US20140017332A1 - Milk-based product and a method for its preparation - Google Patents

Milk-based product and a method for its preparation Download PDF

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Publication number
US20140017332A1
US20140017332A1 US13/985,763 US201213985763A US2014017332A1 US 20140017332 A1 US20140017332 A1 US 20140017332A1 US 201213985763 A US201213985763 A US 201213985763A US 2014017332 A1 US2014017332 A1 US 2014017332A1
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product
whey protein
milk
retentate
casein
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Reetta Tikanmäki
Olli Tossavainen
Matti Harju
Antti Heino
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Valio Oy
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Valio Oy
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23C—DAIRY PRODUCTS, e.g. MILK, BUTTER OR CHEESE; MILK OR CHEESE SUBSTITUTES; MAKING THEREOF
    • A23C9/00—Milk preparations; Milk powder or milk powder preparations
    • A23C9/152—Milk preparations; Milk powder or milk powder preparations containing additives
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23C—DAIRY PRODUCTS, e.g. MILK, BUTTER OR CHEESE; MILK OR CHEESE SUBSTITUTES; MAKING THEREOF
    • A23C21/00—Whey; Whey preparations
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23C—DAIRY PRODUCTS, e.g. MILK, BUTTER OR CHEESE; MILK OR CHEESE SUBSTITUTES; MAKING THEREOF
    • A23C21/00—Whey; Whey preparations
    • A23C21/06—Mixtures of whey with milk products or milk components
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23C—DAIRY PRODUCTS, e.g. MILK, BUTTER OR CHEESE; MILK OR CHEESE SUBSTITUTES; MAKING THEREOF
    • A23C21/00—Whey; Whey preparations
    • A23C21/10—Whey; Whey preparations containing inorganic additives
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23C—DAIRY PRODUCTS, e.g. MILK, BUTTER OR CHEESE; MILK OR CHEESE SUBSTITUTES; MAKING THEREOF
    • A23C9/00—Milk preparations; Milk powder or milk powder preparations
    • A23C9/12—Fermented milk preparations; Treatment using microorganisms or enzymes
    • A23C9/1203—Addition of, or treatment with, enzymes or microorganisms other than lactobacteriaceae
    • A23C9/1206—Lactose hydrolysing enzymes, e.g. lactase, beta-galactosidase
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23C—DAIRY PRODUCTS, e.g. MILK, BUTTER OR CHEESE; MILK OR CHEESE SUBSTITUTES; MAKING THEREOF
    • A23C9/00—Milk preparations; Milk powder or milk powder preparations
    • A23C9/14—Milk preparations; Milk powder or milk powder preparations in which the chemical composition of the milk is modified by non-chemical treatment
    • A23C9/142—Milk preparations; Milk powder or milk powder preparations in which the chemical composition of the milk is modified by non-chemical treatment by dialysis, reverse osmosis or ultrafiltration
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23C—DAIRY PRODUCTS, e.g. MILK, BUTTER OR CHEESE; MILK OR CHEESE SUBSTITUTES; MAKING THEREOF
    • A23C9/00—Milk preparations; Milk powder or milk powder preparations
    • A23C9/14—Milk preparations; Milk powder or milk powder preparations in which the chemical composition of the milk is modified by non-chemical treatment
    • A23C9/142—Milk preparations; Milk powder or milk powder preparations in which the chemical composition of the milk is modified by non-chemical treatment by dialysis, reverse osmosis or ultrafiltration
    • A23C9/1422—Milk preparations; Milk powder or milk powder preparations in which the chemical composition of the milk is modified by non-chemical treatment by dialysis, reverse osmosis or ultrafiltration by ultrafiltration, microfiltration or diafiltration of milk, e.g. for separating protein and lactose; Treatment of the UF permeate
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23C—DAIRY PRODUCTS, e.g. MILK, BUTTER OR CHEESE; MILK OR CHEESE SUBSTITUTES; MAKING THEREOF
    • A23C9/00—Milk preparations; Milk powder or milk powder preparations
    • A23C9/14—Milk preparations; Milk powder or milk powder preparations in which the chemical composition of the milk is modified by non-chemical treatment
    • A23C9/142—Milk preparations; Milk powder or milk powder preparations in which the chemical composition of the milk is modified by non-chemical treatment by dialysis, reverse osmosis or ultrafiltration
    • A23C9/1425—Milk preparations; Milk powder or milk powder preparations in which the chemical composition of the milk is modified by non-chemical treatment by dialysis, reverse osmosis or ultrafiltration by ultrafiltration, microfiltration or diafiltration of whey, e.g. treatment of the UF permeate
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23C—DAIRY PRODUCTS, e.g. MILK, BUTTER OR CHEESE; MILK OR CHEESE SUBSTITUTES; MAKING THEREOF
    • A23C9/00—Milk preparations; Milk powder or milk powder preparations
