Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/14—Particulate form, e.g. powders, Processes for size reducing of pure drugs or the resulting products, Pure drug nanoparticles
  • A61K9/19—Particulate form, e.g. powders, Processes for size reducing of pure drugs or the resulting products, Pure drug nanoparticles lyophilised, i.e. freeze-dried, solutions or dispersions
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
  • A61K39/395—Antibodies; Immunoglobulins; Immune serum, e.g. antilymphocytic serum
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
  • A61K39/395—Antibodies; Immunoglobulins; Immune serum, e.g. antilymphocytic serum
  • A61K39/39533—Antibodies; Immunoglobulins; Immune serum, e.g. antilymphocytic serum against materials from animals
  • A61K39/3955—Antibodies; Immunoglobulins; Immune serum, e.g. antilymphocytic serum against materials from animals against proteinaceous materials, e.g. enzymes, hormones, lymphokines
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
  • A61K39/395—Antibodies; Immunoglobulins; Immune serum, e.g. antilymphocytic serum
  • A61K39/39533—Antibodies; Immunoglobulins; Immune serum, e.g. antilymphocytic serum against materials from animals
  • A61K39/39558—Antibodies; Immunoglobulins; Immune serum, e.g. antilymphocytic serum against materials from animals against tumor tissues, cells, antigens
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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  • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
  • A61K39/395—Antibodies; Immunoglobulins; Immune serum, e.g. antilymphocytic serum
  • A61K39/39591—Stabilisation, fragmentation
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
  • A61K47/06—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite
  • A61K47/16—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite containing nitrogen, e.g. nitro-, nitroso-, azo-compounds, nitriles, cyanates
  • A61K47/18—Amines; Amides; Ureas; Quaternary ammonium compounds; Amino acids; Oligopeptides having up to five amino acids
  • A61K47/183—Amino acids, e.g. glycine, EDTA or aspartame
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
  • A61K47/06—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite
  • A61K47/20—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite containing sulfur, e.g. dimethyl sulfoxide [DMSO], docusate, sodium lauryl sulfate or aminosulfonic acids
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
  • A61K47/06—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite
  • A61K47/22—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. ascorbic acid, tocopherol or pyrrolidones
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
  • A61K47/06—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite
  • A61K47/26—Carbohydrates, e.g. sugar alcohols, amino sugars, nucleic acids, mono-, di- or oligo-saccharides; Derivatives thereof, e.g. polysorbates, sorbitan fatty acid esters or glycyrrhizin
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P19/00—Drugs for skeletal disorders
  • A61P19/02—Drugs for skeletal disorders for joint disorders, e.g. arthritis, arthrosis
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
  • A61P37/02—Immunomodulators
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
  • A61P37/02—Immunomodulators
  • A61P37/06—Immunosuppressants, e.g. drugs for graft rejection
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
  • C07K16/18—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans
  • C07K16/28—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
  • C07K16/18—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans
  • C07K16/28—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants
  • C07K16/2878—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants against the NGF-receptor/TNF-receptor superfamily, e.g. CD27, CD30, CD40, CD95
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
  • A61K2039/505—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies comprising antibodies
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
  • C07K2317/20—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by taxonomic origin
  • C07K2317/21—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by taxonomic origin from primates, e.g. man
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
  • C07K2317/70—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by effect upon binding to a cell or to an antigen
  • C07K2317/76—Antagonist effect on antigen, e.g. neutralization or inhibition of binding
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
  • C07K2317/90—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by (pharmaco)kinetic aspects or by stability of the immunoglobulin
  • C07K2317/94—Stability, e.g. half-life, pH, temperature or enzyme-resistance

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a pharmaceutical formulation of an antibody against CD40, a process for the preparation thereof and uses of the formulation.
• CD40-CD154 interactions in intestinal inflammatory disorders such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis
• mechanistic links of the CD40 pathway to pathology in more rare disorders such as autoimmune vasculitis, pemphigus vulgaris, and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) also highlights the potential of anti-CD40 antibodies in these indications.
• the currently available immunosuppressants used after solid organ transplantation provide excellent short-term efficacy. Acute rejections within the de novo period are observed in 5%-20% of the recipients (depending on organ, patient population, and regimen) and the proportion of grafts lost to acute rejection within the de novo period is below 5% for any setting.
• the key unmet need is the tolerability of immunosuppression with patient and graft survival in the long term. After renal transplant, 33% patients die and/or lose their graft within 5 years; the average age of death of transplant recipient is 58 years. Calcineurin inhibitors (CNI) remain the mainstay of immunosuppressive therapy for the vast majority of transplant patients.
• Chir12.12 is a fully humanised, non-agonist anti-CD40 antibody (IgG1, kappa) that blocks CD154 (also known as CD40 ligand; CD40L)-mediated leukocyte activation and can mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) of human leukocytes and B cell lymphomas in vitro (see WO 2006/073443).
• WO 2005/044306 describes anti-CD40 antagonist antibodies, including Chir12.12 for use in particular in the treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory disorders.
• Chir12.12 is effective in delaying kidney allograft rejection when dosed as a monotherapy in Macaca fascicularis (Cynomolgus monkeys) [Li et al. (2008) Transplantation; 86 (1):10-15].
• Chir12.12 can also mediate depletion of peripheral B cells in non human primates (NHPs).
• Anti-CD40 mAbs with silenced ADCC activity are predicted to have an improved safety profile relative to the parental anti-CD40 antibodies, and in particular may be more suitable for non-oncologic indications, such as autoimmune diseases and use in a transplant setting.
• the applicant has developed three silent anti-CD40 antibodies based on the Chir12.12 antibody. These antibodies, hereinafter designated mAb1, mAb2 and mAb3 are characterised by certain amino acid mutations in the Fc region which silence ADCC activity.
• mAb1 comprises an N297A mutation in the antibody heavy chain amino acid sequence.
• the antibody comprises the heavy chain CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 of SEQ ID NOs 3, 4 and 5 respectively, and light chain CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 of SEQ ID NOs: 6, 7 and 8, respectively.
• mAb1 comprises a V H domain with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 and a V L domain with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2.
