releasing organic materials with nitrogen-containing functional groups, e.g. aminoxides, nitriles, guanidines
    • A61L2300/206—Biguanides, e.g. chlorohexidine
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L2300/00—Biologically active materials used in bandages, wound dressings, absorbent pads or medical devices
    • A61L2300/40—Biologically active materials used in bandages, wound dressings, absorbent pads or medical devices characterised by a specific therapeutic activity or mode of action
    • A61L2300/404—Biocides, antimicrobial agents, antiseptic agents

Definitions

  • the present disclosure relates to compositions containing chlorhexidine gluconate solubilized in hydrophobic vehicles, and resin systems containing such chlorhexidine gluconate compositions, including adhesives.
  • the present disclosure also relates to articles incorporating such resin systems, including medical articles such as drapes.
  • the present disclosure provides a composition comprising chlorhexidine gluconate solubilized in a hydrophobic vehicle having a hydrophilic-lipophilic balance of no greater than 10 as determined using the HLB Method.
  • the hydrophobic vehicle comprises two proximate hydrogen-bonding groups, wherein at least one of the hydrogen-bonding groups is a hydrogen donor.
  • the hydrophobic vehicle comprises an ester group, e.g., a monoacylglycerol.
  • the hydrophobic vehicle comprises an ether group, e.g., dipropylene glycol and glyceryl monoalkyl ethers.
  • the hydrophobic vehicle comprises an alcohol having proximate hydroxyl groups, e.g., 1,2-octane diol, 1,2-decane diol, and combinations thereof.
  • the composition comprises no greater than 1 part by weight hydrophilic vehicle per 1 part by weight chlorhexidine gluconate. In some embodiments, the composition comprises no greater than 0.1 parts by weight hydrophilic vehicle per 1 part by weight chlorhexidine gluconate. In some embodiments, the composition comprises no greater than 0.1 parts by weight water per 1 part by weight chlorhexidine gluconate.
  • the composition further comprises a resin system comprising a polymer.
  • the resin system comprises a hydrophobic phase, wherein the hydrophobic vehicle plasticizes the hydrophobic phase.
  • the polymer comprises an acrylate polymer.
  • the polymer comprises a block copolymer polymer.
  • the resin system is a pressure sensitive adhesive.
  • the composition comprises at least 0.2 wt. % CHG, based on the total weight of the composition. In some embodiments, the composition comprises at least 0.5 wt. % and no greater than 5.0 wt. % CHG, based on the total weight of the composition.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary article incorporating a composition according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.
  • Chlorhexidine digluconate commonly referred to as “chlorhexidine gluconate” or “CHG”
  • CHG is an antimicrobial useful in various applications.
  • CHG is often provided as an aqueous solution, in part because CHG may degrade in a non-aqueous composition.
  • CHG has been provided in non-aqueous solutions by replacing water with a hydrophilic vehicle.
  • a “hydrophilic vehicle” is one having a hydrophile/lipophile balance (“HLB”) of greater than 10.
  • HLB hydrophile/lipophile balance
  • the first method involves mixing an aqueous CHG solution with a relatively high boiling vehicle, and then pulling a vacuum on the mixture to remove the water (the “Vacuum Method”).
  • the second method involves lyophilizing CHG, and then dissolving the CHG into the vehicle (the “Lyophilizing Method”).
  • the third method involves generating the CHG in situ by reacting gluconolactone, a limited amount of water, and chlorhexidine free base (the “In Situ Method).
  • the lyophilization route does not require exposing the CHG to sustained heat, which helps prevent degradation.
  • the liquid vacuum stripping route is easily scalable using readily available manufacturing equipment, e.g., kettles.
  • the in situ generation method does not require vacuum-equipped reactors.
  • non-aqueous refers to compositions that may contain small amounts of water, e.g., less than 1 wt. %. In some embodiments, the compositions contain less than 0.5 wt. %, e.g., less than 0.1 wt. % or even less than 0.01 wt. % water. In some embodiments, the compositions comprise no greater than 1 part by weight water per 1 part by weight CHG, no greater than 0.5 part by weight, no greater than 0.1 part by weight, or even no greater than 0.01 part by weight water per 1 part by weight CHG.
  • E is the weight percent of oxyethylene content and P is the weight percent of polyhydric alcohol content (glycerol, sorbitol, etc).