    • A23C9/15—Reconstituted or recombined milk products containing neither non-milk fat nor non-milk proteins
    • A23C9/1512—Reconstituted or recombined milk products containing neither non-milk fat nor non-milk proteins containing isolated milk or whey proteins, caseinates or cheese; Enrichment of milk products with milk proteins in isolated or concentrated form, e.g. ultrafiltration retentate
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23J—PROTEIN COMPOSITIONS FOR FOODSTUFFS; WORKING-UP PROTEINS FOR FOODSTUFFS; PHOSPHATIDE COMPOSITIONS FOR FOODSTUFFS
    • A23J1/00—Obtaining protein compositions for foodstuffs; Bulk opening of eggs and separation of yolks from whites
    • A23J1/20—Obtaining protein compositions for foodstuffs; Bulk opening of eggs and separation of yolks from whites from milk, e.g. casein; from whey
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23J—PROTEIN COMPOSITIONS FOR FOODSTUFFS; WORKING-UP PROTEINS FOR FOODSTUFFS; PHOSPHATIDE COMPOSITIONS FOR FOODSTUFFS
    • A23J1/00—Obtaining protein compositions for foodstuffs; Bulk opening of eggs and separation of yolks from whites
    • A23J1/20—Obtaining protein compositions for foodstuffs; Bulk opening of eggs and separation of yolks from whites from milk, e.g. casein; from whey
    • A23J1/205—Obtaining protein compositions for foodstuffs; Bulk opening of eggs and separation of yolks from whites from milk, e.g. casein; from whey from whey, e.g. lactalbumine
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23J—PROTEIN COMPOSITIONS FOR FOODSTUFFS; WORKING-UP PROTEINS FOR FOODSTUFFS; PHOSPHATIDE COMPOSITIONS FOR FOODSTUFFS
    • A23J3/00—Working-up of proteins for foodstuffs
    • A23J3/04—Animal proteins
    • A23J3/08—Dairy proteins
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23J—PROTEIN COMPOSITIONS FOR FOODSTUFFS; WORKING-UP PROTEINS FOR FOODSTUFFS; PHOSPHATIDE COMPOSITIONS FOR FOODSTUFFS
    • A23J3/00—Working-up of proteins for foodstuffs
    • A23J3/04—Animal proteins
    • A23J3/08—Dairy proteins
    • A23J3/10—Casein
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K10/20—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of animal origin
    • A23K10/26—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of animal origin from waste material, e.g. feathers, bones or skin
    • A23K10/28—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of animal origin from waste material, e.g. feathers, bones or skin from waste dairy products
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K20/10—Organic substances
    • A23K20/142—Amino acids; Derivatives thereof
    • A23K20/147—Polymeric derivatives, e.g. peptides or proteins
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
    • A23L33/00—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof
    • A23L33/10—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof using additives
    • A23L33/17—Amino acids, peptides or proteins
    • A23L33/19—Dairy proteins
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
    • A23L5/00—Preparation or treatment of foods or foodstuffs, in general; Food or foodstuffs obtained thereby; Materials therefor
    • A23L5/20—Removal of unwanted matter, e.g. deodorisation or detoxification
    • A23L5/27—Removal of unwanted matter, e.g. deodorisation or detoxification by chemical treatment, by adsorption or by absorption
    • A23L5/273—Removal of unwanted matter, e.g. deodorisation or detoxification by chemical treatment, by adsorption or by absorption using adsorption or absorption agents, resins, synthetic polymers, or ion exchangers
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K35/00—Medicinal preparations containing materials or reaction products thereof with undetermined constitution
    • A61K35/12—Materials from mammals; Compositions comprising non-specified tissues or cells; Compositions comprising non-embryonic stem cells; Genetically modified cells
    • A61K35/20—Milk; Whey; Colostrum
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A61P3/02—Nutrients, e.g. vitamins, minerals
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23C—DAIRY PRODUCTS, e.g. MILK, BUTTER OR CHEESE; MILK OR CHEESE SUBSTITUTES; MAKING THEREOF
    • A23C2210/00—Physical treatment of dairy products
    • A23C2210/20—Treatment using membranes, including sterile filtration
    • A23C2210/206—Membrane filtration of a permeate obtained by ultrafiltration, nanofiltration or microfiltration
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23V—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND LACTIC OR PROPIONIC ACID BACTERIA USED IN FOODSTUFFS OR FOOD PREPARATION
    • A23V2002/00—Food compositions, function of food ingredients or processes for food or foodstuffs

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a milk-based product enriched with whey protein and a method for the preparation thereof.