• mAb1 comprises the full length heavy chain amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9 and the full length light chain amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10.
• mAb2 comprises a D265A mutation in the antibody heavy chain amino acid sequence.
• the antibody comprises the heavy chain CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 of SEQ ID NOs 3, 4 and 5 respectively, and light chain CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 of SEQ ID NOs: 6, 7 and 8, respectively.
• mAb2 comprises a V H domain with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 and a V L domain with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2.
• mAb2 comprises the full length heavy chain amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 13 and the full length light chain amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14.
• mAb3 comprises a L234A, L235A mutation (LALA) in the antibody heavy chain amino acid sequence.
• the antibody comprises the heavy chain CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 of SEQ ID NOs 3, 4 and 5 respectively, and light chain CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 of SEQ ID NOs: 6, 7 and 8, respectively.
• mAb3 comprises a V H domain with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 and a V L domain with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2.
• mAb3 comprises the full length heavy chain amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17 and the full length light chain amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18.
• Formulations with high concentration of antibody may have short shelf lives and the formulated antibodies may lose biological activity resulting from chemical and physical instabilities during the storage. Among those, aggregation, deamidation and oxidation are known to be the most common causes of antibody degradation. In particular, aggregation can potentially lead to increased immune response in patients, leading to safety concerns. Thus it must be minimised or prevented.
• Therapeutic antibodies are typically formulated either in aqueous form ready for parenteral administration or as lyophilisates for reconstitution with a suitable diluent prior to administration.
• an anti-CD40 antibody may be formulated either as a lyophilisate, or as an aqueous composition, for example in pre-filled syringes.
• Suitable formulation can provide an aqueous pharmaceutical composition or a lyophilisate which can be reconstituted to give a solution with a high concentration of the antibody active ingredient and a low level of antibody aggregation for delivery to a patient.
• High concentrations of antibody are useful as they reduce the amount of material which must be delivered to a patient. Reduced dosing volumes minimise the time taken to deliver a fixed dose to the patient.
• the aqueous compositions of the invention with high concentration of anti-CD40 antibodies are particularly suitable for subcutaneous administration.
• the invention provides an aqueous pharmaceutical composition, suitable for parenteral administration in a subject, e.g., for subcutaneous administration, comprising an anti-CD40 antibody.
• the invention also provides an aqueous pharmaceutical composition
• an aqueous pharmaceutical composition comprising: an anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody as described above, for example mAb1, mAb2 or mAb3, especially mAb1; a stabiliser; a buffering agent; and a surfactant.
• the composition preferably also includes a free amino acid.
• the invention also provides a lyophilisate comprising: an anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody as described above, for example mAb1, mAb2 or mAb3, especially mAb1; a sugar; a buffering agent; and a surfactant.
• the lyophilisate preferably also includes a free amino acid.
• the invention also provides a lyophilisate comprising an anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody as described above, for example mAb1, mAb2 or mAb3, especially mAb1; wherein the lyophilisate can be reconstituted with an aqueous reconstituent to provide an aqueous composition in which the antibody has a concentration of at least 50 mg/ml, 100 mg/ml, 150 mg/ml, 200 mg/ml, 250 mg/ml, or 300 mg/ml, after reconstitution in an aqueous solution.
• the invention also provides an aqueous pharmaceutical composition
• an aqueous pharmaceutical composition comprising high concentration of an anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody as described above, for example mAb1, mAb2 or mAb3, especially mAb1; wherein less than 5%, 4%, 2% or 1% of the anti-CD40 antibody is aggregated or degraded.
• the invention also provides a process for preparing a lyophilisate, comprising steps of: (i) preparing an aqueous solution comprising an anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody, a sugar, a buffering agent, a surfactant, and optionally a free amino acid; and (ii) lyophilising the aqueous solution.
• the invention also provides a process for preparing a pharmaceutical composition, comprising a step of mixing a lyophilisate with an aqueous reconstituent, wherein the lyophilisate comprises an anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody, a sugar, a buffering agent, a surfactant, and optionally a free amino acid.
• the invention provides a lyophilised formulation prepared by lyophilising an aqueous formulation having a pH of 5.0-7.0 and comprising
• the invention relies, at least partly, in the formulation properties of antibodies such as mAb1, which retain remarkable stability and bioactive properties when formulated in a high concentration either as a liquid (aqueous) or lyophilisate composition.
• an “aqueous” pharmaceutical composition is a composition suitable for pharmaceutical use, wherein the aqueous carrier is distilled water.
• a composition suitable for pharmaceutical use may be sterile, homogeneous and/or isotonic.
• Aqueous pharmaceutical compositions may be prepared either directly in an aqueous form, for example in pre-filled syringe ready for use (the “liquid formulations”) or as lyophilisate to be reconstituted shortly before use.
• the term “aqueous pharmaceutical composition” refers to the liquid formulation or reconstituted lyophilised formulation.
• the aqueous pharmaceutical compositions of the invention are suitable for parenteral administration to a human subject.
• the aqueous pharmaceutical compositions of the invention are suitable for subcutaneous administration.
• parenteral administration means mode of administration other than enteral and topical administration, usually by injection, and includes, without limitation, intravenous, intramuscular, intraarterial, intrathecal, intracapsular, intraorbital, intracardiac, intradermal, intraperitoneal, transtracheal, subcutaneous, subcuticular, intraarticular, subcapsular, subarachnoid, intraspinal, epidural and intrastemal injection and infusion.
• HERCEPTINTM tacuzumab
• RITUXANTM rituximab
• SYNAGISTM palivizumab
• the composition will usually be non-pyrogenic e.g. containing ⁇ 1 EU (endotoxin unit, a standard measure) per dose, and preferably ⁇ 0.1 EU per dose.
• the composition is preferably gluten-free.
• the invention relates to an aqueous pharmaceutical composition with high concentration of anti-CD40 antibodies.
• aqueous pharmaceutical compositions can be diluted prior to injection, for example, if lower antibody concentrations are required for specific therapeutic interventions or when treating patients of lower body weight including children. Suitable concentrations can be 25 mg/ml or 10 mg/ml. Alternatively, the original formulation may be produced with such a lower concentration.
