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  • C07D487/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00
  • C07D487/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
  • C07D487/04—Ortho-condensed systems
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Definitions

• the phosphodiesterases are a superfamily of enzymes with eleven members encoded by 21 genes that regulate intracellular cyclic nucleotide signaling (i.e., cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)).
• the PDEs contain a variable N-terminal regulatory domain and a highly conserved C-terminal catalytic domain and differ in their substrate specificity, expression and localization in cellular and tissue compartments, including the CNS.
• these cyclic nucleotides serve as second messengers in the signaling cascade of G-protein coupled receptors and lead to the activation of kinases which, in turn, will phosphorylate proteins involved in the regulation of synaptic transmission and homeostasis.
• the PDE9 enzyme selectively hydrolyzes cGMP over cAMP and has the highest affinity of any PDE for cGMP, K m ⁇ 170 nM (Fisher et al., Journal of Biological Chemistry 1998, 273 (25), 15559-15564).
• PDE9 is found to be present in a variety of human tissues including prostate, colon, small intestine, spleen, kidney, brain and skeletal muscle. Specifically, PDE9 mRNA is found in the hippocampal formation further suggesting a role in learning and memory. Studies have also implicated cGMP pathways in synaptic plasticity. In PDE9 knockout mice, long term potentiation (LTP) is enhanced suggesting that PDE9 inhibition can improve learning and memory.
• LTP long term potentiation
• the present invention provides imidazotriazinone compounds which are inhibitors of phosphodiesterase 9.
• the present invention further provides processes, pharmaceutical compositions, pharmaceutical preparations and pharmaceutical use of the compounds in the treatment of PDE9 associated diseases or disorders in mammals, including human(s).
• the compounds of the invention are useful for treating central nervous system (CNS) diseases and disorders, as well as other disorders that may affect CNS function, which are related to the modulation of cGMP levels.
• the compounds of the invention are useful for treating diseases or disorders that would benefit from increased synaptic plasticity and synaptic processes, including learning and memory.
• X is selected from a bond, C(O) or S(O) 2 ;
• R 1 is independently selected from the group consisting of H, (C 1 -C 6 ) alkyl, (C 1 -C 6 ) alkoxy, (C 3 -C 7 ) cycloalkyl, (C 3 -C 7 ) cycloalkyl(C 1 -C 4 ) alkyl, (C 3 -C 7 ) cycloalkyloxy, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl and heterocycloalkyloxy, each of which may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, —S(O) 2 (C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, OH, —C(O)—(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, oxo, CN, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, (C 1 -C 4 )alkoxy, (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyl,
• R 2 is independently selected from the group consisting of (C 1 -C 6 ) alkyl, (C 3 -C 10 )cycloalkyl, (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyl(C 1 -C 4 ) alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaryl(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, restricted phenyl and restricted phenyl(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, each of which may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, —S(O) 2 (C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, OH, —C(O)—(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, oxo, CN, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, (C 1 -C 4 )alkoxy, (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyl
• R 3 is independently selected from the group consisting of (C 1 -C 6 ) alkyl, (C 3 -C 7 ) cycloalkyl, (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyl(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaryl(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, restricted phenyl and restricted phenyl(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, each of which may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, —S(O) 2 (C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, OH, —C(O)—(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, oxo, CN, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, (C 1 -C 4 )alkoxy, (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalky
• Another aspect of the invention provides a compound of Formula (I)
• X is selected from a bond, C(O) and S(O) 2 ;
• R 1 is (C 1 -C 6 ) alkyl
• R 2 is selected from the group consisting of heterocycloalkyl, (C 3 -C 10 )cycloalkyl, e.g., adamantyl, and restricted phenyl, each of which may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, —S(O) 2 (C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, OH, —C(O)—(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, CN, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, and (C 1 -C 4 )alkoxy; and
• R 3 is selected from the group consisting of a mono or bicyclic heteroaryl(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl and restricted phenyl(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, each of which may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, —S(O) 2 (C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, OH, —C(O)—(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, CN, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, and (C 1 -C 4 )alkoxy.
• the invention provides a compound of Formula (I)
• Y is H or (C 1 -C 3 ) alkyl
• R 1 is (C 1 -C 6 ) alkyl
• R 2 is selected from the group consisting of heterocycloalkyl, (C 3 -C 10 )cycloalkyl, e.g., adamantyl, and restricted phenyl, each of which may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, —S(O) 2 (C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, OH, —C(O)—(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, CN, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, and (C 1 -C 4 )alkoxy; and
• R 3 is selected from the group consisting of a mono or bicyclic heteroaryl and restricted phenyl, each of which may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, —S(O) 2 (C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, OH, —C(O)—(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, CN, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, and (C 1 -C 4 )alkoxy.
• the present invention provides a compound selected from the following:
• Another aspect of the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of the invention, e.g., a compound of Formula (I), and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.
• Another aspect of the invention provides a method for treating a PDE9 associated disease or disorder comprising administering to a subject an effective amount of a compound of the invention, e.g., in a pharmaceutical composition of the invention, such that the PDE9 associated disease or disorder is treated.
• the invention provides a method of inhibiting PDE9 in a subject, wherein the method comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the invention, e.g., a compound of Formula (I), such that PDE9 is inhibited in the subject.
• a compound of the invention e.g., a compound of Formula (I)
• the present invention provides imidazotriazinone compounds which are inhibitors of phosphodiesterase 9.
• the present invention further provides processes, pharmaceutical compositions, pharmaceutical preparations and pharmaceutical use of the compounds in the treatment of PDE9 associated diseases or disorders in mammals, including human(s).
• the present invention including compounds, methods, and pharmaceutical compositions will be described with reference to the following definitions that, for convenience, are set forth below. Unless otherwise specified, the below terms used herein are defined as follows:
• the language “PDE9 associated diseases or disorders” describes the class of disorders associated with abnormal PDE9 activity, or aberrant levels of cGMP.
• the PDE9 associated disease or disorder is a central nervous system (CNS) disease or disorder, a neurodegeneration disorder, or a disorder that may affect CNS function, wherein each of these diseases or disorders is related to the modulation of cGMP levels.
• the PDE9 associated disease or disorder is a disease or disorder caused by a relative reduction in synaptic plasticity and synaptic processes, e.g., as in learning or memory.
• the compounds of the invention serve to treat these disorders by acting to increase synaptic plasticity and synaptic processes, wherein the language increasing synaptic plasticity and synaptic process includes induction of synaptic plasticity and synaptic processes.
• Exemplary CNS disorders include Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS or Lou Gerig's disease), Binswanger's dementia (subcortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy), bipolar disorders, Down's syndrome, frontotemporal lobar degeneration or dementia, glaucoma, Huntington's disease (chorea), HIV-associated dementia, Lewy body dementia, multiple sclerosis, multiple system atrophy, Parkinson's disease, presenile dementia (mild cognitive impairment), schizophrenia, spinocerebellar ataxies, Steel-Richardson-Olszewski disease (progressive supranuclear palsy), vascular dementia, attention deficit disorder (ADD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
• ALS amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
• Binswanger's dementia subcortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy
• bipolar disorders Down's syndrome, frontotemporal lobar degeneration or dementia
• glaucoma Huntington's
• Exemplary neurodegeneration disorders include either traumatic (closed or open, penetrating head injuries) or non-traumatic (stroke, aneurism, hypoxia) injury to the brain.
• PDE9 associated diseases or disorders characterized by aberrant levels of cGMP may also include dystonia, including for example, generalized, focal, segmental, sexual, intermediate, acute dystonic reaction, and genetic/primary; and dyskinesia, including for example, acute, pharmacological, chronic/tardive, and non-motor.
• PDE9 associated diseases or disorders characterized by a relative reduction in synaptic plasticity and synaptic processes include, for example, obsessive compulsive disorder, Fragile X, Rhett's, Williams syndrome, Renpenning's syndrome, autism spectrum disorders, including autism, Asperger's syndrome, pervasive development disorder, Rhettt's syndrome, and childhood disintegrative disorder
• the term “modulation” refers to a relative increase or decrease in the levels of a particular cellular indicator, e.g., cGMP.
• a particular cellular indicator e.g., cGMP.
• the diseases/disorders described herein are characterized by relatively decreased levels of cGMP levels, wherein the compounds of the present invention serve to increase the level of cGMP through inhibition of PDE9.
• salts derived from inorganic bases include, but are not limited to lithium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium and zinc.
• Salts derived from organic bases include, but are not limited to ammonia, primary (e.g. Tromethamine), secondary and tertiary amines, and amino acids (e.g. Lysine).
• Salts derived from inorganic acids include, but are not limited to sulfuric, hydrochloric, phosphoric, methanesulfonic, hydrobromic.
• Salts derived from organic acids include, but are not limited to C 1-6 alkyl carboxylic acids, di-carboxylic acids and tricarboxylic acids such as acetic acid, propionic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, succinic acid, tartaric acid, adipic acid and citric acid, and alkylsulfonic acids such as methanesulfonic and aryl sulfonic acids such as para-toluene sulfonic acid and benzene sulfonic acid.
• alkylsulfonic acids such as methanesulfonic and aryl sulfonic acids such as para-toluene sulfonic acid and benzene sulfonic acid.
• the terms “treat,” “treating” and “treatment” refer to the eradication or amelioration of a disease or disorder, or of one or more symptoms associated with the disease or disorder. In certain embodiments, the terms refer to minimizing the advancement or worsening of the disease or disorder resulting from the administration of a compound of the invention to a patient with such a disease or disorder. In some embodiments, the terms refer to the administration of a compound provided herein, with or without other additional active agents, after the onset of symptoms of the particular disease.
• treating covers the treatment of a disease-state in a subject, e.g., a mammal, and includes at least one of: (i) inhibiting the disease-state, i.e., partially or completely halting its progression; (ii) relieving the disease-state, i.e. causing regression of symptoms of the disease-state, or ameliorating a symptom of the disease; and (iii) reversal or regression of the disease-state, preferably eliminating or curing of the disease.
• the terms “treating”, “treatment”, or the like covers the treatment of a disease-state in a mammal, e.g., a primate, e.g., a human, and includes at least one of (i), (ii), and (iii) above.
• a mammal e.g., a primate
• iii e.g., a human
• adjustments for systemic versus localized delivery, age, body weight, general health, sex, diet, time of administration, drug interaction and the severity of the condition may be necessary, and will be ascertainable with routine experimentation by one of ordinary skill in the art.
• the terms “subject”, and “patient” are used interchangeably.
• the terms “subject” and “patient” refer to an animal (e.g., a bird such as a chicken, quail or turkey) or a mammal including non-primates (e.g., a cow, pig, horse, sheep, rabbit, guinea pig, rat, cat, dog, and mouse) and primates (e.g., a monkey, chimpanzee and a human).
• the subject is a human.
• the terms “prevent,” “preventing” and “prevention” refer to the prevention of the onset, recurrence or spread of a disease or disorder, or of one or more symptoms thereof.
• the terms refer to the administration of a compound provided herein to a subject, with or without other additional active compound, prior to the onset of symptoms, particularly to patients at risk of diseases or disorders provided herein.
• the terms encompass the inhibition or reduction of a symptom of the particular disease.
• Subjects with familial history of a disease in particular are candidates for preventive regimens in certain embodiments.
• subjects who have a history of recurring symptoms are also potential candidates for the prevention.
• the term “prevention” may be interchangeably used with the term “prophylactic treatment.”
• the prevention is achieved by administration of a prophylactically effective amount of a compound of the invention.
