US20120277344A1 - Formation of Latex Coagulum Composite for Tire Composition - Google Patents

Formation of Latex Coagulum Composite for Tire Composition Download PDF

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US20120277344A1
US20120277344A1 US13/497,034 US201013497034A US2012277344A1 US 20120277344 A1 US20120277344 A1 US 20120277344A1 US 201013497034 A US201013497034 A US 201013497034A US 2012277344 A1 US2012277344 A1 US 2012277344A1
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Prior art keywords
latex
elastomer
carbon black
composite
tire
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US13/497,034
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English (en)
Inventor
Ting Wang
Meng-Jiao Wang
Bernard Mariadass
Thirunavuc Karasu Govindan
Anthony das Thiruhelvanathan
Boon Kwang Lee
Xuan Zhang
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Compagnie Generale des Etablissements Michelin SCA
Michelin Recherche et Technique SA France
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Individual
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Priority to US13/497,034 priority Critical patent/US20120277344A1/en
Assigned to CABOT CORPORATION reassignment CABOT CORPORATION ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: ZHANG, XUAN, WANG, TING, GOVINDAN, THIRUNAVUC KARASU, LEE, BOON KWANG, MARIADASS, BERNARD, THIRUHELVANATHAN, ANTHONY DAS, WANG, MENG-JIAO
Assigned to MICHELIN RECHERCHE ET TECHNIQUE S.A., COMPAGNIE GENERALE DES ETABLISSEMENTS MICHELIN reassignment MICHELIN RECHERCHE ET TECHNIQUE S.A. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: CABOT CORPORATION
Publication of US20120277344A1 publication Critical patent/US20120277344A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
    • C08L21/00—Compositions of unspecified rubbers
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
    • B01F25/00—Flow mixers; Mixers for falling materials, e.g. solid particles
    • B01F25/40—Static mixers
    • B01F25/42—Static mixers in which the mixing is affected by moving the components jointly in changing directions, e.g. in tubes provided with baffles or obstructions
    • B01F25/43—Mixing tubes, e.g. wherein the material is moved in a radial or partly reversed direction
    • B01F25/433—Mixing tubes wherein the shape of the tube influences the mixing, e.g. mixing tubes with varying cross-section or provided with inwardly extending profiles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
    • B01F25/00—Flow mixers; Mixers for falling materials, e.g. solid particles
    • B01F25/40—Static mixers
    • B01F25/42—Static mixers in which the mixing is affected by moving the components jointly in changing directions, e.g. in tubes provided with baffles or obstructions
    • B01F25/43—Mixing tubes, e.g. wherein the material is moved in a radial or partly reversed direction
    • B01F25/433—Mixing tubes wherein the shape of the tube influences the mixing, e.g. mixing tubes with varying cross-section or provided with inwardly extending profiles
    • B01F25/4336—Mixers with a diverging cross-section
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29B—PREPARATION OR PRETREATMENT OF THE MATERIAL TO BE SHAPED; MAKING GRANULES OR PREFORMS; RECOVERY OF PLASTICS OR OTHER CONSTITUENTS OF WASTE MATERIAL CONTAINING PLASTICS
    • B29B15/00—Pretreatment of the material to be shaped, not covered by groups B29B7/00 - B29B13/00
    • B29B15/02—Pretreatment of the material to be shaped, not covered by groups B29B7/00 - B29B13/00 of crude rubber, gutta-percha, or similar substances
    • B29B15/04—Coagulating devices
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29B—PREPARATION OR PRETREATMENT OF THE MATERIAL TO BE SHAPED; MAKING GRANULES OR PREFORMS; RECOVERY OF PLASTICS OR OTHER CONSTITUENTS OF WASTE MATERIAL CONTAINING PLASTICS
    • B29B7/00—Mixing; Kneading
    • B29B7/30—Mixing; Kneading continuous, with mechanical mixing or kneading devices
    • B29B7/32—Mixing; Kneading continuous, with mechanical mixing or kneading devices with non-movable mixing or kneading devices
    • B29B7/325—Static mixers
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29B—PREPARATION OR PRETREATMENT OF THE MATERIAL TO BE SHAPED; MAKING GRANULES OR PREFORMS; RECOVERY OF PLASTICS OR OTHER CONSTITUENTS OF WASTE MATERIAL CONTAINING PLASTICS
    • B29B7/00—Mixing; Kneading
    • B29B7/74—Mixing; Kneading using other mixers or combinations of mixers, e.g. of dissimilar mixers ; Plant
    • B29B7/7476—Systems, i.e. flow charts or diagrams; Plants
    • B29B7/7495—Systems, i.e. flow charts or diagrams; Plants for mixing rubber
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29B—PREPARATION OR PRETREATMENT OF THE MATERIAL TO BE SHAPED; MAKING GRANULES OR PREFORMS; RECOVERY OF PLASTICS OR OTHER CONSTITUENTS OF WASTE MATERIAL CONTAINING PLASTICS
    • B29B7/00—Mixing; Kneading
    • B29B7/80—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
    • B29B7/88—Adding charges, i.e. additives
    • B29B7/90—Fillers or reinforcements, e.g. fibres
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60C—VEHICLE TYRES; TYRE INFLATION; TYRE CHANGING; CONNECTING VALVES TO INFLATABLE ELASTIC BODIES IN GENERAL; DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS RELATED TO TYRES
    • B60C1/00—Tyres characterised by the chemical composition or the physical arrangement or mixture of the composition
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60C—VEHICLE TYRES; TYRE INFLATION; TYRE CHANGING; CONNECTING VALVES TO INFLATABLE ELASTIC BODIES IN GENERAL; DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS RELATED TO TYRES
    • B60C1/00—Tyres characterised by the chemical composition or the physical arrangement or mixture of the composition
    • B60C1/0016—Compositions of the tread
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08C—TREATMENT OR CHEMICAL MODIFICATION OF RUBBERS
    • C08C1/00—Treatment of rubber latex
    • C08C1/14—Coagulation
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
    • C08J3/00—Processes of treating or compounding macromolecular substances
    • C08J3/005—Processes for mixing polymers
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
    • C08J3/00—Processes of treating or compounding macromolecular substances
    • C08J3/20—Compounding polymers with additives, e.g. colouring
    • C08J3/203—Solid polymers with solid and/or liquid additives
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
    • C08J5/00—Manufacture of articles or shaped materials containing macromolecular substances
    • C08J5/02—Direct processing of dispersions, e.g. latex, to articles
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K3/02—Elements
    • C08K3/04—Carbon
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
    • C08L101/00—Compositions of unspecified macromolecular compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
    • C08L7/00—Compositions of natural rubber
    • C08L7/02—Latex
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29B—PREPARATION OR PRETREATMENT OF THE MATERIAL TO BE SHAPED; MAKING GRANULES OR PREFORMS; RECOVERY OF PLASTICS OR OTHER CONSTITUENTS OF WASTE MATERIAL CONTAINING PLASTICS
    • B29B7/00—Mixing; Kneading
    • B29B7/02—Mixing; Kneading non-continuous, with mechanical mixing or kneading devices, i.e. batch type
    • B29B7/06—Mixing; Kneading non-continuous, with mechanical mixing or kneading devices, i.e. batch type with movable mixing or kneading devices
    • B29B7/10—Mixing; Kneading non-continuous, with mechanical mixing or kneading devices, i.e. batch type with movable mixing or kneading devices rotary
    • B29B7/18—Mixing; Kneading non-continuous, with mechanical mixing or kneading devices, i.e. batch type with movable mixing or kneading devices rotary with more than one shaft
    • B29B7/183—Mixing; Kneading non-continuous, with mechanical mixing or kneading devices, i.e. batch type with movable mixing or kneading devices rotary with more than one shaft having a casing closely surrounding the rotors, e.g. of Banbury type
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
    • C08J2307/00—Characterised by the use of natural rubber
    • C08J2307/02—Latex
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
    • C08J2321/00—Characterised by the use of unspecified rubbers
    • C08J2321/02—Latex
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
    • C08J2407/00—Characterised by the use of natural rubber
    • C08J2407/02—Latex
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K2201/00—Specific properties of additives
    • C08K2201/002—Physical properties
    • C08K2201/006—Additives being defined by their surface area

Definitions

  • This invention relates to the introduction of additional elastomer latex into a latex coagulum composite, more particularly this invention concerns tire comprising rubber composition based on such elastomer composite,
  • this filler should generally be present in the elastomeric matrix in a final form which is both as finely divided as possible and distributed as homogeneously as possible. Now, such conditions can only be obtained insofar as this filler has a very good ability firstly to be incorporated into the matrix during mixing with the elastomer and to be disagglomerated, and secondly to be dispersed homogeneously in this matrix.
