US20130187136A1 - Synthesis of aza-acenes as novel n-type materials for organic electronics - Google Patents

Synthesis of aza-acenes as novel n-type materials for organic electronics Download PDF

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US20130187136A1
US20130187136A1 US13/746,732 US201313746732A US2013187136A1 US 20130187136 A1 US20130187136 A1 US 20130187136A1 US 201313746732 A US201313746732 A US 201313746732A US 2013187136 A1 US2013187136 A1 US 2013187136A1
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aza
tetracene
diaza
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pentacene
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Mark E. Thompson
Jonathan R. Sommer
Andrew Bartynski
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University of Southern California USC
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Definitions

  • the present disclosure generally relates to novel methods of synthesizing aza-acenes, which may be used as novel n-type materials in organic electronics.
  • Optoelectronic devices rely on the optical and electronic properties of materials to either produce or detect electromagnetic radiation electronically or to generate electricity from ambient electromagnetic radiation.
  • Photosensitive optoelectronic devices convert electromagnetic radiation into electricity.
  • Solar cells also called photovoltaic (PV) devices
  • PV devices which may generate electrical energy from light sources other than sunlight, can be used to drive power consuming loads to provide, for example, lighting, heating, or to power electronic circuitry or devices such as calculators, radios, computers or remote monitoring or communications equipment.
  • These power generation applications also often involve the charging of batteries or other energy storage devices so that operation may continue when direct illumination from the sun or other light sources is not available, or to balance the power output of the PV device with a specific application's requirements.
  • resistive load refers to any power consuming or storing circuit, device, equipment or system.
  • photosensitive optoelectronic device is a photoconductor cell.
  • signal detection circuitry monitors the resistance of the device to detect changes due to the absorption of light.
  • photosensitive optoelectronic device is a photodetector.
  • a photodetector is used in conjunction with a current detecting circuit which measures the current generated when the photodetector is exposed to electromagnetic radiation and may have an applied bias voltage.
  • a detecting circuit as described herein is capable of providing a bias voltage to a photodetector and measuring the electronic response of the photodetector to electromagnetic radiation.
  • photosensitive optoelectronic devices may be characterized according to whether a rectifying junction as defined below is present and also according to whether the device is operated with an external applied voltage, also known as a bias or bias voltage.
  • a photoconductor cell does not have a rectifying junction and is normally operated with a bias.
  • a PV device has at least one rectifying junction and is operated with no bias.
  • a photodetector has at least one rectifying junction and is usually but not always operated with a bias.
  • a photovoltaic cell provides power to a circuit, device or equipment.
  • a photodetector or photoconductor provides a signal or current to control detection circuitry, or the output of information from the detection circuitry but does not provide power to the circuitry, device or equipment.
  • photosensitive optoelectronic devices have been constructed of a number of inorganic semiconductors, e.g., crystalline, polycrystalline and amorphous silicon, gallium arsenide, cadmium telluride and others.
  • semiconductor denotes materials which can conduct electricity when charge carriers are induced by thermal or electromagnetic excitation.
  • photoconductive generally relates to the process in which electromagnetic radiant energy is absorbed and thereby converted to excitation energy of electric charge carriers so that the carriers can conduct, i.e., transport, electric charge in a material.
  • photoconductor and “photoconductive material” are used herein to refer to semiconductor materials which are chosen for their property of absorbing electromagnetic radiation to generate electric charge carriers.
  • PV devices may be characterized by the efficiency with which they can convert incident solar power to useful electric power.
  • Devices utilizing crystalline or amorphous silicon dominate commercial applications, and some have achieved efficiencies of 23% or greater.
  • efficient crystalline-based devices, especially of large surface area are difficult and expensive to produce due to the problems inherent in producing large crystals without significant efficiency-degrading defects.
  • high efficiency amorphous silicon devices still suffer from problems with stability.
  • Present commercially available amorphous silicon cells have stabilized efficiencies between 4 and 8%. More recent efforts have focused on the use of organic photovoltaic cells to achieve acceptable photovoltaic conversion efficiencies with economical production costs.
  • PV devices may be optimized for maximum electrical power generation under standard illumination conditions (i.e., Standard Test Conditions which are 1000 W/m 2 , AM1.5 spectral illumination), for the maximum product of photocurrent times photovoltage.
  • standard illumination conditions i.e., Standard Test Conditions which are 1000 W/m 2 , AM1.5 spectral illumination
  • the power conversion efficiency of such a cell under standard illumination conditions depends on the following three parameters: (1) the current under zero bias, i.e., the short-circuit current I SC , in Amperes (2) the photovoltage under open circuit conditions, i.e., the open circuit voltage V OC , in Volts and (3) the fill factor, ff.
  • PV devices produce a photo-generated current when they are connected across a load and are irradiated by light.
  • a PV device When irradiated under infinite load, a PV device generates its maximum possible voltage, V open-circuit, or V OC .
  • V open-circuit When irradiated with its electrical contacts shorted, a PV device generates its maximum possible current, I short-circuit, or I SC .
  • I SC the maximum possible current
  • a PV device When actually used to generate power, a PV device is connected to a finite resistive load and the power output is given by the product of the current and voltage, I ⁇ V.
  • the maximum total power generated by a PV device is inherently incapable of exceeding the product, I SC ⁇ V OC .
  • the current and voltage When the load value is optimized for maximum power extraction, the current and voltage have the values, I max and V max , respectively.