• a “therapeutically effective amount” of a compound is an amount sufficient to provide a therapeutic benefit in the treatment or management of a disease or disorder, or to delay or minimize one or more symptoms associated with the disease or disorder.
• a therapeutically effective amount of a compound means an amount of therapeutic agent, alone or in combination with other therapies, which provides a therapeutic benefit in the treatment or management of the disease or disorder.
• the term “therapeutically effective amount” can encompass an amount that improves overall therapy, reduces or avoids symptoms or causes of disease or disorder, or enhances the therapeutic efficacy of another therapeutic agent e.g. cholinesterase inhibitors, donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine and/or memantine.
• the terms “manage,” “managing” and “management” refer to preventing or slowing the progression, spread or worsening of a disease or disorder, or of one or more symptoms thereof. Often, the beneficial effects that a subject derives from a prophylactic and/or therapeutic agent do not result in a cure of the disease or disorder. In this regard, the term “managing” encompasses treating a subject who had suffered from the particular disease in an attempt to prevent or minimize the recurrence of the disease.
• a “prophylactically effective amount” of a compound is an amount sufficient to prevent a disease or disorder, or prevent its recurrence.
• a prophylactically effective amount of a compound means an amount of therapeutic agent, alone or in combination with other agents, which provides a prophylactic benefit in the prevention of the disease.
• the term “prophylactically effective amount” can encompass an amount that improves overall prophylaxis or enhances the prophylactic efficacy of another prophylactic agent.
• Alkyl is meant to denote a linear or branched saturated or unsaturated aliphatic C 1 -C 8 hydrocarbon, unless some other number of carbon atoms is specified. Unsaturation in the form of a double or triple carbon-carbon bond may be internal or terminally located and, in the case of a double bond, both cis and trans isomers are included.
• An optionally substituted alkyl can be independently substituted with one or more substituents selected from F, oxo, OH, (C 1 -C 4 )alkoxy, (C 3 -C 6 )cycloalkyloxy, (C 1 -C 4 )alkylthio, (C 3 -C 6 )cycloalkylthio-, —C(O)NH 2 , —C(O)NH(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, —C(O)N[(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl], (C 1 -C 4 alkyl)-C(O)—, (C 1 -C 4 )alkylsulfonyl-, —S(O) 2 NH 2 , —S(O) 2 NH(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, —S(O) 2 N[(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl(C 1
• alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl, trifluoromethyl, ethyl, trifluoroethyl, isobutyl, neopentyl, cis- and trans-2-butenyl, isobutenyl and propargyl.
• C 1 -C 4 alkyl is the subset of alkyl limited to a total of up to 4 carbon atoms.
• an optionally substituted alkyl can be independently substituted with one or more substituents selected from F, OH, oxo, and (C 1 -C 4 )alkoxy.
• an optionally substituted alkyl can be independently substituted with up to three fluorines.
• C x -C y includes all subsets, e.g., C 1 -C 4 includes C 1 -C 2 , C 2 -C 4 , and C 1 -C 3 as well as C 1 , C 2 , C 3 and C 4 .
• Acyl is an alkyl-C(O)— group wherein alkyl is as defined above.
• Examples of acyl groups include but are not limited to acetyl and proprionyl.
• Alkoxy is an alkyl-O— group wherein alkyl is as defined above, including the optional substitutions.
• C 1 -C 4 alkoxy is the subset of alkyl-O— where the subset of alkyl is limited to a total of up to 4 carbon atoms.
• alkoxy groups include, but are not limited to, methoxy, trifluoromethoxy, ethoxy, trifluoroethoxy, and propoxy.
• Alkoxyalkyl is an alkyl-O—(C 1 -C 4 alkyl)- group wherein alkyl is as defined above.
• alkoxyalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methoxymethyl and ethoxymethyl.
• Alkoxyalkyloxy is an alkoxy-alkyl-O— group wherein alkoxy and alkyl are as defined above.
• alkoxyalkyloxy groups include, but are not limited to, methoxymethyloxy (CH 3 OCH 2 O—) and methoxyethyloxy (CH 3 OCH 2 CH 2 O—) groups.
• Alkylthio is alkyl-S— group wherein alkyl is as defined above.
• C 1 -C 4 alkylthio is the subset of alkyl-S— where the subset of alkyl is limited to a total of up to 4 carbon atoms.
• Alkylsulfonyl is alkyl-SO 2 — wherein alkyl is as defined above.
• alkylsulfonyl groups include, but are not limited to, methanesulfonyl and isopropylsulfonyl.
• Alkylamino is alkyl-NH— wherein alkyl is as defined above.
• Dialkylamino is (alkyl) 2 -N— wherein alkyl is as defined above.
• Amido is H 2 NC(O)—
• Alkylamido is alkyl-NHC(O)— wherein alkyl is as defined above.
• Dialkylamido is (alkyl) 2 -NC(O)— wherein alkyl is as defined above.
• Aromatic is heteroaryl or aryl wherein heteroaryl and aryl are as defined below.
• Aryl is a phenyl or napthyl group.
• An optionally substituted aryl can be independently substituted with one or more substituents selected from halogen, CF 3 , CN, OH, (C 1 -C 4 )alkoxy, (C 1 -C 4 )alkylthio, (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkylthio, (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyloxy, aryloxy, (C 1 -C 4 )alkoxy(C 1 -C 4 )alkyloxy, hetero(C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyloxy, heteroaryloxy, —OC(O)R a , —OC(O)NHR a , —OC(O)N(R a )(R b ), —S(O)R a , —NHR a , —N(R a )(R b ), —NHC(O)R
• an optionally substituted aryl can be independently substituted with one or more substituents selected from halogen, CF 3 , CN, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyl, (C 1 -C 4 )alkoxy, (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkylthio, (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyloxy, hetero(C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyl, C(O)NH 2 , —C(O)NHR a , —C(O)N(R a )(R b ) wherein R a and R b are defined as above.
• an optionally substituted aryl can be independently substituted with one or more substituents selected from halogen, CF 3 , CN, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyl, (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyloxy, and hetero(C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyl.
• Arylalkyl is an aryl-alkyl- group wherein aryl and alkyl are as defined above, including the optional substitutions.
• Aryloxy is an aryl-O— group wherein aryl is as defined above, including the optional substitutions.
• Arylalkoxy is an aryl-(C 1 -C 4 alkyl)-O— group wherein aryl is as defined above, including the optional substitutions.
• Carboxy is a CO 2 H or CO 2 R d group wherein R d is independently chosen from (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyl, aryl(C 1 -C 3 )alkyl, (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyl(C 1 -C 3 )alkyl, and alkoxyalkyl, wherein alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl and alkoxy are as defined above, including the optional substitutions.
• Cycloalkyl is a C 3 -C 10 cyclic non-aromatic hydrocarbon, e.g., a C 3 -C 7 , cyclic non-aromatic hydrocarbon, which may contain a single double bond.
• An optionally substituted cycloalkyl can be independently substituted with one or more substituents selected from F, oxo, OH, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, (C 1 -C 4 )alkoxy, —(C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyl, (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkylalkyl, (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyloxy, (C 1 -C 4 )alkylthio, (C 3 -C 6 )cycloalkylthio-, —C(O)NH 2 , —C(O)NH(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, —C(O)N[(C 1 -C 4
• an optionally substituted cycloalkyl can be independently substituted with one or more substituents selected from F, oxo, (C 1 -C 4 )alkoxy, (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyl, —C(O)NH(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, —C(O)N[(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl], (C 1 -C 4 alkyl)-C(O)—, (C 1 -C 4 )alkylsulfonyl-, —S(O) 2 NH(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, —S(O) 2 N[(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl].
• an optionally substituted cycloalkyl can be independently substituted with one substituent selected from oxo, OH, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, (C 1 -C 4 )alkoxy, (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkylalkyl, (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyloxy, (C 1 -C 4 )alkylthio, (C 3 -C 6 )cycloalkylthio-, —C(O)NH 2 , —C(O)NH(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, —C(O)N[(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl], (C 1 -C 4 alkyl)-C(O)—, (C 1 -C 4 )alkylsulfonyl-, —S(O) 2 NH 2 , —S(O) 2 NH(C 1 -C 4 )
• an optionally substituted cycloalkyl can be independently substituted with one substituent selected from oxo, OH, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, (C 1 -C 4 )alkoxy, (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkylalkyl and (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyloxy.
• cycloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclopentenyl, and adamantyl.
• Cycloalkyloxy is a cycloalkyl-O— group wherein cycloalkyl is as defined above, including the optional substitutions. Examples include but are not limited to, cyclopropyloxy, cyclobutyloxy and cyclopentyloxy.
• C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyloxy is the subset of cycloalkyl-O— where cycloalkyl contains 3-6 carbon atoms.
• Cycloalkylthio is a cycloalkyl-S— group wherein cycloalkyl is as defined above, including the optional substitutions. Examples include but are not limited to cyclopropylthio, cyclobutylthio and cyclopentylthio.
• Cycloalkylalkyl is a cycloalkyl-(C 1 -C 4 alkyl)- group wherein cycloalkyl and alkyl are defined above, including the optional substitutions. Examples include but are not limited to cyclopropylmethyl, cyclopropylethyl, cyclohexylmethyl and cyclohexylethyl.
• Cycloalkylalkoxy is a cycloalkyl-(C 1 -C 4 alkyl)-O— group wherein cycloalkyl and alkoxy are as defined above, including the optional substitutions.
• Examples of cycloalkylalkoxy groups include but are not limited to cyclopropylmethoxy, cyclopentylmethoxy and cyclohexylmethoxy.
• Cycloalkylalkylthio is a cycloalkyl-(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl-S— group wherein cycloalkyl and alkyl are as defined above.
• Examples of cycloalkylalkylthio groups include but are not limited to cyclopropylmethanethio, cyclobutylmethanethio and cyclopentylmethanethio.
• Halogen is F, Cl, Br or I.
• halogens are F, Cl and Br.
• the halogen is F.
• a heteroaryl group can be: (a) a tetrazole, (b) 1,2,3,4-oxatriazole, (c) 1,2,3,5-oxatriazole, or (d) a mono or bicyclic aromatic ring system, or a heterobicyclic ring system with one aromatic ring having 5 to 10 ring atoms independently selected from C, N, O and S, provided that not more than 3 ring atoms in any single ring are other than C.
• heteroaryl groups include but are not limited to thiophenyl, furanyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, 1,2,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,3,4-oxadiazolyl, pyrrazolyl, imidazolyl, 1,2,3-triazolyl, 1,3,4-triazolyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, indolyl, quinolyl, tetrahydroquinolyl, isoquinolyl, tetrahydroisoquinolyl, indazolyl, benzthiadiazololyl, benzoxadiazolyl and benzimidazolyl.
• An optionally substituted heteroaryl can be independently substituted with one or more substituents selected from halogen, CF 3 , CN, OH, (C 1 -C 4 )alkoxy, (C 1 -C 4 )alkylthio, (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkylthio, (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyloxy, aryloxy, (C 1 -C 4 )alkoxy(C 1 -C 4 )alkyloxy, hetero(C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyloxy, heteroaryloxy, —OC(O)R a , —OC(O)NHR a , —OC(O)N(R a )(R b ), —S(O)R a , —NH 2 , —NHR a , —N(R a )(R b ), —NHC(O)R a , —N(R a )
• an optionally substituted heteroaryl can be independently substituted with one or more substituents selected from halogen CF 3 , CN, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyl, (C 1 -C 4 )alkoxy, (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkylthio, (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyloxy, hetero(C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyl, C(O)NH 2 , —C(O)NHR a , —C(O)N(R a )(R b ) wherein R a and R b are defined as above.