• antibody as referred to herein includes whole antibodies and any antigen binding fragment (i.e., “antigen-binding portion”) or single chains thereof.
• a naturally occurring “antibody” is a glycoprotein comprising at least two heavy (H) chains and two light (L) chains inter-connected by disulfide bonds.
• Each heavy chain is comprised of a heavy chain variable region (abbreviated herein as V H ) and a heavy chain constant region.
• the heavy chain constant region is comprised of three or four domains, depending on the isotype, C H 1, C H 2, C H 3 and C H 4.
• Each light chain is comprised of a light chain variable region (abbreviated herein as V L ) and a light chain constant region.
• the light chain constant region is comprised of one domain, C L .
• the V H and V L regions can be further subdivided into regions of hypervariability, termed complementarity determining regions (CDR), interspersed with regions that are more conserved, termed framework regions (FR).
• CDR complementarity determining regions
• Each V H and V L is composed of three CDRs and four FRs arranged from amino-terminus to carboxy-terminus in the following order: FR1, CDR1, FR2, CDR2, FR3, CDR3, FR4.
• the variable regions of the heavy and light chains contain a binding domain that interacts with an antigen.
• the constant regions of the antibodies may mediate the binding of the immunoglobulin to host tissues or factors, including various cells of the immune system (e.g., effector cells) and the first component (Clq) of the classical complement system.
• antigen-binding portion of an antibody refers to full length or one or more fragments of an antibody that retain the ability to specifically bind to an antigen (e.g., a portion of CD40). It has been shown that the antigen-binding function of an antibody can be performed by fragments of a full-length antibody.
• binding fragments encompassed within the term “antigen-binding portion” of an antibody include a Fab fragment, a monovalent fragment consisting of the V L , V H , C L and C H 1 domains; a F(ab) 2 fragment, a bivalent fragment comprising two Fab fragments linked by a disulfide bridge at the hinge region; a Fd fragment consisting of the V H and C H 1 domains; a Fv fragment consisting of the V L and V H domains of a single arm of an antibody; a dAb fragment (Ward et al., 1989 Nature 341:544-546), which consists of a V H domain; and an isolated complementarity determining region (CDR).
• Fab fragment a monovalent fragment consisting of the V L , V H , C L and C H 1 domains
• F(ab) 2 fragment a bivalent fragment comprising two Fab fragments linked by a disulfide bridge at the hinge region
• a Fd fragment consisting of the
• the two domains of the Fv fragment, V L and V H are coded for by separate genes, they can be joined, using recombinant methods, by a synthetic linker that enables them to be made as a single protein chain in which the V L and V H regions pair to form monovalent molecules (known as single chain Fv (scFv); see e.g., Bird et al., 1988 Science 242:423-426; and Huston et al., 1988 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 85:5879-5883).
• single chain Fv single chain Fv
• Such single chain antibodies are also intended to be encompassed within the term “antigen-binding region” of an antibody.
• an “isolated antibody”, as used herein, refers to an antibody that is substantially free of other antibodies having different antigenic specificities, e.g., an isolated antibody that specifically binds human CD40 is substantially free of antibodies that specifically bind antigens other than CD40.
• An isolated antibody that specifically binds CD40 may, however, have cross-reactivity to other antigens, such as CD40 molecules from other species.
• an isolated antibody may be substantially free of other cellular material and/or chemicals.
• monoclonal antibody or “monoclonal antibody composition” as used herein refer to a preparation of antibody molecules of single molecular composition.
• a monoclonal antibody composition displays a single binding specificity and affinity for a particular epitope.
• human antibody includes antibodies having variable regions in which both the framework and CDR regions are derived from sequences of human origin. Furthermore, if the antibody contains a constant region, the constant region also is derived from such human sequences, e.g., human germline sequences, or mutated versions of human germline sequences or antibody containing consensus framework sequences derived from human framework sequences analysis, for example, as described in Knappik, et al. (2000. J Mol Biol 296, 57-86).
• immunoglobulin variable domains may be defined using well known numbering schemes, e.g., the Kabat numbering scheme, the Chothia numbering scheme, a combination of Kabat and Chothia (AbM), etc. (see, e.g., Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (1991), eds. Kabat et al.; Al Lazikani et al. (1997) J. Mol. Bio. 273:927 948).
• the complementarity determining region (“CDR”) is defined according to the Kabat definition with the exception of CDRH1 which is the stretch of amino acids defined by a combination of both Kabat and Chothia definitions for this CDR.
• human antibodies of the invention may include amino acid residues not encoded by human sequences (e.g., mutations introduced by random or site-specific mutagenesis in vitro or by somatic mutation in vivo).
• human antibody as used herein, is not intended to include antibodies in which CDR sequences derived from the germline of another mammalian species, such as a mouse, have been grafted onto human framework sequences.
• human monoclonal antibody refers to antibodies displaying a single binding specificity which have variable regions in which both the framework and CDR regions are derived from human sequences.
• recombinant human antibody includes all human antibodies that are prepared, expressed, created or isolated by recombinant means, such as antibodies isolated from an animal (e.g., a mouse) that is transgenic or transchromosomal for human immunoglobulin genes or a hybridoma prepared therefrom, antibodies isolated from a host cell transformed to express the human antibody, e.g., from a transfectoma, antibodies isolated from a recombinant, combinatorial human antibody library, and antibodies prepared, expressed, created or isolated by any other means that involve splicing of all or a portion of a human immunoglobulin gene, sequences to other DNA sequences.
• Such recombinant human antibodies have variable regions in which the framework and CDR regions are derived from human germline immunoglobulin sequences.
• such recombinant human antibodies can be subjected to in vitro mutagenesis (or, when an animal transgenic for human Ig sequences is used, in vivo somatic mutagenesis) and thus the amino acid sequences of the V H and V L regions of the recombinant antibodies are sequences that, while derived from and related to human germline V H and V L sequences, may not naturally exist within the human antibody germline repertoire in vivo.
• isotype refers to the antibody class (e.g., IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE and IgG such as IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 or IgG4) that is provided by the heavy chain constant region genes.
