US20140162064A1 - High structure carbon blacks - Google Patents

High structure carbon blacks Download PDF

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Publication number
US20140162064A1
US20140162064A1 US13/940,961 US201313940961A US2014162064A1 US 20140162064 A1 US20140162064 A1 US 20140162064A1 US 201313940961 A US201313940961 A US 201313940961A US 2014162064 A1 US2014162064 A1 US 2014162064A1
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Prior art keywords
carbon black
groups
alkylene
dispersion
arylene
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Inventor
Andrew P. Dikan
Stephane F. Rouanet
Heather E. Clarke
Bruce E. Mackay
Danny Pierre
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Cabot Corp
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Cabot Corp
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Priority to US13/940,961 priority Critical patent/US20140162064A1/en
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    • C09C—TREATMENT OF INORGANIC MATERIALS, OTHER THAN FIBROUS FILLERS, TO ENHANCE THEIR PIGMENTING OR FILLING PROPERTIES ; PREPARATION OF CARBON BLACK  ; PREPARATION OF INORGANIC MATERIALS WHICH ARE NO SINGLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS AND WHICH ARE MAINLY USED AS PIGMENTS OR FILLERS
    • C09C1/00—Treatment of specific inorganic materials other than fibrous fillers; Preparation of carbon black
    • C09C1/44—Carbon
    • C09C1/48—Carbon black
    • C09C1/56—Treatment of carbon black ; Purification
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B01J19/18—Stationary reactors having moving elements inside
    • B01J19/1868—Stationary reactors having moving elements inside resulting in a loop-type movement
    • B01J19/1881—Stationary reactors having moving elements inside resulting in a loop-type movement externally, i.e. the mixture leaving the vessel and subsequently re-entering it
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    • C08K5/00—Use of organic ingredients
    • C08K5/16—Nitrogen-containing compounds
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    • C08K5/00—Use of organic ingredients
    • C08K5/49—Phosphorus-containing compounds
    • C08K5/51—Phosphorus bound to oxygen
    • C08K5/53—Phosphorus bound to oxygen bound to oxygen and to carbon only
    • C08K5/5317—Phosphonic compounds, e.g. R—P(:O)(OR')2
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    • C09C1/00—Treatment of specific inorganic materials other than fibrous fillers; Preparation of carbon black
    • C09C1/44—Carbon
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    • C09C—TREATMENT OF INORGANIC MATERIALS, OTHER THAN FIBROUS FILLERS, TO ENHANCE THEIR PIGMENTING OR FILLING PROPERTIES ; PREPARATION OF CARBON BLACK  ; PREPARATION OF INORGANIC MATERIALS WHICH ARE NO SINGLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS AND WHICH ARE MAINLY USED AS PIGMENTS OR FILLERS
    • C09C1/00—Treatment of specific inorganic materials other than fibrous fillers; Preparation of carbon black
    • C09C1/44—Carbon
    • C09C1/48—Carbon black
    • C09C1/50—Furnace black ; Preparation thereof
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    • C09C1/00—Treatment of specific inorganic materials other than fibrous fillers; Preparation of carbon black
    • C09C1/44—Carbon
    • C09C1/48—Carbon black
    • C09C1/56—Treatment of carbon black ; Purification
    • C09C1/565—Treatment of carbon black ; Purification comprising an oxidative treatment with oxygen, ozone or oxygenated compounds, e.g. when such treatment occurs in a region of the furnace next to the carbon black generating reaction zone
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    • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
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    • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
    • C09D11/00—Inks
    • C09D11/02—Printing inks
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    • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
    • C09D11/00—Inks
    • C09D11/30—Inkjet printing inks
    • C09D11/32—Inkjet printing inks characterised by colouring agents
    • C09D11/324—Inkjet printing inks characterised by colouring agents containing carbon black
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J2219/00049—Controlling or regulating processes
    • B01J2219/00177—Controlling or regulating processes controlling the pH
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
    • C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
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    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
    • C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
    • C01P2004/60—Particles characterised by their size
    • C01P2004/62—Submicrometer sized, i.e. from 0.1-1 micrometer
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
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    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
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    • C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
    • C01P2006/19—Oil-absorption capacity, e.g. DBP values
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    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
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    • C01P2006/22—Rheological behaviour as dispersion, e.g. viscosity, sedimentation stability
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    • C01P2006/40—Electric properties
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/29—Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
    • Y10T428/2982—Particulate matter [e.g., sphere, flake, etc.]

Definitions

  • Disclosed herein are high structure carbon blacks, methods of preparation, and surface treatment thereof. Also disclosed are dispersions and inkjet ink compositions comprising such blacks.
  • Another embodiment provides a method of oxidizing a pigment, comprising adding ozone to an aqueous dispersion comprising the pigment while maintaining the aqueous dispersion at a pH of at least 8.5.
  • Another embodiment provides an ozone reactor assembly for oxidizing a pigment having a circulated pathway, comprising:
  • a reservoir for containing and agitating a dispersion comprising a pigment, the aqueous dispersion being in fluid communication with a pH probe and a first pump for delivering a base to the dispersion;
  • a second pump in fluid communication with the reservoir for withdrawing and delivering the aqueous dispersion through a first hosing to a venturi tube, wherein the aqueous dispersion passes through a constricted region of the venturi tube;
  • a source of ozone in gaseous communication with the venturi tube via an inlet at or upstream the constricted region, wherein the ozone contacts the pigment while passing through the constricted region;
  • a second hosing for carrying a mixture comprising ozone and the aqueous dispersion to the reservoir.
  • FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional schematic of a front end of a dual-stage carbon black reactor
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic of an ozone reactor assembly.
  • the carbon blacks are channel blacks, furnace blacks and lamp blacks. In one embodiment, the carbon blacks disclosed herein are furnace blacks.
  • the reactor for preparing furnace carbon blacks black is a multi-stage reactor, such as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,829,057 or U.S. Pub. No. 2007/0104636, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. As used herein, a “multi-stage reactor” is outfitted with two or more feedstock injection locations, with subsequent injection locations(s) being positioned downstream a first injection location.
  • FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional schematic of the front end of a carbon black reactor 2 .
  • Reactor 2 includes a combustion chamber 10 in which a combustion gas (liquid or gaseous fuel) is mixed with an oxidant (comprising, e.g., oxygen, air) and ignited by any method known in the art.
  • the ignited gas flows through a frustoconical transition zone 11 to converge the diameter to a generally tunnel-like zone 12 comprising a number of tubular sections.
  • Feedstock injection ports are positioned within front and end tubular sections 14 A and 14 B of zone 12 , where end section 14 B is positioned downstream section 14 A.
  • more than one injection inlet port is arranged circumferentially per each section 14 A and 14 B.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates two spacer tubing sections 16 A and 16 B, although one spacer tubing, or three or more spacer tubings can be used depending on the desired carbon black property.
  • fuel is ignited at combustion chamber 10 and the resulting flow is directed to tunnel-like zone 12 where the fuel contacts a first injection of feedstock injection at front tubing section 14 A.