• an optionally substituted heteroaryl can be independently substituted with one or more substituents selected from halogen, CF 3 , CN, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyl, (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyloxy, and hetero(C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyl.
• Heteroarylalkyl is a heteroaryl-(C 1 -C 4 alkyl)- group wherein heteroaryl and alkyl are as defined above, including the optional substitutions.
• heteroarylalkyl groups include but are not limited to 4-pyridinylmethyl and 4-pyridinylethyl.
• Heteroaryloxy is a heteroaryl-O group wherein heteroaryl is as defined above, including the optional substitutions.
• Heteroarylalkoxy is a heteroaryl-(C 1 -C 4 alkyl)-O— group wherein heteroaryl and alkoxy are as defined above, including the optional substitutions.
• heteroarylalkyl groups include but are not limited to 4-pyridinylmethoxy and 4-pyridinylethoxy.
• Heterobicyclic ring system is a bicyclic ring system having 8-10 atoms independently selected from C, N, O and S, provided that not more than 3 ring atoms in any single ring are other than carbon and provided that at least one of the rings is aromatic.
• An optionally substituted heterobicyclic ring system can be independently substituted with one or more substituents selected from (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, (C 1 -C 4 )alkoxy, (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyl, (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyloxy, (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyl(C 1 -C 3 )alkyl, halogen, alkylsulfonyl and cyano.
• an optionally substituted heterobicyclic ring system can be independently substituted with one or more substituents selected from (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyl, (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyloxy, halogen and cyano.
• Examples of 8-10 membered heterobicyclic ring systems include but are not limited to 1,5-naphthyridyl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,5-naphthyridyl 1,6-naphthyridyl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,6-naphthyridyl 1,7-naphthyridyl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,7-naphthyridinyl 1,8-naphthyridyl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,8-naphthyridyl, 2,6-naphthyridyl, 2,7-naphthyridyl, cinnolyl, isoquinolyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, phthalazyl, quinazolyl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinazolinyl, quinolyl
• an optionally substituted heterobicyclic system can be independently substituted on carbon with one or more substituents selected from halogen, CF 3 , CN, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, (C 1 -C 4 )alkoxy, (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyl, (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyloxy, and hetero(C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyl.
• Heterocycloalkyl is a non-aromatic, monocyclic or bicyclic saturated or partially unsaturated ring system comprising 5-10 ring atoms selected from C, N, O and S, provided that not more than 2 ring atoms in any single ring are other than C.
• An optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl can be independently substituted on a carbon atom with one or more substituents selected from OH, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl and (C 1 -C 4 )alkoxy groups and up to two oxo groups.
• an optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl can be independently substituted on said nitrogen with one or more substituents selected from (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyl, (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyl(C 1 -C 3 )alkyl, acyl, —C(O)O—(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, —C(O)NH—(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl or a —C(O)N((C 1 -C 4 )alkyl) 2 group.
• heterocycloalkyl group contains a nitrogen
• an optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl can be independently substituted on said nitrogen with one or more substituents selected from (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyl, (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyl(C 1 -C 3 )alkyl and acyl.
• Heterocycloalkyl groups may be linked to the rest of the molecule via either carbon or nitrogen ring atoms.
• heterocycloalkyl groups include tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothienyl, tetrahydro-2H-pyranyl, tetrahydro-2H-thiopyranyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrrolidonyl, succinimidyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, N-methylpiperazinyl, morpholinyl, morpholin-3-one, thiomorpholinyl, thiomorpholin-3-one, 2,5-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octanyl, 2,5-diazabicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl, 2-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane, 2-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane and octahydro-1H-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrazine.
• Heterocycloalkylalkyl is a heterocycloalkyl-(C 1 -C 4 alkyl)- group wherein heterocycloalkyl and alkyl are as defined above, including the optional substitutions.
• Heterocycloalkyloxy is a heterocycloalkyl-O— group wherein heterocycloalkyl is as defined above, including the optional substitutions.
• Heterocycloalkylalkoxy is a heterocycloalkyl-(C 1 -C 4 alkyl)-O— group wherein heterocycloalkyl and alkyl are as defined above, including the optional substitutions.
• Oxo is a —C(O)— group.
• Phenyl is a benzene ring.
• An optionally substituted phenyl can be independently substituted with one or more substituents selected from halogen, CF 3 , CN, OH, (C 1 -C 4 )alkoxy, (C 1 -C 4 )alkylthio, (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkylthio, (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyloxy, aryloxy, (C 1 -C 4 )alkoxy(C 1 -C 4 )alkyloxy, hetero(C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyloxy, heteroaryloxy, —OC(O)R a , —OC(O)NHR a , —OC(O)N(R a )(R b ), —S(O)R a , —NHR a , —N(R a )(R b ), —NHC(O)R a
• an optionally substituted phenyl can be independently substituted with one or more substituents selected from halogen CF 3 , CN, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyl, (C 1 -C 4 )alkoxy, (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkylthio, (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyloxy, hetero(C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyl, C(O)NH 2 , —C(O)NHR a , —C(O)N(R a )(R b ) wherein R a and R b are defined as above.
• an optionally substituted phenyl can be independently substituted with one or more substituents selected from halogen, CF 3 , CN, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyl, (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyloxy, and hetero(C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyl.
• Restricted phenyl is a optionally substituted benzene ring which can be independently substituted with up to three groups selected from halogen, CF 3 , CN, (C 1 -C 4 )alkoxy, (C 1 -C 4 )alkylthio, (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkylthio, (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyloxy, (C 1 -C 4 )alkoxy(C 1 -C 4 )alkyloxy, hetero(C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyloxy, —OC(O)NHR a , —OC(O)N(R a )(R b ), —C(O)NH 2 , —C(O)NHR a , —C(O)N(R a )(R b ), —COR a and R c wherein R a , R b and R c are independently chosen from (C 1 -
• Restricted phenyllalkyl is a restricted phenyl-(C 1 -C 4 alkyl)- group wherein restricted phenyl and alkyl are as defined above, including the optional substitutions.
• Examples of restricted phenylalkyl groups include but are not limited to 4-cyano-phenylmethyl and 3-chloro-phenylethyl.
• the invention provides compounds of Formula (I)
• X is selected from a bond, C(O) or S(O) 2 ;
• R 1 is independently selected from the group consisting of H, (C 1 -C 6 ) alkyl, (C 1 -C 6 ) alkoxy, (C 3 -C 7 ) cycloalkyl, (C 3 -C 7 ) cycloalkyl(C 1 -C 4 ) alkyl, (C 3 -C 7 ) cycloalkyloxy, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl and heterocycloalkyloxy, each of which may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen (e.g., F or Cl), —S(O) 2 (C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, OH, —C(O)—(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, oxo, CN, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, (C 1 -C 4 )alkoxy, (C 3 -C 7
• R 2 is independently selected from the group consisting of (C 1 -C 6 ) alkyl, (C 3 -C 10 )cyclo alkyl, (C 3 -C 7 )cyclo alkyl(C 1 -C 4 ) alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocyclo alkyl(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaryl(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, restricted phenyl and restricted phenyl(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, each of which may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen (e.g., F or Cl), —S(O) 2 (C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, OH, —C(O)—(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, oxo, CN, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, (C 1 -C 4 )alkoxy, (C 3 -
• R 3 is independently selected from the group consisting of (C 1 -C 6 ) alkyl, (C 3 -C 7 ) cycloalkyl, (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyl(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaryl(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, restricted phenyl and restricted phenyl(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, each of which may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen (e.g., F or Cl), —S(O) 2 (C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, OH, —C(O)—(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, oxo, CN, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, (C 1 -C 4 )alkoxy, (C 3
• the substituents are selected from halogen (e.g., F or Cl), CN, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, and (C 1 -C 4 )alkoxy.
• R 1 is selected from (C 1 -C 6 ) alkyl, e.g., methyl.
• R 2 is selected from the group consisting of heterocycloalkyl, e.g., tetrahydropyranyl or piperidinyl, (C 3 -C 10 )cycloalkyl, e.g., adamantyl, and restricted phenyl, which may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, —S(O) 2 (C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, OH, —C(O)—(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, CN, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, and (C 1 -C 4 )alkoxy.
• heterocycloalkyl e.g., tetrahydropyranyl or piperidinyl
• C 3 -C 10 )cycloalkyl e.g., adamantyl
• restricted phenyl which may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consist
• R 3 is selected from the group consisting of a mono or bicyclic heteroaryl(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl and restricted phenyl(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, which may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, —S(O) 2 (C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, OH, —C(O)—(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, CN, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, and (C 1 -C 4 )alkoxy.
• X is a bond.
• R 3 is pyrimidinylmethyl-, which may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen (e.g., F or Cl), —S(O) 2 (C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, OH, —C(O)—(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, CN, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, and (C 1 -C 4 )alkoxy.
• halogen e.g., F or Cl
• —S(O) 2 (C 1 -C 4 )alkyl OH, —C(O)—(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, CN, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, and (C 1 -C 4 )alkoxy.
• R 3 is (restricted phenyl)methyl-, which may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen (e.g., F or Cl), —S(O) 2 (C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, OH, —C(O)—(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, CN, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, and (C 1 -C 4 )alkoxy.
• halogen e.g., F or Cl
• the invention provides compounds of Formula (I)
• X is selected from a bond, C(O) and S(O) 2 ;
• R 1 is independently selected from H, (C 1 -C 6 ) alkyl, (C 1 -C 6 ) alkoxy, (C 3 -C 7 ) cycloalkyl, (C 3 -C 7 ) cycloalkyl (C 1 -C 4 ) alkyl, (C 3 -C 7 ) cycloalkyloxy, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl and heterocycloalkyloxy all of which may be optionally substituted;
• R 2 is independently selected from (C 1 -C 6 ) alkyl, (C 3 -C 7 ) cycloalkyl, (C 3 -C 7 ) cycloalkyl (C 1 -C 4 ) alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaryl(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, restricted phenyl and restricted phenyl (C 1 -C 4 ) alkyl, all of which can be optionally substituted; and
• R 3 is independently selected from (C 1 -C 6 ) alkyl, (C 3 -C 7 ) cycloalkyl, (C 3 -C 7 ) cycloalkyl (C 1 -C 4 ) alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaryl(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, restricted phenyl and restricted phenyl (C 1 -C 4 ) alkyl, all of which can be optionally substituted.
• the compound may be a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• the invention provides compounds of Formula (I)
• X is selected from a bond, C(O) and S(O) 2 ;
• R 1 is (C 1 -C 6 ) alkyl, e.g., methyl
• R 2 is selected from the group consisting of heterocycloalkyl, e.g., tetrahydropyranyl or piperidinyl, (C 3 -C 10 )cycloalkyl, e.g., adamantyl, and restricted phenyl, each of which may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen (e.g., F or Cl), —S(O) 2 (C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, OH, —C(O)—(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, CN, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, and (C 1 -C 4 )alkoxy; and
• halogen e.g., F or Cl
• R 3 is selected from the group consisting of a mono or bicyclic heteroaryl(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl and restricted phenyl(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, each of which may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen (e.g., F or CO, —S(O) 2 (C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, OH, —C(O)—(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, CN, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, and (C 1 -C 4 )alkoxy.