• an antibody recognising an antigen and “an antibody specific for an antigen” are used interchangeably herein with the term “an antibody which binds specifically to an antigen”.
• an antibody that “specifically binds to CD40 polypeptide” or an “anti-CD40 antibody” refers to an antibody that binds to human CD40 polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 21 with a K D of 100 nM or less, 10 nM or less, 1 nM or less.
• An antibody that “cross-reacts with an antigen other than CD40” refers to an antibody that binds that antigen with a K D of 0.5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 8 M or less, 5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 9 M or less, or 2 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 9 M or less.
• an antibody that “does not cross-react with a particular antigen” is intended to refer to an antibody that binds to that antigen, with a K D of 1.5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 9 M or greater, or a K D of 5-10 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 8 M or 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 7 M or greater. In certain embodiments, such antibodies that do not cross-react with the antigen exhibit essentially undetectable binding against these proteins in standard binding assays.
• a high concentration of an anti-CD40 antibody in the aqueous pharmaceutical composition of the invention is at least 50 mg/ml. In one embodiment, a high concentration is at least 100 mg/ml. In one embodiment, a high concentration is at least 150 mg/ml. In one embodiment, a high concentration is at least 200 mg/ml. In one embodiment, a high concentration is at least 250 mg/ml. In one embodiment, a high concentration is at least 300 mg/ml.
• the aqueous pharmaceutical composition of the invention comprises between 50 mg/ml and 300 mg/ml of an anti-CD40 antibody, for example, mAb1.
• the aqueous pharmaceutical composition of the invention comprises between 75 mg/ml and 250 mg/ml of an anti-CD40 antibody, for example, mAb1.
• the aqueous pharmaceutical composition of the invention comprises between 100 mg/ml and 250 mg/ml of an anti-CD40 antibody, for example, mAb1.
• the aqueous pharmaceutical composition of the invention comprises between 100 mg/ml and 200 mg/ml of an anti-CD40 antibody, for example, mAb1.
• the aqueous pharmaceutical composition of the invention comprises 150 mg/ml of an anti-CD40 antibody, for example, mAb1.
• the aqueous pharmaceutical composition of the invention comprises about 50 mg/ml, about 60 mg/ml, about 70 mg/ml, about 80 mg/ml, about 90 mg/ml, about 100 mg/ml, about 110 mg/ml, about 120 mg/ml, about 130 mg/ml, about 140 mg/ml, about 150 mg/ml, about 160 mg/ml, about 170 mg/ml, about 180 mg/ml, about 190 mg/ml, about 200 mg/ml, about 210 mg/ml, about 220 mg/ml, about 230 mg/ml, about 240 mg/ml, about 250 mg/ml or about 300 mg/ml of an anti-CD40 antibody, for example, mAb1.
• an anti-CD40 antibody for example, mAb1.
• aqueous pharmaceutical compositions are stable such that, even after storage for 4 weeks at 2-8° C., less than 5%, 4% , 3% , 2% , 1%, 0.05% or 0.01% of the total anti-CD40 antibody is aggregated as measured by SEC-HPLC.
• the aqueous pharmaceutical compositions may include, in addition to the anti-CD40 antibody, further components such as one or more of the following: (i) a stabiliser; (ii) a buffering agent; (iii) a surfactant; and (iv) a free amino acid. Inclusion of each of such additional components can give compositions with low aggregation of the anti-CD40 antibody.
• Suitable stabilisers for use with the invention can act, e.g., as viscosity enhancing agents, bulking agents, solubilising agents, and/or the like.
• the stabiliser can be ionic or non-ionic (e.g. sugars).
• sugars include, but are not limited to, monosaccharides, e.g., fructose, maltose, galactose, glucose, D-mannose, sorbose and the like; disaccharides, e.g. lactose, sucrose, trehalose, cellobiose, and the like; polysaccharides, e.g.
• the sugar may be sucrose, trehalose, raffinose, maltose, sorbitol or mannitol.
• the sugar may be a sugar alcohol or an amino sugar. Sucrose is particularly useful.
• ionic stabiliser they include salts such as NaCl or amino acid components such as arginine-HCl.
• Suitable buffering agents for use with the invention include, but are not limited to, organic acid salts such as salts of citric acid, ascorbic acid, gluconic acid, carbonic acid, tartaric acid, succinic acid, acetic acid or phtalic acid; Tris, thomethamine hydrochloride, or phosphate buffer.
• amino acid components can also be used as buffering agent.
• amino acid component includes without limitation glycine and histidine. A histidine buffer is particularly useful.
• aqueous pharmaceutical compositions include such buffering agent or pH adjusting agent to provide improved pH control.
• an aqueous pharmaceutical composition of the invention has a pH between 5.0 and 8.0, between 5.5 and 7.5, between 5.0 and 7.0, between 6.0 and 8.0, or between 6.0 and 7.0.
• an aqueous pharmaceutical composition of the invention has a pH of about 6.0.
• surfactant refers to organic substances having amphipathic structures; i.e., they are composed of groups of opposing solubility tendencies, typically an oil-soluble hydrocarbon chain and a water-soluble ionic group. Surfactants can be classified, depending on the charge of the surface-active moiety, into anionic, cationic and dispersing agents for various pharmaceutical compositions and preparations of biological materials.
• Suitable surfactants for use with the invention include, but are not limited to, non-ionic surfactants, ionic surfactants and zwitterionic surfactants.
• Typical surfactants for use with the invention include, but are not limited to, sorbitan fatty acid esters (e.g. sorbitan monocaprylate, sorbitan monolaurate, sorbitan monopalmitate), sorbitan trioleate, glycerine fatty acid esters (e.g. glycerine monocaprylate, glycerine monomyristate, glycerine monostearate), polyglycerine fatty acid esters (e.g.
• polyoxyethylene glyceryl monostearate polyethylene glycol fatty acid esters (e.g. polyethylene glycol distearate), polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers (e.g. polyoxyethylene lauryl ether), polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene alkyl ethers (e.g. polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene glycol, polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene propyl ether, polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene cetyl ether), polyoxyethylene alkylphenyl ethers (e.g. polyoxyethylene nonylphenyl ether), polyoxyethylene hydrogenated castor oils (e.g. polyoxyethylene castor oil, polyoxyethylene hydrogenated castor oil), polyoxyethylene beeswax derivatives (e.g.