  • Carbon black masterbatch is prepared with different grades of commercially available carbon black which vary both in surface area per unit weight and in structure, which describes the size and complexity of aggregates of carbon black formed by the fusion of primary carbon black particles to one another.
  • a continuous flow of a first fluid including an elastomer latex is fed to the mixing zone of a coagulum reactor.
  • a continuous flow of a second fluid including a carbon black slimy is fed under pressure to the mixing zone to form a mixture with the elastomer latex.
  • the mixing of the two fluids is sufficiently energetic to substantially completely coagulate the elastomer latex with the carbon black prior to a discharge end of the coagulum reactor.
  • additional elastomer may be added to the material that emerges from the discharge end of the coagulum reactor.
  • the coagulum may then be fed to a dewatering extruder.
  • the coagulum emerges from the coagulum reactor not as a continuous flow of carbon black-elastomer composite but as a plurality of discrete carbon black-elastomer composite regions carried by a substantially coagulum-free aqueous phase.
  • a discontinuous material does not pass as easily through the dewatering extruder and can backflow within the dewatering extruder, causing clogging. It is therefore desirable to prepare a continuous flow of coagulum containing a high volume fraction of carbon black that can be more easily handled in an apparatus such as a dewatering extruder.
  • tire comprising rubber compositions based on elastomer composite having high volume fraction of filler and in particular of carbon black, present improved properties (notably processability, reinforcement, vulcanized kinetic) compared to already improved properties of tire comprising rubber composition based on elastomer composite having lesser volume fraction of the same filler prepared by the method described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,048,923.
  • the invention relates to a tire or tire tread comprising a rubber composition based on at least one elastomer composite formed by a method, comprising flowing a coagulating mixture of a first elastomer latex comprising a first elastomer and a particulate filler slurry along a conduit; and introducing a second elastomer latex comprising a second elastomer into the flow of the coagulating mixture.
  • the tire or tire tread made according to this method may be formed by a further method comprising, before flowing the coagulating mixture, generating the coagulating mixture by feeding a continuous flow of the first elastomer latex to a mixing zone of a coagulum reactor defining an elongate coagulum zone extending from the mixing zone to a discharge end and comprising the conduit, and feeding a continuous flow of a fluid comprising particulate filler under pressure to the mixing zone of the coagulum reactor to form the coagulating mixture.
  • the tire or tire tread made according to this method may be formed by a further method comprising steps wherein the continuous flow of the fluid comprising particulate filler has a velocity from about 30 m/s to about 250 m/s, the continuous flow of the first elastomer latex has a velocity of at most about 10 m/s, and a residence time of the coagulating mixture in the coagulum reactor before introducing the second elastomer latex is from 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 2 s to about 6 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 2 s.
  • the tire or tire tread made according to this method may be formed by a further method comprising steps wherein the conduit comprises a first conduit portion having a first diameter, a second conduit portion having a second diameter greater than the first diameter, and a transition zone therebetween having a diameter that increases from the first diameter to the second diameter, wherein flowing comprises flowing the coagulating mixture into the second conduit portion from the first conduit portion, and introducing comprises introducing the second elastomer latex into the coagulating mixture in the transition region.
  • the tire or tire tread made according to this method may be formed by a further method comprising steps wherein flowing the coagulating mixture comprises flowing the coagulating mixture through the transition region under conditions of turbulent flow.
  • the tire or tire tread made according to this method may be formed by a further method comprising steps wherein the amount of the second elastomer in the composite is from about 0.5 wt % to about 50 wt %; wherein the amount of the second elastomer in the composite is from about 16 wt % to about 38 wt %; wherein the second elastomer is a synthetic elastomer or natural rubber latex, and wherein the natural rubber latex comprises field latex, latex concentrate, skim latex, or a combination of two or more of these; and, optionally, wherein a component of the natural rubber latex has been chemically or enzymatically modified.
  • the tire or tire tread made according to this method may be formed by a further method comprising steps wherein the particulate filler comprises a carbon black having a surface area of at least 95 m 2 /g as measured by STSA and a dibutyl phthalate adsorption greater than 80 mL/100 g, and wherein the coagulated latex composite comprises at least 65 phr of the carbon black; or wherein the particulate filler comprises a carbon black having a surface area of at least 75 m 2 /g as measured by STSA and a dibutyl phthalate adsorption greater than 60 mL/100 g, and wherein the coagulated latex composite comprises at least 70 phr of the carbon black; or wherein the particulate filler comprises a carbon black having a dibutyl phthalate adsorption greater than 60 mL/100 g, wherein the carbon black has a surface area and is present in the coagulated latex composite in an amount satisfying L ⁇ 0.26*S
  • the invention also relates to a tire or tire tread comprising a rubber composition based on at least one elastomer composite formed by a method, comprising:
  • the tire or tire tread made according to this method may be formed by a further method comprising generating a flow comprises feeding a continuous flow of the first elastomer latex to a mixing zone of a coagulum reactor defining an elongate coagulum zone extending from the mixing zone to a discharge end, and feeding a continuous flow of the particulate filler slurry under pressure to the mixing zone of the coagulum reactor to form the coagulating mixture.
  • the tire or tire tread made according to this method may be formed by a further method, wherein the continuous flow of the fluid comprising particulate filler has a velocity from about 30 m/s to about 250 m/s, the continuous flow of the first elastomer latex has a velocity of at most about 10 m/s, and a residence time of the coagulating mixture in the coagulum reactor before introducing the second elastomer latex is from 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 2 s to about 6 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 2 s.
  • the tire or tire tread made according to this method may be formed by a further method comprising steps wherein the amount of the second elastomer in the composite is from about 0.5 wt % to about 50 wt %; wherein the amount of the second elastomer in the composite is from about 16 wt % to about 38 wt %; wherein the second elastomer is a synthetic elastomer or natural rubber latex, and wherein the natural rubber latex comprises field latex, latex concentrate, skim latex, or a combination of two or more of these; and, optionally, wherein a component of the natural rubber latex has been chemically or enzymatically modified.
  • the tire or tire tread made according to this method may be formed by a further method comprising steps wherein the particulate filler comprises a carbon black having a surface area of at least 95 m 2 /g as measured by STSA and a dibutyl phthalate adsorption greater than 80 mL/100 g, and wherein the coagulated latex composite comprises at least 65 phr of the carbon black; or wherein the particulate filler comprises a carbon black having a surface area of at least 75 m 2 /g as measured by STSA and a dibutyl phthalate adsorption greater than 60 mL/100 g, and wherein the coagulated latex composite comprises at least 70 phr of the carbon black; or wherein the particulate filler comprises a carbon black having a dibutyl phthalate adsorption greater than 60 mL/100 g, wherein the carbon black has a surface area and is present in the coagulated latex composite in an amount satisfying L ⁇ 0.26*S
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an apparatus for production of latex coagulum composite according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of an apparatus for injection of a second elastomer latex into a coagulum according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 3 is a graph comparing the highest loading of carbon blacks achieved during production of elastomer composites with secondary latex according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention (squares) and without secondary latex (diamonds), as a function of surface area (STSA).
  • FIG. 4 is a graph showing the relationship of the highest loading of N234 carbon black achieved with respect to residence time for production of elastomer composite according to various embodiments of the invention (square—production rate from 450-500 kg/hr (dry basis); diamond—production rate from about 200-275 kg/hr (dry basis, based on primary latex and carbon black only)).
  • a tire comprises a rubber composition which is based on elastomer composite formed by a method of flowing a coagulating mixture of a first elastomer latex and a particulate filler slurry along a conduit and introducing a second elastomer latex into the flow of the coagulating mixture.
  • said rubber composition may be used for the tread portion, sidewalls, wire skim and/or carcass.
  • a particulate filler slurry is fed into a mixing portion 10 of a coagulum reactor 11 via a filler feed line 12 .
  • An elastomer latex is fed into mixing portion 10 via latex feed line 14 .
  • the latex begins to coagulate in the mixing portion 10 , and the coagulating mixture, including elastomer and particulate filler, proceeds through a diffuser portion 16 of coagulum reactor 11 .