  • a figure of merit for PV devices is the fill factor, ff, defined as:
  • the power efficiency of the device ⁇ P , may be calculated by:
  • n-type denotes that the majority carrier type is the electron. This could be viewed as the material having many electrons in relatively free energy states.
  • p-type denotes that the majority carrier type is the hole. Such material has many holes in relatively free energy states.
  • the type of the background, i.e., not photo-generated, majority carrier concentration depends primarily on unintentional doping by defects or impurities.
  • the type and concentration of impurities determine the value of the Fermi energy, or level, within the gap between the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy level and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy level, called the HOMO-LUMO gap.
  • the Fermi energy characterizes the statistical occupation of molecular quantum energy states denoted by the value of energy for which the probability of occupation is equal to 1 ⁇ 2.
  • a Fermi energy near the LUMO energy level indicates that electrons are the predominant carrier.
  • a Fermi energy near the HOMO energy level indicates that holes are the predominant carrier. Accordingly, the Fermi energy is a primary characterizing property of traditional semiconductors and the prototypical PV heterojunction has traditionally been the p-n interface.
  • rectifying denotes, inter alia, that an interface has an asymmetric conduction characteristic, i.e., the interface supports electronic charge transport preferably in one direction. Rectification is associated normally with a built-in electric field which occurs at the heterojunction between appropriately selected materials.
  • the terms “donor” and “acceptor” refer to the relative positions of the HOMO and LUMO energy levels of two contacting but different organic materials. This is in contrast to the use of these terms in the inorganic context, where “donor” and “acceptor” may refer to types of dopants that may be used to create inorganic n- and p-types layers, respectively.
  • donor and “acceptor” may refer to types of dopants that may be used to create inorganic n- and p-types layers, respectively.
  • the LUMO energy level of one material in contact with another is lower, then that material is an acceptor. Otherwise it is a donor. It is energetically favorable, in the absence of an external bias, for electrons at a donor-acceptor junction to move into the acceptor material, and for holes to move into the donor material.
  • a significant property in organic semiconductors is carrier mobility. Mobility measures the ease with which a charge carrier can move through a conducting material in response to an electric field.
  • a layer including a material that conducts preferentially by electrons due to a high electron mobility may be referred to as an electron transport layer, or ETL.
  • a layer including a material that conducts preferentially by holes due to a high hole mobility may be referred to as a hole transport layer, or HTL.
  • an acceptor material is an ETL and a donor material is a HTL.
  • the bound excitons must be dissociated into their constituent electrons and holes. Such a process can be induced by the built-in electric field, but the efficiency at the electric fields typically found in organic devices (F ⁇ 10 6 V/cm) is low.
  • the most efficient exciton dissociation in organic materials occurs at a donor-acceptor (D-A) interface. At such an interface, the donor material with a low ionization potential forms a heterojunction with an acceptor material with a high electron affinity.
  • the dissociation of the exciton can become energetically favorable at such an interface, leading to a free electron polaron in the acceptor material and a free hole polaron in the donor material.
  • Organic PV cells have many potential advantages when compared to traditional silicon-based devices.
  • Organic PV cells are light weight, economical in materials use, and can be deposited on low cost substrates, such as flexible plastic foils.
  • organic PV devices typically have relatively low external quantum efficiency (electromagnetic radiation to electricity conversion efficiency), being on the order of 1% or less. This is, in part, thought to be due to the second order nature of the intrinsic photoconductive process. That is, carrier generation requires exciton generation, diffusion and ionization or collection. There is an efficiency ⁇ associated with each of these processes. Subscripts may be used as follows: P for power efficiency, EXT for external quantum efficiency, A for photon absorption exciton generation, ED for diffusion, CC for collection, and INT for internal quantum efficiency. Using this notation:
  • the diffusion length (L D ) of an exciton is typically much less (L D ⁇ 50 ⁇ ) than the optical absorption length ( ⁇ 500 ⁇ ), requiring a tradeoff between using a thick, and therefore resistive, cell with multiple or highly folded interfaces, or a thin cell with a low optical absorption efficiency.
  • Linear acenes such as tetracene and pentacene have received much attention in recent years for use as semiconductors in organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) or in organic PV applications due to their favorable absorption and packing behavior. These materials possess absorption bands in the UV and visible region of the spectrum. Substituents are often added to increase solubility and control the packing behavior in a crystal or thin film.
  • the majority of the work on linear acenes, such as tetracene and pentacene, as semiconductors has focused on the use of these materials to transport holes as p-type materials. In recent years, good hole carrier mobilities have been achieved. Very few linear tetracenes and pentacenes, however, have been reported with n-type properties.
  • aza-acenes such as aza-tetracenes
  • methods of synthesizing aza-acenes comprising the step of aromatizing a compound having a general formula selected from
  • Y n are independently selected from C and N
  • R n are independently selected from saturated carbocyclic, saturated heterocyclic, unsaturated carbocyclic, and unsaturated heterocyclic rings with adjacent R n , a H, an aryl, a halide, a pseudohalide, an alkyl, and an electron acceptor with the proviso that any of R n is H when the Y to which it is bonded is N.
  • Y n are independently selected from C and N
  • R n are independently selected from saturated carbocyclic, saturated heterocyclic, unsaturated carbocyclic, and unsaturated heterocyclic rings with adjacent R n , a H, an aryl, a halide, a pseudohalide, an alkyl, and an electron acceptor with the proviso that any of R n is H when the Y to which it is bonded is N
  • Z is selected from CH and CH 2 .
  • FIG. 1 depicts the systematic lowering of HOMO and LUMO energy levels calculated at B3LYP/6-31G* for aza-tetracenes and aza-pentacenes.