  • P polyhydric alcohol content
  • glycerol segments with two hydroxyl groups, glycerol segments with one hydroxyl group, and hydroxyl-containing segments of any additional polyhydric molecules were included in the definition of P.
  • hydrophilic vehicles have an HLB value as calculated using the HLB Method of greater than 10. In some embodiments, the hydrophilic vehicle has an HLB value of greater than 11, e.g., greater than 12. Hydrophobic vehicles have an HLB value as calculated using the HLB Method of no greater than 10. In some embodiments, the hydrophobic vehicle has an HLB value of no greater than 9, e.g., no greater than 7.
  • HLB HLB
  • Other methods of calculating HLB are available and may be required when determining the HLB value for compounds lacking both E and P groups, as defined above. While the calculated value of HLB may vary depending on the method used, the trends and relative hydrophobicity of materials are expected to be similar.
  • hydrophobic vehicles having proximate hydroxyl groups may be useful.
  • proximate groups refer to groups separated by no more than three carbon atoms, as illustrated in Formulas I (hydroxyl groups separated by two carbon atoms) and II (hydroxyl groups separated by three carbon atoms).
  • the proximate groups may be vicinal, i.e., separated by two carbon atoms, as illustrated in Formula I.
  • compositions comprise at least 5% by weight CHG dissolved in the non-aqueous vehicle based on the combined weight of the CHG and the vehicle. In some embodiments, the compositions comprise at least 10%, at least 15%, or even at least 20% by weight CHG dissolved in the non-aqueous vehicle.
  • compositions of the present disclosure comprising CHG solubilized in a hydrophobic vehicle may be applied directly to a substrate, e.g., sprayed or otherwise coated onto a porous or non-porous substrate.
  • CHG could be solubilized in hydrophobic vehicles
  • the present inventors also discovered that, when solubilized in a hydrophobic vehicle, CHG could be incorporated into a resin system such that the CHG remains available and effective as an antimicrobial agent.
  • the resin system includes at least one polymer.
  • the resin system includes at least one hydrophobic polymer or phase.
  • Suitable polymers include polyesters, polyester polyols, polyurethanes, polyalkylenes, acrylates, rubbers, block copolymers, and combinations thereof.
  • the resin system may be an adhesive, e.g., a pressure sensitive adhesive (“PSA”).
  • PSA pressure sensitive adhesive
  • the PSA comprises an acrylic polymer or copolymer comprising the reaction product of a mixture comprising at least one alkyl (meth)acrylate monomer.
  • (meth)acrylate refers to an acrylate and/or methacrylate.
  • butyl (meth)acrylate refers to butyl acrylate and/or butyl methacrylate.
  • the mixture may also include a crosslinking agent.
  • the alkyl group of at least one alkyl (meth)acrylate contains 4 to 18 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, this alkyl group contains at least 5 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, this alkyl group contains no greater than 8 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the alkyl group of the first alkyl (meth)acrylate has eight carbon atoms, e.g., isooctyl (meth)acrylate and/or 2-ethylhexyl (meth)acrylate.
  • Suitable co-monomers falling within this group include acrylic acid, acrylamides, methacrylamides, substituted acrylamides (such as N,N-dimethyl acrylamide), itaconic acid, methacrylic acid, acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile, vinyl acetate, N-vinyl pyrrolidone, isobornyl acrylate, cyano ethyl acrylate, N-vinylcaprolactam, maleic anhydride, hydroxyalkyl(meth)-acrylates, N,N-dimethyl aminoethyl (meth)acrylate, N,N-diethylacrylamide, beta-carboxyethyl acrylate, vinyl esters of neodecanoic, neononanoic, neopentanoic, 2-ethylhexanoic, or propionic acids (e.g., those available from Union Carbide Corp. of Danbury, Conn., under the designation VYNAT
  • a second group of monoethylenically unsaturated co-monomers that may be polymerized with the acrylate or methacrylate monomers includes those having a homopolymer glass transition temperature (Tg) less than the glass transition temperature of the (meth)acrylate homopolymer.
  • the PSA comprises a block copolymer.
  • the block copolymer is a styrenic block copolymer, i.e., a block copolymer comprising at least one styrene hard segment, and at least one elastomeric soft segment.
  • exemplary styrenic block copolymers include dimmers such as styrene-butadiene (SB) and styrene-isoprene (SI).
  • Additional exemplary styrenic block copolymers include styrene-isoprene-styrene (SIS), styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS), styrene-ethylene/butadiene-styrene (SEBS), and styrene-ethylene/propylene-styrene block copolymers.