  • the diffuser portion 16 has a series of sections 18 a - 18 d , each one having progressively higher diameter than the previous section 18 .
  • transition regions 20 a - c provide a gradual increase in diameter from one section 18 to the next.
  • the diffuser portion may have greater or fewer sections 18 than shown in the figure.
  • the second elastomer latex is introduced via injection system 22 .
  • Injection system 22 includes a holding tank 24 and a pump 26 that directs the second elastomer latex into the coagulum reactor 11 via an injection line 28 .
  • pump 26 is operated to generate sufficient pressure to prevent back flow of the coagulating mixture into injection line 28 .
  • Other suitable apparatus e.g., different type pumping or compression equipment, may be employed to introduce the second elastomer latex into the coagulating mixture.
  • the second elastomer latex is injected into the coagulating mixture in transition region 20 a .
  • the optimal injection location for the second elastomer latex may vary depending on the composition of the coagulating mixture and the second elastomer latex.
  • Elastomer latex is an emulsion of rubber particles in water.
  • the rubber in the particles is a highly viscous fluid of rubber molecules, surrounded by a shell of naturally occurring substances that stabilize the rubber particles against aggregation and coalescence.
  • Destabilization of the latex causes it to coagulate, i.e, the rubber particles aggregate and coalesce with one another.
  • the velocity of the particulate filler slurry is significantly higher than that of the first elastomer latex.
  • the resulting high shear destabilizes the latex. Without being bound by any particular theory, it is believed that rapid mixing of the particulate slurry with the latex results in decoration of the rubber particle surface by the particulates, which also destabilizes the latex.
  • Filler particles colliding with each other also form agglomerates that can collide with and destabilize latex particles.
  • the combination of these factors causes the elastomer latex to destabilize; rubber particles aggregate by forming rubber-rubber contacts or by bridging through filler particles on their surfaces to form rubber-filler composite aggregates.
  • the rubber particles or small aggregates of rubber particles become completely decorated with the filler, with little or no free rubber surface area to form rubber-rubber contacts with other rubber particles. This limits the extent to which the rubber-filler composite aggregates can further aggregate to form a continuous network.
  • the masterbatch crumb takes the form of discontinuous composite domains dispersed in an aqueous phase.
  • the second elastomer latex introduces fresh latex particles that, because they are not yet decorated with filler particles, can bind together the discrete rubber-filler composite aggregates to form a continuous rubber-particle composite in the form of a coherent coagulum.
  • factors influencing the coherence of the coagulum include the amount of particulate filler injected into the mixing block (e.g., the target filler loading), the filler morphology (e.g., surface area, structure), the residence time of the mixture of the first elastomer latex and the particulate filler slurry before introduction of the second elastomer latex, and the appropriate mixing of the second elastomer latex into the mixture.
  • the concentration of the filler in the slurry, the feed rate and velocity of the filler slurry into the mixing zone, and the proportion of the rubber introduced with second elastomer latex with respect to the total rubber in the final composite may all be optimized to maximize the effectiveness of the second elastomer latex.
  • the secondary latex improves the achievable filler loading (e.g., elastomer composite produced with this amount of filler has the morphology of a coherent coagulum) by at least 0.5 phr with respect to elastomer composite produced in a continuous wet masterbatch process without secondary latex, for example, from 0.5 phr to about 15 phr, from about 1 phr to about 14 phr, from about 2 phr to about 13 phr, from about 3 phr to about 12 phr, from about 4 phr to about 11 phr, from about 5 phr to about 10 phr, from about 6 phr to about 9 phr, from about 7 phr to about 8 phr, from about 1 phr to about 7 phr, from about 1 phr to about 6 phr, or from about 1 phr to about 5 phr.
  • the achievable filler loading
  • use of secondary latex enables use of a continuous wet masterbatch process to produce elastomer composite having at least 65 phr, for example, at least 70 phr or from 65 to 75 phr, of a carbon black having a surface area of at least 95 m 2 /g, as measured by the statistical thickness method (STSA), expressed as square meters per gram of carbon black, according to the procedure set forth in ASTM D6556 (STSA) and a structure, measured by dibutyl phthalate (DBP) adsorption (ASTM D6854), greater than 80 mL/100 g.
  • STSA statistical thickness method
  • secondary latex may enable use of a continuous process to produce elastomer composite having at least 70 phr, for example, at least 75 phr or from 70 phr to 80 phr, of carbon black having a surface area of at least 68 m 2 /g as measured by STSA, for example, at least 75 m 2 /g, and structure, as measured by DBP adsorption, greater than 60 mL/100 g.
  • secondary latex enables use of a continuous wet mastermatch process to produce elastomer composite containing carbon black having a DBP adsorption greater than 60 mL/100 mg, for example, greater than 80 mL/100 mg, greater than 100 mL/100 mg or from 60 mL/100 mg to 160 mL/100 mg, and having a surface area and being present in an amount that satisfies L ⁇ 0.26*S ⁇ 0.26*S+94, for example, L ⁇ 0.26*S ⁇ 0.26*S+97, or L ⁇ 0.26*S+100, or L ⁇ 0.26*S+104, or ⁇ 0.26*S+94 ⁇ L ⁇ 0.26*S+110, where L is the amount of carbon black in the elastomer composite in parts per hundred of rubber (phr) and S is the surface area measured as STSA (ASTM D6556), where S is optionally greater than 65 m 2 /g, greater than 95 m 2 /g, greater than 110
  • the effectiveness of the second elastomer latex will be maximized if it is not introduced until substantially all the filler has been adsorbed onto the rubber particles in the first elastomer latex. Otherwise, the secondary latex particles become decorated with the filler rather than binding the existing rubber-filler aggregates.
  • the time required for the filler slurry and the elastomer latex to mix together and allow the filler particles to adsorb onto the rubber particles depends in part on how energetically the two fluids are mixed together. For apparatus similar to that depicted in FIG.
  • a preferred residence time before injection of the secondary latex i.e., the time required for the mixture of the particulate slurry to travel from the mixing portion 10 to the location where the secondary latex is injected, is from about 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 2 s to about 6 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 2 s, for example, from 1.5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 2 s to about 5.5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 2 s, from about 1.85 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 2
  • the physical configuration of the injection system 22 also may be adjusted to optimize the mixing of the second elastomer latex into the mixture.
  • the initial flow of the coagulating mixture through the upstream portions of the diffuser is relatively turbulent. This turbulence gradually subsides as the coagulating mixture proceeds downstream, and the flow of the coagulum from the outlet 34 of the diffuser is roughly laminar. Without being bound by any particular theory, it is believed that the turbulence associated with the expansion of the flow cross-section between the first and second sections 18 a and 18 b at transition 20 a facilitates mixing of the second elasomer latex injected at that point into the coagulating rubber-filler composite.
  • mixing and turbulence include the distance from the point of slurry injection, the injection velocity, the difference in cross-sectional area between the first and second diffuser sections, the injection velocity of the secondary latex stream, and the angle of injection of the secondary latex stream.
  • the second section of the diffuser 18 b may have a cross-sectional area from about 1.2-3.5 times the cross-sectional area of the first section of the diffuser 18 a , for example, from about 1.2 to about 1.4 times, from about 1.4 to about 1.6 times, from about 1.5 to about 1.7 times, from about 1.7 to 1.9 times, from about 1.9 to about 2.1 times, from about 2.1 to about 2.3 times, from about 2.3 to about 2.5 times, from about 2.5 to about 2.7 times, from about 2.7 to about 2.9 times, from about 2.9 to about 3.1 times, from about 3.1 times to about 3.3 times, or from about 3.3 to about 3.5 times greater.
  • the ratio of the cross-sectional areas of sections 18 b and 18 a may be about 2, about 2.5, or about 3.
  • the lengths of the various sections of the diffuser 18 a - 18 d and the dimensions of the downstream sections 18 c and 18 d may be as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,048,923, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
  • the length of first section 18 a may be from about 2 inches (5.08 cm) to about 9 inches (35.8 cm), for example, from about 2 inches (5.08 cm) to about 3 inches (7.62 cm), from about 3 inches (7.62 cm) to about 4 inches (10.2 cm), from about 4 inches (10.2 cm) to about 5 inches (12.7 cm), from about 5 inches (12.7 cm) to about 6 inches (15.2 cm), from about 6 inches (15.2 cm) to about 7 inches (17.8 cm), from about 7 inches (17.8 cm) to about 8 inches (20.3 cm), or from about 8 inches (20.3 cm) to about 9 inches (35.8 cm).