• halogen e.g., F or CO
• —S(O) 2 (C 1 -C 4 )alkyl OH
• —C(O)—(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl CN
• C 1 -C 6 alkyl
• Y is H or (C 1 -C 3 ) alkyl, e.g., methyl or ethyl;
• R 1 is (C 1 -C 6 ) alkyl, e.g., methyl
• R 2 is selected from the group consisting of heterocycloalkyl, e.g., tetrahydropyranyl or piperidinyl, (C 3 -C 10 )cycloalkyl, e.g., adamantyl, and restricted phenyl, each of which may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen (e.g., F or Cl), —S(O) 2 (C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, e.g., —S(O) 2 CH 2 CH 3 , OH, —C(O)—(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, e.g., —C(O)CH 3 , CN, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, and (C 1 -C 4 )alkoxy; and
• halogen e.g., F or Cl
• —S(O) 2 (C 1 -C 4 )alkyl
• R 3 is selected from the group consisting of a mono or bicyclic heteroaryl and restricted phenyl, each of which may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen (e.g., F or Cl), —S(O) 2 (C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, e.g., —S(O) 2 CH 2 CH 3 , OH, —C(O)—(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, e.g., —C(O)CH 3 , CN, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, and (C 1 -C 4 )alkoxy.
• halogen e.g., F or Cl
• —S(O) 2 (C 1 -C 4 )alkyl e.g., —S(O) 2 CH 2 CH 3 , OH, —C(O)—(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, e.g.,
• R 3 is pyrimidinyl, which may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen (e.g., F or Cl), —S(O) 2 (C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, e.g., —S(O) 2 CH 2 CH 3 , OH, —C(O)—(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, e.g., —C(O)CH 3 , CN, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, and (C 1 -C 4 )alkoxy.
• halogen e.g., F or Cl
• —S(O) 2 (C 1 -C 4 )alkyl e.g., —S(O) 2 CH 2 CH 3 , OH, —C(O)—(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, e.g., —C(O)CH 3 , CN, (C 1 -C
• R 3 is restricted phenyl, which may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen (e.g., F or Cl), —S(O) 2 (C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, e.g., —S(O) 2 CH 2 CH 3 , OH, —C(O)—(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, e.g., —C(O)CH 3 , CN, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, and (C 1 -C 4 )alkoxy.
• halogen e.g., F or Cl
• —S(O) 2 (C 1 -C 4 )alkyl e.g., —S(O) 2 CH 2 CH 3 , OH, —C(O)—(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, e.g., —C(O)CH 3 , CN, (C 1 -C 6
• the compound of the invention is the trans ( ⁇ ) stereoisomer.
• the compound of the invention is the trans (+) stereoisomer.
• alkyl groups are fully saturated whether present on their own or as part of another group (e.g. alkylamino).
• substituent groups are not further substituted.
• any group that is defined as being optionally substituted can be independently singly or multiply optionally substituted.
• compounds of the invention contain one alkyl group which is substituted with 1-3 fluorine atoms.
• compounds of the invention contain one alkyl group which contains a double bond.
• compounds of the invention contain two alkyl groups which are substituted with 1-3 fluorine atoms.
• compounds of the invention contain one alkyl group which contains a triple bond.
• compounds of the invention contain one alkyl group which is substituted with an oxo group.
• compounds of the invention contain one alkyl group which is substituted with a hydroxyl group.
• compounds of the invention contain one alkyl group which is substituted with a (C 1 -C 4 ) alkoxy group.
• compounds of the invention contain one alkyl group which is substituted with a (C 1 -C 4 ) alkylsulfonyl group.
• compounds of the invention contain one alkoxy group which is substituted with 1-3 fluorine atoms
• saturated monocyclic heterocycloalkyl groups are substituted on carbon with up to 2 groups selected from OH, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl or (C 1 -C 4 )alkoxy group.
• saturated monocyclic heterocycloalkyl groups are substituted on nitrogen with a group selected from —S(O) 2 (C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, e.g., —S(O) 2 -ethyl, and —C(O)—(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, e.g., —C(O)CH 3 .
• saturated monocyclic heterocycloalkyl groups are substituted on nitrogen with groups selected from (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, acyl, —C(O)O—(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, —C(O)NH—(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, C(O)N((C 1 -C 4 )alkyl) 2 and (C 1 -C 4 )alkylsulfonyl-.
• heteroaryl groups are substituted on carbon with 1-3 groups selected from halogen, CN, OH, (C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, (C 3 -C 6 )cycloalkyl, (C 1 -C 4 )alkoxy and (C 1 -C 4 )alkylsulfonyl.
• restricted phenyl groups are substituted with 1-3 groups selected from halogen, CN, OH, (C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, (C 3 -C 6 )cycloalkyl, (C 1 -C 4 )alkoxy and (C 1 -C 4 )alkylsulfonyl.
• heteroaryl may be defined as tetrazolyl, thiophenyl, furanyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, 1,2,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,3,4-oxadiazolyl, pyrrazolyl, imidazolyl, 1,2,3-triazolyl, 1,3,4-triazolyl, pyrimidinyl and pyrazinyl, all of which may be optionally substituted.
• the heteroaryl is pyrimidinyl.
• heteroaryl may be defined as 1,5-naphthyridyl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,5-naphthyridyl 1,6-naphthyridyl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,6-naphthyridyl 1,7-naphthyridyl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,7-naphthyridinyl 1,8-naphthyridyl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,8-naphthyridyl, 2,6-naphthyridyl, 2,7-naphthyridyl, cinnolyl, isoquinolyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, phthalazyl, quinazolyl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinazolinyl, quinolyl, tetrahydroquinolin
• heteroaryl may be defined as benzo[d][1,2,3]triazyl, benzo[e][1,2,4]triazyl, pyrido[2,3-b]pyrazyl, pyrido[2,3-c]pyridazyl, pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidyl, pyrido[3,2-b]pyrazyl, pyrido[3,2-c]pyridazyl, pyrido[3,2-d]pyrimidyl, pyrido[3,4-b]pyrazyl, pyrido[3,4-c]pyridazyl, pyrido[3,4-d]pyrimidyl, pyrido[4,3-b]pyrazyl, pyrido[4,3-c]pyridazyl, pyrido[4,3-d]pyrimidyl, quinazolyl, 1H-benzo[
• heteroaryl may be defined as benzo[b]thienyl, benzo[c][1,2,5]oxadiazyl, benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazolyl, benzo[d]isothiazoyl, benzo[d]isoxazoyl, benzo[d]oxazoyl, benzo[d]thiazoyl, benzofuryl, imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazyl, imidazo[1,2-a]pyridinyl, imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidyl, imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazyl, imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidyl, imidazo[1,5-a]pyrazyl, imidazo[1,5-a]pyridinyl, imidazo[1,5-a]pyrimidyl, imidazo[1,5-b]pyridazyl, imidazo[1,5-c]pyrimidyl, indolizy
• heteroaryl may be defined as benzo[c]isothiazyl, benzo[c]isoxazyl, furo[2,3-b]pyridinyl, furo[2,3-c]pyridinyl, furo[3,2-b]pyridinyl, furo[3,2-c]pyridiyl, isothiazolo[4,5-b]pyridinyl, isothiazolo[4,5-c]pyridinyl, isothiazolo[5,4-b]pyridinyl, isothiazolo[5,4-c]pyridinyl, isoxazolo[4,5-b]pyridinyl, isoxazolo[4,5-c]pyridinyl, isoxazolo[5,4-b]pyridinyl, isoxazolo[5,4-b]pyridinyl, isoxazolo[5,4-b]pyridinyl, oxazolo[5,4-
• X is selected from C(O) and S(O) 2 .
• X is C(O).
• X is S(O) 2 .
• X is a bond
• Y is H.
• Y is (C 1 -C 3 ) alkyl, e.g., methyl or ethyl.
• R 1 is selected from H, (C 1 -C 6 ) alkyl, (C 3 -C 7 ) cycloalkyl and (C 3 -C 7 ) cycloalkyl (C 1 -C 4 ) alkyl.
• R 1 is selected from (C 1 -C 6 ) alkyl, (C 3 -C 7 ) cycloalkyl and (C 3 -C 7 ) cycloalkyl (C 1 -C 4 ) alkyl.
• R 1 is selected from (C 1 -C 6 ) alkoxy and (C 3 -C 7 ) cycloalkyloxy.
• R 1 is selected from (C 1 -C 6 ) alkyl and (C 1 -C 6 ) alkoxy.
• R 1 is selected from (C 1 -C 6 ) alkyl and (C 3 -C 7 ) cycloalkyl.
• R 1 is selected from heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl and heterocycloalkyloxy.
• R 1 is H.
• R 1 is (C 1 -C 6 ) alkyl.
• R 1 is (C 1 -C 3 ) alkyl.
• R 1 is methyl
• R 1 is (C 1 -C 6 ) alkoxy.
• R 1 is (C 1 -C 3 ) alkoxy.
• R 1 is (C 3 -C 7 ) cycloalkyl.
• R 1 is (C 3 -C 5 ) cycloalkyl.
• R 1 is (C 3 -C 7 ) cycloalkyl (C 1 -C 4 ) alkyl.
• R 1 is (C 3 -C 5 ) cycloalkyl (C 1 -C 2 ) alkyl.
• R 1 is (C 3 -C 7 ) cycloalkyloxy.
• R 1 is (C 3 -C 5 ) cycloalkyloxy.
• R 1 is heterocycloalkyl
• R 1 is heterocycloalkyl having only 6 ring atoms. Examples include but are not limited to morpholino, piperidinyl, piperazinyl N-Me-piperazinyl and pyranyl.
• R 1 is heterocycloalkyl having only 5 ring atoms. Examples include but are not limited to tetrahydrofuranyl and pyrrolidinyl.
• R 1 is a heterocycloalkyl group selected from Formulas B1-B16 depicted below:
• R 4 is selected from hydrogen, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl and C 3 -C 6 cycloalkylalkyl.
• R 1 is heterocycloalkyl(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl.
• R 1 is heterocycloalkyloxy.
• R 2 is selected from (C 1 -C 6 ) alkyl, (C 3 -C 10 ) cycloalkyl and (C 3 -C 7 ) cycloalkyl (C 1 -C 4 ) alkyl.
• R 2 is selected from (C 1 -C 6 ) alkyl, (C 3 -C 7 ) cycloalkyl and (C 3 -C 7 ) cycloalkyl (C 1 -C 4 ) alkyl.
• R 2 is selected from the group consisting of heterocycloalkyl, (C 3 -C 10 )cycloalkyl, and restricted phenyl.
• R 2 is selected from heterocycloalkyl and heterocycloalkyl(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl.
• R 2 is selected from restricted phenyl, restricted phenyl(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, heteroaryl and heteroaryl(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl.
• R 2 is selected from heteroaryl and heteroaryl(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl.
• R 2 is selected (C 3 -C 7 ) cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl and restricted phenyl.
• R 2 is selected (C 3 -C 7 ) cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl and heteroaryl.
• R 2 is (C 1 -C 6 ) alkyl.
• R 2 is (C 1 -C 3 ) alkyl.
• R 2 is (C 3 -C 7 ) cycloalkyl.
• R 2 is (C 3 -C 7 ) cycloalkyl substituted with one or two fluoro.
• R 2 is (C 3 -C 10 ) cycloalkyl.
• R 2 is (C 3 -C 10 ) cycloalkyl substituted with one or two fluoro.
• R 2 is (C 3 -C 5 ) cycloalkyl.