  • SIS styrene-isoprene-styrene
  • SBS styrene-butadiene-styrene
  • SEBS styrene-ethylene/butadiene-styrene
  • styrene-ethylene/propylene-styrene block copolymers radial and star block copolymers may be used.
  • Commercially available styrenic block copolymers include those available under the trade designation KRATON from Kraton Polymers LLC.
  • KRATON D SBS and SIS block copolymers including, e.g., KRATON D SBS and SIS block copolymers; and KRATON G SEBS and SEPS copolymers.
  • Additional commercially available di- and tri-block styrenic block copolymers include those available under the trade designations SEPTON and HYBAR from Kuraray Co. Ltd., those available under the trade designation FINAPRENE from Total Petrochemicals, and those available under the trade designation VECTOR from Dexco Polymers LP.
  • the resin systems of the present disclosure may contain any of a variety of known additives including, e.g., crosslinkers, photoinitiators, curing agents, tackifiers, plasticizers, fillers, dyes, pigments, and the like.
  • tackifier and plasticizer are used relative to the material or phase into which they are incorporated.
  • a “tackifier” is a material that is compatible with and raises the glass transition temperature of a material
  • a “plasticizer” is a material that is compatible with and lowers the glass transition temperature of a material.
  • Solubility Screening Screening tests were conducted to determine the solubility of CHG in a wide variety of vehicles. Tests were conducted using the Vacuum Method and the Lyophilizing Method.
  • Inhomogeneous 50° C. Homogeneous 5% 2.1% 23-50° C.
  • Inhomogeneous 50° C. Homogeneous 1% 1.2% 23° C.
  • Homogeneous 1,3-cyclohexanediol 10% 1.6% 23° C. Inhomogeneous 50° C. Homogeneous 6% 4.8% 23° C. Inhomogeneous 50° C. Homogeneous 2,3-butanediol 10% 1.2% 23-50° C. Homogeneous 50% 1,2-hexanediol 20% N.T. 23-50° C. Homogeneous 50% 1,2-pentanediol
  • 1,2-diols appear to impart CHG solubility.
  • Other vicinal diols do not always impart solubility, particularly when sterically hindered (e.g. 2,3-dimethyl-2,3-butanediol).
  • 1,3 diols appear to provide some solubility, but may require elevated temperature.
  • 1,4-butanediol which has two primary alcohol groups, provides solubility.
  • Other diols similarly separated by four carbon atoms but with secondary alcohol groups do not provide good solubility (e.g., 2,5-hexanediol and 1,4-cyclohexanediol).
  • Even through 1,5-pentanediol and 1,8-octanediol have two primary alcohol groups, the alcohol groups appear to be too widely separated to impart good solubility.
  • CHG can be solubilized in a wide variety of hydrophobic vehicles, as summarized in Table 4.
  • HLB values calculated according to the HLB Method are included. Relying on these test methods and the trends observed in the results, one of ordinary skill in the art could readily identify additional such hydrophobic vehicles.
  • Lyophilized CHG was prepared by freeze-drying the aqueous CHG solution (20 wt. % solution in water, obtained from Xttrium Laboratories Inc., Chicago, Ill.).
  • CHG is added to a composition such that its final concentration is at least 0.2 wt. %, in some embodiments at least 0.5 wt. %, in some embodiments at least 1.0 wt. %, in other embodiments at least 2.0 wt. %, in yet other implementations at least 5.0 wt. %, and in some cases exceeding 10 wt. %., based on the total weight of the composition.
  • the CHG concentration is no greater than 25 wt. %, more preferably no greater than 20 wt. %, and most preferably no greater than 15 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composition.
  • a typical range for CHG concentration to enhance active kill is at least 0.5 wt. % and no greater than 5.0 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composition.
  • compositions comprising CHG solubilized in such vehicles can be incorporated into a wide variety of resin systems and in the preparation of a wide variety of articles.
  • Materials used in the preparation of the examples are summarized in Table 6a and 6b.
  • GMIS-1 JEEN GMIS, Jeen Corp.,Fairfield, NJ 5.1 glycerol monoisostearate (GMIS-2) CRODA GMIS Croda Iberica, Barcelona, Spain 5.1 glycerol monoisostearate (GMIS-3) LUBRIZOL GMIS Lubrizol Adv. Mtls., Cleveland, Ohio 5.1 glycerol monooleate Gattefosse SAS, St.