  • the optimal length may vary and generally increases with the production rate.
  • FIG. 2 An exemplary approach for introducing the second elastomer latex to the coagulating mixture is illustrated in FIG. 2 .
  • the second elastomer latex is introduced into the coagulating mixture via a nipple 40 that connects injection line 28 to injector 42 having injection orifice 42 a .
  • An o-ring 44 may be used to improve the seal within nipple 40 .
  • injector 42 is shown injecting the second elastomer latex into the coagulating mixture at a 45 degree angle to an axis of the coagulum reactor, one of skill in the art will recognize that the angle and injector size may be varied depending on the composition of the coagulating mixture and of the second elastomer latex.
  • the angle ⁇ of the transition area 20 a may be from 0.5° to 25°, for example, from 0.5° to 1°, from 1° to 2°, from 2° to 3°, from 3° to 4°, from 4° to 5°, from 5° to 6°, from 6° to 7°, from 7° to 8°, from 8° to 9°, from 9° to 10°, from 10° to 11°, from 11° to 12°, from 12° to 13°, from 13° to 14°, from 14° to 15°, from 15° to 16°, from 16° to 17°, from 17° to 18°, from 18° to 19°, from 19° to 20°, from 20° to 21°, from 21° to 22°, from 22° to 23°, from 23° to 24°, or from 24° to 25°.
  • the interior diameter of injection orifice 42 a may vary from 0.045 to 0.25 inches or even larger depending on the size of the diffuser portion 16 .
  • the interior diameter of injection orifice 42 a may be from 0.045 inches (0.11 cm) to 0.055 inches (0.14 cm), from 0.055 inches (0.14 cm) to 0.06 inches (0.15 cm), from 0.06 inches (0.15 cm) to 0.065 inches (0.17 cm), from 0.065 inches (0.17 cm) to 0.07 inches (0.18 cm), from 0.07 inches (0.18 cm) to 0.075 inches (0.19 cm), from 0.075 inches (0.19 cm) to 0.08 inches (0.20 cm), from 0.08 inches (0.20 cm) to 0.09 inches (0.23 cm), from 0.09 inches (0.23 cm) to 0.1 inches (0.25 cm), from 0.1 inches (0.25 cm) to 0.125 inches (0.32 cm), from 0.125 inches (0.32 cm) to 0.15 inches (0.38 cm), from 0.15 inches (0.38 cm) to 0.1
  • the size of the injection orifice may be varied depending, e.g., on the desired flow rate and pressure.
  • the injection pressure may be from 2-8 bar (0.2-0.8 MPa), from 3-8 bar (0.3-0.8 MPa), 4-7 bar (0.4-0.7 MPa), or 5-6 bar (0.5-0.6 MPa).
  • Other suitable designs may also be employed.
  • the injection orifice may be gradually tapered inwardly with respect to injector 42 or may have the same diameter as injector 42 .
  • the second elastomer latex may have the same composition as that used to prepare the coagulating mixture, or it may differ in some way.
  • the second elastomer latex may be an elastomer latex from a different source or with a different concentration of rubber and fluid. Alternatively or in addition, it may be subjected to different chemical modifications (including no modification) than the first elastomer latex.
  • At least one of and preferably both the first elastomer latex (i.e., the elastomer latex in the coagulating mixture) and the second elastomer latex are prepared from a natural rubber latex.
  • exemplary natural rubber latices include but are not limited to field latex, latex concentrate (produced, for example, by evaporation, centrifugation or creaming), skim latex (a by-product of the centrifugation of natural rubber latex) and blends of any two or three of these in any proportion.
  • the latex should be appropriate for the wet masterbatch process selected and the intended purpose or application of the final rubber product.
  • the latex is provided typically in an aqueous carrier liquid. Selection of a suitable latex or blend of latices will be well within the ability of those skilled in the art given the benefit of the present disclosure and the knowledge of selection criteria generally well recognized in the industry.
  • the natural rubber latex may also be chemically modified in some manner. For example, it may be treated to chemically or enzymatically modify or reduce various non-rubber components, or the rubber molecules themselves may be modified with various monomers or other chemical groups such as chlorine.
  • Exemplary methods of chemically modifying natural rubber latex are disclosed in European Patent Publications Nos. 1489102, 1816144, and 1834980, Japanese Patent Publications Nos. 2006152211, 2006152212, 2006169483, 2006183036, 2006213878, 2006213879, 2007154089, and 2007154095, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,841,606 and 7,312,271, and U.S. Patent Publication No. 2005-0148723. Other methods known to those of skill in the art may be employed as well.
  • At least one of the first elastomer latex (i.e., the elastomer latex in the coagulating mixture) and the second elastomer latex is prepared using synthetic latex of rubber or “diene” elastomer.
  • the term “diene” elastomer or “diene” rubber (elastomer and rubber are well known to be synonymous terms) should be understood as meaning, in a known way, an (one or more are understood) elastomer resulting at least in part (i.e., a homopolymer or a copolymer) from diene monomers (monomers carrying two carbon-carbon double bonds which may or may not be conjugated).
  • diene elastomers can be classified into two categories: “essentially unsaturated” or “essentially saturated”.
  • the term “essentially unsaturated” is understood to mean generally a diene elastomer resulting at least in part from conjugated diene monomers having a level of units of diene origin (conjugated dienes) which is greater than 15% (mol %); thus it is that diene elastomers such as butyl rubbers or copolymers of dienes and of ⁇ -olefins of EPDM type do not come within the preceding definition and can in particular be described as “essentially saturated” diene elastomers (low or very low level of units of diene origin, always less than 15%).
  • the term “highly unsaturated” diene elastomer is understood to mean in particular a diene elastomer having a level of units of diene origin (conjugated dienes) which is greater than 50%.
  • Synthetic diene elastomer of the first elastomer latex or of the second elastomer latex in accordance with the invention is preferably chosen from the group of the highly unsaturated diene elastomers consisting of polybutadienes (abbreviated to “BR”), synthetic polyisoprenes (IR), butadiene copolymers, isoprene copolymers and the mixtures of these elastomers.
  • BR polybutadienes
  • IR synthetic polyisoprenes
  • IR butadiene copolymers
  • isoprene copolymers the mixtures of these elastomers.
  • Such copolymers are more preferably chosen from the group consisting of butadiene/styrene copolymers (SBR), isoprene/butadiene copolymers (BIR), isoprene/styrene copolymers (SIR) and isoprene/butadiene/styrene copolymers (SBIR).
  • SBR butadiene/styrene copolymers
  • BIR isoprene/butadiene copolymers
  • SIR isoprene/styrene copolymers
  • SBIR isoprene/butadiene/styrene copolymers
  • the elastomers can, for example, be block, random, sequential or microsequential elastomers and can be prepared in dispersion or in solution; they can be coupled and/or star-branched or also functionalized with a coupling and/or star-branching or functionalization agent.
  • a coupling and/or star-branching or functionalization agent for coupling with carbon black, mention may be made, for example, of functional groups comprising a C—Sn bond or of aminated functional groups, such as benzophenone, for example;
  • a reinforcing inorganic filler such as silica, mention may be made, for example, of silanol functional groups or polysiloxane functional groups having a silanol end (such as described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No.
  • polybutadienes in particular those having a content of 1,2-units of between 4% and 80% or those having a content of cis-1,4-units of greater than 80%
  • polyisoprenes butadiene/styrene copolymers in particular those having a styrene content of between 5% and 50% by weight and more particularly between 20% and 40%
  • butadiene/isoprene copolymers in particular those having an isoprene content of between 5% and 90% by weight and a glass transition temperature (“Tg”—measured according to ASTM D 3418-82) of ⁇ 40° C.
  • Tg glass transition temperature
  • isoprene/styrene copolymers in particular those having a styrene content of between 5% and 50% by weight and a Tg of between ⁇ 25° C. and ⁇ 50° C.
  • butadiene/styrene/isoprene copolymers those having a styrene content of between 5% and 50% by weight and more particularly of between 10% and 40%, an isoprene content of between 15% and 60% by weight and more particularly between 20% and 50%, a butadiene content of between 5% and 50% by weight and more particularly of between 20% and 40%, a content of 1,2-units of the butadiene part of between 4% and 85%, a content of trans-1,4-units of the butadiene part of between 6% and 80%, a content of 1,2-plus 3,4-units of the isoprene part of between 5% and 70% and a content of trans-1,4-units of the isoprene part of between 10% and 50%, and more generally any butadiene/styrene/isoprene copolymer having a Tg of between ⁇ 20° C. and ⁇ 70° C., are suitable in particular.