  • FIG. 2 shows an exemplary synthetic scheme for the synthesis of a 3,9-diaza-tetracene.
  • FIG. 3 shows an exemplary synthetic scheme for the synthesis of a 5,12-diaza-pentacene.
  • FIG. 4 shows the absorption spectrum of a 4,10-dichloro-3,9-diaza-tetracene and a 4,10-diphenyl-3,9-diaza-tetracene.
  • FIG. 5 shows the absorption spectrum of a 4,10-dicyano-3,9-diaza-tetracene and a 2,8-diphenyl-4,10-dicyano-3,9-diaza-tetracene.
  • FIG. 6 shows cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements for 4,10-dichloro-3,9-diaza-tetracene.
  • FIG. 7 shows CV measurements for 4,10-diphenyl-3,9-diaza-tetracene.
  • FIG. 8 shows CV measurements for 4,10-dicyano-3,9-diaza-tetracene.
  • FIG. 9 shows CV measurements for 2,8-diphenyl-4,10-dicyano-3,9-diaza-tetracene.
  • FIG. 10 shows CV measurements for additional aza-acene compounds.
  • FIG. 11 shows absorption/emission spectra for particular diaza-tetracenes
  • FIG. 12 provides additional absorption and electrochemical properties of particular diaza-tetracenes.
  • FIG. 13 shows current density-vs.-voltage characteristics for OPV devices employing a particular diaza-tetracene as an acceptor material.
  • aza-scenes may be synthesized by aromatizing a compound selected from I through XIX.
  • the compound selected from I through XIX is aromatized with a treatment comprising an oxyphilic reagent.
  • the oxyphilic reagent may be, for example, phosphoryl trichloride (POCl 3 ), phosphoryl tribromide (POBr 3 ), phosphorous tribromide (PBr 3 ), pentachloro-phosphorane (PCl 5 ), phosphorous trichloride (PCl S ), tetrabenzyl pyrophosphate, 1-dibenzyl phosphite, phenyldichlorophosphate, and thionyl chloride (SOCl 2 ).
  • the oxyphilic reagent is POCl 3 .
  • the compound selected from I through XIX undergoes a deoxygenation-chlorination reaction to yield the corresponding dichloro-aza-acene, which can be subjected to further transformation to yield desired substituents.
  • the compound selected from I through XIX is aromatized by bonding a protective group to the quinolone nitrogens followed by treatment with a reagent selected from alkyl or aryl organolithium reagents and alkyl or aryl Grignard reagents.
  • the protective group is MEM, although persons of ordinary skill in the art would recognize that other protective groups may be used.
  • the protective group on the quinolone nitrogen allows treatment with alkyl or aryl organolithium reagents or alkyl or aryl Grignard reagents to yield the desired aza-acenes.
  • the synthesis of compounds I through XIX may rely on the use of anilines or derivatives thereof as primary starting materials.
  • Anilines are much simpler starting materials compared to o-diaminoarenes, and as a result they provide a greater number of potential derivatives that can be accessed.
  • Another advantage of the present invention is the use of POCl 3 to aromatize compounds I through XIX to aza-acenes. This avoids any problems in oxidation chemistry, as quinolone residues have previously been shown to aromatize with POCl 3 .
  • a compound selected from I though XIX may also be synthesized using aminopyridines or derivatives thereof. The significance of these materials is found in the ability to incorporate nitrogen into every ring of acenes, such as tetracene and pentacene.
  • a method of synthesizing a compound selected from aza-tetracenes comprises the step of aromatizing a compound selected from I through VI.
  • the compound to be synthesized is selected from
  • X 1 and R n are independently selected from saturated carbocyclic, saturated heterocyclic, unsaturated carbocyclic, and unsaturated heterocyclic rings with adjacent R n , a H, an aryl, a halide, a pseudohalide, an alkyl, and an electron acceptor, and Y 1 is selected from CH and N.
  • the compound selected from I through VI is aromatized with a treatment comprising an oxyphilic reagent as described herein.
  • the compound selected from I through VI is aromatized by bonding a protective group to the quinolone nitrogens followed by treatment with a reagent selected from alkyl or aryl organolithium reagents and alkyl or aryl Grignard reagents as described herein.
  • the compound to be synthesized is selected from aza-tetracenes, wherein the method of synthesizing further comprises the step of synthesizing a compound selected from I through VI, wherein Y n is C.
  • the compound selected from I through VI, wherein Y n is C is synthesized using an aniline or a derivative thereof having a general formula
  • R 1-4 are independently selected from saturated carbocyclic, saturated heterocyclic, unsaturated carbocyclic, and unsaturated heterocyclic rings with adjacent R n , a H, an aryl, a halide, a pseudohalide, an alkyl, and an electron acceptor, and W is selected from H, —CO 2 H, —CO 2 R, —COSR, and —CONR 2 .
  • desired substituents on the aza-acenes may be achieved by using particular anilines or derivatives thereof as starting materials.
  • a diaza-tetracene aromatized from an exemplary compound of compound I may be synthesized, for example, based on the following reaction scheme:
  • a diaza-tetracene aromatized from an exemplary compound of compound II may be synthesized, for example, based on the following reaction scheme:
  • a diaza-tetracene aromatized from an exemplary compound of compound II may also be synthesized, for example, based on the following reaction scheme:
  • aromatization to the aza-acene may be accomplished by bonding a protective group to the quinolone nitrogens followed by treatment with a reagent selected from alkyl or aryl organolithium reagents and alkyl or aryl Grignard reagents as described herein.