• polyoxyethylene sorbitol beeswax polyoxyethylene lanolin derivatives (e.g. polyoxyethylene lanolin), and polyoxyethylene fatty acid amides (e.g. polyoxyethylene stearic acid amide); C 10 -C 18 alkyl sulfates (e.g. sodium cetyl sulfate, sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium oleyl sulfate), polyoxyethylene C 10 -C 16 alkyl ether sulfate with an average of 2 to 4 moles of ethylene oxide units added (e.g. sodium polyoxyethylene lauryl sulfate), and C 1 -C 18 alkyl sulfosuccinate ester salts (e.g.
• sodium lauryl sulfosuccinate ester sodium lauryl sulfosuccinate ester
• natural surfactants such as lecithin, glycerophospholipid, sphingophospholipids (e.g. sphingomyelin), and sucrose esters of C 12 -C 18 fatty acids.
• a composition may include one or more of these surfactants.
• Preferred surfactants are polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid esters e.g. polysorbate 20, 40, 60 or 80. Polysorbate 80 (Tween 80) is particularly useful.
• Suitable free amino acids for use with the invention include, but are not limited to, arginine, lysine, histidine, methionine, ornithine, isoleucine, leucine, alanine, glycine, glutamic acid or aspartic acid.
• a basic amino acid is preferred ie. arginine, lysine and/or histidine. If a composition includes histidine then this may act both as a buffering agent and a free amino acid, but when a histidine buffer is used it is typical to include a non-histidine free amino acid e.g. to include histidine buffer and lysine.
• An amino acid may be present in its D- and/or L-form, but the L-form is typical.
• the amino acid may be present as any suitable salt e.g. a hydrochloride salt, such as arginine-HCl.
• components (i) to (iv) When present, components (i) to (iv) will be at a concentration sufficient to maintain the anti-CD40 antibody in a form which is active and soluble after either
• a sugar may be present in the aqueous pharmaceutical composition of the invention, e.g. after reconstitution of a lyophilisate in water, at a concentration of between 3 and 400 mM e.g. 50-380 mM, 100-350 mM, 200-300 mM. A concentration of 270 mM sucrose is useful.
• a buffering agent may be present in the aqueous pharmaceutical composition of the invention, e.g. after reconstitution of a lyophilisate in water, at a concentration of between 1 and 60 mM e.g. 10-50 mM, 20-40 mM, 25-35 mM. A concentration of 30 mM histidine buffer is useful.
• a surfactant may be present in the aqueous pharmaceutical composition of the invention, e.g. after reconstitution of a lyophilisate in water, at a concentration of up to 0.2% (by volume) e.g. 0.01-0.1%, 0.03-0.08%, 0.04-0.08%.
• a concentration of 0.06% polysorbate 20 is useful.
• polysorbate 80 may be used.
• a free amino acid may be present in the aqueous pharmaceutical composition of the invention, e.g. after reconstitution of a lyophilisate in water, at a concentration of between 2 and 100 mM e.g. 10-80 mM, 20-70 mM, 30-60 mM, 40-60 mM.
• a concentration of 51 mM arginine (e.g. arginine-HCl) or 60 mM methionine or glycine (e.g. glycine-HCl) is useful.
• a formulation containing histidine buffer, sucrose and polysorbate 20 has been shown to be suitable for lyophilisation of antibody mAb1 at a concentration of at least 150 mg/ml after reconstitution.
• the aqueous pharmaceutical composition consists of 150 mg/ml mAb1, 30 mM histidine, 270 mM sucrose and 0.06% polysorbate 20.
• the aqueous pharmaceutical composition consists of 150 mg/ml mAb1, 30 mM histidine, 270 mM sucrose, 0.06% polysorbate 20 and 51 mM arginine-HCl.
• the aqueous pharmaceutical composition consists of 150 mg/ml mAb1, 30 mM histidine, 270 mM sucrose, 0.06% polysorbate 20 and 60 mM glycine-HCl.
• the aqueous pharmaceutical composition consists of 200 mg/ml mAb1, 30 mM histidine, 270 mM sucrose, and 0.06% polysorbate 20.
• the aqueous pharmaceutical composition consists of 200 mg/ml mAb1, 30 mM histidine, 270 mM sucrose, 0.06% polysorbate 20 and 51 mM arginine-HCl.
• the aqueous pharmaceutical composition consists of 75 mg/ml mAb1, 30 mM histidine, 270 mM sucrose, and 0.06% polysorbate 20.
• the aqueous pharmaceutical composition consists of 75 mg/ml mAb1, 30 mM histidine, 270 mM sucrose, 0.06% polysorbate 20 and 51 mM arginine-HCl.
• contemplated excipients which may be utilised in the aqueous pharmaceutical compositions of the invention include, for example, flavoring agents, antimicrobial agents, sweeteners, antioxidants, antistatic agents, lipids such as phospholipids or fatty acids, steroids such as cholesterol, protein excipients such as serum albumin (human serum albumin), recombinant human albumin, gelatin, casein, salt-forming counterions such sodium and the like.
• aqueous pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may include further active ingredients in addition to the anti-CD40 antibody.
• Further pharmacological agents may include, for instance, chemotherapeutic compounds.
• SIMULECTTM is reconstituted to a concentration of 4 mg/ml antibody
• REMICADETM is reconstituted to a concentration of 10 mg/ml
• HERCEPTINTM is reconstituted to 21 mg/ml
• SYNAGISTM and RAPTIVATM to 100 mg/ml
• XOLAIRTM is 125 mg/ml.
• a lyophilisate Before a lyophilisate can be administered to a patient it should be reconstituted with an aqueous reconstituent. This step permits antibody and other components in the lyophilisate to re-dissolve to give a solution which is suitable for injection to a patient.
• the volume of aqueous material used for reconstitution dictates the concentration of the antibody in a resulting pharmaceutical composition. Reconstitution with a smaller volume of reconstituent than the pre-lyophilisation volume provides a composition which is more concentrated than before lyophilisation.