  • a coagulant for example, a salt or acid solution
  • a salt or acid solution along with the elastomer latex stream, to promote coagulation of the elastomer.
  • the particulate filler fluid may be a carbon black slurry or any other suitable filler in a suitable carrier fluid. Selection of the carrier fluid will depend largely upon the choice of particulate filler and upon system parameters. Both aqueous and non-aqueous liquids may be used, with water being preferred in many embodiments in view of its cost, availability and suitability of use in the production of carbon black and certain other filler slurries. Small amounts of water-miscible organic solvents may also be included in aqueous carrier fluids.
  • particulate filler can include any material which is appropriate for use in the masterbatch process used to produce the masterbatch crumb. Suitable particulate fillers include, for example, conductive fillers, reinforcing fillers, fillers comprising short fibers (typically having an L/D aspect ratio less than 40), flakes, etc. In addition to carbon black and silica-type fillers, discussed in more detail below, fillers can be formed of clay, glass, polymer, such as aramid fiber, etc. It is expected that any filler suitable for use in elastomer compositions may be incorporated into elastomer composites according to various embodiments of the invention. Of course, blends of the various particulate fillers discussed herein may also be used.
  • the carbon black filler can include also any material which can be slurried and combined with a latex in the particular wet masterbatch process selected by the skilled artisan.
  • Exemplary particulate fillers include but are not limited to carbon black, fumed silica, precipitated silica, coated carbon black, chemically functionalized carbon blacks, such as those having attached organic groups, and silicon-treated carbon black, either alone or in combination with each other.
  • Exemplary carbon blacks include ASTM N100 series—N900 series carbon blacks, for example N100 series carbon blacks, N200 series carbon blacks, N300 series carbon blacks, N700 series carbon blacks, N800 series carbon blacks, or N900 series carbon blacks.
  • Elastomer composites containing ASTM N100, N200, and/or N300 series blacks and/or carbon blacks having similiarly high or higher surface areas e.g, a surface area measured by the statistical thickness method (STSA), expressed as square meters per gram of carbon black, according to the procedure set forth in ASTM D6556 (STSA) of 68 m2/g or greater, for example, 75 m 2 /g or greater, or 95 m 2 /g or greater, for example, from 68 m 2 /g to 400 m 2 /g may especially benefit from the teachings herein.
  • STSA statistical thickness method
  • such carbon blacks have a structure, as measured by dibutyl phthalate adsorption, of at least 60 mL/100 g, for example, at least 80 mL/100 g, or from 60 mL/100 g to 160 mL/100 g.
  • Suitable chemically functionalized carbon blacks include those disclosed in International Application No. PCT/US95/16194 (WO 96/18688), the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
  • Both silicon-coated and silicon-treated carbon blacks may be employed in various embodiments.
  • silicon-treated carbon black a silicon containing species such as an oxide or carbide of silicon is distributed through at least a portion of the carbon black aggregate as an intrinsic part of the carbon black.
  • Conventional carbon blacks exist in the form of aggregates, with each aggregate consisting of a single phase, which is carbon. This phase may exist in the form of a graphitic crystallite and/or amorphous carbon, and is usually a mixture of the two forms.
  • Carbon black aggregates may be modified by depositing silicon-containing species, such as silica, on at least a portion of the surface of the carbon black aggregates. The result may be described as silicon-coated carbon blacks.
  • silicon-treated carbon blacks are not carbon black aggregates which have been coated or otherwise modified, but actually represent a different kind of aggregate having two phases.
  • One phase is carbon, which will still be present as graphitic crystallite and/or amorphous carbon, while the second phase is silica (and possibly other silicon-containing species).
  • the silicon-containing species phase of the silicon-treated carbon black is an intrinsic part of the aggregate; it is distributed throughout at least a portion of the aggregate.
  • a variety of silicon-treated blacks are available from Cabot Corporation under the EcoblackTM name. It will be appreciated that the multiphase aggregates are quite different from the silica-coated carbon blacks mentioned above, which consist of pre-formed, single phase carbon black aggregates having silicon-containing species deposited on their surface.
  • Such carbon blacks may be surface-treated in order to place a silica functionality on the surface of the carbon black aggregate as described in, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,929,783.
  • additives also may be pre-mixed, if suitable, with the particulate slurry or with the elastomer latex fluid or may be combined with the mixture of these during coagulation. Additives also can be mixed into the coagulating mixture.
  • Numerous additives are well known to those skilled in the art and include, for example, antioxidants, antiozonants, plasticizers, processing aids (e.g., liquid polymers, oils and the like), resins, flame-retardants, extender oils, lubricants, and a mixture of any of them.
  • Exemplary additives include but are not limited to zinc oxide and stearic acid. The general use and selection of such additives is well known to those skilled in the art.
  • elastomer composites disclosed here include vulcanized compositions (VR), thermoplastic vulcanizates (TPV), thermoplastic elastomers (TPE) and thermoplastic polyolefins (TPO).
  • TPV, TPE, and TPO materials are further classified by their ability to be extruded and molded several times without loss of performance characteristics.
  • the fraction of the second elastomer with respect to the total rubber in the composite may be adjusted, e.g., by adjusting the relative flow rates of the two elastomer latices.
  • Other variables that may be manipulated to optimize the filler loading include the absolute flow rate of the first elastomer latex and filler slurry (e.g., the production rate), the relative flow rate of the first elastomer latex and filler slurry (e.g., the filler loading), the location where the second elastomer latex is injected, and the size of injector 42 .
  • the fraction of the second elastomer with respect to total rubber may be from about 0.5 wt % to about 50 wt %, for example from about 1 wt % to about 45 wt %, from about 5 wt % to about 40 wt %, from about 10 wt % to about 15 wt %, from about 15 wt % to about 20 wt %, from about 20 wt % to about 25 wt %, from about 25 wt % to about 30 wt %, from about 30 wt % to about 35 wt %, from about 35 wt % to about 40 wt %, or from about 40 wt % to about 45 wt %.
  • the fraction may be from about 16 wt % to about 38 wt %.
  • the proportion of the second elastomer that may be used depends in part on the desired composition but may be physically limited depending on the amount of the first elastomer latex that should be injected into mixing portion 10 to generate the initial coagulating mixture.
  • the amount of filler in the elastomer composite may be any amount of filler that is used to make elastomer composites.
  • rubbers may be produced with at least about 10 phr (parts per hundred of rubber by weight), at least about 20 phr, at least about 30 phr, at least about 40 phr, at least about 50 phr, at least about 55 phr, at least about 60 phr, at least about 65 phr at least about 70 phr, at least about 75 phr, at least about 80 phr, at least about 85 phr, at least about 90 phr, at least about 95 phr, or at least about 100 phr of filler.
  • teachings herein will provide greater advantages with respect to other wet masterbatch methods at higher loadings of filler, for example, from about 40 phr to about 100 phr, from about 50 phr to about 95 phr, from about 55 phr to about 90 phr, from about 60 phr to about 85 phr, from about 60 phr to about 80 phr, from about 65 phr to about 75 phr, or from about 45 phr to about 70 phr.
  • high loading will depend on the morphology of the filler, including, e.g., its surface area and structure.
  • the use of secondary latex increases the maximum filler loading (e.g., the maximum loading of filler while producing a coherent coagulum), by about 3% to about 30%, for example, from about 3% to about 5%, from about 5% to about 10%, from about 10% to about 15%, from about 15% to about 20%, from about 20% to about 25%, or from about 25% to about 30%, with respect to the maximum loading of filler while producing a coherent coagulum without the use of secondary latex.
  • the maximum filler loading e.g., the maximum loading of filler while producing a coherent coagulum
  • the masterbatch crumb produced from the first elastomer latex, the particulate filler slurry, and the second elastomer latex emerges from the discharge end of the coagulum reactor as a substantially constant flow of coagulum concurrently with the on-going feeding of the elastomer latices and particulate filler slurry streams into the coagulum reactor 11 .
  • the masterbatch crumb is in the form of a “coherent coagulum,” a continuous composite in which the carbon black is dispersed within the coagulated latex, rather than a discontinuous flow of composite in which discrete globules of coagulated latex are separated by an aqueous carrier.