  • a reagent selected from alkyl or aryl organolithium reagents and alkyl or aryl Grignard reagents as described herein.
  • a diaza-tetracene aromatized from an exemplary compound of compound III may be synthesized, for example, based on the following reaction scheme:
  • the resulting compound j may be aromatized by an oxyphilic reagent as described herein, or aromatized by bonding a protective group to the quinolone nitrogens followed by treatment with a reagent selected from alkyl or aryl organolithium reagents and alkyl or aryl Grignard reagents as described herein.
  • a diaza-tetracene aromatized from an exemplary compound of compound VI may be synthesized, for example, based on the following reaction scheme:
  • the resulting compound k may be aromatized by an oxyphilic reagent as described herein, or aromatized by bonding a protective group to the quinolone nitrogens followed by treatment with a reagent selected from alkyl or aryl organolithium reagents and alkyl or aryl Grignard reagents as described herein.
  • the aza-tetracene to be synthesized is a diaza-tetracene selected from
  • X 1 and R n are independently selected from saturated carbocyclic, saturated heterocyclic, unsaturated carbocyclic, and unsaturated heterocyclic rings with adjacent R n , a H, an aryl, a halide, a pseudohalide, an alkyl, and an electron acceptor.
  • Aza-tetracenes having 3 or more nitrogens in their cores such as triaaza-tetracene and tetraaza-tetracene may be obtained by using an aminopyridine or a derivative thereof in place of aniline or a derivative thereof. Aminopyridines or derivatives thereof may also be used in conjunction with anilines or derivatives thereof on a step-by-step basis to obtain aza-acenes having 3 or more nitrogens in their cores.
  • the compound to be synthesized is selected from aza-tetracenes, wherein the method of synthesizing further comprises the step of synthesizing a compound selected from I through VI.
  • the compound selected from I through VI is synthesized using an aminopyridine or a derivative thereof having a general formula selected from
  • X 1-3 are independently selected from N and C
  • R 1-3 are independently selected from saturated carbocyclic, saturated heterocyclic, unsaturated carbocyclic, and unsaturated heterocyclic rings with adjacent R n , a H, an aryl, a halide, a pseudohalide, an alkyl, and an electron acceptor, with the proviso that any of R 1-3 is H when the X to which it is bonded is N, and W is selected from H, —CO 2 H, —CO 2 R, —COSR, and —CONR 2 .
  • the particular aminopyridine or derivative thereof that is used will affect the positions of the nitrogens in the aza-acenes, as well as the substituents on the aza-acenes.
  • a tetraaza-tetracene aromatized from an exemplary compound of compound I may be synthesized based on, for example, the following reaction scheme:
  • the resulting compound a may be aromatized by an oxyphilic reagent as described herein, or aromatized by bonding a protective group to the quinolone nitrogens followed by treatment with a reagent selected from alkyl or aryl organolithium reagents and alkyl or aryl Grignard reagents as described herein.
  • Triaza-tetracenes aromatized from exemplary compounds of compounds I and II may be synthesized by unsymmetrical syntheses based on, for example, the following schemes:
  • resulting compounds b and c may be aromatized by an oxyphilic reagent as described herein, or aromatized by bonding a protective group to the quinolone nitrogens followed by treatment with a reagent selected from alkyl or aryl organolithium reagents and alkyl or aryl Grignard reagents as described herein.
  • the aza-tetracene to be synthesized is a triaza-tetracene or tetraaza-tetracene selected from
  • X 1 and R n are independently selected from saturated carbocyclic, saturated heterocyclic, unsaturated carbocyclic, and unsaturated heterocyclic rings with adjacent R n , a H, an aryl, a halide, a psuedohalide, an alkyl, and an electron acceptor, and Y 1 is selected from CH and N.
  • a method of synthesizing a compound selected from aza-pentacenes comprises the step of aromatizing a compound selected from compounds VII through XIX.
  • the compound is selected from:
  • X 1 and R n are independently selected from saturated carbocyclic, saturated heterocyclic, unsaturated carbocyclic, and unsaturated heterocyclic rings with adjacent R n , a H, an aryl, a halide, a pseudohalide, an alkyl, and an electron acceptor.
  • the compound selected from VII through XIX is aromatized with a treatment comprising an oxyphilic reagent as described herein.
  • the compound selected from VII through XIX is aromatized by bonding a protective group to the quinolone nitrogens followed by treatment with a reagent selected from alkyl or aryl organolithium reagents and alkyl or aryl Grignard reagents as described herein.
  • the compound to be synthesized is selected from aza-pentacenes, wherein the method of synthesizing further comprises the step of synthesizing a compound selected from VII through XIX, wherein Y n is C.
  • the compound selected from VII through XIX, wherein Y n is C is synthesized using an aniline or a derivative thereof having a general formula
  • R 1-4 are independently selected from saturated carbocyclic, saturated heterocyclic, unsaturated carbocyclic, and unsaturated heterocyclic rings with adjacent R n , a H, an aryl, a halide, a pseudohalide, an alkyl, and an electron acceptor, and W is selected from H, —CO 2 H, —CO 2 R, —COSR, and —CONR 2 .
  • a diaza-pentacene aromatized from exemplary compounds of compound VII may be synthesized, for example, based on the following schemes:
  • the resulting compounds d and e may be aromatized by an oxyphilic reagent as described herein, or aromatized by bonding a protective group to the quinolone nitrogens followed by treatment with a reagent selected from alkyl or aryl organolithium reagents and alkyl or aryl Grignard reagents as described herein.
