US20140083132A1 - Process for liquefaction of natural gas - Google Patents

Process for liquefaction of natural gas Download PDF

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Publication number
US20140083132A1
US20140083132A1 US14/118,945 US201214118945A US2014083132A1 US 20140083132 A1 US20140083132 A1 US 20140083132A1 US 201214118945 A US201214118945 A US 201214118945A US 2014083132 A1 US2014083132 A1 US 2014083132A1
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Prior art keywords
heat exchanger
expander
stream
gas
natural gas
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Anthony Dwight Maunder
Geoffrey Frederick Skinner
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Gasconsult Ltd
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Gasconsult Ltd
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Assigned to GASCONSULT LIMITED reassignment GASCONSULT LIMITED ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: MAUNDER, ANTHONY DWIGHT, SKINNER, GEOFFREY FREDERICK
Publication of US20140083132A1 publication Critical patent/US20140083132A1/en
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J5/00—Arrangements of cold exchangers or cold accumulators in separation or liquefaction plants
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/0002—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the fluid to be liquefied
    • F25J1/0022—Hydrocarbons, e.g. natural gas
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/003—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production
    • F25J1/0032—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production using the feed stream itself or separated fractions from it, i.e. "internal refrigeration"
    • F25J1/0035—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production using the feed stream itself or separated fractions from it, i.e. "internal refrigeration" by gas expansion with extraction of work
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/003—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production
    • F25J1/0032—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production using the feed stream itself or separated fractions from it, i.e. "internal refrigeration"
    • F25J1/0035—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production using the feed stream itself or separated fractions from it, i.e. "internal refrigeration" by gas expansion with extraction of work
    • F25J1/0037—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production using the feed stream itself or separated fractions from it, i.e. "internal refrigeration" by gas expansion with extraction of work of a return stream
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/003—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production
    • F25J1/0032—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production using the feed stream itself or separated fractions from it, i.e. "internal refrigeration"
    • F25J1/004—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production using the feed stream itself or separated fractions from it, i.e. "internal refrigeration" by flash gas recovery
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/02—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
    • F25J1/0201—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process using only internal refrigeration means, i.e. without external refrigeration
    • F25J1/0202—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process using only internal refrigeration means, i.e. without external refrigeration in a quasi-closed internal refrigeration loop
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/02—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
    • F25J1/0211—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process using a multi-component refrigerant [MCR] fluid in a closed vapor compression cycle
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/02—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
    • F25J1/0225—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process using other external refrigeration means not provided before, e.g. heat driven absorption chillers
    • F25J1/0227—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process using other external refrigeration means not provided before, e.g. heat driven absorption chillers within a refrigeration cascade
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/02—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
    • F25J1/0228—Coupling of the liquefaction unit to other units or processes, so-called integrated processes
    • F25J1/0229—Integration with a unit for using hydrocarbons, e.g. consuming hydrocarbons as feed stock
    • F25J1/023—Integration with a unit for using hydrocarbons, e.g. consuming hydrocarbons as feed stock for the combustion as fuels, i.e. integration with the fuel gas system
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/02—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
    • F25J1/0228—Coupling of the liquefaction unit to other units or processes, so-called integrated processes
    • F25J1/0235—Heat exchange integration
    • F25J1/0242—Waste heat recovery, e.g. from heat of compression
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/02—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
    • F25J1/0243—Start-up or control of the process; Details of the apparatus used; Details of the refrigerant compression system used
    • F25J1/0244—Operation; Control and regulation; Instrumentation
    • F25J1/0254—Operation; Control and regulation; Instrumentation controlling particular process parameter, e.g. pressure, temperature
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/02—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
    • F25J1/0243—Start-up or control of the process; Details of the apparatus used; Details of the refrigerant compression system used
    • F25J1/0279—Compression of refrigerant or internal recycle fluid, e.g. kind of compressor, accumulator, suction drum etc.
    • F25J1/0281—Compression of refrigerant or internal recycle fluid, e.g. kind of compressor, accumulator, suction drum etc. characterised by the type of prime driver, e.g. hot gas expander
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/02—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
    • F25J1/0243—Start-up or control of the process; Details of the apparatus used; Details of the refrigerant compression system used
    • F25J1/0279—Compression of refrigerant or internal recycle fluid, e.g. kind of compressor, accumulator, suction drum etc.