  • discontinuous coagulum may be processed by manual or batch dewatering methods, followed by thermal drying.
  • continuous coagulum is created and then formed into a desirable extrudate, for example, having about 70-85% water content.
  • the resulting masterbatch crumb may be passed to suitable drying and compounding apparatus.
  • the masterbatch crumb is passed from coagulum reactor 11 to a de-watering extruder via a simple gravity drop or other suitable apparatus known to those of skill in the art.
  • the dewatering extruder may bring the elastomer composite from, e.g., approximately 70-85% water content, to a desired water content, e.g., approximately 1% to 20% water content.
  • the optimal water content may vary with the elastomer employed, the type of filler, and the desired downstream processing procedure.
  • Suitable de-watering extruders are well known and commercially available from, for example, the French Oil Mill Machinery Co. (Piqua, Ohio, USA).
  • the resulting dewatered coagulum may be dried.
  • the dewatered coagulum is simply thermally dried.
  • the dewatered coagulum emerging from the de-watering extruder is mechanically masticated while drying.
  • the dewatered coagulum may be mechanically worked with one or more of a continuous mixer, an internal mixer, a twin screw extruder, a single screw extruder, or a roll mill.
  • Suitable masticating devices are well known and commercially available, including for example, a Unimix Continuous Mixer and MVX (Mixing, Venting, eXtruding) Machine from Farrel Corporation of Ansonia, Conn., a long continuous mixer from Pomini, Inc., a Pomini Continuous Mixer, twin rotor corotating intermeshing extruders, twin rotor counterrotating non-intermeshing extruders, Banbury mixers, Brabender mixers, intermeshing-type internal mixers, kneading-type internal mixers, continuous compounding extruders, the biaxial milling extruder produced by Kobe Steel, Ltd., and a Kobe Continuous Mixer.
  • MVX Manufacturing, Venting, eXtruding
  • additives can be combined with the dewatered coagulum in the mechanical mixer.
  • additives such as filler (which may be the same as, or different from, the filler used in the coagulum reactor; exemplary fillers include silica and zinc oxide, with zinc oxide also acting as a curing agent), other elastomers, other or additional masterbatch, antioxidants, antiozonants, plasticizers, processing aids (e.g., stearic acid, which can also be used as a curing agent, liquid polymers, oils, waxes, and the like), resins, flame-retardants, extender oils, lubricants, and a mixture of any of them, can be added in the mechanical mixer.
  • filler which may be the same as, or different from, the filler used in the coagulum reactor; exemplary fillers include silica and zinc oxide, with zinc oxide also acting as a curing agent
  • other elastomers include silica and zinc oxide, with zinc oxide also acting as a curing agent
  • additional elastomers can be combined with the dewatered coagulum to produce elastomer blends.
  • exemplary elastomers include, but are not limited to, rubbers, polymers (e.g., homopolymers, copolymers and/or terpolymers) of 1,3-butadiene, styrene, isoprene, isobutylene, 2,3-dialkyl-1,3-butadiene, where alkyl may be methyl, ethyl, propyl, etc., acrylonitrile, ethylene, and propylene and the like.
  • Methods of producing masterbatch blends are disclosed in our commonly owned U.S. Pat. Nos.
  • the invention also concerns the use of resulting elastomer composite blend accordingly to any of the mentioned embodiments for the fabrication of tires, in particular for the compositions of tire treads, carcass, tire sidewalls, wire-skim for tires, and cushion gum for retread tires.
  • the rubber compositions of the invention also comprise all or a portion of the usual additives generally used in the elastomer compositions intended for the manufacture of tires, such as, for example, protection agents, such as antiozone waxes, chemical antiozonants, antioxidants, reinforcing resins, methylene acceptors (for example phenolic novolak resin) or methylene donors (for example HMT or H3M), a crosslinking system based either on sulphur or on donors of sulphur and/or peroxide and/or bismaleimides, vulcanization accelerators, or vulcanization activators.
  • protection agents such as antiozone waxes, chemical antiozonants, antioxidants, reinforcing resins, methylene acceptors (for example phenolic novolak resin) or methylene donors (for example HMT or H3M)
  • methylene acceptors for example phenolic novolak resin
  • HMT or H3M methylene donors
  • a crosslinking system based
  • compositions can also comprise coupling activators when a coupling agent is used, agents for covering the inorganic filler or more generally processing aids capable, in a known way, by virtue of an improvement in the dispersion of the filler in the rubber matrix and of a lowering of the viscosity of the compositions, of improving their property of processing in the raw state;
  • these agents are, for example, hydrolysable silanes, such as alkylalkoxysilanes, polyols, polyethers, amines, or hydroxylated or hydrolysable polyorganosiloxanes.
  • the rubber compositions of the invention are manufactured in appropriate mixers using two successive preparation phases according to a general procedure well known to a person skilled in the art: a first phase of thermomechanical working or kneading (sometimes described as “non-productive” phase) at high temperature, up to a maximum temperature of between 130° C. and 200° C., preferably between 145° C. and 185° C., followed by a second phase of mechanical working (sometimes described as “productive” phase) at a lower temperature, typically of less than 120° C., for example between 60° C. and 100° C., finishing phase during which the crosslinking or vulcanization system is incorporated.
  • a first phase of thermomechanical working or kneading sometimes described as “non-productive” phase
  • a second phase of mechanical working sometimes described as “productive” phase
  • the crosslinking system proper is preferably based on sulphur and on a primary vulcanization accelerator, in particular on an accelerator of sulphenamide type.
  • a primary vulcanization accelerator in particular on an accelerator of sulphenamide type.
  • various known secondary accelerators or vulcanization activators such as zinc oxide, stearic acid, guanidine derivatives (in particular diphenylguanidine), and the like, incorporated during the first non-productive phase and/or during the productive phase.
  • the level of sulphur is preferably between 0.5 and 12 phr, preferably between 1 and 10 phr, and that of the primary accelerator is preferably between 0.5 and 5.0 phr.
  • accelerator primary or secondary of any compound capable of acting as accelerator of the vulcanization of diene elastomers in the presence of sulphur, in particular accelerators of the thiazoles type and their derivatives, accelerators of thiurams types, or zinc dithiocarbamates.
  • These accelerators are more preferably chosen from the group consisting of 2-mercaptobenzothiazyl disulphide (abbreviated to “MBTS”), N-cyclohexyl-2-benzothiazolesulphenamide (abbreviated to “CBS”), N,N-dicyclohexyl-2-benzothiazolesulphenamide (“DCBS”), N-tert-butyl-2-benzothiazolesulphenamide (“TBBS”), N-tert-butyl-2-benzothiazolesulphenimide (“TBSI”), zinc dibenzyldithiocarbamate (“ZBEC”) and the mixtures of these compounds.
  • MBTS 2-mercaptobenzothiazyl disulphide
  • CBS N-cyclohexyl-2-benzothiazolesulphenamide
  • DCBS N,N-dicyclohexyl-2-benzothiazolesulphenamide
  • TBBS N-tert-butyl-2-benzothiazolesulphenamide
  • the final composition thus obtained is subsequently calendered, for example in the form of a sheet or of a plaque, in particular for laboratory characterization, or else extruded in the form of a rubber profiled element which can be used directly like for example tire tread.
  • the vulcanization (or curing) is carried out in a known way at a temperature generally of between 130° C. and 200° C. for a sufficient time which can vary, for example, between 5 and 90 min depending in particular on the curing temperature, the vulcanization system adopted and the vulcanization kinetics of the composition under consideration.
  • the invention relates to the rubber compositions and to the treads described above, both in the raw state (i.e., before curing) and in the cured state (i.e., after crosslinking or vulcanization).
  • Dry carbon black (grade indicated in Table 1, below, obtained from Cabot Corporation) was mixed with water and ground to form a slurry having a concentration of about 10-15 wt %.
  • the slurry was fed to a homogenizer at an operating pressure of around 3000 psig to produce a finely dispersed carbon black slurry, and the slurry was introduced as a jet into the mixing zone.
  • the carbon black flow rate was adjusted to about 690-960 kg/hr (wet basis) to modify final carbon black loading levels in composites produced with field latex and to about 1145 kg/hr (wet basis) when latex concentrate was employed.
  • Natural rubber materials described in Table 2 were pumped to the mixing zone of the coagulum reactor.
  • the latex flow rate was adjusted between about 320-790 kg/h (wet basis) in order to modify final carbon black loading levels.