  • Subsequent flow through spacer tubings 16 A and 16 B allows the formation of seed carbon black particles, which then contact a second charge of feedstock introduced at tubing section 14 B.
  • the gas/carbon black particle mixture is then quenched at refractory 18 .
  • the quenching is typically performed by a water spray at a quench location 20 , of which the distance from zone 12 can be varied.
  • This configuration such as the number of spacer tubings and dimensions, allows the production of high structure, highly branched carbon black particles via smaller seed or precursor carbon black particles.
  • the carbon blacks are useful as pigments in, e.g., inkjet ink compositions.
  • inkjet ink compositions In printing applications, there is a continuing need to develop pigments and ink formulations that, when deposited on a substrate such as paper, produce a printed product having high optical density (O.D.).
  • O.D. optical density
  • high O.D. is associated with larger sized particles as these have a lesser tendency to penetrate the pores of the paper.
  • larger sized particles generally trend toward poorer sedimentation performance, a disadvantageous property for long term storage of inkjet ink formulations, e.g., in cartridges.
  • OAN oil absorption number
  • STSA values e.g., within a range of BET surface area values
  • the OAN ranges from 170 to 220 m 2 /g, e.g., from 170 to 210 m 2 /g, from 180 to 220 m 2 /g, from 180 to 210 m 2 /g, from 190 to 220 m 2 /g, or from 190 to 210 m 2 /g.
  • OAN can be determined according to ASTM-D2414. Without wishing to be bound by any theory, it has believed that the disclosed OAN values can be a significant factor in achieving high optical density values.
  • the STSA ranges from 160 to 220 m 2 /g, e.g., from 160 to 210 m 2 /g, and in certain applications, the STSA ranges from 170 to 220 m 2 /g, from 170 to 210 m 2 /g, from 180 to 220 m 2 /g, or from 180 to 220 m 2 /g.
  • the BET surface area ranges from 200 to 270 m 2 /g, such as a surface area ranging from 200 to 260 m 2 /g.
  • the BET surface area can be determined according to ASTM-D6556.
  • Another embodiment involves the discovery that good printing and sedimentation performance can be achieved with carbon blacks having low internal volume, as determined by a ratio of STSA/BET ranging from 0.7 to 1.
  • a ratio of STSA/BET of 1 represents the limit when the carbon black has substantially no internal porosity.
  • this range of STSA/BET ratios can be useful for applications incorporating conductive carbon blacks.
  • the ratio of STSA/BET ranges from 0.7 to 0.9, or a ratio of STSA/BET ranging from 0.7 to 0.8. In another embodiment, the ratio of STSA/BET ranges from 0.8 to 1 or from 0.9 to 1. In one embodiment, a ratio of STSA/BET ranging from 0.7 to 1 is achieved by minimizing the etching during carbon black formation. In one embodiment, the carbon black can have the STSA and/or BET values disclosed herein.
  • the carbon black has a compressed OAN (COAN) of at least 120 m 2 /g, e.g., at least 125 m 2 /g, at least 130 m 2 /g, at least 135 m 2 /g, or a COAN ranging from 120-145 m 2 /g.
  • COAN compressed OAN
  • the carbon black has a ratio of OAN/COAN ranging from 1.30 to 1.50, e.g., from 1.30 to 1.45.
  • the carbon blacks disclosed herein can be useful in applications such as inkjet commercial printing (large or wide format printing, industrial printing). In contrast to office printers, commercial printers have overall dimensions in the multi-foot or multi-meter range. Certain of these printers may employ ink cartridges having a stirrer assembly to stabilize the dispersion. In such cartridges, sedimentation rates of the solids are not as significant a factor as in office printers. Accordingly, another embodiment provides high structure carbon blacks having a high OAN and COAN values. In one embodiment, a carbon black has the following properties:
  • the carbon black has the following properties:
  • the OAN ranges from 180 to 220 m 2 /g, from 180 to 210 m 2 /g, from 190 to 220 m 2 /g, or from 190 to 210 m 2 /g.
  • the BET surface area ranges from 150 m 2 /g to 260 m 2 /g, from 150 m 2 /g to 220 m 2 /g, from 160 m 2 /g to 260 m 2 /g, from 160 m 2 /g to 220 m 2 /g, from 170 m 2 /g to 260 m 2 /g, from 170 m 2 /g to 220 m 2 /g, from 180 m 2 /g to 260 m 2 /g, or from 180 m 2 /g to 220 m 2 /g.
  • the OAN/COAN ratio ranges from 1.30 to 1.50, e.g., from 1.30 to 1.45.
  • the STSA ranges from 130 m 2 /g to 220 m 2 /g, e.g., from 130 m 2 /g to 200 m 2 /g.
  • the dispersion can be aqueous or nonaqueous.
  • the carbon blacks are treated to render them self-dispersible.
  • the carbon black can be an oxidized carbon black, e.g., having an oxygen content greater than or equal to 3%, which can be determined by methods known in the art (e.g., elemental analysis).
  • oxidized blacks feature a surface having ionic or ionizable, oxygen-containing groups such as one or more of phenols, lactones, carbonyls, carboxyls (e.g., carboxylic acids), anhydrides, ethers, and quinones.
  • ionic or ionizable, oxygen-containing groups such as one or more of phenols, lactones, carbonyls, carboxyls (e.g., carboxylic acids), anhydrides, ethers, and quinones.
  • the extent of oxidation of carbon black can determine the surface concentration of such ionic or ionizable groups.
  • the carbon blacks disclosed herein can be oxidized by a variety of oxidizing agents known in the art.
  • Exemplary oxidizing agents for carbon blacks include oxygen gas, ozone, NO 2 (including mixtures of NO 2 and air), peroxides such as hydrogen peroxide, persulfates such as sodium, potassium, and ammonium persulfate, hypohalites such as sodium hypochlorite, halites, halates, or perhalates (such as sodium chlorite, sodium chlorate, or sodium perchlorate), oxidizing acids such as nitric acid, and transition metal-containing oxidants such as permanganate salts, osmium tetroxide, chromium oxides, ceric ammonium nitrates, and mixtures thereof, e.g., mixtures of gaseous oxidants such as oxygen and ozone.
  • the carbon blacks disclosed herein are oxidized via ozone oxidation.
  • the carbon black is modified with at least one organic group.
  • the organic group is attached to the carbon black, where an “attached” organic group can be distinguished from an adsorbed group in that a soxhlet extraction for several hours (e.g., at least 4, 6, 8, 12, or 24 hours) will not remove the attached group from the pigment (e.g., carbon black).
  • the organic group is attached to the pigment (e.g., carbon black) if the organic group cannot be removed after repeated washing (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, or more washings) with a solvent or solvent mixture that can dissolve the starting organic treating material but cannot disperse the treated pigment.
  • “attached” refers to a bond such as a covalent bond, e.g., a pigment (e.g., carbon black) bonded or covalently bonded to the organic group.
  • the carbon black whether as a raw material, an oxidized black, or a modified black (e.g., having an attached organic group), can be provided in dry form, such as a powder, pellet, granule, or cake.