  • CHG solutions were either a 20 wt. % aqueous solution of CHG or a 10-20% w/w solution of CHG in a non-aqueous vehicle.
  • the non-aqueous solutions were prepared by freeze drying the aqueous CHG solution to produce lyophilized CHG. Finely divided, lyophilized CHG was then solubilized in a non-aqueous vehicle at room temperature with continuous stirring for eight hours
  • Adhesive Preparation Procedure Adhesive Preparation Procedure. Adhesive compositions were prepared by blending together a solvent-based pressure sensitive adhesive and a solution of CHG in a non-aqueous vehicle through simple manual agitation.
  • Adhesive Coating Procedure Adhesive Coating Procedure. Adhesive compositions were coated as hand-spreads by applying a uniform layer of the adhesive on the release surface of a suitable release liner using a knife-edge coater. The wet adhesive thickness ranged from 50 to 510 microns (2-20 mils). The coated adhesives were dried in a solvent oven for 1-10 minutes at temperatures between 65 and 93° C. (150 and 200° F.).
  • Adhesive Lamination Procedure The dried adhesives were used to prepare adhesive articles samples by laminating the dried adhesive to a suitable backing using nip rollers at room temperature.
  • CHG Surface Availability Analysis a discrete amount of CHG should be available at the surface of the adhesive.
  • Surface availability was determined by exposing the surface of the dried adhesive to water in a resting state, according to the following method. A sample of an adhesive article sufficient to cover a circular area of 660 square millimeters was cut from a larger section of an adhesive article prepared as described above. Water (4.0 mL) was pipetted into a glass cup. The release liner was removed exposing a surface of the dried adhesive, and the sample was applied evenly to the top of the glass cup and pressed tight to seal the adhesive to the glass cup so it did not leak when inverted. The sample was then inverted. After the desired test time had elapsed, the sample was reverted and immediately opened.
  • Example Set A show the antimicrobial efficacy of several CHG containing resin systems using the Direct Time Kill Analysis.
  • the CHG was solubilized in a hydrophobic vehicle.
  • the hydrophobic vehicle was compatible with and plasticized (i.e., reduced the Tg of) the hydrophobic phase of the base adhesive.
  • the formulations were prepared by premixing the hydrophobic vehicle(s) with aqueous CHG, diluting with heptane, and mixing the solution with the solvent-based adhesive. The resulting mixture was coated on a silicone release liner at 4.6 mg/square centimeter, dried and laminated to Film-1.
  • Example Set B These examples showed the effect of using hydrophilic non-aqueous vehicles that did not plasticize the adhesive as compared to the hydrophobic non-aqueous vehicles that did plasticize the adhesive.
  • the formulations were prepared by premixing the vehicle or vehicle blends with aqueous CHG, diluting with heptane, and mixing the solution with a solvent-based adhesive. All samples contained 2 wt. % CHG and used PSA-2 except Comparative Example CE-2, which used PSA-1. The resulting mixture was coated on a silicone release liner at 4.6 mg/square centimeter, dried and laminated to Film-1.
  • the adhesives were tested for antimicrobial activity according to the Direct Kill Time Analysis, with an incubation period of 5 minutes. The compositions and log reduction results are shown in Table 8.
  • compositions comprising CHG solubilized in a hydrophobic vehicle may be suitable for a wide variety of applications.
  • such compositions can be incorporated into a wide variety of articles including medical articles.
  • medical articles include drapes (e.g., surgical drapes and incise drapes), and dressings (e.g., wound dressings and I.V. dressings).
  • Article 100 includes substrate 110 and CHG-containing composition 120 adhered to at least a portion of at least one surface of the substrate. In some embodiments, it is desirable to have a replenishable supply of CHG available at composition surface 125 to provide the desired persistent antimicrobial affect.
  • Pigskin was used as a proxy for human skin to gauge the adhesive performance of the adhesive article samples.
  • the test method described in J. Bone Joint Surg. Am. 2012 Jul. 3; 94(13):1187-92, “Comparison of two preoperative skin antiseptic preparations and resultant surgical incise drape adhesion to skin in healthy volunteers” was followed with the following exceptions. Briefly, freshly euthanized pigs were clipped and shaved prior to prepping the skin with isopropyl alcohol. Each prepped area was allowed to dry for about 5 minutes and not more than 6 minutes.
  • Strips cut 1.3 cm by 7.6 cm (0.5 in by 3 in) were applied in duplicate over the prepped area so that the long axis of the drape strip was orientated perpendicular to the pig's spine.