  • the carbon black slurry and latex were mixed by entraining the latex into the carbon black slurry in a mixing portion (e.g., mixing portion 10 ) of a coagulum reactor similar to that shown in FIG. 1 . During the entrainment process, the carbon black was intimately mixed into the latex and the mixture coagulated.
  • a mixing portion e.g., mixing portion 10
  • the carbon black was intimately mixed into the latex and the mixture coagulated.
  • Natural rubber latex materials described in Table 2 were pumped into various locations downstream of the mixing portion of the coagulum reactor at a pressure of 3-8 bar starting at a rate of about 80 kg/hour (wet basis).
  • the latex was injected at a right angle to the wall of the coagulum reactor to which the injection line (e.g., element 28 ) is affixed.
  • the pumping rate was gradually increased to at most 300 kg/hr (wet basis) until the coagulum emerging from the diffuser exhibited the desired morphology.
  • a diffuser portion Downstream of the mixing portion, a diffuser portion had a series of sections, each one having progressively higher diameter than the previous section, with a beveled transition portion in between sections.
  • the first section of the diffuser (e.g., 18 a in FIG.
  • a masterbatch crumb exited the coagulum reactor as a continuous flow of coherent coagulum.
  • Unsuccessful examples employing secondary latex may be contrasted with successful samples having similar operating conditions; in general, rubber recovered from such examples contained higher loadings of carbon black.
  • Such samples emerged from the coagulum reactor as a discontinuous, sandy coagulum that caused the dewatering extruder to back up.
  • Table 3, below, shows the maximum loading, i.e., the maximum filler content in the elastomer composite, in parts per hundred of rubber (phr), for which coherent coagulum was produced (that is, attempts to produce masterbatch crumb with higher filler content did not result in a coherent coagulum).
  • FIG. 3 shows the highest loadings achieved with and without secondary latex for the three grades of carbon black described above.
  • the results show that while the morphology of the carbon black influences the maximum loading that can be achieved while producing coherent coagulum, the use of secondary latex provides a clear and consistent improvement in the achievable loading.
  • the masterbatch crumb discharged from the coagulum reactor was dewatered to 10-20% moisture with a dewatering extruder (The French Oil Machinery Company).
  • a dewatering extruder The French Oil Machinery Company.
  • the masterbatch crumb was compressed, and water squeezed from the crumb was ejected through a slotted barrel of the extruder.
  • the dewatered coagulum was dropped into a continuous compounder (Farrel Continuous Mixer (FCM), Farrel Corporation) where it was masticated and mixed with 1 phr of antioxidant (N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD, Flexsys, St. Louis, Mo.).
  • FCM Full Mixer
  • antioxidant N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD, Flexsys, St. Louis, Mo.
  • the moisture content of the masticated masterbatch exiting the FCM was around 1-2%.
  • the masticated masterbatch was further masticated and cooled on an open mill to form a dried elastomer composite.
  • the actual carbon black loading levels were determined by nitrogen pyrolysis (values listed on Tables 2A-2E) or TGA (values listed on Table 2 F) on dried product.
  • the dried elastomer composite was vulcanized; the mechanical properties of the vulcanized elastomer composite (e.g., tan delta, ratio of stresses at 300% and 100% strain) exhibited a variation with loading similar to that of vulcanized elastomer composites having lower filler loadings and prepared using the same techniques but without secondary latex.
  • the use of secondary latex injection enables the manufacture of more highly loaded elastomer composites without sacrificing performance of the final rubber compounds.
  • Silicon-treated carbon black (CRXTM 2000 ECOBLACK® silicon-treated carbon black, available from Cabot Corporation) is mixed with water and ground to form a slurry having a concentration of about 10-15 wt %.
  • the slurry is fed to a homogenizer at an operating pressure of around 3000 psig to produce a finely dispersed carbon black slurry, and the slurry is introduced as a jet into the mixing zone.
  • the slurry flow rate is adjusted to about 690-960 kg/hr (wet basis) to modify final filler loading levels in composites produced with field latex and to about 1145 kg/hr (wet basis) when latex concentrate is employed.
  • Either field latex having a dry rubber content of about 27-31% or natural rubber latex concentrate is pumped to the mixing zone of the coagulum reactor.
  • the latex flow rate is adjusted between about 320-790 kg/h (wet basis) in order to modify final filler loading levels.
  • the filler slurry and latex are mixed by entraining the latex into the filler slurry in a mixing portion (e.g., mixing portion 10 ) of a coagulum reactor similar to that shown in FIG. 1 .
  • a mixing portion e.g., mixing portion 10
  • the filler is intimately mixed into the latex and the mixture coagulates.
  • a diffuser portion Downstream of the mixing portion, a diffuser portion has a series of sections, each one having progressively higher diameter than the previous section, with a beveled transition portion in between sections.
  • Field latex is pumped into the coagulating mixture of filler slurry and latex at the transition between the first and second sections (e.g., 20 a in FIG. 1 ) at a pressure of 3-8 bar starting at a rate of about 80 kg/hour (wet basis).
  • the latex is injected at a right angle to the wall of the coagulum reactor.
  • the pumping rate is gradually increased to at most 300 kg/hr (wet basis) until the coagulum emerging from the diffuser exhibits the desired morphology.
  • the masterbatch crumb discharged from the coagulum reactor is dewatered to 10-20% moisture with a dewatering extruder (The French Oil Machinery Company).
  • a dewatering extruder The French Oil Machinery Company.
  • the masterbatch crumb is compressed, and water squeezed from the crumb is ejected through a slotted barrel of the extruder.
  • the dewatered coagulum is dropped into a continuous compounder (Farrel Continuous Mixer (FCM), Farrel Corporation) where it is masticated and mixed with 1 phr of antioxidant (N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD, Flexsys, St. Louis, Mo.) and 1.5 phr of a coupling agent (bis-(triethoxysilylpropyl)tetrasulfide (TESPT, Si-69, available from Evonik Industries, Essen, Germany)).
  • FCM Fluor Continuous Mixer
  • TESPT bis-(triethoxysilylpropyl)tetrasulfide
  • a mixture of carbon black and silica (N234 carbon black, available from Cabot Corporation, and HiSil® 233 silica, available from PPG Industries, Pittsburgh, Pa.) is mixed with water and ground to form a slurry having a concentration of about 10-15 wt %, in which the ratio of carbon black to silica ranges from 60:40 to 80:20 by mass.
  • the slurry is fed to a homogenizer at an operating pressure of around 3000 psig to produce a finely dispersed carbon black slurry, and the slurry is introduced as a jet into the mixing zone.
  • the slurry flow rate is adjusted to about 690-960 kg/hr (wet basis) to modify final filler loading levels in composites produced with field latex and to about 1145 kg/hr (wet basis) when latex concentrate is employed.
  • Either field latex having a dry rubber content of about 27-31% or natural rubber latex concentrate is pumped to the mixing zone of the coagulum reactor.
  • the latex flow rate is adjusted between about 320-790 kg/h in order to modify final filler loading levels.
  • the filler slurry and latex are mixed by entraining the latex into the filler slurry in a mixing portion (e.g., mixing portion 10 ) of a coagulum reactor similar to that shown in FIG. 1 .
  • a mixing portion e.g., mixing portion 10
  • the filler is intimately mixed into the latex and the mixture coagulates.
  • Field latex is pumped into the coagulating mixture of filler slurry and latex at the transition between the first and second sections (e.g., 20 a in FIG. 1 ) at a pressure of 3-8 bar starting at a rate of about 80 kg/hour (wet basis).
  • the latex is injected at a right angle to the wall of the coagulum reactor.
  • the pumping rate is gradually increased to at most 300 kg/hr (wet basis) until the coagulum emerging from the diffuser exhibits the desired morphology.
  • the masterbatch crumb discharged from the coagulum reactor is dewatered to 10-20% moisture with a dewatering extruder (The French Oil Machinery Company).
  • a dewatering extruder The French Oil Machinery Company.
  • the masterbatch crumb is compressed, and water squeezed from the crumb is ejected through a slotted barrel of the extruder.
  • the dewatered coagulum is dropped into a continuous compounder (Farrel Continuous Mixer (FCM), Farrel Corporation) where it is masticated and mixed with 1 phr of antioxidant (N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD, Flexsys, St. Louis, Mo.) and 1.5 phr of a coupling agent (bis-(triethoxysilylpropyl)tetrasulfide (TESPT, Si-69, available from Evonik Industries, Essen, Germany)).