• R 2 is (C 3 -C 7 ) cycloalkyl (C 1 -C 4 ) alkyl.
• R 2 is (C 3 -C 5 ) cycloalkyl (C 1 -C 2 ) alkyl.
• R 2 is heterocycloalkyl
• R 2 is heterocycloalkyl having only 6 ring atoms.
• examples include but are not limited to morpholino, piperidinyl, piperazinyl N-Me-piperazinyl and pyranyl. Additional examples include 4-piperidinyl, 3-tetrahydropyranyl and 4-tetrahydropyranyl, which may be optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from the group consisting of halogen (e.g., F or Cl), —S(O) 2 (C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, OH, —C(O)—(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, CN, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, and (C 1 -C 4 )alkoxy
• halogen e.g., F or Cl
• R 2 is heterocycloalkyl having only 5 ring atoms. Examples include but are not limited to tetrahydrofuranyl and pyrrolidinyl.
• R 2 is a heterocycloalkyl group selected from Formulas B1-B16 depicted below:
• R 4 is selected from hydrogen, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl and C 3 -C 6 cycloalkylalkyl.
• R 2 is heterocycloalkyl(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl.
• R 2 is heteroaryl
• R 2 is a heterobicyclic ring system.
• R 2 is a monocyclic aromatic ring having 5-6 atoms selected from C, O, S and N provided that not more than 3 ring atoms are not C and where said ring may be optionally and independently substituted with up to two groups selected from C 1 -C 4 alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyloxy, C 1 -C 4 alkoxy, CF 3 , carboxyl, alkoxyalkyl, C 1 -C 4 cycloalkylalkoxy, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, amido, alkylamido, dialkylamido, thioalkyl, halogen, cyano, and nitro.
• R 2 is a monocyclic aromatic ring containing 5 atoms selected from C, O, S, and N provided that not more than 3 ring atoms are not C and where said ring may be optionally and independently substituted with up to two groups selected from C 1 -C 4 alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyloxy, C 1 -C 4 alkoxy, CF 3 , carboxyl, alkoxyalkyl, C 1 -C 4 cycloalkylalkoxy, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, amido, alkylamido, dialkylamido, thioalkyl, halogen, cyano, and nitro.
• R 2 is a monocyclic aromatic ring containing 6 atoms selected from C and N provided that not more than 3 ring atoms are not C and where said ring may be optionally and independently substituted with up to two groups selected from C 1 -C 4 alkyl, e.g., methyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyloxy, C 1 -C 4 alkoxy, CF 3 , carboxyl, alkoxyalkyl, C 1 -C 4 cycloalkylalkoxy, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, amido, alkylamido, dialkylamido, thioalkyl, halogen (e.g., F or Cl), cyano, and nitro.
• C 1 -C 4 alkyl e.g., methyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyloxy, C 1 -C 4 alkoxy, CF 3 , carboxyl, alkoxyalkyl, C 1 -
• R 2 is heteroaryl(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl.
• R 2 is restricted phenyl
• R 2 is restricted phenyl(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl.
• R 3 is selected from (C 1 -C 6 ) alkyl, (C 3 -C 7 ) cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl and restricted phenyl.
• R 3 is selected from (C 1 -C 6 ) alkyl, (C 3 -C 7 ) cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl and heteroaryl.
• R 3 is selected from (C 3 -C 7 ) cycloalkyl (C 1 -C 4 ) alkyl, heterocycloalkyl(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl and heteroaryl(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl.
• R 3 is selected from heterocycloalkyl(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl and heteroaryl(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl.
• R 3 is selected from heterocycloalkyl and heteroaryl.
• R 3 is (C 1 -C 6 ) alkyl.
• R 3 is (C 1 -C 3 ) alkyl.
• R 3 is (C 3 -C 7 ) cycloalkyl.
• R 3 is (C 3 -C 5 ) cycloalkyl.
• R 3 is (C 3 -C 7 ) cycloalkyl (C 1 -C 4 ) alkyl.
• R 3 is (C 3 -C 5 ) cycloalkyl (C 1 -C 2 ) alkyl.
• R 3 is heterocycloalkyl
• R 3 is heterocycloalkyl having only 6 ring atoms. Examples include but are not limited to morpholino, piperidinyl, piperazinyl N-Me-piperazinyl and pyranyl.
• R 3 is heterocycloalkyl having only 5 ring atoms. Examples include but are not limited to tetrahydrofuranyl and pyrrolidinyl.
• R 3 is a heterocycloalkyl group selected from Formulas B1-B16 depicted below:
• R 4 is selected from hydrogen, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl and C 3 -C 6 cycloalkylalkyl.
• R 3 is selected from the group consisting of a mono or bicyclic heteroaryl and restricted phenyl
• R 3 is pyrimidinylmethyl-, which may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen (e.g., F or Cl), —S(O) 2 (C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, OH, —C(O)—(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, CN, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, and (C 1 -C 4 )alkoxy.
• halogen e.g., F or Cl
• —S(O) 2 (C 1 -C 4 )alkyl OH, —C(O)—(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, CN, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, and (C 1 -C 4 )alkoxy.
• R 3 is (restricted phenyl)methyl-, which may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen (e.g., F or Cl), —S(O) 2 (C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, OH, —C(O)—(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, CN, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, and (C 1 -C 4 )alkoxy.
• halogen e.g., F or Cl
• R 3 is heterocycloalkyl(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl.
• R 3 is heteroaryl, e.g., mono or bicyclic heteroaryl.
• R 3 is a heterobicyclic ring system.
• R 3 is a monocyclic aromatic ring having 5-6 atoms selected from C, O, S and N provided that not more than 3 ring atoms are not C and where said ring may be optionally and independently substituted with up to two groups selected from C 1 -C 4 alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyloxy, C 1 -C 4 alkoxy, CF 3 , carboxyl, alkoxyalkyl, C 1 -C 4 cycloalkylalkoxy, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, amido, alkylamido, dialkylamido, thioalkyl, halogen, cyano, and nitro.
• R 3 is a monocyclic aromatic ring containing 5 atoms selected from C, O, S, and N provided that not more than 3 ring atoms are not C and where said ring may be optionally and independently substituted with up to two groups selected from C 1 -C 4 alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyloxy, C 1 -C 4 alkoxy, CF 3 , carboxyl, alkoxyalkyl, C 1 -C 4 cycloalkylalkoxy, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, amido, alkylamido, dialkylamido, thioalkyl, halogen, cyano, and nitro.
• R 3 is a monocyclic aromatic ring containing 6 atoms selected from C and N provided that not more than 3 ring atoms are not C and where said ring may be optionally and independently substituted with up to two groups selected from C 1 -C 4 alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyloxy, C 1 -C 4 alkoxy, e.g., —OMe, CF 3 , carboxyl, alkoxyalkyl, C 1 -C 4 cycloalkylalkoxy, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, amido, alkylamido, dialkylamido, thioalkyl, halogen, e.g., F, cyano, and nitro.
• R 3 is selected from the group consisting of a mono or bicyclic heteroaryl(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl and restricted phenyl(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl.
• R 3 is pyrimidinyl, which may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen (e.g., F or Cl), —S(O) 2 (C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, OH, —C(O)—(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, CN, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, and (C 1 -C 4 )alkoxy.
• halogen e.g., F or Cl
• —S(O) 2 (C 1 -C 4 )alkyl OH, —C(O)—(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, CN, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, and (C 1 -C 4 )alkoxy.
• R 3 is restricted phenyl, which may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen (e.g., F or Cl), —S(O) 2 (C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, OH, —C(O)—(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, CN, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, and (C 1 -C 4 )alkoxy.
• halogen e.g., F or Cl
• —S(O) 2 (C 1 -C 4 )alkyl OH, —C(O)—(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, CN, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, and (C 1 -C 4 )alkoxy.
• R 3 is heteroaryl(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl.
• R 2 is heteroaryl-CH 2 —.
• R 3 is restricted phenyl.
• R 3 is restricted phenyl(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl.
• R 3 is restricted phenyl-CH 2 —.
• the substituents are selected from halogen, CN, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, and (C 1 -C 4 )alkoxy.
• heterocycloalkyl is tetrahydropyranyl.
• heterocycloalkyl is piperidinyl.
• halogen is F or Cl.
• the compound of the invention is selected from one of the following list of individual compounds, each of which is intended to be a separate embodiment, and which is provided in table/list format solely as a convenience:
• the present invention is intended to include any novel compound or composition, e.g., pharmaceutical composition, described herein.
• the present invention includes all active metabolites of the compounds of the invention, e.g., N-oxide derivatives of the compounds of Formula (I).
• compositions in the disclosure may be in the form of pharmaceutically acceptable salts.
• pharmaceutically acceptable refers to salts prepared from pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic bases and acids, including inorganic and organic bases and inorganic and organic acids.
• Salts derived from inorganic bases include, but are not limited to lithium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium and zinc.
• Salts derived from organic bases include, but are not limited to ammonia, primary (e.g. Tromethamine), secondary and tertiary amines, and amino acids (e.g. Lysine).
• Salts derived from inorganic acids include, but are not limited to sulfuric, hydrochloric, phosphoric, methanesulfonic, hydrobromic.
• Salts derived from organic acids include, but are not limited to C 1-6 alkyl carboxylic acids, di-carboxylic acids and tricarboxylic acids such as acetic acid, propionic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, succinic acid, tartaric acid, adipic acid and citric acid, and alkylsulfonic acids such as methanesulfonic and aryl sulfonic acids such as para-toluene sulfonic acid and benzene sulfonic acid.
• alkylsulfonic acids such as methanesulfonic and aryl sulfonic acids such as para-toluene sulfonic acid and benzene sulfonic acid.
• the present invention also includes enantiomers, diastereomers or racemates of the compound.
• Enantiomers are a pair of stereoisomers that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other. A 1:1 mixture of a pair of enantiomers is a racemic mixture.
• the term “enantiomers” is used to designate a racemic mixture where appropriate.
• Diastereoisomers are stereoisomers that have at least two asymmetric atoms, but which are not mirror-images of each other.
• the absolute stereochemistry may be specified according to the Cahn- lngold- Prelog R—S system. When a compound is a pure enantiomer the stereochemistry at each chiral carbon may be specified by either R or S.
• Resolved compounds can be designated (+) or ( ⁇ ) depending on the direction (dextro- or levorotatory) which they rotate plane polarized light at the wavelength of the sodium D line.
• Certain of the compounds described herein contain one or more asymmetric centers or axes and may thus give rise to enantiomers, diastereomers, and other stereoisomeric forms that may be defined, in terms of absolute stereochemistry, as (R)— or (S)—.
• the present invention is meant to include all such possible isomers, including racemic mixtures, optically pure forms and intermediate mixtures.
• Optically active (R)— and (S)— isomers may be prepared using chiral synthons or chiral reagents, or resolved using conventional techniques. If the compound contains a double bond, the substituent may be E or Z configuration. If the compound contains a disubstituted cycloalkyl, the cycloalkyl substituent may have a cis- or trans-configuration.
• Any resulting mixtures of isomers can be separated on the basis of the physicochemical differences of the constituents, into the pure or substantially pure geometric or optical isomers, diastereomers, racemates, for example, by chromatography and/or fractional crystallization.
• any resulting racemates of final products or intermediates can be resolved into the optical antipodes by known methods, e.g., by separation of the diastereomeric salts thereof, obtained with an optically active acid or base, and liberating the optically active acidic or basic compound.