  • a reagent selected from alkyl or aryl organolithium reagents and alkyl or aryl Grignard reagents as described herein.
  • a diaza-pentacene aromatized from an exemplary compound of compound VIII may be synthesized, for example, based on the following reaction scheme:
  • the resulting compound h may be aromatized by an oxyphilic reagent as described herein, or aromatized by bonding a protective group to the quinolone nitrogens followed by treatment with a reagent selected from alkyl or aryl organolithium reagents and alkyl or aryl Grignard reagents as described herein.
  • a diaza-pentacene aromatized from an exemplary compound of compound XII may be synthesized, for example, based on the following reaction scheme:
  • the resulting compound m may be aromatized by an oxyphilic reagent as described herein, or aromatized by bonding a protective group to the quinolone nitrogens followed by treatment with a reagent selected from alkyl or aryl organolithium reagents and alkyl or aryl Grignard reagents as described herein.
  • the aza-pentacene to be synthesized is a diaza-pentacene selected from
  • X 1 and R n are independently selected from saturated carbocyclic, saturated heterocyclic, unsaturated carbocyclic, and unsaturated heterocyclic rings with adjacent R n , a H, an aryl, a halide, a psuedohalide, an alkyl, and an electron acceptor.
  • Aza-pentacenes having 3 or more nitrogens in their cores such as triaza-pentacenes, tetraaza-pentacenes, and pentaaza-pentacenes, may be obtained in some instances by using aminopyridines or derivatives thereof in place of anilines or derivatives thereof. Aminopyridine or a derivative thereof may also be used in conjunction with aniline or a derivative thereof on a step-by-step basis to obtain aza-pentacenes having 3 or more nitrogens in their cores. Aniline or a derivative thereof, aminopyridine or a derivative thereof, and pyridine derivatives, or combinations thereof may also be used as starting materials to obtain aza-pentacenes having 3 or more nitrogens in their cores.
  • the compound to be synthesized is selected from aza-pentacenes, wherein the method of synthesizing further comprises the step of synthesizing a compound selected from compounds VII through XIX.
  • the compound selected from VII through XIX is synthesized using an aminopyridine or a derivative thereof having a general formula selected from
  • X 1-3 are independently selected from N and C
  • R 1-3 are independently selected from saturated carbocyclic, saturated heterocyclic, unsaturated carbocyclic, and unsaturated heterocyclic rings with adjacent R n , a H, an aryl, a halide, a pseudohalide, an alkyl, and an electron acceptor, with the proviso that any of R 1-3 is H when the X to which it is bonded is N, and W is selected from H, —CO 2 H, —CO 2 R, —COSR, and —CONR 2 .
  • the particular aminopyridine or derivative thereof that is used will affect the number and position of the nitrogens in the aza-acenes, as well as the substituents on the aza-acenes.
  • a triaza-pentacene aromatized from an exemplary compound of compound VII may be synthesized based on, for example, the following reaction scheme:
  • the resulting compound f may be aromatized by an oxyphilic reagent as described herein, or aromatized by bonding a protective group to the quinolone nitrogens followed by treatment with a reagent selected from alkyl or aryl organolithium reagents and alkyl or aryl Grignard reagents as described herein.
  • a tetraaza-pentacene aromatized from an exemplary compound of compound VIII may be synthesized based on, for example, the following reaction scheme:
  • the resulting compound g may be aromatized by an oxyphilic reagent as described herein, or aromatized by bonding a protective group to the quinolone nitrogens followed by treatment with a reagent selected from alkyl or aryl organolithium reagents and alkyl or aryl Grignard reagents as described herein.
  • a pentaaza-pentacene aromatized from an exemplary compound of compound X may be synthesized based on, for example, the following reaction scheme:
  • the resulting compound i may be aromatized by an oxyphilic reagent as described herein, or aromatized by bonding a protective group to the quinolone nitrogens followed by treatment with a reagent selected from alkyl or aryl organolithium reagents and alkyl or aryl Grignard reagents as described herein.
  • the aza-pentacene to be synthesized is a triaza-pentacene, tetraaza-pentacene, or pentaaza-pentacene selected from
  • X 1 and R n are independently selected from saturated carbocyclic, saturated heterocyclic, unsaturated carbocyclic, and unsaturated heterocyclic rings with adjacent R n , a H, an aryl, a halide, a pseudohalide, an alkyl, and an electron acceptor.
  • reaction schemes serve as examples only and are not meant to limit the invention in any way.
  • One of ordinary skill in the art would understand that the chemistry disclosed herein allows for a variety of aza-acenes, such as aza-tetracenes and aza-pentacenes, to be envisioned.
  • reaction materials may be modified to vary the degree and position of aza-substitution, as well as to obtain desired substituents on the aza-acenes.
  • the aza-acene compounds may be symmetric or asymmetric with a varying number of quinolone residues present in the precursor compound for later aromatization. This would allow one of ordinary skill in the art to place nitrogen at virtually any position 1-12 in tetracene or 1-14 in pentacene.
  • aza-acene compounds contemplated by the present invention may be used as n-type materials in organic electronics.
  • an organic photosensitive optoelectronic device comprising at least one aza-acene.
  • the at least one aza-acene is selected from aza-tetracenes and aza-pentacenes.
  • the at least one aza-acene compound is an aza-tetracene selected from diaza-tetracenes, triaza-tetracenes, and tetraaza-tetracenes.