  • whey proteins are excellent protein sources, i.a. in nutrition of athletes, in increase and maintenance of muscle mass. Therefore, there are lots of whey protein powders, and beverages produced thereof in the market.
  • a whey protein concentrate as a powder is used which is prepared by ultrafiltration of cheese, quark, or casein whey and by subsequent drying of the concentrate received from the ultrafiltration.
  • These products have a problem that the taste is foul which results from proteolysis caused by starters such as cheese starters and a rennet, oxidation of residual fat, and other taste flaws.
  • lactose causes intolerance symptoms for a large amount of adult people in the world.
  • thermal treatment of the whey protein based product causes structural faults in the product. These products are typically described as flaky, coarse, lumpy, or sandy.
  • WO 94/13148 discloses a process for producing an undenatured whey protein concentrate by means of microfiltration and ultrafiltration of skim milk. Casein is retained in the microfiltration retentate while ⁇ -lactalbumin and ⁇ -lactoglobulin penetrate the microfiltration membrane having a pore size of about 0.1 microns quite easily.
  • WO 96/08155 discloses a separation of casein and whey proteins from a skim milk starting material utilizing microfiltration and ultrafiltration. For example, a milk beverage with a lowered whey protein content can be produced by the process.
  • WO 00/30461 discloses that microfiltration can be utilized in the preparation of infant formula to make the amino acid composition similar to that of human milk.
  • WO 03/094623 A1 discloses that several membrane techniques, i.e. ultrafiltration, nanofiltration and reverse osmosis, are utilized to prepare a lactose-free milk beverage.
  • casein in the milk-based whey protein fraction prepared by membrane techniques and enriched with ⁇ -lactalbumin and ⁇ -lactoglobulin. It is surprising that even a small amount of casein is sufficient to improve the organoleptic properties of the product, like maintain the taste as smooth and velvety. Surprisingly, also the structure and stability of the whey protein product of the invention is good without any sand, flake, deposition or gel formation etc. Also, the nutritive value of the product is increased.
  • whey protein beverage that looks and tastes like milk but has a composition which is more favourable to athletes and other exercise enthusiasts.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates an embodiment of the method of the invention for producing a whey protein product.
  • the ratio of whey protein to casein ranges from about 25:75 to about 40:60.
  • said ratio is about 30:70.
  • said ratio is about 49:51, 48:52, 47:53, 46:54, and 45:55.
  • said ratio is about 26:74, 27:73, 28:72, and 29:71.
  • the total protein content of the product ranges from about 30% to about 60% on dry matter basis. In another embodiment, the total protein content ranges from 30% to 60% on dry matter basis. In a further embodiment of the invention, the total protein content is about 40% to about 60% on dry matter basis. In a still further embodiment, the total protein content is 40% to 60% on dry matter basis. In still another embodiment, the total protein content of the whey protein product is at least 20% on dry matter basis.
  • the whey protein product of the invention has good organoleptic properties and, specifically, is free from off-tastes caused by glycomacropeptides and the unpleasant metabolites present in conventional cheese, curd and casein whey.