  • dry refers to a material being substantially free of water and optionally free of volatile material.
  • dry forms include volatile material, such as about 50% or more of a volatile solvent.
  • the carbon black is provided in the form having the consistency of, for example, a paste or putty in a solid or semi-solid form (containing aqueous and/or nonaqueous materials/solvents), a slurry in which the carbon black is provided as an aqueous or nonaqueous dispersion, or as a bulk powder that can be a free flowing or a tacky powder.
  • the carbon black in the dispersion has a mean volume (mV) ranging from 0.07 to 0.18 ⁇ m, e.g., from 0.1 to 0.18 ⁇ m.
  • the carbon black has a D10 ranging from 0.03 to 0.1 ⁇ m, e.g., from 0.05 to 0.1 ⁇ m, such as a D10 ranging from 0.06 to 0.1 ⁇ m, or from 0.07 to 0.1 ⁇ m.
  • the carbon black has a D50 ranging from 0.07 to 0.16 ⁇ m, e.g., from 0.1 to 0.16 ⁇ m.
  • the carbon black has a D90 ranging from 0.15 to 0.25 ⁇ m, e.g., from 0.18 to 0.25 ⁇ m, such as a D90 ranging from 0.15 to 0.24 ⁇ m, or a D90 ranging from 0.18 to 0.24 ⁇ m.
  • the dispersion can be prepared by using any method known in the art.
  • the modified pigment in a dry form may be combined with the liquid vehicle with agitation to produce a stable dispersion.
  • Any equipment known in the art such as a media or ball mill, or other high shear mixing equipment can be used, and various conventional milling media may also be used.
  • Other methods for forming the dispersion will be known to one skilled in the art.
  • the dispersion comprises pigments such as the carbon blacks disclosed herein (e.g., oxidized carbon blacks or carbon blacks having at least one attached organic group), and a liquid vehicle, e.g., an aqueous or non-aqueous vehicle.
  • a liquid vehicle e.g., an aqueous or non-aqueous vehicle.
  • the vehicle contains water, e.g., the vehicle comprises an aqueous solution.
  • the aqueous solution contains greater than 50% by weight water and can be, for example, water or mixtures of water with water miscible solvents such as alcohols.
  • the amount of pigment present in the dispersion can be varied but is typically in an amount ranging from 0.1% to 30%, e.g., from 1% to 25%, from 1% to 20%, from 3% to 20%, from 3% to 15%, based on the total weight of the dispersion.
  • inkjet ink compositions comprising the dispersions disclosed herein.
  • the amount of modified pigment used in the inkjet ink composition can be varied but is typically in an amount effective to provide the desired image quality (for example, optical density) without detrimentally affecting the performance of the inkjet ink.
  • the pigment such as the carbon blacks disclosed herein (e.g., oxidized carbon blacks or carbon blacks having at least one attached organic group) is present in the inkjet ink composition in an amount ranging from 0.1% to 20%, e.g., from 1% to 20%, from 1% to 10%, or from 3% to 8%, based on the total weight of the inkjet ink composition.
  • the inkjet ink composition can be formed with a minimum of additional components (additives and/or cosolvents) and processing steps.
  • suitable additives may also be incorporated into these inkjet ink compositions to impart a number of desired properties while maintaining the stability of the compositions.
  • surfactants may be added to further enhance the colloidal stability of the composition.
  • Other additives are well known in the art and include humectants, biocides and fungicides, binders such as polymeric binders, pH control agents, drying accelerators, penetrants, and the like.
  • the amount of a particular additive will vary depending on a variety of factors but are generally present in an amount ranging between 0% and 40% based on the weight of the inkjet ink composition.
  • the inkjet ink compositions of the present invention may further incorporate dyes to modify color balance and adjust optical density.
  • dyes include food dyes, FD&C dyes, acid dyes, direct dyes, reactive dyes, derivatives of phthalocyanine sulfonic acids, including copper phthalocyanine derivatives, sodium salts, ammonium salts, potassium salts, and lithium salts. Additional details on dispersions and the inkjet ink compositions are provided below.
  • the carbon blacks disclosed herein may be oxidized by any method known in the art (as described herein), another embodiment provides a method of oxidizing a pigment, such as the carbon blacks disclosed herein.
  • the disclosed ozone oxidation method is not limited to the carbon blacks disclosed herein and can be used to oxidize any pigment, e.g., other carbon blacks or organic pigments.
  • One embodiment provides a method of oxidizing a pigment comprising adding ozone to an aqueous dispersion comprising the pigment while maintaining the aqueous dispersion at a pH of at least 8.5.
  • the pH is maintained at a value of at least 8.6, at least 8.7, at least 8.8, at least 8.9, at least 9.0, at least 9.1, at least 9.2, at least 9.3, at least 9.4, or at least 9.5.
  • the pH of the mixture is maintained at a value ranging from 8.5 to 10, 8.5 to 9.5, 8.6 to 10, 8.6 to 9.5, 8.7 to 10, 8.7 to 9.5, 8.8 to 10, 8.8 to 9.5, 8.9 to 10, 8.9 to 9.5, 9.0 to 10, or from 9.0 to 9.5.
  • the oxidizing and maintaining are performed while the aqueous dispersion flows in a circulated pathway.
  • the maintaining comprises adding a base to the aqueous dispersion when the pH level falls to a level below 8.5 (i.e., less than 8.5), e.g., less than 8.6, less than 8.7, less than 8.8, less than 8.9, less than 9.0, less than 9.1, less than 9.2, less than 9.3, less than 9.4, or less than 9.5.
  • a level below 8.5 i.e., less than 8.5
  • the maintaining can be achieved with a pH probe and base pump in which the pH probe senses a drop in the pH level of the mixture to below 8.5 (or below 9.0) as the oxidation proceeds.
  • the base pump automatically adds a sufficient amount of base (e.g., NaOH, KOH) to cause the pH level to rise above 8.5 or above 9.0, or any of the values disclosed herein.
  • a sufficient amount of base e.g., NaOH, KOH
  • the aqueous dispersion passes in a circulating flow through a venturi tube, and the adding comprises introducing ozone to an inlet of the venturi tube, wherein the inlet is positioned at or upstream a constricted region of the venturi tube.
  • One embodiment for achieving the ozone oxidization method comprises an ozone reactor assembly having a circulated pathway.
  • the ozone reactor assembly comprises:
  • a reservoir for containing and agitating a dispersion comprising a pigment, the aqueous dispersion being in fluid communication with a pH probe and a first pump for delivering a base to the dispersion;
  • a second pump in fluid communication with the reservoir for withdrawing and delivering the aqueous dispersion through a first hosing to a venturi tube, wherein the aqueous dispersion passes through a constricted region of the venturi tube;
  • a source of ozone in gaseous communication with the venturi tube via an inlet at or upstream the constricted region, wherein the ozone contacts the pigment while passing through the constricted region;
  • a second hosing for carrying a mixture comprising ozone and the aqueous dispersion to the reservoir.
  • FIG. 2 schematically illustrates an embodiment of an ozone reactor assembly.