  • the at least one aza-acene compound is an aza-tetracene having a general formula selected from
  • Y n are independently selected from C and N
  • R n are independently selected from saturated carbocyclic, saturated heterocyclic, unsaturated carbocyclic, and unsaturated heterocyclic rings with adjacent R n , a H, an aryl, a halide, a pseudohalide, an alkyl, and an electron acceptor with the proviso that any of R n is H when the Y to which it is bonded is N.
  • the at least one aza-acene compound is an aza-pentacene selected from diaza-pentacenes, triaza-pentacenes, tetraaza-pentances, and pentaaza-pentacenes.
  • the at least one aza-acene compound is an aza-pentacene having a general formula selected from
  • Y n are independently selected from C and N
  • R n are independently selected from saturated carbocyclic, saturated heterocyclic, unsaturated carbocyclic, and unsaturated heterocyclic rings with adjacent R n , a H, an aryl, a halide, a pseudohalide, an alkyl, and an electron acceptor with the proviso that any of R n is H when the Y to which it is bonded is N
  • Z is selected from CH and CH 2
  • the organic photosensitive optoelectronic device comprises at least one donor-acceptor heterojunction.
  • the donor-acceptor heterojunction may be formed at an interface of at least one donor material and at least one acceptor material.
  • the at least one acceptor material comprises the at least one aza-acene compound.
  • the aza-acene compound is selected from aza-tetracenes and aza-pentacenes.
  • the aza-tetracene is selected from diaza-tetracenes, triaza-tetracenes, and tetraaza-tetracenes.
  • the aza-pentacene is selected from diaza-pentacene, triaza-pentacene, tetraaza-pentacene, and pentaaza-pentacene.
  • the diaza-tetracene is selected from 4,10-diphenyl-3,9-diaza-tetracene (DPDAT), 4,8,10,14-tetraphenyl-3,9-diaza-tetracene (TPDAT), 4,10-dichloro-3,9-diaza-tetracene (DCDAT), 8,14-diphenyl-4,10-dichloro-3,9-diaza-tetracene (DPDCDAT), 8,14-diphenyl-4,10-dicyano-3,9-diaza-tetracene (DPDCNDAT), and 4,10-dicyano-3,9-diaza-tetracene (DCNDAT).
  • DPDAT 4,10-diphenyl-3,9-diaza-tetracene
  • TPDAT 4,8,10,14-tetraphenyl-3,9-diaza-tetracene
  • DCDAT 4,10-dichloro
  • the at least one donor material is chosen from squarine (SQ), boron subphthalocyanonine chloride (SubPc), copper phthalocyanine (CuPc), chloro-aluminum phthalocyanine (ClAlPc), poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT), tin phthalocyanine (SnPc), diindenoperylene (DIP), and combinations thereof.
  • SQL squarine
  • SubPc boron subphthalocyanonine chloride
  • CuPc copper phthalocyanine
  • ClAlPc chloro-aluminum phthalocyanine
  • P3HT poly(3-hexylthiophene)
  • SnPc diindenoperylene
  • the diaza-tetracene is DPDCNDAT and the at least one donor material is SubPc.
  • the organic photosensitive optoelectronic device has the structure ITO/SubPc/DPDCNDAT/BCP/Al.
  • the organic photosensitive devices of the present invention may be structured in various configurations with varying material combinations.
  • U.S. Patent Publication No. 2012/0235125 is hereby incorporated by reference for its disclosure of organic photovoltaic device structures and materials.
  • the organic photosensitive optoelectronic device is a solar cell.
  • the organic photosensitive optoelectronic device is a photodetector.
  • alkyl means a straight-chain or branched saturated hydrocarbyl group.
  • alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl and n-hexyl.
  • aryl means an aromatic hydrocarbyl group.
  • the aryl group may be monocyclic or multicyclic. Examples of aryl groups include phenyl and naphthyl groups.
  • electron acceptor means functional groups that have vacant pi-symmetry molecular orbitals, which are within 1-2 eV of the HOMO of the molecule they are appended to. These materials interact with the molecule by accepting electron density and thus lowering the energy of the molecule's HOMO.
  • Common electron acceptors include, for example, nitro, cyano, formyl, phenyl, vinyl immine, tricyano-vinyl, fluoroalkyl, pyridinium, carboxyl, and ester groups.
  • FIG. 2 provides an example of a synthesis for 3,9-diaza-tetracenes in accordance with the present invention.
  • Epindolidiones (5a-b) were prepared starting from commercially available dihydroxy fumaric acid.
  • Compound I was treated with thionyl chloride in dry methanol to afford the methyl ester 2 in 74% yield.
  • the dimethyl bis(arylamino)maleates (3a-b) were obtained in good yield by refluxing 2 in methanol with a catalytic amount of HCl in the presence of an aryl aniline.
  • Maleates (3a-b) were then subjected to refluxing Dowtherm A to afford the 2-methoxycarbonyl-3-arylamino-4-quinolones (4a-b).
  • Dimethyl dihydroxyfumarate (2) was prepared by stirring a solution of 1 (25.00 g, 16.9 mmol) with 50 g of MgSO 4 in 200 mL of dry MeOH and cooling to 0° C. The mixture was purged with dry HCl for 4 hours. The ice bath was removed and the reaction stirred for 2 hours at room temperature. The mixture was left at room temperature overnight undisturbed. A white precipitate formed and was collected by vacuum filtration and washed with cold MeOH. The white solid was suspended in ice cold H 2 O (400 mL) and vigorously stirred then immediately collected by filtration, washed with cold H 2 O and MeOH. The material was air dried overnight to give 24.6 g (83%) of dimethyl dihydroxyfumarate (2).