  • the whey protein product of the invention possesses favourable nutritive characteristics and favourable effect on health.
  • the stability of the whey protein product of the invention is good where no flakiness, settling, gelling or other phenomena causing undesirable changes in the structure is observed.
  • milk-based means a product of milk origin, containing whey protein and casein.
  • the whey protein product can be prepared from one or more various components obtained from milk raw material by various membrane techniques or a combination thereof.
  • the whey protein product can further comprise minerals of milk origin.
  • the milk raw material can be milk as such or as a concentrate or pretreated as a desired manner.
  • the milk raw material may be supplemented with ingredients generally used in the preparation of milk products, such as fat, protein or sugar fractions, or the like.
  • the milk raw material may thus be, for instance, full-fat milk, cream, low-fat milk or skim milk, ultrafiltered milk, diafiltered milk, microfiltered milk, lactose-free or low-lactose milk, protease treated milk, recombined milk from milk powder, organic milk or a combination of these, or a dilution of any of these.
  • Milk can originate from a cow, sheep, goat, camel, horse or any other animal producing milk suitable for nourishment.
  • the milk is preferably low-fat or skim milk.
  • the whey protein product is prepared from skim milk.
  • the whey protein product of the invention can be provided as a liquid, like a beverage, a concentrate or a powder.
  • the whey protein product is a beverage.
  • a total protein content of the beverage is about 2.5% to about 8%, based on the weight of the beverage.
  • the total protein content of the beverage is 2.5% to 8%, based on the weight of the beverage.
  • the total protein content of the beverage is about 3.5% to about 7%.
  • the total protein content of the beverage is 3.5% to 7%.
  • the casein constitutes 75% to 50%, preferably 70% to 50% of the total protein content while the whey protein enriched with ⁇ -lactalbumin and ⁇ -lactoglobulin constitutes 25% to 50%, preferably 30% to 50%.
  • the whey protein product of the invention contains no sugar, sweeteners or flavorings, however without limiting to this embodiment.
  • the whey protein product is a beverage ready for instant use, no sugar, sweetener or flavoring is included in the beverage.
  • the mineral composition of the whey protein product of the invention is highly physiological.
  • a whey protein beverage of the invention can typically contain 0.5% to 1.5%, preferably 0.6% to 0.8% of minerals.
  • the calcium content of the whey protein product of the invention is lower that that of normal milk.
  • the whey protein product can thus be provided with supplementary calcium and other milk minerals, for example, a nanofiltration permeate received from the method of the invention described below, in order to bring the calcium content to a level present in normal milk, or higher.
  • Supplementary calcium can thus be provided as any calcium source, like milk calcium, calcium gluconate, calcium citrate, calcium lactate etc., or mixtures thereof.
  • fat can be included in the whey protein product of the invention.
  • the fat content of the product typically ranges from about 0% up to 3.5%.
  • the whey protein product is low-lactose or lactose-free.
  • the low lactose or lactose-free product can be achieved by membrane techniques used for the preparation of the product.
  • any residual lactose in the whey protein product can be hydrolyzed by means of an enzyme.
  • ‘low lactose’ means a lactose content of less than 1% in the whey protein product.
  • Lactose free’ means that the lactose content of the whey protein product is 0.5 g/serving (e.g. for liquid milks 0.5 g/244 g, the lactose content being at most 0.21%), however not more than 0.5%.
  • whey protein beverages containing little carbohydrate and having flawless organoleptic characteristics may also be produced.
  • the whey protein product of the invention can be used as a raw material in the preparation of all kinds of sour milk products and/or acidified fresh products, typically yoghurt, fermented milk, viili and fermented cream, sour cream, quark, butter milk, kefir, dairy shot drinks, and other sour milk products.
  • sour milk products and/or acidified fresh products typically yoghurt, fermented milk, viili and fermented cream, sour cream, quark, butter milk, kefir, dairy shot drinks, and other sour milk products.
  • the products of the invention may be selected from, but are not limited to, the group consisting of food products, animal feed, nutritional products, food supplements, food ingredients, health food and pharmaceutical products.
  • the product is a food or feed product.
  • the product is functional food, i.e. food having any health promoting and/or disease preventing and/or alleviating properties.