  • Reactor 50 comprises a reservoir 52 for containing a mixture 54 comprising at least a pigment and solvent.
  • this mixture is a dispersion containing the carbon blacks disclosed herein, although other carbon black or organic pigments can be oxidized with this assembly.
  • the mixture can be agitated by any method known in the art, such as by stirring, rotating, vibrating, etc.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates a stirrer assembly 56 .
  • Component 58 is in fluid communication with the mixture 54 and comprises a base pump, for introducing base to the mixture 54 to maintain its basicity, and a pH probe for monitoring the pH of the solution.
  • the base pump and pH probe can be provided as separate components or as an integrated component.
  • component 58 monitors the pH level and maintains the pH of the mixture to at least 8.5, or at least 9.0, or any of the values disclosed herein.
  • a fluid pump 60 in fluid communication with the mixture 54 , draws the mixture from reservoir 52 , causing the mixture 54 to flow from reservoir 52 through hosing 62 in a direction indicated by arrows 64 .
  • the mixture 54 then enters a venturi tube 70 at inlet port 65 .
  • the diameter of venturi tube 70 decreases at section 72 and minimizes at a constricted diameter region 74 .
  • the diameter decrease of section 72 leading to and including the constricted diameter region 74 is illustrated in conical fashion but may be achieved by a number of configurations, e.g., stepwise or continually, in a linear, circular, coiled, serpentine, or tortuous pathway.
  • Constricted diameter region 74 connects to another inlet 69 through which ozone is introduced via hosing 68 .
  • the ozone can be generated by passing an oxygen gas from source 66 (e.g., a gas tank containing dried oxygen) to a corona generator 67 .
  • Corona generators typically generate an electrical discharge capable of splitting oxygen molecules.
  • the formed oxygen radicals can react with oxygen molecules to yield ozone.
  • Other ozone generating systems can also be applied to reactor assembly 50 . As the formed ozone enters the venturi tube at inlet 69 and into the constricted diameter region 74 , it contacts the pigment at the highest concentrated pigment-containing region.
  • flow through the constricted diameter region 74 maximizes the shearing forces, thereby optimizing the reaction conditions between ozone and pigment.
  • these advantages can also be realized if ozone is introduced upstream the constricted diameter region 74 where the resulting mixture subsequently passes through this region for additional mixing and reaction.
  • the resulting mixture 54 (dispersion/ozone) eventually exits constricted diameter region 74 via region 76 having an increased diameter in relation to constricted diameter region 74 .
  • the mixture 54 travels through a second set of hosing 80 to be reintroduced back to the reservoir 52 .
  • the pigment can recirculate a number of times through the venturi tube 70 for additional exposure to reactant ozone.
  • the carbon blacks disclosed herein can be subjected to a number of alternative surface treatments and incorporated in various dispersion formulations, as described below.
  • the carbon black is a modified carbon black having at least one attached organic group.
  • the organic group may be an aliphatic group, a cyclic organic group, or an organic compound having an aliphatic portion and a cyclic portion.
  • the organic group is attached via a diazonium salt derived from a primary amine capable of forming, even transiently, a diazonium salt. Other methods of attachment are described below.
  • the organic group may be substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched.
  • Aliphatic groups include, for example, groups derived from alkanes, alkenes, alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and carbohydrates.
  • Cyclic organic groups include, but are not limited to, alicyclic hydrocarbon groups (for example, cycloalkyls, cycloalkenyls), heterocyclic hydrocarbon groups (for example, pyrrolidinyl, pyrrolinyl, piperidinyl, morpholinyl, and the like), aryl groups (for example, phenyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl), and heteroaryl groups (imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, pyridinyl, thienyl, thiazolyl, furyl, indolyl, and triazolyl, such as 1,2,4-triazolyl and 1,2,3-triazolyl).
  • alicyclic hydrocarbon groups for example, cycloalkyls, cycloalkenyls
  • heterocyclic hydrocarbon groups for example, pyrrolidinyl, pyrrolinyl, piperidinyl, morpholinyl, and the like
  • the at least one attached organic group comprises at least one ionic group, ionizable group, or mixtures of an ionic group and an ionizable group.
  • An ionic group can be either anionic or cationic and can be associated with a counterion of the opposite charge including inorganic or organic counterions, such as Na + , K + , Li + , NH 4 + , NR′ 4 + , acetate, NO 3 ⁇ , SO 4 2 ⁇ , R′SO 3 ⁇ , R′OSO 3 ⁇ , OH ⁇ , or Cl ⁇ , where R′ represents hydrogen or an organic group, such as a substituted or unsubstituted aryl or alkyl group.
  • An ionizable group is one that is capable of forming an ionic group in the medium of use.
  • Anionic groups are negatively charged ionic groups that can be generated from groups having ionizable substituents that can form anions (anionizable groups), such as acidic substituents.
  • Cationic groups are positively charged organic ionic groups that can be generated from ionizable substituents that can form cations (cationizable groups), such as protonated amines.
  • anionic groups include —COO ⁇ , —SO 3 ⁇ , —OSO 3 ⁇ , —HPO 3 ⁇ ; —OPO 3 2 ⁇ , or —PO 3 2 ⁇
  • an anionizable group can include —COOH, —SO 3 H, —PO 3 H 2 , —R′SH, or —R′OH, where R′ represents hydrogen or an organic group, such as a substituted or unsubstituted aryl or alkyl group.
  • cationic or cationizable groups include alkyl or aryl amines, which can be protonated in acidic media to form ammonium groups —NR′ 2 H + , where R′ represent an organic group, such as a substituted or unsubstituted aryl or alkyl groups.
  • Organic ionic groups include those described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,698,016, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
  • the attached group may be an organic group such as a benzene carboxylic acid group (—C 6 H 4 —COOH group), a benzene dicarboxylic acid group, a benzene tricarboxylic acid group, a benzene sulfonic acid group (a —C 6 H 4 —SO 3 H group), or salts thereof.
  • surface modification to introduce ionic or ionizable groups onto a pigment surface such as chlorination and sulfonylation, may also be used.
  • the organic group can be attached either directly (bonding to a native atom of the carbon black) or indirectly via an intermediary or spacer group.
  • the intermediary or spacer group is selected from substituted and unsubstituted C 1 -C 12 alkyl, C 5 -C 20 aryl, C 6 -C 24 alkyaryl and aralkyl, wherein “alkyl” can be optionally interrupted by a group containing a heteroatom selected from N, O, and S, and “aryl” includes ring carbon atoms optionally replaced by a group containing a heteroatom selected from N, O, and S.
  • the attached group resides at the pigment surface.
  • the organic group can be substituted or unsubstituted.