• a basic moiety may thus be employed to resolve the compounds of the present invention into their optical antipodes, e.g., by fractional crystallization of a salt formed with an optically active acid, e.g., tartaric acid, dibenzoyl tartaric acid, diacetyl tartaric acid, di-O,O′-p-toluoyl tartaric acid, mandelic acid, malic acid or camphor-10-sulfonic acid.
• Racemic products can also be resolved by chiral chromatography, e.g., high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) using a chiral adsorbent.
• HPLC high pressure liquid chromatography
• isomers refers to different compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in arrangement and configuration of the atoms.
• an optical isomer or “a stereoisomer” refers to any of the various stereo isomeric configurations which may exist for a given compound of the present invention and includes geometric isomers.
• any formula given herein is also intended to represent unlabeled forms as well as isotopically labeled forms of the compounds.
• Isotopically labeled compounds have structures depicted by the formulas given herein except that one or more atoms are replaced by an atom having a selected atomic mass or mass number.
• isotopes that can be incorporated into compounds of the invention include isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, fluorine, and chlorine, such as 2 H, 3 H, 11 C, 13 C, 14 C, 15 N, 18 F 31 P, 32 P, 35 S, 36 Cl, 125 I respectively.
• the invention includes various isotopically labeled compounds as defined herein, for example those into which radioactive isotopes, such as 3 H, 13 C, and 14 C, are present.
• isotopically labeled compounds may also be useful in metabolic studies (with 14 C), reaction kinetic studies (with, for example 2 H or 3 H), detection or imaging techniques, such as positron emission tomography (PET) or single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) including drug or substrate tissue distribution assays, or in radioactive treatment of patients.
• PET positron emission tomography
• SPECT single-photon emission computed tomography
• an 18 F or labeled compound may be particularly desirable for PET or SPECT studies.
• Isotopically labeled compounds of this invention and prodrugs thereof can generally be prepared by carrying out the procedures disclosed in the schemes or in the examples and preparations described below by substituting a readily available isotopically labeled reagent for a non-isotopically labeled reagent.
• isotopic enrichment factor means the ratio between the isotopic abundance and the natural abundance of a specified isotope.
• a substituent in a compound of this invention is denoted deuterium, such compound has an isotopic enrichment factor for each designated deuterium atom of at least 3500 (52.5% deuterium incorporation at each designated deuterium atom), at least 4000 (60% deuterium incorporation), at least 4500 (67.5% deuterium incorporation), at least 5000 (75% deuterium incorporation), at least 5500 (82.5% deuterium incorporation), at least 6000 (90% deuterium incorporation), at least 6333.3 (95% deuterium incorporation), at least 6466.7 (97% deuterium incorporation), at least 6600 (99% deuterium incorporation), or at least 6633.3 (99.5% deuterium incorporation).
• Isotopically-labeled compounds of Formula (I) can generally be prepared by conventional techniques known to those skilled in the art or by processes analogous to those described in the accompanying Examples and Preparations using an appropriate isotopically-labeled reagents in place of the non-labeled reagent previously employed.
• Crystal forms include single-component crystal forms and multiple-component crystal forms, and include, but are not limited to, polymorphs, solvates, hydrates, and/or other molecular complexes.
• a crystalline form is substantially pure, isolated or enriched in one crystalline form, and/or is substantially free of amorphous forms and/or other crystal forms.
• compounds and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof may be in the form of a solvate. i.e., a substance formed by chemical union of two or more elements or ingredients in definite proportion by weight. In certain embodiments, this occurs when a compound of Formula (I) crystallize in a manner that it incorporates solvent molecules into the crystal lattice.
• solvents forming solvates are water (hydrates), MeOH, EtOH, iPrOH, and acetone.
• Formula (I) covers all solvates of the depicted compounds.
• Pharmaceutically acceptable solvates in accordance with the invention also include those wherein the solvent of crystallization may be isotopically substituted, e.g. D 2 O, d 6 -acetone, d 6 -DMSO.
• Compounds of the invention i.e. compounds of Formula (I) that contain groups capable of acting as donors and/or acceptors for hydrogen bonds may be capable of forming co-crystals with suitable co-crystal formers.
• These co-crystals may be prepared from compounds of Formula (I) by known co-crystal forming procedures. Such procedures include grinding, heating, co-subliming, co-melting, or contacting in solution compounds of Formula (I) with the co-crystal former under crystallization conditions and isolating co-crystals thereby formed.
• Suitable co-crystal formers include those described in WO 2004/078163. Hence the invention further provides co-crystals comprising a compound of Formula (I).
• the compounds of the present invention may also form internal salts, e.g., zwitterionic molecules.
• the present invention also provides pro-drugs of the compounds of the present invention that convert in vivo to the compounds of the present invention.
• a pro-drug is a compound that is modified chemically through in vivo physiological action, such as hydrolysis, metabolism and the like, into a compound of this invention following administration of the prodrug to a subject.
• the suitability and techniques involved in making and using pro-drugs are well known by those skilled in the art.
• Prodrugs can be conceptually divided into two non-exclusive categories, bioprecursor prodrugs and carrier prodrugs. See The Practice of Medicinal Chemistry , Ch. 31-32 (Ed. Wermuth, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif., 2001).
• bioprecursor prodrugs are compounds, which are inactive or have low activity compared to the corresponding active drug compound that contain one or more protective groups and are converted to an active form by metabolism or solvolysis. Both the active drug form and any released metabolic products should have acceptably low toxicity.
• Carrier prodrugs are drug compounds that contain a transport moiety, e.g., that improve uptake and/or localized delivery to a site(s) of action.
• a transport moiety e.g., that improve uptake and/or localized delivery to a site(s) of action.
• the linkage between the drug moiety and the transport moiety is a covalent bond
• the prodrug is inactive or less active than the drug compound
• any released transport moiety is acceptably non-toxic.
• the transport moiety is intended to enhance uptake
• the release of the transport moiety should be rapid.
• it is desirable to utilize a moiety that provides slow release e.g., certain polymers or other moieties, such as cyclodextrins.
• Carrier prodrugs can, for example, be used to improve one or more of the following properties: increased lipophilicity, increased duration of pharmacological effects, increased site-specificity, decreased toxicity and adverse reactions, and/or improvement in drug formulation (e.g., stability, water solubility, suppression of an undesirable organoleptic or physiochemical property).
• lipophilicity can be increased by esterification of (a) hydroxyl groups with lipophilic carboxylic acids (e.g., a carboxylic acid having at least one lipophilic moiety), or (b) carboxylic acid groups with lipophilic alcohols (e.g., an alcohol having at least one lipophilic moiety, for example aliphatic alcohols).
• prodrugs are, e.g., esters of free carboxylic acids and S-acyl derivatives of thiols and O-acyl derivatives of alcohols or phenols, wherein acyl has a meaning as defined herein.
• Suitable prodrugs are often pharmaceutically acceptable ester derivatives convertible by solvolysis under physiological conditions to the parent carboxylic acid, e.g., lower alkyl esters, cycloalkyl esters, lower alkenyl esters, benzyl esters, mono- or di-substituted lower alkyl esters, such as the ⁇ -(amino, mono- or di-lower alkylamino, carboxy, lower alkoxycarbonyl)-lower alkyl esters, the ⁇ -(lower alkanoyloxy, lower alkoxycarbonyl or di-lower alkylaminocarbonyl)-lower alkyl esters, such as the pivaloyloxymethyl ester and the like conventionally used
• amines have been masked as arylcarbonyloxymethyl substituted derivatives which are cleaved by esterases in vivo releasing the free drug and formaldehyde (Bundgaard, J. Med. Chem. 2503 (1989)).
• drugs containing an acidic NH group such as imidazole, imide, indole and the like, have been masked with N-acyloxymethyl groups (Bundgaard, Design of Prodrugs , Elsevier (1985)); and hydroxy groups have been masked as esters and ethers.
• EP 039,051 (Sloan and Little) discloses Mannich-base hydroxamic acid prodrugs, their preparation and use.
• Other therapeutic agents may be administered either simultaneously with, before, or after compounds of the present invention.
• the compounds of the present invention may be administered separately, by the same or different route of administration, or together in the same pharmaceutical composition as the other agent(s).
• Compounds of the disclosure may also be used in mammals and humans in conjunction with conventional cognition enhancing or neuroprotective medications including donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine and memantine. Additional medications could include additional cholinesterase inhibitors, NMDA receptor antagonists, nicotinic agonists (including ⁇ 7 agonists), muscarinic agonists (including M 1 agonists) and 5-HT 6 antagonists.
• additional medications could include additional cholinesterase inhibitors, NMDA receptor antagonists, nicotinic agonists (including ⁇ 7 agonists), muscarinic agonists (including M 1 agonists) and 5-HT 6 antagonists.
• the combination of a compound of Formula (I) with a subtherapeutic dose of an aforementioned conventional cognition enhancer or neuroprotective medication may afford certain treatment advantages including improved side effect profiles and lower dosing requirements.
• Compounds in the disclosure and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, prodrugs, as well as metabolites of the compounds, may also be used to treat PDE9 associated diseases or disorders, e.g., CNS disorders and conditions, urogenital disorders and cardiovascular disorders.
• the imidazotriazinone compounds of Formula (I) are useful as inhibitors of at least one phosphodiesterase 9.
• a compound of Formula (I) selectively inhibits PDE9A.
• Another aspect of the invention provides a method for treating a PDE9 associated disease or disorder comprising administering to a subject an effective amount of a compound of the invention, e.g., in a pharmaceutical composition of the invention.
• the invention provides a method of inhibiting PDE9 in a subject, wherein the method comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the invention, e.g., a compound of Formula (I),
• Another embodiment of the invention provides a method of treating a PDE9 associated disease or disorder comprising administering to a subject an effective amount of a compound of the invention, e.g., in a pharmaceutical composition of the invention, such that PDE9 is inhibited in the subject.
• the PDE9 associated diseases or disorders that may be treated by the compounds of the invention are those disorders or diseases associated with abnormal PDE9 activity, or aberrant levels of cGMP.
• the PDE9 associated disease or disorder is a central nervous system (CNS) disease or disorder, a neurodegeneration disorder, or a disorder that may affect CNS function, wherein each of these diseases or disorders is related to the modulation of cGMP levels.
• CNS central nervous system
• the PDE9 associated disease or disorder is a disease or disorder caused by a relative reduction in synaptic plasticity and synaptic processes, e.g., as in learning or memory.
• the compounds of the invention serve to treat these disorders by acting to increase synaptic plasticity and synaptic processes.
• Exemplary CNS disorders include Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS or Lou Gerig's disease), Binswanger's dementia (subcortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy), bipolar disorders, Down's syndrome, frontotemporal lobar degeneration or dementia, glaucoma, Huntington's diseases (chorea), HIV-associated dementia, Lewy body dementia, multiple sclerosis, multiple system atrophy, Parkinson's disease, presenile dementia (mild cognitive impairment), schizophrenia, spinocerebellar ataxies, Steel-Richardson-Olszewski disease (progressive supranuclear palsy), vascular dementia, attention deficit disorder (ADD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
• ALS amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
• Binswanger's dementia subcortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy
• bipolar disorders Down's syndrome, frontotemporal lobar degeneration or dementia
• glaucoma Huntington's
• Exemplary neurodegeneration disorders include either traumatic (closed or open, penetrating head injuries) or non-traumatic (stroke, aneurism, hypoxia) injury to the brain.