  • a 2 kg (4.5 lb) roller was rolled over the drape samples once back and forth, using no additional pressure, immediately after the drape samples have been placed onto the test site. After the drape samples had been pressed in place with the roller, they were allowed to build adhesion for up to 5 minutes+/ ⁇ 30 seconds before any saline challenges were applied.
  • a 10 cm by 10 cm (4 in by 4 in) gauze that had been soaked in a 0.9% saline solution was placed over the drape sample immediately after the specified adhesion build time. Extra saline was added to the gauze at 10 minutes+/ ⁇ 2 minutes intervals during the challenge period to keep it saturated. The gauze was removed after 30 minutes+/ ⁇ 30 seconds. Immediately after removing the gauze from each sample, the drape sample was mechanically removed using a peel tester. The pull rate was 30.5 cm per minute (12 inches/min) at an angle of approximately 90 degrees to the skin. Data acquisition software was used to record the peel adhesion force.
  • the ability to sterilize the final CHG-containing adhesive article, with, e.g., ethylene oxide (EO) or gamma irradiation is a highly desired performance characteristic.
  • EO sterilization on the adhesive formulation of Example E1 was evaluated. The sample was subject to a standard EO cycle and tested for antimicrobial activity using the Direct Time Kill Analysis at 5 minute and 30 minute incubation periods. No bacteria were detected after enumeration at both time periods, indicating complete kill. The sterilization cycle has no deleterious effect on the CHG activity in adhesive article.
  • Example F1 was prepared without water with the CHG source being a 20% w/w solution of lyophilized CHG predissolved in MCM-1.
  • Example F2 the CHG source was a 20% w/w solution in water, with the water removed during drying.
  • the samples were exposed to two different doses of gamma radiation: 25 and 45 kGy.
  • Adhesive articles were prepared containing 58% w/w PSA-2, 20% w/w triacetin, 20% w/w glyceryl monocaprylate, and 2% w/w CHG. These samples were aged at 66° C. (150° F.) for six weeks. This aggressive aging schedule corresponds to two years aging at room temperature using the Van't Hoff rule. The samples were removed from the aging oven at the end of six weeks and tested for antimicrobial activity using the Direct Time Kill Analysis after 5 and 30 minutes of incubation. The aged samples showed a 0.2 log reduction after 5 minutes and a 3.1 log reduction after 30 minutes of incubation. Thus, there was considerable antimicrobial activity even after this extreme thermal treatment.
  • a high Moisture Vapor Transmission Rate (MVTR) value may be desired, e.g., it may be desirable for CHG incise drape materials to prevent accumulation of moisture and skin maceration under the incise drape when it is applied for very long surgeries. Both the permeability properties of the backing and the adhesive (type and coat weight) impact MVTR.
  • Formulation HA contained 49 wt. % PSA 2, 22.5% glycerol monoisostearate (GMIS-2), 22.5% sorbitan isostearate, 5% glycerol, and 1% CHG.
  • Formulation HB was identical except ethylhexyl glycerin was used instead of the sorbitan isostearate.
  • Drape examples H1-H4 were prepared by laminating formulations HA or HB to a HYTREL film backing. Tie layers were used in Examples H2-H4 to aide in bonding the formulations to the HYTREL backing.
  • Moisture Vapor Transmission Rate (MVTR) Analysis The MVTR was determined using a variation of ASTM method E96-80. The film was placed adhesive side down over the opening of a standard glass vessel half filled with deionized water. The MVTR was determined by first allowing the sample 24 hours to equilibrate to the test conditions of 39 degree C. and 20% ambient relative humidity and then measuring the weight loss of water occurring over the following 24 hours.
  • an incision is made with a scalpel.
  • the deeper layers of tissue are then cut away using a combination of surgical instruments to gain access to the area of interest.
  • Adhesive performance of an incise drape must be evaluated using a combination of methods to assure adequate performance in the operating room.
  • the drape must remain adhered to the skin all the way up to the edge throughout all of the manipulation performed in a typical surgery. In a typical surgery, a surgeon and nurse might insert and remove their hands, surgical instruments, implants, bones, and tissue multiple times over the course of several hours.
  • the adhesive drape is also exposed to large volumes of irrigation fluid, saline, blood, and other bodily fluids, and must maintain its adhesion. After holding up to the challenges of a surgical procedure, the adhesive drape must still be relatively easy to remove from the skin, not causing significant pain or skin damage near the incision.