  • the organic group is substituted with at least one functional group selected from esters, amides, ethers, carboxyls, aryls, alkyls, halides, sulfonates, sulfates, phosphonates, phosphates, carboxylates, OR′′, COR′′, CO 2 R′′, OCOR′′, CN, NR′′ 2 , SO 2 , CO, SO 3 , SO 3 H, OSO 2 , OSO 3 , SO 3 NR′′, R′′NSO 2 , NR′′(COR′′), NR′′CO, CONR′′ 2 , NO 2 , NO 3 , CONR′′, NR′′CO 2 , O 2 CNR′′, NR′′CONR′′, S, NR′′, SO 2 C 2 H 4 , arylene as defined above, alkylene as defined above, wherein R′′, which can be the same or different, represents an organic group such as hydrogen, amide
  • the organic group contains a 5-membered heteroaromatic group comprising at least two ring heteroatoms, such as those disclosed in PCT Pub. No. WO 2011/143533, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
  • the organic group can have formula (Ib) or (IIb):
  • X can be O, N(R a ), or S; and R 1 can be H, C 1 -C 10 alkyl, C 2 -C 10 alkenyl, C 2 -C 10 alkynyl, C 3 -C 20 cycloalkyl, C 3 -C 20 cycloalkenyl, C 1 -C 20 heterocycloalkyl, C 1 -C 20 heterocycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, halo, cyano, OR b , COOR b , OC(O)R b , C(O)R b , C(O)NR b R c , SO 3 R c , NR b R c , or N + (R b R c R d )Y, in which each of R a , R b , R c , and R d , independently, can be H, C 1 -C 10 alkyl, C 3 -C 20 cyclo
  • Y can be any suitable anion, such as chloride, bromide, iodide, sulfate, nitrate, phosphate, citrate, methanesulfonate, trifluoroacetate, acetate, malate, tosylate, tartrate, fumurate, glutamate, glucuronate, lactate, glutarate, or maleate.
  • anion such as chloride, bromide, iodide, sulfate, nitrate, phosphate, citrate, methanesulfonate, trifluoroacetate, acetate, malate, tosylate, tartrate, fumurate, glutamate, glucuronate, lactate, glutarate, or maleate.
  • X is O, N(R a ), or S; and each of R 1 and R 2 , independently, is H, C 1 -C 10 alkyl, C 2 -C 10 alkenyl, C 2 -C 10 alkynyl, C 3 -C 20 cycloalkyl, C 3 -C 20 cycloalkenyl, C 1 -C 20 heterocycloalkyl, C 1 -C 20 heterocycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, halo, cyano, OR b , COOR b , OC(O)R b , C(O)R b , C(O)NR b R c , SO 3 R c , NR b R c , or N + R b R c R d )Y, each of R a , R b , R c , and R d , independently, being H, C 1 -C 10 alkyl, C 3 -C 20
  • the at least one organic group comprises the formula —[R(A)]-, wherein:
  • R is attached to the carbon black and is selected from arylene, heteroarylene, and alkylene, and
  • A is selected from carboxylic acids, sulfonic acids, phosphonic acids, hydroxyls, amines, and esters, amides, and salts thereof.
  • the at least one organic group comprises the formula —[R(A)]-, wherein:
  • R is attached to the carbon black and is selected from arylene, heteroarylene, and alkylene, and
  • A is selected from hydrogen, alkyls, aryls, heteroaryls, alkylene oxides (e.g., ethylene or propylene oxide), carboxylic acid esters, and glycols.
  • the at least one organic group comprises the formula —[R(A)]-, wherein:
  • R is attached to the carbon black and is selected from arylene, heteroarylene, and alkylene, and
  • A is selected from polymers.
  • the arylene, heteroarylene, and alkylene can be unsubstituted or substituted, e.g., with one or more of the functional groups listed above.
  • Exemplary arylenes include phenylene, naphthylene, and biphenylene
  • exemplary heteroarylenes include phenylene, naphthylene, and biphenylene having a ring carbon substituted with one or more oxygen or nitrogen atoms.
  • the arylene is a C 5 -C 20 arylene.
  • Heteroarylenes can be an arylene as defined herein which one or more ring carbon atoms is replaced with a heteroatom, e.g., N, O, and S.
  • the heteroatom can be bonded to other groups in addition to being a ring atom.
  • exemplary arylenes include phenyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl, phenanthrenyl, biphenyl, and exemplary heteroarylenes include pyridinyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, thienyl, thiazolyl, furyl, triazinyl, indolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, and benzothiazolyl.
  • Alkylenes may be branched or unbranched.
  • the alkylene may be a C 1 -C 12 alkylene such as methylene, ethylene, propylene, or butylene, optionally interrupted by a heteroatom.
  • R is a substituted R and comprises an arylene, heteroarylene, and alkylene substituted with at least a spacer group that is bonded to A.
  • a substituted R comprises R′-Sp, wherein R′ is selected from arylene, heteroarylene, and alkylene, as defined above, and Sp is a spacer selected from the functional groups listed above capable of bonding to both R′ and A.
  • Sp is selected from —CO 2 —, —O 2 C—, —CO—, —OSO 2 —, —SO 3 —, —SO 2 —, —SO 2 C 2 H 4 —O—, —SO 2 C 2 H 4 S—, —SO 2 C 2 H 4 NR′′—, —O—, —S—, —NR′′—, —NR′′CO—, —CONR′′—, —NR′′CO 2 —, —O 2 CNR′′—, —NR′′CONR′′—, —N(COR′′)CO—, —CON(COR′′)—, —NR′′COCH(CH 2 CO 2 R′′)— and cyclic imides therefrom, —NR′′COCH 2 CH(CO 2 R′′)— and cyclic imides therefrom, —CH(CH 2 CO 2 R′′)CONR′′—, and cyclic imides therefrom, —CH(CO 2 R′′)CH 2 CONR′′ and cyclic imides there
  • R′′ which can be the same or different, is defined as above, or represents hydrogen or an organic group such as a substituted or unsubstituted aryl or alkyl group, e.g., C 5 -C 20 aryl groups, and substituted and unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl groups.
  • Sp is selected from —CO 2 —, —O 2 C—, —O—, —NR′′—, —NR′′CO—, —CONR′′—, —SO 2 NR′′—, —SO 2 CH 2 CH 2 NR′′—, —SO 2 CH 2 CH 2 O—, or —SO 2 CH 2 CH 2 S— wherein R′′ is defined as above, e.g., selected from H and C 1 -C 6 alkyl groups.
  • Sp is derived from a compound having a reactive group selected from a carboxylic acid or ester, an acid chloride, a sulfonyl chloride, an acyl azide, an isocyanate, a ketone, an aldehyde, an anhydride, an amide, an imide, an imine, an ⁇ , ⁇ -unsaturated ketone, aldehyde, or sulfone, an alkyl halide, an epoxide, an alkyl sulfonate or sulfate such as a (2-sulfatoethyl)-sulfone group, an amine, a hydrazine, an alcohol, a thiol, a hydrazide, an oxime, a triazene, a carbanion, an aromatic compound, salts or derivatives thereof, or any combination thereof.
  • a reactive group selected from a carboxylic acid or ester, an acid chloride, a
  • Such compounds include amino-functionalized aromatic compounds, such as 4-aminobenzyl amine (4-ABA), 3-aminobenzyl amine (3-ABA), 2-aminobenzyl amine (2-ABA), 2-aminophenyl ethylamine, 4-aminophenyl-(2-sulfatoethyl)-sulphone, (APSES), p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), 4-aminophthalic acid (4-APA), and 5-aminobenzene-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid.