• the reconstitution factor (volume of formulation after lyophilisation:volume of formulation before) may be from 1:0.5 to 1:6. A reconstitution factor of 1:3 is useful.
• lyophilisates of the invention can be reconstituted to give aqueous compositions with an anti-CD40 antibody concentration of at least 50 mg/ml, 100 mg/ml, 150 mg/ml. 200 mg/ml, 250 mg/ml or 300 mg/ml, and the volume of reconstituent will be selected accordingly. If required, the reconstituted formulation can be diluted prior to administration to a patient as appropriate to deliver the intended dose.
• Typical reconstituents for lyophilised antibodies include sterile water or buffer, optionally containing a preservative. If the lyophilisate includes a buffering agent then the reconstituent may include further buffering agent (which may be the same as or different from the lyophilisate's buffering agent) or it may instead include no buffering agent (e.g. WFI (water for injection), or physiological saline).
• further buffering agent which may be the same as or different from the lyophilisate's buffering agent
• no buffering agent e.g. WFI (water for injection), or physiological saline
• components (i) to (iv) When present, components (i) to (iv) will be at a pre-lyophilisation concentration sufficient to maintain the anti-CD40 antibody in a form which is active and soluble after storage (under normal conditions) and reconstitution. The components will also be present after reconstitution.
• a sugar such as sucrose or trehalose
• a sugar such as sucrose or trehalose
• a concentration of 90 mM sucrose is useful.
• a buffering agent such as histidine
• a concentration of 10 mM histidine buffer is useful.
• a surfactant such as polysorbate 80 or polysorbate 20 may be present before lyophilisation at a concentration of up to 0.2% (by volume) e.g.
• a concentration of 0.02% polysorbate 80 or polysorbate 20 is useful.
• a free amino acid, such as arginine, methionine or glycine, may be present before lyophilisation at a concentration of between 2 and 80 mM e.g. 3-60 mM, 3-50 mM, 6-30 mM, 10-25 mM, 15-20 mM.
• a concentration of 17 mM arginine-HCl or 20 mM glycine-HCl or 60 mM methionine is useful.
• the anti-CD40 antibody is present before lyophilisation at a concentration of between 20 mg/ml and 120 mg/ml, e.g.
• the pre-lyophilisate of the invention has a pH between 5.0 and 8.0, between 5.0 and 7.0, between 5.5 and 6.5. In a specific embodiment, the pre-lyophilisate of the invention has a pH of about 6.0.
• the pre-lyophilisate of the invention has a molar ratio of sucrose:antibody of 90:1 and a molar ratio of histidine:antibody of 10:1.
• the pre-lyophilisate of the invention has a molar ratio of sucrose:antibody of 90:1, a molar ratio of histidine:antibody of 10:1, and a molar ratio of arginine-HCl:antibody of 17:1.
• the pre-lyophilisate of the invention has a molar ratio of sucrose:antibody of 90:1, a molar ratio of histidine:antibody of 10:1, and a molar ratio of glycine-HCl:antibody of 60:1.
• a formulation containing histidine buffer, sucrose, polysorbate 20 and, optionally arginine, methionine or glycine has been shown to be suitable for lyophilisation of antibody mAb1.
• the components of the lyophilisate may be present at a concentration of the aqueous pharmaceutical compositions as described hereinbefore.
• aqueous pharmaceutical compositions of the invention comprising anti-CD40 antibodies can be used to treat, ameliorate or prevent CD40-related autoimmune disorders, CD40-related inflammatory disorders and/or to prevent or reduce the risk of graft rejection in transplantation.
• inflammatory disorders includes “autoimmune disorders”.
• autoimmunity is generally understood to encompass inflammatory immune-mediated processes involving “self” antigens. In autoimmune diseases, self antigen(s) trigger host immune responses.
• compositions comprising anti-CD40 antibodies are particularly useful to treat Multiple Sclerosis, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Sjögren's syndrome, Rheumatoid Arthritis, transplant rejection; graft-versus-host disease, Pemphigus vulgaris; and B cell neoplasms such as acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).
• ALL acute lymphoblastic leukemia
• CLL chronic lymphocytic leukemia
• Transplant rejection or “graft rejection” refers to any host-mounted immune response against a graft including but not limited to HLA antigens, blood group antigens, and the like.
• the invention can also be used to treat graft versus host disease, such as that associated with bone marrow transplantation, for example.
• the donor bone marrow includes lymphocytes and cells that mature into lymphocytes.
• the donor's lymphocytes recognise the recipient's antigens as non-self and mount an inflammatory immune response.
• graft versus host disease or “graft versus host reaction” refers to any T cell mediated immune response in which donor lymphocytes react to the host's antigens.
• the antagonist anti-CD40 antibodies or proteins described herein can be used in accordance with the methods of the invention to treat autoimmune and/or inflammatory disorders including, but not limited to, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), discoid lupus, lupus nephritis, sarcoidosis, inflammatory arthritis, including juvenile arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, Reiter's syndrome, ankylosing spondylitis, and gouty arthritis, rejection of an organ or tissue transplant, hyperacute, acute, or chronic rejection and/or graft versus host disease, multiple sclerosis, hyper IgE syndrome, polyarteritis nodosa, primary biliary cirrhosis, inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease, celiac's disease (gluten-sensitive enteropathy), primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS), autoimmune he
• SLE systemic lupus erythemato
• the anti-CD40 antibodies or proteins of the invention are useful in treating: (i) systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus nephritis), preferably in providing effective steroid-sparing therapies for induction and maintenance of remission, and prevention of end-stage renal disease; (ii) primary Sjögren's syndrome, preferably in prevention of salivary and lacrimary gland destruction, and induction and maintenance of remission of extraglandular manifestations; (ii) autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura, preferably treatment of patients refractory to standard of care; (iv) ANCA-associated Vasculitides, preferably inducing and maintaining remission in patients refractory to corticosteroids, and steroid-sparing treatment; (v) Pemphigus Vulgaris, preferably in induction and maintenance of remission in patients refractory to corticosteroids, and steroid-sparing treatment; (vi) Multiple Sclerosis,
• the anti-CD40 antibodies or proteins of the invention are useful in treating pulmonary inflammation including but not limited to lung graft rejection, asthma, sarcoidosis, emphysema, cystic fibrosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, chronic bronchitis, allergic rhinitis and allergic diseases of the lung such as hypersensitivity pneumonitis, eosinophilic pneumonia, bronchiolitis obliterans due to bone marrow and/or lung transplantation or other causes, graft atherosclerosis/graft phlebosclerosis, as well as pulmonary fibrosis resulting from collagen, vascular, and autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma and lupus erythematosus.