• PDE9 associated diseases or disorders characterized by aberrant levels of cGMP may also include dystonia, including for example, generalized, focal, segmental, sexual, intermediate, acute dystonic reaction, and genetic/primary; and dyskinesia, including for example, acute, chronic/tardive, and non-motor.
• PDE9 associated diseases or disorders characterized by a relative reduction in synaptic plasticity and synaptic processes include, for example, obsessive compulsive disorder, Fragile X, Rhett's, Williams syndrome, Renpenning's syndrome, autism spectrum disorders, including autism, Asperger's syndrome, pervasive development disorder, Rhettt's syndrome, and childhood disintegrative disorder
• the treatment of PDE9 associated diseases or disorders by the compounds of the disclosure can include Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS or Lou Gerig's disease), Binswanger's dementia (subcortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy), bipolar disorders, Down's syndrome, frontotemporal lobar degeneration or dementia, glaucoma, Huntington's diseases (chorea), HIV-associated dementia, Lewy body dementia, multiple sclerosis, multiple system atrophy, Parkinson's disease, presenile dementia (mild cognitive impairment), schizophrenia, spinocerebellar ataxies, Steel-Richardson-Olszewski disease (progressive supranuclear palsy), vascular dementia, attention deficit disorder (ADD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
• Alzheimer's disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS or Lou Gerig's disease), Binswanger's dementia (subcortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy), bipolar disorders, Down's
• the treatment of CNS disorders and conditions by the compounds of the disclosure can include Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS or Lou Gehrig's disease), bipolar disorders, frontotemporal dementia, multiple system atrophy, Parkinson's disease, presenile dementia (mild cognitive impairment) and vascular dementia.
• ALS amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
• bipolar disorders ALS or Lou Gehrig's disease
• frontotemporal dementia multiple system atrophy
• Parkinson's disease presenile dementia (mild cognitive impairment)
• vascular dementia vascular dementia
• compounds of the disclosure may be used for the treatment of neurodegeneration disorders caused by either traumatic (closed or open, penetrating head injuries) or non-traumatic (stroke, aneurism, hypoxia) injury to the brain.
• the present invention may also be useful for the treatment of cognitive impairment or dysfunction resulting from brain injuries or neurogenerative disorders.
• a method of treating a PDE9 associated disease or disorder comprising administering to a subject an effective amount of a compound of the invention, e.g., in a pharmaceutical composition of the invention, in combination with a second therapeutic agent suitable to offer advantages of single administration, including for example, improved therapeutic effectiveness and reduction of therapeutic dose of the compound of the invention.
• the methods of the present invention may include an additional step of administering the second therapeutic agent.
• Compounds of the disclosure may also be used, e.g., in mammals and humans, in conjunction with conventional cognition enhancing or neuroprotective medications including donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine and memantine.
• Additional medications could include additional cholinesterase inhibitors, NMDA receptor antagonists, nicotinic agonists (including ⁇ 7 agonists), muscarinic agonists (including M 1 agonists) and 5-HT 6 antagonists.
• NMDA receptor antagonists include additional cholinesterase inhibitors, NMDA receptor antagonists, nicotinic agonists (including ⁇ 7 agonists), muscarinic agonists (including M 1 agonists) and 5-HT 6 antagonists.
• nicotinic agonists including ⁇ 7 agonists
• muscarinic agonists including M 1 agonists
• 5-HT 6 antagonists 5-HT 6 antagonists.
• the subject has been diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease or pre-Alzheimer's disease. In certain embodiments, the subject has been diagnosed with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease. In certain embodiments, the subject has been diagnosed with moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease. In certain embodiments, the subject has been diagnosed with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder.
• the method may improve one or more facets of cognition impairment, for example, related to Alzheimer's disease, selected from, but not limited to learning, delayed memory, attention, working memory, visual learning, speed of processing, vigilance, verbal learning, visual motor function, social cognition, long term memory or executive function.
• facets of cognition impairment for example, related to Alzheimer's disease, selected from, but not limited to learning, delayed memory, attention, working memory, visual learning, speed of processing, vigilance, verbal learning, visual motor function, social cognition, long term memory or executive function.
• the methods described herein may be used to treat Alzheimer's disease (AD), also called Alzheimer disease, senile dementia of the Alzheimer type, primary degenerative dementia of the Alzheimer's type, or simply Alzheimer's, which is the most common form of demetia. It is a degenerative disease most often diagnosed in subjects over 65 years old. Without wishing to be bound by theory, the first symptoms of Alzheimer's are often mistaken as related to aging and stress. The early symptoms can affect most daily living activities, including feeding oneself, bathing, dressing, grooming, work, homemaking, leisure activitie, and memory loss.
• AD Alzheimer's disease
• senile dementia of the Alzheimer type senile dementia of the Alzheimer type
• primary degenerative dementia of the Alzheimer's type or simply Alzheimer's, which is the most common form of demetia. It is a degenerative disease most often diagnosed in subjects over 65 years old.
• the first symptoms of Alzheimer's are often mistaken as related to aging and stress. The early symptoms can affect most daily living activities, including feeding oneself,
• Moderate AD (a term also well known in the art) is characterized by speech difficulties, impairment of reading and writing skills, and complex motor sequences becoming less coordinated making the risk of falling increasingly higher.
• moderate AD memory problems worsen, and the subject may fail to recognize close relatives.
• Long term memory also becomes impaired.
• Moderate AD often leads to advanced, or severe AD (both terms well known in the art), where the subject is completely dependent on caregivers. Language is reduced to simple phrases or even single words, eventually leading to complete loss of speech.
• the invention provides a method of inhibiting PDE9 in a subject, wherein the method comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the invention, e.g., a compound of Formula (I), such that PDE9 is inhibited in the subject.
• a compound of the invention e.g., a compound of Formula (I)
• the compounds of the present invention may be used to improve or enhance PDE9 related function, for example, related to memory and cognition, through modulation of cGMP levels.
• the present invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions for treating a subject having a PDE9 associated disease or disorder.
• the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition for treating a PDE9 associated disease or disorder comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the invention, e.g., a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, carrier or diluent.
• a compound of the invention e.g., a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, carrier or diluent.
• the pharmaceutical compositions can be administered in a variety of dosage forms including, but not limited to, a solid dosage form or in a liquid dosage form, an oral dosage form, a parenteral dosage form, an intranasal dosage form, a suppository, a lozenge, a troche, buccal, a controlled release dosage form, a pulsed release dosage form, an immediate release dosage form, an intravenous solution, a suspension or combinations thereof.
• the dosage can be an oral dosage form that is a controlled release dosage form.
• the oral dosage form can be a tablet or a caplet.
• the compounds can be administered, for example, by oral or parenteral routes, including intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, transdermal, airway (aerosol), rectal, vaginal and topical (including buccal and sublingual) administration.
• oral or parenteral routes including intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, transdermal, airway (aerosol), rectal, vaginal and topical (including buccal and sublingual) administration.
• the compounds or pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds are delivered to a desired site, such as the brain, by continuous injection via a shunt.
• the compound in another embodiment, can be administered parenterally, such as intravenous (i.v.) administration.
• the formulations for administration will commonly comprise a solution of the compound of the Formula (I) dissolved in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• acceptable vehicles and solvents that can be employed are water and Ringer's solution, an isotonic sodium chloride.
• sterile fixed oils can conventionally be employed as a solvent or suspending medium.
• any bland fixed oil can be employed including synthetic mono- or diglycerides.
• fatty acids such as oleic acid can likewise be used in the preparation of injectables. These solutions are sterile and generally free of undesirable matter.
• These formulations may be sterilized by conventional, well known sterilization techniques.
• the formulations may contain pharmaceutically acceptable auxiliary substances as required to approximate physiological conditions such as pH adjusting and buffering agents, toxicity adjusting agents, e.g., sodium acetate, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, calcium chloride, sodium lactate and the like.
• concentration of compound of Formula (I) in these formulations can vary widely, and will be selected primarily based on fluid volumes, viscosities, body weight, and the like, in accordance with the particular mode of administration selected and the patient's needs.
• the formulation can be a sterile injectable preparation, such as a sterile injectable aqueous or oleaginous suspension. This suspension can be formulated according to the known art using those suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents.
• the sterile injectable preparation can also be a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a nontoxic parenterally-acceptable diluent or solvent, such as a solution of 1,3-butanediol.
• a compound of Formula (I) can be administered by introduction into the central nervous system of the subject, e.g., into the cerebrospinal fluid of the subject.
• the formulations for administration will commonly comprise a solution of the compound of Formula (I) dissolved in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• the compound of Formula (I) is introduced intrathecally, e.g., into a cerebral ventricle, the lumbar area, or the cisterna magna.
• the compound of Formula (I) is introduced intraocullarly, to thereby contact retinal ganglion cells.
• the pharmaceutically acceptable formulations can easily be suspended in aqueous vehicles and introduced through conventional hypodermic needles or using infusion pumps. Prior to introduction, the formulations can be sterilized with, preferably, gamma radiation or electron beam sterilization.
• the pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula (I) is administered into a subject intrathecally.
• intrathecal administration is intended to include delivering a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula (I) directly into the cerebrospinal fluid of a subject, by techniques including lateral cerebroventricular injection through a burrhole or cisternal or lumbar puncture or the like (described in Lazorthes et al. Advances in Drug Delivery Systems and Applications in Neurosurgery, 143-192 and Omaya et al., Cancer Drug Delivery, 1: 169-179, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference).
• lumbar region is intended to include the area between the third and fourth lumbar (lower back) vertebrae.
• ceisterna magna is intended to include the area where the skull ends and the spinal cord begins at the back of the head.
• cervical ventricle is intended to include the cavities in the brain that are continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord.
• Administration of a compound of Formula (I) to any of the above mentioned sites can be achieved by direct injection of the pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound of Formula (I) or by the use of infusion pumps.
• the pharmaceutical compositions can be formulated in liquid solutions, preferably in physiologically compatible buffers such as Hank's solution or Ringer's solution.
• compositions may be formulated in solid form and re-dissolved or suspended immediately prior to use. Lyophilized forms are also included.
• the injection can be, for example, in the form of a bolus injection or continuous infusion (e.g., using infusion pumps) of pharmaceutical composition.
• the pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula (I) is administered by lateral cerebro ventricular injection into the brain of a subject.
• the injection can be made, for example, through a burr hole made in the subject's skull.
• the encapsulated therapeutic agent is administered through a surgically inserted shunt into the cerebral ventricle of a subject.
• the injection can be made into the lateral ventricles, which are larger, even though injection into the third and fourth smaller ventricles can also be made.
• the pharmaceutical composition is administered by injection into the cisterna magna, or lumbar area of a subject.
• the compounds will generally be provided in unit dosage forms of a tablet, pill, dragee, lozenge or capsule; as a powder or granules; or as an aqueous solution, suspension, liquid, gels, syrup, slurry, etc. suitable for ingestion by the patient.
• Tablets for oral use may include the active ingredients mixed with pharmaceutically acceptable excipients such as inert diluents, disintegrating agents, binding agents, lubricating agents, sweetening agents, flavoring agents, coloring agents and preservatives.
• suitable inert diluents include, but are not limited to sodium and calcium carbonate, sodium and calcium phosphate, and lactose, while corn starch and alginic acid are suitable disintegrating agents.
• Binding agents may include, but are not limited to starch and gelatin, while the lubricating agent, if present, will generally be magnesium stearate, stearic acid or talc. If desired, the tablets may be coated with a material such as glyceryl monostearate or glyceryl distearate, to delay absorption in the gastrointestinal tract.