  • 4-aminobenzyl amine 4-aminobenzyl amine
  • 3-aminobenzyl amine 3-aminobenzyl amine (3-ABA)
  • 2-aminobenzyl amine (2-ABA) 2-aminophenyl ethylamine
  • 4-aminophenyl-(2-sulfatoethyl)-sulphone APSES
  • PABA p-aminobenzoic acid
  • the at least one organic group is capable of binding calcium (e.g., having defined calcium index values), including those organic groups described in PCT Pub. No. WO 2007/053564, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
  • the organic group comprises at least one geminal bisphosphonic acid group, partial esters thereof, or salts thereof, e.g., a group having the formula —CQ(PO 3 H 2 ) 2 , partial esters thereof, or salts thereof, wherein Q is bonded to the geminal position and may be H, R, OR, SR, or NR 2 wherein R′′, which can be the same or different, is defined as above, or can be H, a C 1 -C 18 saturated or unsaturated, branched or unbranched alkyl group, a C 1 -C 18 saturated or unsaturated, branched or unbranched acyl group, an aralkyl group, an alkaryl group, or an aryl group.
  • R′′ which can be the same or different, is
  • organic groups capable of binding calcium include: at least one hydroxamic acid group or salt thereof (e.g., at least one group having the formula —N(OH)—CO— or a salt thereof); at least one heteroaryl group having at least one OH group or salt thereof (e.g., a nitrogen-containing heteroaryl group, such as a pyridinyl group or a quinolinyl group, and the organic group is a hydroxy pyridinyl group or a hydroxy quinolinyl group, in which the hydroxy group is at a position on the heteroaryl group such that it is geometrically close to the heteroatom, such as ortho to the heteroatom; or a heteroaryl having two OH groups in positions ortho to each other); at least one phosphonic acid group or salt thereof and at least one second ionic, ionizable or basic group (a basic group is a Lewis base, such as an OH group or an amino group that can be geminal to the phosphonic acid group); at least one heteroaryl group having
  • the attached organic group comprises a polymer.
  • the polymer comprises at least one non-ionic group.
  • examples include alkylene oxide groups of from about 1 to about 12 carbons and polyols, such as a —CH 2 —CH 2 —O— group, a —CH(CH 3 )—CH 2 —O— group, a —CH 2 —CH(CH 3 )—O— group, a —CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 —O— group, or combinations thereof.
  • These non-ionic groups may further comprise at least one ionic or ionizable group as disclosed herein.
  • the attached polymers which can be homopolymers or copolymers, can also be derived from monomers selected from acrylic and methacrylic acid, acrylate esters, methacrylate esters, acrylamides and methacrylamides, acrylonitriles, cyanoacrylate esters, maleate and fumarate diesters, vinyl pyridines, vinyl N-alkylpyrroles, vinyl acetate, vinyl oxazoles, vinyl thiazoles, vinyl pyrimidines, vinyl imidazoles, vinyl ketones, vinyl ethers, and styrenes.
  • monomers selected from acrylic and methacrylic acid, acrylate esters, methacrylate esters, acrylamides and methacrylamides, acrylonitriles, cyanoacrylate esters, maleate and fumarate diesters, vinyl pyridines, vinyl N-alkylpyrroles, vinyl acetate, vinyl oxazoles, vinyl thiazoles, vinyl pyrimidines,
  • Vinyl ethers include those that can be prepared by cationic polymerization, such as those having the general structure CH 2 ⁇ CH(OR), wherein R is an alkyl, aralkyl, alkaryl, or aryl group or is a group comprising one or more alkylene oxide groups.
  • Vinyl ketones include those in which the ⁇ -carbon atom of the alkyl group does not bear a hydrogen atom, such as vinyl ketones in which both ⁇ -carbons bear a C 1 -C 4 alkyl group, halogen, etc. or a vinyl phenyl ketone in which the phenyl group may be substituted with from 1 to 5 C 1 -C 6 alkyl groups and/or halogen atoms.
  • Styrenes include those in which the vinyl group is substituted with a C 1 -C 6 alkyl group, such as at the ⁇ -carbon atom, and/or those in which the phenyl group is substituted with from 1 to 5 substituents including a C 1 -C 6 alkyl, alkenyl (including vinyl), or alkynyl (including acetylenyl) group, a phenyl group, a haloalkyl group, and functional groups such as C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, halogen, nitro, carboxy, sulfonate, C 1 -C 6 alkoxycarbonyl, hydroxy (including those protected with a C 1 -C 6 acyl group), and cyano groups.
  • substituents including a C 1 -C 6 alkyl, alkenyl (including vinyl), or alkynyl (including acetylenyl) group, a phenyl group, a haloalkyl group,
  • methyl acrylate MA
  • MMA methyl methacrylate
  • EA ethyl acrylate
  • EMA ethyl methacrylate
  • BA butyl acrylate
  • EHA 2-ethylhexyl acrylate
  • AN acrylonitrile
  • methacrylonitrile styrene, and derivatives thereof.
  • the polymer can be prepared by the cationic or anionic polymerization of one or more polymerizable monomers.
  • polyvinyl ethers can be prepared by cationic polymerization of monomers, such as those having the general structure CH 2 ⁇ CH(OR), wherein R is an alkyl, aralkyl, alkaryl, or aryl group or is a group comprising one or more alkylene oxide groups.
  • R is an alkyl, aralkyl, alkaryl, or aryl group or is a group comprising one or more alkylene oxide groups.
  • Other cationically or anionically polymerizable monomers can also be included.
  • the polymer can also be prepared by polycondensation techniques.
  • the polymer may be a polyester or a polyurethane having a functional group described above.
  • suitable methods include a solution method which comprises preparing an isocyanate-terminated prepolymer in a low boiling solvent (such as acetone) unreactive with an isocyanate group, introducing a hydrophilic group such as diamine or polyol therein, effecting phase change by diluting with water, and distilling off a solvent to obtain a polyurethane dispersion.
  • Another suitable method comprises preparing an isocyanate group-terminated prepolymer having a hydrophilic group introduced, dispersing in water, and extending a chain with an amine.
  • Polyurethanes may be prepared by the prepolymer method, and a polyhydroxy compound having a low molecular weight may be used at that time.
  • a polyhydroxy compound having a low molecular weight include polyester diols such as glycol and alkylene oxide, a trihydric alcohol such as glycerin, trimethylolethane and trimethylolpropane.
  • the polymer has a low acid number.
  • the polymer may be an acidic group containing polymer having an acid number of less than or equal to about 200, such as less than or equal to about 150, less than or equal to about 110, or less than or equal to about 100.
  • the acid number of the polymer is greater than or equal to about 30.
  • the polymer may be an acidic group containing polymer having an acid number of from about 30 to about 200, such as from about 30 to about 110, from about 110 to about 150, or from about 150 to about 200.