    • F25J1/0281—Compression of refrigerant or internal recycle fluid, e.g. kind of compressor, accumulator, suction drum etc. characterised by the type of prime driver, e.g. hot gas expander
    • F25J1/0283—Gas turbine as the prime mechanical driver
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2220/00—Processes or apparatus involving steps for the removal of impurities
    • F25J2220/60—Separating impurities from natural gas, e.g. mercury, cyclic hydrocarbons
    • F25J2220/62—Separating low boiling components, e.g. He, H2, N2, Air
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2220/00—Processes or apparatus involving steps for the removal of impurities
    • F25J2220/60—Separating impurities from natural gas, e.g. mercury, cyclic hydrocarbons
    • F25J2220/64—Separating heavy hydrocarbons, e.g. NGL, LPG, C4+ hydrocarbons or heavy condensates in general
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2240/00—Processes or apparatus involving steps for expanding of process streams
    • F25J2240/80—Hot exhaust gas turbine combustion engine
    • F25J2240/82—Hot exhaust gas turbine combustion engine with waste heat recovery, e.g. in a combined cycle, i.e. for generating steam used in a Rankine cycle
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2270/00—Refrigeration techniques used
    • F25J2270/04—Internal refrigeration with work-producing gas expansion loop
    • F25J2270/06—Internal refrigeration with work-producing gas expansion loop with multiple gas expansion loops
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2270/00—Refrigeration techniques used
    • F25J2270/90—External refrigeration, e.g. conventional closed-loop mechanical refrigeration unit using Freon or NH3, unspecified external refrigeration
    • F25J2270/906—External refrigeration, e.g. conventional closed-loop mechanical refrigeration unit using Freon or NH3, unspecified external refrigeration by heat driven absorption chillers

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method for liquefying methane-rich gas and, more particularly but not exclusively, relates to a method for producing liquefied natural gas (LNG).
  • LNG liquefied natural gas
  • Expander-based LNG installations are simple, compact, low in weight and can avoid the importation/preparation/storage of liquid refrigerants. These characteristics are attractive for smaller scale applications, particularly offshore, where low hydrocarbon inventory is desirable from safety considerations.
  • expander processes have certain drawbacks:
  • the working fluid typically nitrogen
  • Partially liquefying the feed gas itself in an expander, having a two-phase discharge flow, can reduce internal (recycle) gas flows and reduce power requirement.
  • an inventive step in the present application consists of identifying operating conditions for the two expanders (the precooling expander and the liquefying expander) which allow for practical production of atmospheric pressure LNG at about ⁇ 161° C. Moreover a very high pressure feed gas, which is a feature of the above-mentioned patents, is no longer required.
  • the present invention facilitates production of LNG from smaller gas fields, particularly offshore, due to its simple flow scheme, low power consumption and non-reliance on storage and use of liquid refrigerants.
  • the liquefaction process itself generally does not require process columns, for instance for refrigerant preparation, which may be less easy to operate under such operating conditions.
  • a process for liquefying natural gas or other methane-rich gases comprising:
  • this invention comprises a liquefaction process with moderate power requirement in which the necessary refrigeration, is largely supplied by work expansion of the feed gas itself. Cryogenic liquid refrigerants or other secondary working fluids such as nitrogen are therefore not required. In this way energy is extracted at a low temperature level which results in improved thermodynamic efficiency. As a result, a significant proportion of the LNG is formed directly in a work extracting expander, in addition to that formed by condensation in an exchanger which is cooled by the reheating of the cold gas from the said work expander.
  • FIGS. 1 and 2 represent flow diagrams illustrating processes in accordance with the invention.
  • FIG. 1 shows the operating features of the invention.
  • the exact flow sheet will depend upon the feed gas specification, but will generally contain these basic elements. Where pressures are stated anywhere in this application as “bar” these are bar absolute.
  • the feed natural gas (Stream 1 ) is passed through a pretreatment stage A in which components that would solidify or otherwise interfere with the downstream liquefaction process, such CO 2 , H 2 S, water vapour and mercury vapour, are removed to the extent necessary to give appropriate and conventional maximum concentrations in the pretreated gas (Stream 2 ).