  • the form of each of the food product, food material, and/or the pharmaceutical products, and the animal feed is not particularly limited.
  • the whey protein product of the invention is suitable for athletes and other exercise enthusiasts as such or as a part of a regular diet.
  • the present invention provides a composition comprising whey protein for supporting and improving healthy eating.
  • the product can also be useful especially in connection for alleviation and/or prevention of adult-onset diabetes, metabolic syndrome and sarcopenia.
  • Another object of the invention is to provide a use of the whey protein product as a food product, animal feed, nutritional product, food supplement, food ingredient, health food and pharmaceutical product.
  • the product is provided as a functional food and/or a nutritional product.
  • the product is provided as a pharmaceutical.
  • the whey protein product can be produced from one or more of the fractions obtained by means of membrane techniques. Two or more techniques can be combined, including microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, and reverse osmosis, in an appropriate manner.
  • a further object of the invention is thus to provide a method for producing a whey protein product which comprises
  • a whey protein product from the ultrafiltration retentate and a casein-containing material so as to provide a ratio of whey protein to casein in the range of about 20:80 to about less than 50:50 and a total protein content of at least about 20% on dry matter basis, and if desired, from other ingredients.
  • the milk-based raw material is preferably skim milk.
  • the casein-containing material is selected from a group consisting of the microfiltration retentate obtained in the method of the invention, milk, a sour milk product, an acidified milk product, a fermented milk product and any combination of these.
  • the acidified milk product can be, for example, sour milk or yoghurt, or a combination of these.
  • milk means any normal secretion obtained from the mammary glands of mammals, such as cow's, goat's, camel's, horse's or sheep's milk, or any other animal producing milk suitable for nourishment.
  • the milk can be supplemented with ingredients generally used in the preparation of milk products, such as fat, protein or sugar fractions, or the like.
  • the milk thus include, for example, full-fat milk, low-fat milk or skim milk, cream, ultrafiltered milk (UF retentate), diafiltered milk, microfiltered milk (MF permeate), milk recombined from milk powder, organic milk or a combination or dilution of any of these.
  • the milk is skim milk.
  • the milk is low lactose or lactose-free milk.
  • a whey protein product is produced having a ratio of whey protein to casein of about 25:75 to about less than 50:50. In another embodiment, the ratio is about 25:75 to about 40:60. In a further embodiment, the ratio is about 30:70.
  • a whey protein product is produced having a total protein content of at least 20% on dry matter basis. In another embodiment, the total protein content ranges from about 30% to about 60% on dry matter basis. In a further embodiment, the total protein content is about 40% to about 60% on dry matter basis.
  • a whey protein product prepared according to the method of the invention is a beverage having a protein content of about 2.5 to about 8% by weight, preferably about 3.5% to about 7%, based on the weight of the product.
  • the whey protein product After composing the whey protein product, it can be heat treated as a manner known per se, if appropriate.
  • a milk-based raw material is subjected to microfiltration. At least a portion of the microfiltration permeate is then subjected to ultrafiltration.
  • at least a portion of the ultrafiltration permeate including majority of the minerals and sugars including lactose can further be subjected to nanofiltration (NF) to separate minerals into a NF permeate and sugars to NF retentate.
  • NF nanofiltration
  • at least a portion of the NF permeate can be still further be subjected to reverse osmosis (RO) to concentrate the minerals into a RO retentate.
  • RO reverse osmosis
  • a microfiltration retentate, ultrafiltration retentate and nanofiltration retentate are used in the preparation of the whey protein product of the invention.
  • an ultrafiltration retentate and nanofiltration retentate are used in the preparation of the whey protein product of the invention.
  • a microfiltration retentate, ultrafiltration retentate and reverse osmosis retentate are used in the preparation of the whey protein product of the invention.
  • the whey protein product is composed of milk, ultrafiltration retentate, nanofiltration retentate and water.
  • microfiltration (MF), ultrafiltration (UF) and/or nanofiltration (NF) are enhanced by diafiltration using water or a suitable fraction obtained from the membrane filtrations.
  • MF microfiltration
  • UF ultrafiltration
  • NF nanofiltration
  • an UF permeate obtained from the ultrafiltration of the MF permeate is suitably used as diawater.