  • the carbon black is modified with at least one organic group via a diazonium treatment as detailed, for instance, in the following patents: U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,554,739; 5,630,868; 5,672,198; 5,707,432; 5,851,280; 5,885,335; 5,895,522; 5,900,029; 5,922,118; 6,042,643; 6,534,569; 6,398,858 and 6,494,943 (high shear conditions) U.S. Pat. No.
  • the attachment is provided via a diazonium reaction where the at least one organic group has a diazonium salt substituent.
  • the direct attachment can be formed by using the diazonium and stable free radical methods described, for instance, in U.S. Pat. Nos.
  • WO 01/51566 reaction between at least one electrophile and at least one nucleophile
  • WO 04/63289 reaction with H2N-A-Y where A is a heteroatom
  • WO 2010/141071 reaction with H2N-A-Y where A is a heteroatom
  • WO 99/23174 the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.
  • the carbon black is attached to the organic group via an —O—C— bond, wherein the —O—C— bond forms one or more of phenolate, naphtholate, ester, and ether linkages wherein the carbon atom of the —O—C— bond, and substituents thereof, are not native to the carbon black prior to modification.
  • and carbon black is attached to the organic group via phenolate or naphtholate linkages in which the aromatic groups of the phenolate or naptholate are native to the carbon black. In one embodiment, these linkages can be achieved via a Mitsunobu reaction, as disclosed in PCT App. No.
  • PCT/US2013/39381 in which a first reactant comprising a protonated nucleophile having a pKa ⁇ 15 is reacted with a second reactant comprising a hydroxyl-containing organic group.
  • the carbon black can be attached to either the first or second reactant.
  • modified pigments including those having attached polymeric groups
  • PCT Publication No. WO 01/51566 discloses methods of making a modified pigment by reacting a first chemical group and a second chemical group to form a pigment having attached a third chemical group.
  • PCT Pub. No. WO 2007/053563 discloses modified colorants having attached at least one polymeric group comprising a polymer having at least one functional group having defined calcium index values. Specific embodiments of the organic groups are described, including organic groups comprising at least one geminal bisphosphonic acid group, partial esters thereof, or salts thereof.
  • the polymer modified pigments may also be prepared by polymerization of monomers from a pigment.
  • the polymer modified pigments may be prepared by radical polymerization, controlled polymerization methods, such as atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), stable free radical (SFR) polymerization, and reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization (RAFT), ionic polymerizations (anionic or cationic) such as group transfer polymerization (GTP), and condensation polymerization.
  • ATRP atom transfer radical polymerization
  • SFR stable free radical
  • RAFT reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization
  • ionic polymerizations anionic or cationic
  • GTP group transfer polymerization
  • modified pigments comprising the pigment coated by the polymer
  • these modified pigments can be prepared using any method known in the art, such as those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,085,698, 5,998,501, 6,074,467, 6,852,777, and 7,074,843, and International Patent Publication Nos. WO 2004/111,140, WO 2005/061087, and WO 2006/064193, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.
  • the modified pigments having attached at least one polymeric group may further comprise a second organic group, which is different from the polymeric groups described above.
  • a second organic group which is different from the polymeric groups described above.
  • the modified pigment may further comprise a second attached organic group that may comprise at least one ionic group, at least one ionizable group, or a mixture thereof.
  • the ionic or ionizable group is an anionic or anionizable group.
  • Any of the ionic or ionizable groups, particularly the anionic or anionizable groups, described above regarding the pigment of the modified pigment of the present invention may be the second organic group.
  • the second organic group may be a polymeric group comprising a polymer. Any of the polymeric groups described above can also be used as the second attached organic group.
  • the amount of attached organic groups can be varied, depending on the desired use of the modified carbon black and the type of attached group.
  • the total amount of organic group may be from about 0.01 to about 10.0 micromoles of groups/m 2 surface area of pigment, as measured by nitrogen adsorption (BET method), including from about 0.5 to about 5.0 micromoles/m 2 , from about 1 to about 3 micromoles/m 2 , or from about 2 to about 2.5 micromoles/m 2 .
  • Additional attached organic groups which differ from those described for the various embodiments of the present invention, may also be present.
  • Dispersing agents may be added to further enhance the colloidal stability of the composition or to change the interaction of the ink with either the printing substrate, such as printing paper, or with the ink printhead.
  • Various anionic, cationic and nonionic dispersing agents can be used in conjunction with the ink composition of the present invention, and these may be used neat or as a water solution.
  • Salts include, for example, Na + , Li + , K + , Cs + , Rb + , and substituted and unsubstituted ammonium cations.
  • Representative examples of cationic surfactants include aliphatic amines, quaternary ammonium salts, sulfonium salts, phosphonium salts and the like.
  • the dispersing agents may also be a natural polymer or a synthetic polymer dispersant.
  • natural polymer dispersants include proteins such as glue, gelatin, casein and albumin; natural rubbers such as gum arabic and tragacanth gum; glucosides such as saponin; alginic acid, and alginic acid derivatives such as propyleneglycol alginate, triethanolamine alginate, and ammonium alginate; and cellulose derivatives such as methyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose and ethylhydroxy cellulose.
  • Humectants and water soluble organic compounds may also be added to the inkjet ink composition of the present invention, particularly for the purpose of preventing clogging of the nozzle as well as for providing paper penetration (penetrants), improved drying (drying accelerators), and anti-cockling properties.
  • humectants and other water soluble compounds include low molecular-weight glycols such as ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol and dipropylene glycol; diols containing from about 2 to about 40 carbon atoms, such as 1,3-pentanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,5-pentanediol, 1,4-pentanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, 1,5-hexanediol, 2,6-hexanediol, neopentylglycol (2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediol), 1,3-propanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,5-pentanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, 1,2,6-hexanetriol, poly(ethylene-co-propylene)g
  • saccharides such as maltitol, sorbitol, gluconolactone and maltose
  • polyhydric alcohols such as trimethylol propane and trimethylol ethane
  • N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone such as 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone
  • sulfoxide derivatives containing from about 2 to about 40 carbon atoms including dialkylsulfides (symmetric and asymmetric sulfoxides) such as dimethylsulfoxide, methylethylsulfoxide, alkylphenyl sulfoxides, and the like
  • sulfone derivatives symmetric and asymmetric sulfones
  • sulfones such as dimethylsulfone, methylethylsulfone, sulfolane (tetramethylenesulfone, a cyclic sulfone), dialkyl sulfones, alkyl phenyl
  • Biocides and/or fungicides may also be added to the inkjet ink composition of the present invention.
  • Biocides are important in preventing bacterial growth since bacteria are often larger than ink nozzles and can cause clogging as well as other printing problems.
  • useful biocides include, but are not limited to, benzoate or sorbate salts, and isothiazolinones.
  • the inkjet ink composition comprises a cosolvent.
  • the cosolvent is soluble or miscible in water at concentrations of at least 10% by weight and is also chemically stable to aqueous hydrolysis conditions (e.g., reaction with water under heat aging conditions, including, for example, the hydrolysis of esters and lactones).
  • the cosolvent has a dielectric constant below that of water, such as a dielectric constant ranging from about 10 to about 78 at 20° C.