  • Dimethyl 2,3-bis(phenylamino)fumarate (3a) was prepared by stirring a solution of 2 (14.3 g, 81.2 mmol) and aniline (22.7 g, 243.7 mmol) in 200 mL of dry MeOH under a N 2 atmosphere. The reaction mixture was heated to reflux overnight after the addition of 3 mL of Concentrated HCl. A yellow precipitate formed and was filtered off after cooling the reaction to 0° C. The precipitate was washed thoroughly with cold MeOH and hexanes and was allowed to air dry to give 18.72 g (71%) of dimethyl 2,3-bis(phenylamino)fumarate (3a).
  • Dimethyl 2,3-bis([1,1′-biphenyl]-2-ylamino)fumarate (3b) was prepared by stirring a solution of 2 (9.4 g, 53.4 mmol) and 2-aminobiphenyl (20.0 g, 118.2 mmol) in 100 mL of dry MeOH under a N 2 atmosphere. The reaction mixture was heated to reflux overnight after the addition of 1.5 mL of Concentrated HCl. A bright yellow precipitate was collected by filtration, washed with MeOH and hexanes to give 19.03 g (75%) of dimethyl 2,3-bis([1,1′-biphenyl]-2-ylamino)fumarate (3b).
  • 2-Methoxycarbonyl-3-arylamino-4-quinolone (4a) was prepared by heating a solution of 3a (12.91 g, 39.5 mmol) in Dowtherm A (80 mL) to 120° C. and adding the solution dropwise to 100 mL of refluxing Dowtherm A under N 2 atmosphere. The reaction was further refluxed for 1 hour after the addition, cooled to room temperature, and left overnight. A yellow precipitate was collected by filtration and washed repeatedly with hexanes. The material was air dried to yield 5.03 g (43%) of 2-methoxycarbonyl-3-arylamino-4-quinolone (4a).
  • 2-Methoxycarbonyl-3-arylamino-4-quinolone (4b) was prepared by heating a solution of 3b (14.3 g, 29.8 mmol) in Dowtherm A (80 mL) to 120° C. and adding the solution dropwise to 100 mL of refluxing Dowtherm A under N 2 atmosphere. The reaction was further refluxed for 1 hour after the addition, cooled to room temperature, and left overnight. A red precipitate was collected by filtration and washed repeatedly with hexanes. The material was air dried to yield 8.25 g (62%) of 2-methoxycarbonyl-3-arylamino-4-quinolone (4b).
  • Epindolidione (5a) was prepared by charging a 250 mL round bottom flask with ⁇ 100 mL of PPA followed by 9.5 g of 4a under a N 2 atmosphere. The mixture was heated to 150° C. for 2 hours. The reaction was cooled to ⁇ 90° C., slowly adding water to the reaction mixture until the vigorous hydrolysis reaction ceased. The mixture was then poured into 300 mL of water and vigorously stirred. The yellow precipitate was collected by filtration and then suspended in 400 mL of THF and vigorously stirred. The bright yellow precipitate was collected by filtration and washed with MeOH to yield 7.55 g (89%) of epindolidione (5a).
  • 4,10-Diphenyl epindolidione (5b) was prepared by charging a 100 mL schlenk flask with ⁇ 60 mL of PPA with 4.7 g of 4b under a N 2 atmosphere. The mixture was heated to 150° C. for 2 hours. The reaction was cooled to ⁇ 90° C., slowly adding water to the reaction mixture until the vigorous hydrolysis reaction ceased. The mixture was then poured into 300 mL of water and vigorously stirred. The precipitate was collected and suspended in 300 mL of THF and vigorously stirred. A bright yellow precipitate was collected by filtration and washed with hexanes to yield 3.93 g (90%) of 4,10-diphenyl epindolidione (5b).
  • 4,10-Dichloro-3,9-diazatetracene (6a) was prepared by stirring a solution of 5a (2.35 g, 8.96 mmol) in POCl 3 (130 mL) with K 2 CO 3 (7.00 g, 50.6 mmol) and purging with N 2 for 20 minutes. The reaction was heated to 90° C. overnight. The reaction was cooled to room temperature and POCl 3 was removed by vacuum distillation. The crude material was then added to 500 mL of aqueous 10% K 2 CO 3 and vigorously stirred.
  • 4,10-Diphenyl-3,9-diazatetracene (7a) was prepared by charging an oven dried 100 mL schlenk flask with 6a (400 mg, 1.34 mmol) and 10 mol % of PEPPSI-IPr (91 mg) in dry dioxane (60 mL) and purging with N 2 for 20 minutes. 3.0 M phenyl magnesium bromide (2.67 mL, 8.02 mmol) was then added dropwise to the reaction mixture. After the addition, the reaction was heated to 70° C. The reaction was cooled to room temperature and diluted with ethyl acetate (30 mL) and stirred.
  • 4,10-Dicyano-3,9-diazatetracene (8a) was prepared by stirring in an oven dried 250 mL schlenk flask 6a (500 mg, 1.67 mmol), 18-crown-6 (133 mg), potassium cyanide (655 mg, 10.06 mmol) and PEPPSI-IPr (170 mg, 15 mol %) in dry DMF (150 mL) and purging with N 2 for 20 minutes. The reaction was then heated to 90° C. overnight in an oil bath. The reaction was cooled to room temperature and then DMF was removed by vacuum distillation.
  • FIG. 3 provides an example of a synthesis for 5,12-diaza-pentacenes in accordance with the present invention.