  • Stream 2 is mixed with part (Stream 4 ) of the recycle gas (Stream 3 ) to form Stream 6 , which is passed through a passage in heat exchanger B, leaving as Stream 7 at a temperature typically in the range ⁇ 20° to ⁇ 60° C., preferably ⁇ 30° to ⁇ 50° C. This temperature is typically low enough to condense sufficient NGL to meet the specification for the final LNG product. Any condensed hydrocarbons in separator C are removed as Stream 8 .
  • the outlet vapour from C (Stream 9 ) is further cooled in a passage in heat exchanger D, exiting as Stream 10 at a temperature in the range ⁇ 50° to ⁇ 80° C., preferably ⁇ 60° to ⁇ 70° C.
  • the remaining part of the recycle gas (Stream 5 ) is cooled in gas expander E having an outlet Stream 11 with a temperature lower than the temperature of Stream 10 .
  • part or all of the pretreated feed gas may exit pretreatment stage A via Stream 2 a to join the recycle gas Stream 3 upstream of the point at which it is divided into Streams 4 & 5 .
  • This option may be convenient when the natural gas feed Stream 1 has only a small content of heavy hydrocarbon.
  • the pretreated feed gas may be mixed with the whole of the recycle gas and then the resulting mixture divided to supply heat exchanger B through Stream 6 and gas expander E through Stream 5 .
  • the pressure of Stream 11 will typically be around 15 bar (1.5 MPa).
  • Stream 11 enters a first cold passage in heat exchanger D, leaving as Stream 12 , which then passes through a first cold passage in heat exchanger B, emerging (Stream 13 ) at a temperature just below the temperature of Stream 6 .
  • the ratio of the flow rate of Stream 4 to the flow rate of Stream 5 is controlled so that the temperature approach between the composite hot and cold sides of heat exchangers B and D are substantially uniform throughout their lengths.
  • a large part of Stream 10 is then passed (Stream 14 ) through a second gas expander F from which it emerges as Stream 15 at a pressure between 3 bar (0.3 MPa) and 20 bar (2 MPa), preferably between 5 bar (0.5 MPa) and 15 bar (1.5 MPa) and in a partly liquefied state.
  • Stream 15 then enters vapour-liquid separator G.
  • the liquid phase from Separator G (Stream 16 ) is then typically let down in a pressure reduction device H such as a valve or a turbine.
  • the outlet from H (Stream 17 ) which is typically at or close to atmospheric pressure, is delivered into the LNG Tank I.
  • a conventional nitrogen stripping column (not shown) may be used, typically employing the sensible heat of Stream 16 for reboiling.
  • Stream 10 flows as Stream 23 through a hot side passage in heat exchanger J, wherein it is liquefied by indirect heat exchange with the vapour from separator G (Stream 18 ), emerging as Stream 24 .
  • This is then typically let down in pressure through pressure reduction device K, such as a valve or a turbine.
  • the outlet from K is routed either to vapour-liquid separator G, shown in broken line as Stream 25 a , or preferably as Stream 25 b to the LNG tank I.
  • This second option helps to reduce accumulation of nitrogen in the recycle gas.
  • Stream 18 having been heated in a first cold passage in heat exchanger J, emerges as Stream 19 . It is then further heated in a second cold passage in heat exchanger D, emerging as Stream 20 , which is then further heated in a second cold passage in heat exchanger B, emerging as Stream 21 at a temperature slightly below the temperature of Stream 6 .
  • Streams 13 and 21 are compressed in recycle compressor N, from which the outlet Stream 34 is cooled typically with cooling water in cooler O.
  • Compressor N may consist of more than one stage with intercoolers. Streams 13 and 21 will not have the same pressure and may enter at different compressor stages.
  • the outlet stream from P forms the above-mentioned recycle gas Stream 3 .
  • vapour comprising mainly methane together with most of the nitrogen content of the feed gas.
  • this vapour (Stream 26 ), optionally combined with boil-off vapour resulting from heat leak into tank I, is heated in a second cold passage in heat exchanger J to form Stream 27 , then in a third cold passage in heat exchanger D to give Stream 28 and finally in a third cold passage in heat exchanger B, emerging as Stream 29 at a temperature slightly below the temperature of Stream 6 .
  • a conventional booster blower (also not shown) may be provided in Stream 26 to ensure that the pressure of Stream 29 does not fall below atmospheric pressure.
  • Stream 29 may typically be used as fuel gas.
  • Part or all of Stream 29 optionally may be compressed for return to the recycle gas in a low pressure compressor L, leaving as Stream 31 .