  • Peel testing on human or porcine skin is one accepted way to assess the performance of an adhesive tape or film on skin. Briefly, strips of adhesive coated backing are applied to the subject, allowed to adhere for a set dwell time, and removed using a device that measures the average force of removal at 90 degrees. The higher the force of removal (or peel value), the more difficult the adhesive is to remove from the skin surface. The peel value can give an indication of the ability of the adhesive construction to remain adhered to the skin. For an incise drape, a desirable peel value is the maximum value that does not cause significant pain or damage to the skin upon removal.
  • CHG-containing adhesives were prepared using a variety of base PSAs and vehicles.
  • the adhesive formulations are summarized in Tables 14a, 14b, and 14c. All the active formulation layers were coated at 4.6 mg/square centimeter.
  • Extra saline was added to the gauze at ten minutes intervals during the challenge period to keep it saturated for up to thirty minutes. After thirty minutes, the wet gauze was removed and samples were removed at a 90 degree angle, mechanically with a peel tester. The force of removal for each strip was recorded using four replicates. The results were compared to a commercially available products; IobanTM 2 Antimicrobial Incise Drape (“Drape 1”) available from 3M Company, St. Paul, Minn. The averages and standard deviations are reported in Table 15.
  • the blade was used to cut through the remaining tissue using several strokes, but without further disturbing the initial cut.
  • gloved hands were used to pull and stretch the incision in a semi-aggressive manner, ensuring that the drape/skin interface was contacted and rubbed by the gloves. This was continued for two minutes.
  • the static dissipative properties of an adhesive article may be important for safe and proper handling and application.
  • buildup of static may occur.
  • Such static can cause blocking to occur, and can make the drape film attract to itself, making the product very difficult to apply.
  • the final construction might be required to meet the specifications for minimizing the risk of spark generation per NFPA 99. The specifications require that the article pass a static decay test where 5 kV of charge is dissipated in less than 0.5 seconds.
  • the adhesive article must meet the specifications for minimizing the risk of spark generation per NFPA 99.
  • the specifications require that the article pass a static decay test where 5 kV of charge is dissipated in less than 0.5 seconds (per industrial test method: IST 40.2-92 “Electrostatic Decay”).
  • adhesives by themselves are very hydrophobic and are not static dissipative. Usually an anti-static coating is put on the backing or liner to meet these specifications.
  • the adhesive formulations can be prepared with vehicles that impart static dissipative properties.
  • Table 16a coated at 4.6 mg/square centimeter on Film-1 were tested for static dissipation.
  • the static dissipation results are shown in Table 16b. Formulations K1, K2, and K3 easily met the NFPA static dissipation requirements.
  • Procedure II Incision Model on Seeded Porcine Skin ( Serratia marcescens ). This model evaluates the active and placebo drapes in a simulated surgical procedure with shallow incisions through skin, retraction and manipulation.
  • the use of seeded bacteria localizes the bacteria of interest to the skin surface initially and can be differentiated from normal flora.
  • Procedure III Incision Model on Porcine Skin (Normal Flora). This model evaluates the active and placebo drapes in a simulated surgical procedure with shallow incisions through skin, retraction and manipulation. Procedure III was identical to Procedure II, except that Steps 2 and 3 were not performed. Also, a modified Standard Sampling Solution was prepared with Tamol (“SST”) containing 75 mM phosphate-buffered water (0.04% KH 2 PO 4 , 1.01% Na 2 HPO 4 ) containing 0.1% TRITON X-100 with 1% Polysorbate 80, 0.3% lecithin and 1% Tamol with pH 7.9 ⁇ 0.1 was used.
  • SST Standard Sampling Solution

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  • Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
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US11039615B2 (en) 2014-04-18 2021-06-22 Entrotech Life Sciences, Inc. Methods of processing chlorhexidine-containing polymerizable compositions and antimicrobial articles formed thereby

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US20200030499A1 (en) 2020-01-30
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US20170281834A1 (en) 2017-10-05
US10232093B2 (en) 2019-03-19
US20190160209A1 (en) 2019-05-30
AU2013309002B2 (en) 2016-05-26
CN104703635A (zh) 2015-06-10
CA2883373A1 (fr) 2014-03-06
EP2890415A1 (fr) 2015-07-08
EP2890415B1 (fr) 2020-09-23
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US20160296678A1 (en) 2016-10-13
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