  • Quinacridones (11a-b) were prepared starting from commercially available dimethyl succinylosuccinate (9). Compound 9 was refluxed in acetic acid open to atmosphere overnight in the presence of an aniline to give 10a-b in good yield. Cyclization of 10a-b in polyphosphoric acid gave quinacridones 11a-b in excellent yield. Treatment of 11a-b or the sodium salt of 11a-b in neat phosphorous oxychloride in the presence of K 2 CO 3 afforded 7,14-dichloro-5,12-diazapentacenes (12a-b). Compounds 13(a-b) and compounds 14(a-b) were prepared following the same technique used to prepare 7(a-b) and 8(a-b) from 6(a-b).
  • FIGS. 6-10 show CV measurements for particular aza-acene compounds. All CV measurements were performed using a EG&G Potentiostat/Galvanostat model 283. All scans were recorded at a scan rate of 50 mV/s in dry and degassed DCM with 0.1 M tetra(n-butyl)ammonium hexafluorophosphate (Aldrich) as the supporting electrolyte. Ferocene/ferrocenium (Fc/Fc + ) redox couple was used as an internal standard. A glassy carbon rod, a platinum wire, and a silver wire were used as the working electrode, the counter electrode, and the pseudo reference electrode, respectively.
  • FIG. 11 shows additional absorption/emission spectra for particular diaza-tetracenes. containing phenyl, chloro, or nitrile substituents and combinations thereof. Additionally, phenyl substituents were added at the 1 and 7 positions for select diaza-tetracenes. These substituents affect the frontier molecular orbital (FMO, i.e., HOMO, LUMO) energies, band gap, and crystal packing of the molecule. These material substitution patterns were chosen to minimize or eliminate their dipolar character, thereby preventing carrier trapping expected for disordered polar materials. The absorption of the diaza-tetracenes are red-shifted to tetracene with compound gg absorbing to 750 nm.
  • FMO frontier molecular orbital
  • FIG. 12 provides additional absorption and electrochemical properties of particular diaza-tetracenes. Electrochemical properties of the diaza-tetracenes were examined using cyclic voltammetry (CV). The primary reduction potentials of the diaza-tetracenes varied by 1V, from ⁇ 1.77 V for cc to ⁇ 0.78 V for hh. The LUMO energies of the diaza-tetracenes were calculated from the reduction potentials obtained through CV using previously published correlations. The optical energy gap, E g , was taken as the intersection of the lowest energy transition and the fluorescence spectrum for the acenes, i.e. aa-hh, and the absorption edge for a thin film of C 60 .
  • E g optical energy gap
  • the LUMO levels of gg and hh are similar to that of C 60 .
  • the LUMO energies of ee, ff, gg, and hh suggest that they may be useful as acceptors in OPVs.
  • the range of LUMO levels achieved here exhibit the wide FMO tunability that is available via this synthetic pathway.
  • OPV devices were fabricated using copper phthalocyanine (CuPc), N,N′-Bis-(1-naphthalenyl)-N,N′-bis-phenyl-(1,1′-biphenyl)-4,4′-diamine (NPD) and boron subphthalocyanine-cholride (SubPc) as donors with each of the acceptors aa-hh.
  • CuPc copper phthalocyanine
  • NPD N,N′-Bis-(1-naphthalenyl)-N,N′-bis-phenyl-(1,1′-biphenyl)-4,4′-diamine
  • SubPc boron subphthalocyanine-cholride
  • Adding cyano groups shifts the LUMO levels to below that of C60, making suitable acceptors when matched with a SubPc donor.
  • the device with a SubPc donor and cyano-aza-acene acceptor gg exhibited diode character in the dark along with photoresponse.
  • the device current density-vs.-voltage characteristics for devices with gg are shown in FIG. 13 .
  • gg Compared to C60, gg exhibited significantly reduced short circuit current density (JSC), but comparable VOC: 1.78 mA/cm2 vs 4.15 mA/cm2 and 0.85 V vs 1.0 V, respectively.
  • the fill factor (FF) of the diazatetracene devices were lower compared to those made with C60: 0.40 vs 0.54, respectively, consistent with a higher resistivity for gg and hh relative to C60. While gg lacks a molecular dipole moment, the cyano groups can result in significant changes in the local electric field surrounding, the molecule leading to disorder-induced charge traps. Such enhanced resistivity is expected to lower FF, as observed.
  • the aza substitution is not expected to give large fluctuations in the local electrical field around the molecules, and hence it is expected that the cyano-based deficiencies observed in the OPVs will be reduced or eliminated in aza-substituted materials.
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WO2015174010A1 (fr) * 2014-05-13 2015-11-19 Sony Corporation Film de conversion photoélectrique, élément de conversion photoélectrique et dispositif électronique
US10672994B2 (en) 2014-05-13 2020-06-02 Sony Semiconductor Solutions Corporation Photoelectric conversion film, photoelectric conversion element and electronic device
US11716896B2 (en) 2014-05-13 2023-08-01 Sony Semiconductor Solutions Corporation Photoelectric conversion film, photoelectric conversion element and electronic device
CN112201752A (zh) * 2020-08-11 2021-01-08 苏州科技大学 柔性电存储器件的制备方法及其应用

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AU2013209393A1 (en) 2014-07-31
EP2805363A1 (fr) 2014-11-26
US20210313517A1 (en) 2021-10-07
CA2860919A1 (fr) 2013-07-25
KR20140115344A (ko) 2014-09-30
WO2013110057A1 (fr) 2013-07-25
IL233624A0 (en) 2014-08-31
CN104364925A (zh) 2015-02-18

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