  • This stream is cooled in cooler M, from which the outlet (Stream 32 ) joins Stream 21 to form Stream 22 , which then enters the suction of recycle compressor N instead of Stream 21 alone if this option is not used.
  • a further option is to withdraw recycle gas (Stream 33 ) at a convenient point from compressor N typically for use as gas turbine fuel. It may be convenient to use Stream 29 or Stream 33 as stripping gas for regeneration of adsorbents in the pretreatment stage A, prior to their ultimate combustion as fuels.
  • FIG. 2 shows a preferred embodiment of the invention in which expanders E and F have essentially the same outlet pressure of between 3 bar (0.3 MPa) and 20 bar (2 MPa), preferably between 5 bar (0.5 MPa) and 15 bar (1.5 MPa).
  • the outlet stream from expander E (Stream 11 ) is then combined with Stream 19 to form Stream 19 a , which enters heat exchanger D in place of Stream 19 in FIG. 1 .
  • the heat exchangers B and D then have only three passages, simplifying the construction of the exchanger and the operation of the plant.

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  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Separation By Low-Temperature Treatments (AREA)
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EP3118548A2 (en) 2015-04-24 2017-01-18 Air Products And Chemicals, Inc. Integrated methane refrigeration system for liquefying natural gas
EP3118548A3 (en) * 2015-04-24 2017-05-03 Air Products And Chemicals, Inc. Integrated methane refrigeration system for liquefying natural gas
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WO2017079711A1 (en) * 2015-11-06 2017-05-11 Fluor Technologies Corporation Systems and methods for lng refrigeration and liquefaction
US20190049174A1 (en) * 2016-03-21 2019-02-14 Shell Oil Company Method and system for liquefying a natural gas feed stream
US20190112008A1 (en) * 2016-03-31 2019-04-18 Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering Co., Ltd. Boil-off gas re-liquefying device and method for ship
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RU2743094C2 (ru) * 2018-04-27 2021-02-15 Эр Продактс Энд Кемикалз, Инк. Улучшенный способ и система для охлаждения углеводородного потока с применением хладагента в газовой фазе
AU2019202815B2 (en) * 2018-04-27 2021-03-11 Air Products And Chemicals, Inc. Method and system for cooling a hydrocarbon stream using a gas phase refrigerant
EP3561421A1 (en) * 2018-04-27 2019-10-30 Air Products And Chemicals, Inc. Improved method and system for cooling a hydrocarbon stream using a gas phase refrigerant
CN110411146A (zh) * 2018-04-27 2019-11-05 气体产品与化学公司 使用气相制冷剂来冷却烃流的改进的方法和系统
US11536510B2 (en) 2018-06-07 2022-12-27 Exxonmobil Upstream Research Company Pretreatment and pre-cooling of natural gas by high pressure compression and expansion
US20230136307A1 (en) * 2018-08-22 2023-05-04 ExxonMobil Technology and Engineering Company Managing Make-Up Gas Composition Variation for a High Pressure Expander Process
US20210088273A1 (en) * 2019-09-24 2021-03-25 High Roller E & C, LLC System and process for natural gas liquefaction
US11911732B2 (en) 2020-04-03 2024-02-27 Nublu Innovations, Llc Oilfield deep well processing and injection facility and methods
US11499775B2 (en) 2020-06-30 2022-11-15 Air Products And Chemicals, Inc. Liquefaction system
EP3943852A2 (en) 2020-06-30 2022-01-26 Air Products And Chemicals, Inc. Liquefaction system

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KR20140043745A (ko) 2014-04-10
WO2012172281A3 (en) 2013-12-05
AU2012270148A1 (en) 2013-11-28
MX346703B (es) 2017-03-28
MY172653A (en) 2019-12-09
KR101820560B1 (ko) 2018-01-19
CA2836628A1 (en) 2012-12-20
CN103582792A (zh) 2014-02-12
CN103582792B (zh) 2016-06-22
MX2013014870A (es) 2015-06-15
JP2014522477A (ja) 2014-09-04
EP2721358A2 (en) 2014-04-23
AU2012270148B2 (en) 2017-12-07
JP5984192B2 (ja) 2016-09-06
GB2486036B (en) 2012-11-07
CA2836628C (en) 2019-06-25
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WO2012172281A2 (en) 2012-12-20
WO2012172281A4 (en) 2014-01-09

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