  • NF NF permeate
  • a NF permeate is suitably used as diawater in the ultrafiltration.
  • RO reverse osmosis
  • an RO permeate is suitably used as diawater in the nanofiltration.
  • Said fractions, and a combination of these can originate from a single process, or separate processes.
  • the method of the invention is illustrated in general terms in FIG. 1 .
  • Milk is subjected sequentially to microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, and reverse osmosis.
  • Optional measures are indicated with a dash line in the FIGURE.
  • Microfiltration, ultrafiltration and nanofiltration can be performed by diafiltration technique using at a least a portion of the ultrafiltration permeate, the nanofiltration permeate or the reverse osmosis (RO) permeate as diawater, respectively.
  • the whey protein product of the invention is composed of the UF retentate and a casein containing material. If desired, the NF retentate and RO retentate can be introduced to the whey protein product.
  • the casein containing material can include the MF retentate obtained from microfiltration. Also, the casein containing material can be composed entirely or partly of the MF retentate.
  • the method of the invention provides a whey protein product having good organoleptic properties, like taste and mouth-feel, with good stability. It is possible, by means of the method, to prevent the release of glycomacropeptides and metabolites causing unpleasant off-tastes for the whey protein product. It is thus possible to reduce, eliminate or mask the off-tastes of the whey protein product by performing the method of the invention.
  • the composition of the whey protein product of the invention can be adjusted to various uses in an appropriate manner.
  • the adjustment of the whey protein composition is achieved by a heat treatment of milk raw material, or by a selection of a membrane.
  • the method of the invention uses a technique known per se in the heat treatment of milk products. Examples of heat treatments to be used in the method of the invention are pasteurization, high pasteurization, or heating at a temperature lower than the pasteurization temperature for a sufficiently long time.
  • UHT treatment e.g.
  • the heat treatment may be either direct (vapour to milk, milk to vapour) or indirect (tube heat exchanger, plate heat exchanger, scraped-surface heat exchanger).
  • milk is subjected to a heat treatment at a temperature range of 65° C. to 95° C., for 15 seconds to 10 minutes prior to microfiltration to selectively separate the whey protein ingredients.
  • ⁇ -lactoglobulin is denaturated and associated with casein while ⁇ -lactalbumin passes through a membrane. In this way the content of the ⁇ -lactalbumin can be increased in the microfiltration permeate.
  • lactose in the whey protein product of the invention is hydrolyzed into monosaccharides as is well known in the field. This can performed with commercially available lactase enzymes in a manner known per se.
  • the lactose hydrolysis is realized after the membrane filtrations on the composed whey protein product.
  • the lactose hydrolysis step and microfiltration step are initiated simultaneously with each other.
  • the lactose hydrolysis of the milk raw material is initiated prior to membrane filtration step.
  • the lactose hydrolysis can continue as long as the lactase enzyme is inactivated, for example by a heat treatment of a whey protein product composed at a later stage of various fractions received in the method of the invention (UF retentate and MF retentate).
  • Skim milk (1 000 L) is microfiltered by polymeric filtration membranes (Synder FR) having a pore size of 800 kDa.
  • the concentration factor of 95 is used, including a diafiltration step.
  • the concentration factor is calculated by Equation 1.
  • the amount of microfiltration retentate formed is 190 L having a dry matter content of 20.0%.
  • the permeate formed in the microfiltration (1 890 L) is further filtered by polymeric ultrafiltration (UF) membranes (Koch HFK-131) having a pore size of 10 kDa.
  • the permeate obtained from the ultrafiltration is further subjected to nanofiltration (NF) to give a NF retentate and permeate (130 L).
  • Ultrafiltration is performed by means of diafiltration using 130 L of the NF permeate above as diawater.
  • the total concentration factor of the ultrafiltration is 24 (Equation 1).
  • 100 L of ultrafiltration retentate and 1 920 L of ultrafiltration permeate are formed, of which 1 080 L is used for the diafiltration of the microfiltration.
  • the remaining ultrafiltration permeate (840 L) is nanofiltered by filtration membranes (Desal 5-DK) having a cut-off value of 200 Da.