  • FCM Fluor Continuous Mixer
  • TESPT bis-(triethoxysilylpropyl)tetrasulfide
  • the moisture content of the masticated masterbatch exiting the FCM is around 1-2%.
  • the product is further masticated and cooled on an open mill to form a dried elastomer composite.
  • Dry carbon black (N234, obtained from Cabot Corporation) was mixed with water and ground to form a slurry having a concentration of about 10-15 wt %.
  • the slurry was fed to a homogenizer at an operating pressure of around 3000 psig to produce a finely dispersed carbon black slurry, and the slurry was introduced as a jet into the mixing zone.
  • the carbon black flow rate (dry basis) is specified in Table 4, below.
  • Field latex having a dry rubber content of about 27-31% was pumped to the mixing zone of the coagulum reactor.
  • the delivery rate of primary rubber (dry rubber basis) into the mixing zone is listed in Table 4, below.
  • the carbon black slurry and latex were mixed by entraining the latex into the carbon black slurry in a mixing portion (e.g., mixing portion 10 ) of a coagulum reactor similar to that shown in FIG. 1 . During the entrainment process, the carbon black was intimately mixed into the latex and the mixture coagulated.
  • a mixing portion e.g., mixing portion 10
  • the carbon black was intimately mixed into the latex and the mixture coagulated.
  • Field latex was pumped into the downstream, diffuser portion of the coagulum reactor at the transition between the first and second sections of the diffuser (e.g., 20 a on FIG. 1 ), and the angle ⁇ (see FIG. 2 ) was 7 degrees.
  • the length of the first section of the diffuser e.g., 18 a in FIG. 1
  • the resulting residence time before introduction of the secondary latex stream is listed in Table 4, along with the delivery rate of secondary rubber (dry rubber basis).
  • the corresponding residence time for the Comparative Example i.e., the residence time in the first section of the diffuser
  • the pumping rates of the primary and secondary latex and of the carbon black slurry were adjusted to achieve a production rate of 450-500 kg/hr (dry basis).
  • FIG. 4 clearly shows an optimum residence time for maximizing filler loading.
  • introduction of the secondary latex stream before substantial decoration of the latex particles causes the rubber particles in the secondary latex stream to also become decorated, rather than binding rubber-filler aggregates together, while the secondary latex stream is not completely mixed with the coagulating mixture if it is introduced too far downstream.
  • the injection rate of the secondary rubber flow was varied while maintaining a residence time similar to that of Example 4-3. The results are consistent with the theory described above; only a certain amount of secondary latex is required to bind together the discrete rubber-filler aggregates into a coherent coagulum, and additional secondary latex only dilutes the final product loading.
  • the masterbatch crumb discharged from the coagulum reactor was dewatered to 10-20% moisture with a dewatering extruder (The French Oil Machinery Company).
  • a dewatering extruder The French Oil Machinery Company.
  • the masterbatch crumb was compressed, and water squeezed from the crumb was ejected through a slotted barrel of the extruder.
  • the dewatered coagulum was dropped into a continuous compounder (Farrel Continuous Mixer (FCM), Farrel Corporation) where it was masticated and mixed with 1 phr of antioxidant (N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD, Flexsys, St. Louis, Mo.).
  • FCM Full Chemical Mixer
  • antioxidant N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD, Flexsys, St. Louis, Mo.
  • the moisture content of the masticated masterbatch exiting the FCM was around 1-2%.
  • the product was further masticated and cooled on an open mill to form a dried elastomer composite.
  • the actual carbon black loading levels were determined by TGA on the dried elastomer composite and are listed in Table 4.
  • the dried elastomer composite was vulcanized; the mechanical properties of the vulcanized elastomer composite (e.g., tan delta, ratio of stresses at 300% and 100% strain) exhibited a variation with loading similar to that of vulcanized elastomer composites having lower filler loadings and prepared using the same techniques but without secondary latex.
  • the use of secondary latex injection enables the manufacturing of more highly loaded elastomer composites without sacrificing performance of the final rubber compounds.
  • This example shows the improvements of rubber composition properties including elastomer composite with high volume fraction of carbon black prepared according to the invention, compared to the already improved properties of tire comprising rubber composition based on elastomer composite having lesser volume fraction of carbon black prepared by the wet mix method used in Example 4 to prepare control samples and to vulcanized rubber compositions prepared by dry mixing.
  • Masterbatches B were prepared with the same carbon black and the same field latex according to the wet mix method used in Example 4 to prepare control samples, as follows:
  • the diene elastomer and the reinforcing filler or the masterbatches including diene elastomers and reinforcing fillers were introduced into an internal mixer, 70% filled and having an initial vessel temperature of approximately 50° C., followed, after kneading for one minute, by the various other ingredients, with the exception of the sulphur and sulphenamide primary accelerator.
  • Thermomechanical working (non-productive phase) was then carried out in one or two stages (total duration of the kneading equal to approximately 5 min), until a maximum “dropping” temperature of approximately 165° C. is reached.
  • the mixture thus obtained was recovered and cooled and then sulphur and sulphenamide accelerator were added on an external mixer (homofinisher) at 30° C., the combined mixture was mixed (productive phase) for 3 to 4 minutes.
  • compositions were subsequently either calendered in the form of plaques (thickness of 2 to 3 mm), for the measurement of their physical or mechanical properties.
  • Rubber compositions CA1 to CA3 and CB1 to CB3 were produced with masterbatches A1 to A3 and B1 to B3, respectively.
  • Comparative rubber compositions CD1 to CD3 and CE1 to CE3 were fabricated using a dry mixing process from the same carbon blacks in dry form and solid natural rubber.
  • compositions included 100 phr of natural rubber (whether introduced in the form of a masterbatch, or in a solid form) and different grades of carbon black as shown in the following Table 5.
  • the diene rubber compositions were characterized, before and after curing, as indicated below.
  • the Mooney plasticity measurement was carried out according to the following principle: the composition in the raw state (i.e., before curing) was moulded in a cylindrical chamber heated to 100° C. After preheating for one minute, the rotor rotated within the test specimen at 2 revolutions/minute and the working torque for maintaining this movement was measured after rotating for 4 minutes.
  • filler dispersion in rubber matrix can be represented by Z value, which was measured, after reticulation, according to the method described by S. Otto and Al in Kautschuk Kunststoffe, 58 Cipher, NR 7-8/2005, article titled “New Reference value for the description of Filler Dispersion with the Dispergrader 1000NT” according to standard ISO 11345.
  • Z value is based on the percentage of undispersed area, as measured by the apparatus “disperGRADER+” provided with its procedure and its operating software “disperDATA” by the Dynisco company according to the equation:
  • the percentage of undispersed area was measured using a camera with a light source at an angle of 30° with respect to the observation surface.
  • Light dots are associated with filler and agglomerates, while the dark background is associated the rubber matrix; numerical treatment transforms the image into a black and white image, and allows the determination of the percentage of undispersed area, as described by S. Otto in the above mentioned document.
  • the measurements were carried out at 150° C. with an oscillating disc rheometer, according to Standard DIN 53529—part 3 (June 1983).
  • the change in the rheometric torque as a function of time describes the change in the stiffening of the composition as a result of the vulcanization reaction.
  • the measurements are processed according to Standard DIN 53529—part 2 (March 1983): “ti” is the induction period, that is to say the time necessary for the start of the vulcanization reaction; t ⁇ (for example t90) is the time necessary to achieve a conversion of ⁇ %, that is to say ⁇ % (for example 90%) of the difference between the minimum and maximum torques.
  • the conversion rate constant, denoted K (expressed in min ⁇ 1 ), which is first order, calculated between 30% and 80% conversion, which makes it possible to assess the vulcanization kinetics, was also measured.
  • compositions prepared by a wet mix method (CA1 to CA3 and CB 1 to CB3), when compared with a composition having the same ingredients but prepared by dry mix method (CD1 to CD3 and CE1 to CE3), exhibited an improvement of all the properties mentioned above: dispersion (shown by Z value), processability (Mooney), rheometry (T 99 and K) and reinforcement (M300 and M300/M100).
  • dispersion shown by Z value
  • processability Mooney
  • T 99 and K rheometry
  • reinforcement M300 and M300/M100
  • the percent of improvement obtained at high loadings of carbon black is, for all the properties discussed above, higher that what was obtained at lower loadings of carbon black.

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