• pulmonary inflammation including but not limited to lung graft rejection, asthma, sarcoidosis, emphysema, cystic fibrosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, chronic
• Treatment is herein defined as the application or administration of an anti-CD40 antibody or protein according to the invention, for example, mAb1, mAb2 or mAb3 antibody, to a subject, or application or administration a pharmaceutical composition comprising said anti-CD40 antibody or protein of the invention to an isolated tissue or cell line from a subject, where the subject has an autoimmune disease and/or inflammatory disease, a symptom associated with an autoimmune disease and/or inflammatory disease, or a predisposition toward development of an autoimmune disease and/or inflammatory disease, where the purpose is to cure, heal, alleviate, relieve, alter, remedy, ameliorate, improve, or affect the autoimmune disease and/or inflammatory disease, any associated symptoms of the autoimmune disease and/or inflammatory disease, or the predisposition toward the development of the autoimmune disease and/or inflammatory disease.
• treatment is also intended the application or administration of a pharmaceutical composition comprising an anti-CD40 antibodies or protein of the invention, for example, mAb1, mAb2 or mAb3 antibody, to a subject, or application or administration of a pharmaceutical composition comprising said anti-CD40 antibody or protein of the invention to an isolated tissue or cell line from a subject, where the subject has an autoimmune disease and/or inflammatory disease, a symptom associated with an autoimmune disease and/or inflammatory disease, or a predisposition toward development of an autoimmune disease and/or inflammatory disease, where the purpose is to cure, heal, alleviate, relieve, alter, remedy, ameliorate, improve, or affect the autoimmune disease and/or inflammatory disease, any associated symptoms of the autoimmune disease and/or inflammatory disease, or the predisposition toward the development of the autoimmune disease and/or inflammatory disease.
• anti-inflammatory activity is intended a reduction or prevention of inflammation.
• Therapy with at least one anti-CD40 antibody or protein according to the invention causes a physiological response that is beneficial with respect to treatment of an autoimmune disease and/or inflammatory disease, where the disease involves cells expressing the CD40 antigen. It is recognised that the methods of the invention may be useful in preventing phenotypic change in cells such as proliferation, activation, and the like.
• a pharmaceutical composition of the invention can be administered to a patient.
• the invention provides a delivery device (e.g. a syringe) including a pharmaceutical composition of the invention (e.g., pre-filled syringe).
• Patients will receive an effective amount of the anti-CD40 antibody as the principal active ingredient i.e. an amount that is sufficient to treat, ameliorate, or prevent the disease or disorder in question.
• Therapeutic effects may also include reduction in physical symptoms.
• the optimum effective amount and concentration of antibody for any particular subject will depend upon various factors, including the patient's age size health and/or gender, the nature and extent of the condition, the activity of the particular antibody, the rate of its clearance by the body, and also on any possible further therapeutic(s) administered in combination with the antibody.
• an effective dose may be from about 0.005 mg/kg to about 50 mg/kg, or about 0.05 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg.
• HERCEPTINTM is administered with an initial loading dose of 4 mg/kg body weight and a weekly maintenance dose of 2 mg/kg body weight; RITUXANTM is administered weekly at 375 mg/m 2 ; SYNAGISTM is administered intramuscularly at 15 mg/kg body weight; etc.
• the invention provides a method for delivering a monoclonal antibody to a mammal, comprising a step of administering to the patient a pharmaceutical composition of the invention.
• the invention also provides a method for delivering a monoclonal antibody to a mammal, comprising steps of: (i) reconstituting a lyophilisate of the invention to give an aqueous formulation, and (ii) administering the aqueous formulation to the patient.
• Step (ii) ideally takes place within 24 hours of step (i) e.g. within 12 hours, within 6 hours, within 3 hours, or within 1 hour.
• the invention also provides formulations of the invention for use as medicaments e.g. for use in delivering an antibody to a mammal, or for use in treating, preventing or ameliorating one or more of the diseases and disorders described above.
• the mammal is preferably a human but may also be, for example, a horse or a cow or a dog or a cat.
• the antibodies will ideally be chosen to match the target species e.g. a human antibody for human administration, an equine antibody for horses, a canine antibody for dogs, etc. If native host antibodies are not available then transfer of antibody specificity from one species to another can be achieved by transfer of CDR residues (and typically, in addition, one or more framework residues) from a donor antibody into a recipient framework from the host species e.g. as in humanisation. Equinised, bovinised, caninised and felinised antibodies are known in the art. The antibody will bind to CD40 from the target species, but it may also cross-react with CD40 from other species.
• Dosage can be by a single dose schedule or a multiple dose schedule.
• compositions of the invention e.g. lyophilisates and reconstituents
• Ingredients for forming compositions of the invention may be supplied in hermetically-sealed containers.
• the invention concerns the formulation of anti-CD40 antibodies and more specifically the antibodies designated mAb1, mAb2, and mAb3, especially mAb1.
• One suitable antibody that can be comprised in the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention is the human recombinant antibody mAb1, structurally characterised as further described below.
• the V H amino acid sequence of such isolated anti-CD40 antibody is shown in SEQ ID NO: 1.
• the V L amino acid sequence of such isolated anti-CD40 antibody is shown in SEQ ID NO: 2.
• the full length heavy chain amino acid sequence of such isolated anti-CD40 antibody is shown in SEQ ID NO: 9.
• the full-length light chain amino acid sequence of such isolated anti-CD40 antibody is shown in SEQ ID NO: 10.
• Another example of heavy and light chain amino acid sequences of such isolated anti-CD40 antibodies are those encoded by the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NO: 11 and SEQ ID NO: 12 respectively.