  • suitable cosolvents include low molecular-weight glycols (such as ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, triethylene glycol monomethyl or monoethyl ether, diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, and tetraethylene glycol monobutyl ether); alcohols (such as ethanol, propanol, iso-propyl alcohol, n-butyl alcohol, sec-butyl alcohol, and tert-butyl alcohol, 2-propyn-1-ol (propargyl alcohol), 2-buten-1-ol, 3-buten-2-ol, 3-butyn-2-ol, and cyclopropanol); diols containing from about 2 to about 40 carbon atoms (such as 1,3-pentaned
  • saccharides such as maltitol, sorbitol, gluconolactone and maltose
  • sulfoxide derivatives such as dimethylsulfoxide, methylethylsulfoxide, and alkylphenyl sulfoxides
  • sulfone derivatives symmetric and asymmetric containing from about 2 to about 40 carbon atoms (such as dimethylsulfone, methylethylsulfone, sulfolane (tetramethylenesulfone, a cyclic sulfone), dialkyl sulfones, alkyl phenyl sulfones, dimethylsulfone, methylethylsulfone, diethylsulfone, ethylpropylsulfone, methylphenylsulfone, methylsulfolane, and dimethyls
  • the amount of the cosolvent can be varied depending on a variety of factors, including the properties of the cosolvent (solubility and/or dielectric constant), the type of modified pigment, and the desired performance of the resulting inkjet ink composition.
  • the optional cosolvent may be used in amounts of less than or equal to about 40% by weight based on the total weight of the inkjet ink composition, including less than or equal to about 30% and less than or equal to about 20%.
  • the amount of the optional cosolvent is greater than or equal to about 2% by weight based on the total weight of the inkjet ink composition, including greater than or equal to about 5% and greater than or equal to about 10% by weight.
  • the carbon black was prepared in a pilot plant according to one embodiment of a multi-stage reactor depicted in FIG. 1 .
  • the reactor dimensions are outlined in Table 1 below.
  • FIG. 1 label Component 10, 11 XB-102R burner with tab can 14 4.5′′ First Stage Transition w/ 6 tips 16A 5.3′′ Spacer Transition 16B 5.3′′ Second Stage Transition w/ 4 tips 18 (1) 9′′ Entry Reactor Section 18 (2) 13.5′′ Reactor Sections 18 (2) 18′′ Reactor Sections 18 (2) 27′′ Reactor Sections 18 (3) 36′′ Reactor Sections
  • This Example describes the ozonation of carbon black Samples A-G of Example 1 by using the ozone reactor assembly of FIG. 2 outfitted with a venturi tube.
  • Example 1 A carbon black charge from Example 1 (300 g) was combined with water (6 L) and this mixture was homogenized with a rotor-stator at 8,000-10,000 rpm for 3-5 minutes. The resulting slurry was added to the reservoir of the ozone reactor assembly, in which the reservoir pH was maintained at 9.0. The recirculation pump was operated at a rate of 70-90 L/min to circulate the slurry throughout the reactor. Ozone gas (3-5 wt %) was introduced to the slurry via an inlet at the venturi tube at a gas flow rate of 6-10 L/min. Ozonation was performed over a 9 h time period at a reaction temperature of 30-40° C.
  • Example 2 describes the modification of carbon black samples A-F of Example 1 with 4-aminobenzoic acid (pABA). While this modification was performed on raw material carbon blacks, the same treatment can be performed on the oxidized carbon black samples of Example 2.
  • pABA 4-aminobenzoic acid
  • a mixture comprising a carbon black charge (500 g) from Example 1, pABA (50-75 g), and water (1-2 L) was added to a Processall reactor. The temperature was raised to 55° C. and sodium nitrite (20%, 150-220 g) was added to this mixture over a time period of 20 min. The reaction was performed for 1-2 h at 65° C.
  • This Example describes the modification of carbon black samples A-F of Example 1 with 2-(4-aminophenyl)-1-hydroxyethylidene-1,1-bisphosphonicacid (EBP).
  • EBP 2-(4-aminophenyl)-1-hydroxyethylidene-1,1-bisphosphonicacid
  • This Example describes the preparation of dispersions using the oxidized/treated carbon black materials of Examples 2-4. Diafiltration was performed with a Pall Microza® ultrafiltration membrane (SLP-1053) to a permeate conductivity of less than 150 uS/cm or to a retentate conductivity of less than 1000 uS/cm at 15% dispersion solids. (For samples G-O-S and G-O-U, prior to diafiltration, the resulting dispersions were subjected to a heat treatment where the dispersion is heated to a minimum of 75° C. for 2 h with magnetic or overhead stirring).
  • SLP-1053 Pall Microza® ultrafiltration membrane
  • the sample was then diluted to 5% solids and centrifuged on a Carr® Powerfuge® at 13276 RPM with either a 300 or 600 mL/min flow rate.
  • the sample was reconcentrated to 16% solids with a Pall Microza® ultrafiltration membrane (SLP-1053) and sonicated with a Misonix® Lab probe sonicator inside a vessel with a cooled jacket with magnetic stirring to a D50 target particle size of 140 nm (for comparison, a second set of ozone-oxidized carbon black samples were not subjected to this sonication step).
  • Biocide was added (0.2% (w/w) Proxel®) and the sample was passed through either a 0.3 or 0.5 ⁇ m Pall depth filter. The sample was adjusted to 15% solids by adding water.
  • the sedimentation rate was determined from the Abs 1 and Abs 2 values according to the following formula:
  • Inkjet ink formulations were prepared from the dispersions of Example 5, with components in proportions (in pph) as listed in Tables 8 and 9 below.
  • Inkjet Formulations A and B of Example 7 were printed on Xerox 4200 and HPMP paper.
  • An Epson C88+ inkjet printer was used to print Formulation A and a Canon iP4000 inkjet printer was used to print Formulation B.
  • the printing was performed on Best and Normal modes, as listed in Table 10 below along with the resulting optical density values. “A” indicates Formulation A; “B” indicates Formulation B.

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GB201500506D0 (en) 2015-02-25
JP2015527440A (ja) 2015-09-17
FR2993261B1 (fr) 2019-06-21
US20160355686A1 (en) 2016-12-08
CN104619788A (zh) 2015-05-13
NL2011151C2 (en) 2015-03-24
DE112013003520T5 (de) 2015-04-16
US9896583B2 (en) 2018-02-20
CN104619788B (zh) 2018-04-03
FR2993261A1 (fr) 2014-01-17
JP2017020028A (ja) 2017-01-26
JP6280595B2 (ja) 2018-02-14
US20150259513A1 (en) 2015-09-17
US9056994B2 (en) 2015-06-16
DE112013003520B4 (de) 2020-08-06
ITTO20130587A1 (it) 2014-01-14
GB2518108A (en) 2015-03-11
NL2011151A (en) 2014-02-10
BR112015000690A2 (pt) 2017-06-27
WO2014012002A2 (en) 2014-01-16
US9388300B2 (en) 2016-07-12
WO2014012002A3 (en) 2014-03-06
US20140013996A1 (en) 2014-01-16

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