  • the concentration factor of the nanofiltration is 4.25 (Equation 1), whereby 197 L of nanofiltration retentate and 644 L of nanofiltration permeate are formed, 130 L of the latter being used as diawater in the diafiltration of the ultrafiltration of the microfiltration permeate, as described above.
  • the residual nanofiltration permeate not used as diawater in the diafiltration of the ultrafiltration of the microfiltration permeate is used for other purposes or concentrated by reverse osmosis membranes (Koch HR) by using a concentration factor of 10 (Equation 1).
  • the amount of reverse osmosis permeate of the nanofiltration permeate formed is 500 L, of which 44 L is used as diawater in the diafiltration of the nanofiltration.
  • the amount of reverse osmosis retentate of the nanofiltration permeate formed is 55 L.
  • Skim milk (1 000 L) is subjected to a heat treatment at a temperature range of 65° C. to 95° C., for 15 seconds to 10 minutes in a heat treatment apparatus to selectively separate the whey protein ingredients.
  • the heat treatment of the skim milk influences the permeation of whey proteins in the microfiltration so that the microfiltration permeate is enriched with ⁇ -lactalbumin that is less thermolabile having denaturation degree of 0 to 26% while ⁇ -lactoglobulin is denaturated to a degree of 1 to 90%.
  • the milk is subjected to the filtration procedures as described in Example 1.
  • the proportion of ⁇ -lactalbumin of the total amount of ⁇ -lactalbumin and ⁇ -lactoglobulin (% by weight) in the microfiltration permeate was 38% (heat treatment of 75° C. for 30 seconds) to 45% (heat treatment of 90° C. for 30 seconds).
  • a whey protein product according to the invention was composed from the microfiltration retentate, ultrafiltration retentate and nanofiltration retentate of Example 1, milk mineral powder and water as shown in Table 1.
  • the whey protein to casein ratio of the product was 21:79 and the protein content was 52% on the dry matter basis.
  • the product was a lactose-free milk drink in which the lactose was hydrolyzed enzymatically to a level of less than 0.1% after composing.
  • organoleptic properties were ‘very good’. No taste flaws or structural faults affecting mouth-feel were observed.
  • Whey protein products having a ratio of whey protein to casein of 22:78, 23:77, 24:76, and 25:75 can be prepared analogously from the same components by varying the amounts of each component accordingly.
  • a whey protein product according to the invention was composed from the microfiltration retentate, ultrafiltration retentate and nanofiltration retentate of Example 1, milk mineral powder and water as shown in Table 2.
  • the whey protein to casein ratio of the product was 25:75 and the protein content was 58% on the dry matter basis.
  • the product was a lactose-free milk drink in which the lactose was hydrolyzed enzymatically to a level of less than 0.1% after composing.
  • organoleptic properties were ‘very good’. No taste flaws or structural faults affecting mouth-feel were observed.
  • a whey protein product according to the invention was composed from the microfiltration retentate, ultrafiltration retentate and nanofiltration retentate of Example 1, and water as shown in Table 3.
  • the whey protein to casein ratio of the product was 30:70 and the protein content was 56% on the dry matter basis.
  • organoleptic properties were ‘very good’. No taste flaws or structural faults affecting mouth-feel were observed.
  • a whey protein product according to the invention was composed from the ultrafiltration retentate and nanofiltration retentate of Example 1, milk and water as shown in Table 4.
  • the whey protein to casein ratio of the product was 40:60 and the protein content was 25% on dry matter basis.
  • organoleptic properties were ‘very good’. No taste flaws or structural faults affecting mouth-feel were observed.
  • a whey protein product according to the invention was composed from the ultrafiltration retentate and nanofiltration retentate of Example 1, milk and water as shown in Table 5.
  • the whey protein to casein ratio was 49:51 and protein content was 38% on the dry matter basis.
  • the product was a low lactose milk drink in which the lactose was hydrolyzed enzymatically after composing.
  • organoleptic properties were ‘very good’. No taste flaws or structural faults affecting mouth-feel were observed.
  • Whey protein products having a ratio of whey protein to casein of 48:52, 47:53, 46:54, and 45:55 can be prepared analogously from the same components by varying the amounts of each component accordingly.

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