• such amino acid changes appear only within the framework and/or constant regions and the CDR regions are 100% identical to the heavy chain CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 regions of SEQ ID NO: 3, 4 and 5 and to the light chain CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 regions of SEQ ID NO: 6, 7, and 8 respectively.
• the changes that have been made are only conservative amino acid substitutions outside of the CDR regions.
• Conservative amino acid substitutions are ones in which the amino acid residue is replaced with an amino acid residue having a similar side chain.
• Families of amino acid residues having similar side chains have been defined in the art. These families include amino acids with basic side chains (e.g., lysine, arginine, histidine), acidic side chains (e.g., aspartic acid, glutamic acid), uncharged polar side chains (e.g., glycine, asparagine, glutamine, serine, threonine, tyrosine, cysteine, tryptophan), nonpolar side chains (e.g., alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, phenylalanine, methionine), beta-branched side chains (e.g., threonine, valine, isoleucine) and aromatic side chains (e.g., tyrosine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, histidine).
• Antibodies may typically be glycosylated.
• N-linked glycans attached to the C H 2 domain of a heavy chain can influence Clq and FcR binding, and aglycosylated antibodies (for example comprising an N297A mutation) may have lower or different affinity for these receptors.
• the glycan structure can also affect activity e.g. differences in complement-mediated cell death may be seen depending on the number of galactose sugars (0, 1 or 2) at the terminus of a glycan's biantennary chain.
• An antibody's glycans preferably do not lead to a human immunogenic response after administration.
• An antibody can be pegylated to, for example, increase the biological (e.g., serum) half-life of the antibody.
• the antibody, or fragment thereof typically may be reacted with polyethylene glycol (PEG), such as a reactive ester or aldehyde derivative of PEG, under conditions in which one or more PEG groups become attached to the antibody or antibody fragment.
• PEG polyethylene glycol
• the pegylation can be carried out by an acylation reaction or an alkylation reaction with a reactive PEG molecule (or an analogous reactive water-soluble polymer).
• polyethylene glycol is intended to encompass any of the forms of PEG that have been used to derivatise other proteins, such as mono (C1-C10) alkoxy- or aryloxy-polyethylene glycol or polyethylene glycol-maleimide.
• the antibody to be pegylated is an aglycosylated antibody. Methods for pegylating proteins are known in the art and can be applied to the antibodies of the invention. See for example, EP 0 154 316 by Nishimura et al. and EP 0 401 384 by Ishikawa et al.
• anti-CD40 antibodies e.g. mAb1
• mAb1 Any other natural or non-natural post-translational modification of anti-CD40 antibodies (e.g. mAb1) is further contemplated as specific embodiments of anti-CD40 antibodies that could be used for preparing the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention.
• Antibodies can be prepared in a form free from products with which they would naturally be associated. Contaminant components of an antibody's natural environment include materials such as enzymes, hormones, or other host cell proteins.
• CHIR-12.12, and mAb1 (N297A CHIR-12.12), mAb2 (D265A CHIR-12.12), and mAb3 (CHIR-12.12 LALA) bind specifically to CD40.
• Tables 1 and 2 below summarise the sequence characteristics of these antibodies.
• These antibodies may be produced in mammalian host cells, such as, a CHO cell line transfected with expression vectors carrying heavy and light chain coding sequences under suitable expression promoters.
• a high concentration lyophilised or liquid formulation of mAb1 was desired and so formulation studies were performed.
• a lyophilised formulation comprising a sugar, a buffering agent and a surfactant was stable and could maintain high antibody concentrations after reconstitution.
• F1 was a liquid formulation at 50 mg/mL mAb1 at pH 6.0.
• Formulations F2, F3, F4, and F5 had prior to lyophilisation, 50 mg/vial mAb1.
• Formulations F2, F3, F4 and F5 had, prior to lyophilisation, 50 mg/ml mAb1 at pH 6.0.
• Formulations F2, F3, F4 and F5 had a fill volume of 3.6 ml.
• the five formulations included buffer, sugar, surfactant and free amino acid as listed in Table 3:
• the F2, F3, F4, and F5 lyophilisates were reconstituted with WFI (1.0 ml) to give a reconstituted volume of 1.2 ml (1 ⁇ 3 the original aqueous volume).
• the reconstituted compositions were as listed in Table 4:
• Size exclusion—High Pressure Liquid Chromatography was used to assess the amount of mAb1 in each formulation at the time of formulation (T0), 4 weeks (25° C.), 4 weeks (40° C.), 6 months (2-8° C.), 6 months (25° C.) and 6 months (40° C.).
• the amount of antibody is expressed as a percentage of the starting amount, as listed in Table 6.
• the F1 formulation remains close to 50 mg/ml ⁇ 5 mg/ml (100% ⁇ 10%), the F2, F3, F4 and F5 formulations remain close to 150 mg/ml ⁇ 15 mg/ml (100% ⁇ 10%).
• the potency of the mAb1 antibody in each formulation was measured by ELISA assay at T0, 4 weeks (25° C.), 4 weeks (40° C.), 6 months (2-8° C.), 6 months (25° C.) and 6 months (40° C.). The results, expressed as a percentage of the starting potency (100%) are listed in Table 7.
• the potency of the F1 formulation decreases with progression of time and increase of temperature; after 6 m at 40° C. potency was found to be 79%. The lowest value measured was 85% for F4 (6 m at 25° C.) and 86% for F3 (6 m at 40° C.)
• the F1 formulation showed an increase of aggregation products with increasing temperature and time.
• addition of arginine (F2 and F3) slightly reduced the level of aggregation; and sucrose (F3 and F5) was superior to trehalose.
• the F1 formulation showed an increase of turbidity with increase in temperature and with increase in time.
• the F2 to F5 formulations showed slightly increased turbidity values for formulations containing arginine (F2 and F3).
• the physico-chemical properties of the formulations were assessed; the results are presented in Table 13.
• the viscosity values are the values of the formulations having 50 mg/mil antibody prior to lyophilisation.
• the osmolality values correspond to the reconstituted compositions having 150 mg/ml antibody.

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