• compositions for oral use can be obtained through combination of a compound of Formula (I) with a solid excipient, optionally grinding a resulting mixture, and processing the mixture of granules, after adding suitable additional compounds, if desired, to obtain tablets or dragee cores.
• Suitable solid excipients in addition to those previously mentioned are carbohydrate or protein fillers that include, but are not limited to, sugars, including lactose, sucrose, mannitol, or sorbitol; starch from corn, wheat, rice, potato, or other plants; cellulose such as methyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl-cellulose or sodium carboxymethylcellulose; and gums including arabic and tragacanth; as well as proteins such as gelatin and collagen.
• disintegrating or solubilizing agents may be added, such as the cross-linked polyvinyl pyrrolidone, agar, alginic acid, or a salt thereof, such as sodium alginate.
• Capsules for oral use include hard gelatin capsules in which the active ingredient is mixed with a solid diluent, and soft gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredients is mixed with water or an oil such as peanut oil, liquid paraffin or olive oil.
• Dragee cores are provided with suitable coatings.
• suitable coatings For this purpose, concentrated sugar solutions may be used, which may optionally contain gum arabic, talc, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, carbopol gel, polyethylene glycol, and/or titanium dioxide, lacquer solutions, and suitable organic solvents or solvent mixtures.
• Dyestuffs or pigments may be added to the tablets or dragee coatings for identification or to characterize different combinations of active compound doses.
• penetrants appropriate to the barrier to be permeated are used in the formulation.
• penetrants are generally known in the art.
• Formulations for rectal administration may be presented as a suppository with a suitable base comprising for example cocoa butter or a salicylate.
• Formulations suitable for vaginal administration may be presented as pessaries, tampons, creams, gels, pastes, foams or spray formulations containing in addition to the active ingredient such carriers as are known in the art to be appropriate.
• the compounds will generally be provided in sterile aqueous solutions or suspensions, buffered to an appropriate pH and isotonicity.
• Suitable aqueous vehicles include Ringer's solution and isotonic sodium chloride.
• Aqueous suspensions may include suspending agents such as cellulose derivatives, sodium alginate, polyvinyl-pyrrolidone and gum tragacanth, and a wetting agent such as lecithin.
• suspending agents such as cellulose derivatives, sodium alginate, polyvinyl-pyrrolidone and gum tragacanth
• a wetting agent such as lecithin.
• Suitable preservatives for aqueous suspensions include ethyl and n-propyl p-hydroxybenzoate.
• the suppositories for rectal administration of the drug can be prepared by mixing the drug with a suitable non-irritating excipient which is solid at ordinary temperatures but liquid at the rectal temperatures and will therefore melt in the rectum to release the drug.
• suitable non-irritating excipient which is solid at ordinary temperatures but liquid at the rectal temperatures and will therefore melt in the rectum to release the drug.
• suitable non-irritating excipient are cocoa butter and polyethylene glycols.
• the compounds can be delivered transdermally, by a topical route, formulated as applicator sticks, solutions, suspensions, emulsions, gels, creams, ointments, pastes, jellies, paints, powders, or aerosols.
• Aqueous suspensions can contain a compound of Formula (I) in admixture with excipients suitable for the manufacture of aqueous suspensions.
• excipients include, but are not limited to a suspending agent, such as sodium carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, sodium alginate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, gum tragacanth and gum acacia, and dispersing or wetting agents such as a naturally occurring phosphatide (e.g., lecithin), a condensation product of an alkylene oxide with a fatty acid (e.g., polyoxyethylene stearate), a condensation product of ethylene oxide with a long chain aliphatic alcohol (e.g., heptadecaethylene oxycetanol), a condensation product of ethylene oxide with a partial ester derived from a fatty acid and a hexitol (e.g., poly
• the aqueous suspension can also contain one or more preservatives such as ethyl or n-propyl p-hydroxybenzoate, one or more coloring agents, one or more flavoring agents and one or more sweetening agents, such as sucrose, aspartame or saccharin.
• preservatives such as ethyl or n-propyl p-hydroxybenzoate
• coloring agents such as a coloring agent
• flavoring agents such as aqueous suspension
• sweetening agents such as sucrose, aspartame or saccharin.
• Formulations can be adjusted for osmolarity.
• Oil suspensions can be formulated by suspending a compound of Formula (I) in a vegetable oil, such as arachis oil, olive oil, sesame oil or coconut oil, or in a mineral oil such as liquid paraffin; or a mixture of these.
• the oil suspensions can contain a thickening agent, such as beeswax, hard paraffin or cetyl alcohol.
• Sweetening agents can be added to provide a palatable oral preparation, such as glycerol, sorbitol or sucrose.
• These formulations can be preserved by the addition of an antioxidant such as ascorbic acid.
• an injectable oil vehicle see Minto, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 281:93-102, 1997.
• the pharmaceutical formulations can also be in the form of oil-in-water emulsions.
• the oily phase can be a vegetable oil or a mineral oil, described above, or a mixture of these.
• Suitable emulsifying agents include naturally-occurring gums, such as gum acacia and gum tragacanth, naturally occurring phosphatides, such as soybean lecithin, esters or partial esters derived from fatty acids and hexitol anhydrides, such as sorbitan mono-oleate, and condensation products of these partial esters with ethylene oxide, such as polyoxyethylene sorbitan mono-oleate.
• the emulsion can also contain sweetening agents and flavoring agents, as in the formulation of syrups and elixirs. Such formulations can also contain a demulcent, a preservative, or a coloring agent.
• the compounds may also be formulated as a depot preparation. Such long acting formulations may be administered by implantation or transcutaneous delivery (e.g., subcutaneously or intramuscularly), intramuscular injection or a transdermal patch.
• the compounds may be formulated with suitable polymeric or hydrophobic materials (e.g., as an emulsion in an acceptable oil) or ion exchange resins, or as sparingly soluble derivatives, for example, as a sparingly soluble salt.
• compositions also may comprise suitable solid or gel phase carriers or excipients.
• suitable solid or gel phase carriers or excipients include but are not limited to calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, various sugars, starches, cellulose derivatives, gelatin, and polymers such as polyethylene glycols.
• the compounds are conveniently delivered in the form of an aerosol spray presentation from pressurized packs or a nebulizer, with the use of a suitable propellant, e.g., dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, dichlorotetrafluoroethane, carbon dioxide or other suitable gas.
• a suitable propellant e.g., dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, dichlorotetrafluoroethane, carbon dioxide or other suitable gas.
• a suitable propellant e.g., dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, dichlorotetrafluoroethane, carbon dioxide or other suitable gas.
• a suitable propellant e.g., dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, dichlorotetrafluoroethane, carbon dioxide or other suitable gas.
• a suitable dose will be in the range of 0.001 to 150 mg per kilogram body weight of the recipient per day, e.g., in the range of 0.01 to 100 mg per kilogram body weight of the recipient per day, e.g., in the range of 0.2 to 10 mg per kilogram body weight per day.
• the desired dose is presented once daily, but may be dosed as two, three, four, five, six or more sub-doses administered at appropriate intervals throughout the day.
• the compounds can be administered as the sole active agent, or in combination with other known therapeutics to be beneficial in the treatment of neurological disorders.
• the administering physician can provide a method of treatment that is prophylactic or therapeutic by adjusting the amount and timing of drug administration on the basis of observations of one or more symptoms (e.g., motor or cognitive function as measured by standard clinical scales or assessments) of the disorder being treated.
• PDE11A isoforms of the phosphodiesterase enzyme to determine activity and overall selectivity through comparative analysis.
• the assay generally consists of testing the compounds of the invention at 10 concentrations. Where 8-methoxy-IBMX and Zaprinast were used as reference inhibitors.
• the phosphodiesterase enzyme isoforms were obtained from a commercial retailer (Reaction Biology Corporation, Malvern, Pa.) for use in the instant screening assay.
• the off-chip incubation mobility-shift phosphodiesterase assay uses a microfluidic chip to measure the conversion of a fluorescent cyclic AMP substrate to a 5′-AMP product, or a cyclic GMP substrate to a 5′-GMP product.
• the reaction mixture from a microtiter plate well, is introduced through a capillary sipper onto the chip, where the fluorescent substrate and product are separated by electrophoresis and detected via laser-induced fluorescence.
• the signature of the fluorescence signal over time reveals the extent of the reaction.
• the precision of microfluidics allows researchers to detect subtle interactions between drug candidates and therapeutic targets.
• the technology is able to detect both strong and weak inhibitors with high accuracy, and routinely identifies drug candidates that conventional techniques miss.
• Reactions were carried out in 100 mM HEPES (pH 7.5), 5 mM MgCl2, 1 mM DTT, 0.003% Brij, 4.0 ⁇ M cGMP substrate.
• the reaction was started by addition of cGMP or cAMP and incubated for 1 hour at R.T.
• the reaction was terminated by the addition of stop buffer containing 100 mM HEPES (pH 7.5), 15 mM EDTA, 0.015% Brij-35, 5% DMSO.
• Cyclic AMP/GMP substrate and 5′-AMP/5′-GMP product were separated by charge using electrophoretic mobility shift. Product formed was compared to control wells to determine inhibition or enhancement of enzyme activity.
• One or more reference compounds selected from 8-methoxy-IBMX, Zaprinast, Trequinsin, Pentoxifyline, Rolipram, and Vinpocetine, Dipyridamole, and BRL-50481 were run alongside client samples to ensure data quality.
• the resulting IC50 is compared against the historical average and must be within 3-fold of this average.
• IC50s were determined using GraphPad Prism Version 5.01 and the log (inhibitor) vs. response—variable slope curve fit. Selectivity values shown in the table below were made by comparison of IC50 values for the various isoforms, and calculated, for example, as a ratio of the IC50 of PDE9A2 to the IC50 of PDE1A or PDE1B; wherein a value greater than 1 indicates a greater selectivity for PDE9A2.
• the benzyl 2-(benzyloxy)-2-methylpropanoate (3.6 g, 13 mmol) was refluxed in aqueous THF/MeOH/NaOH solution (2.0 g, 40/40/40 mL) for 1 h.
• the CH 2 Cl 2 was evaporated, the residue was dissolved in aqueous NaOH (1 M, 40 mL).
• the aqueous solution was extracted with chloroform (2 ⁇ 30 mL).
• 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-5-carboxylic acid was prepared as described in J. Het.Chem., 2010, 47, p. 1171.
• Oxalyl chloride (7.2 mL, 83 mmol) was cooled to 0° C. and 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrane (5.0 mL, 55.4 mmol) was added.
• the solution was slowly warmed to ambient temperature and stirring was continued for 1 h.
• Excess oxalyl chloride was evaporated in vacuo at 30° C. The mixture was then heated to 120° C. for 0.5 h, cooled to ambient temperature, and poured into ice-cold aqueous solution of Na 2 CO 3 .
• 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-5-carboxylic acid (5.0 g, 39 mmol) was hydrogenated with H 2 under Pd/C (30%, 500 mg) in EtOH (100 mL) for 2 days at room temperature. The solution was filtered, EtOH was evaporated, and crude tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3-carboxylic acid (4.5 g) was used for next step without purification.
• the aqueous phase was adjusted to pH 4.6 with NaH 2 PO 4 .H 2 O (10.3 g, 73 mmol) and 10% HCl, tehn saturated with NaCl.
• the solution was extracted with i-PrOH/CH 2 Cl 2 (1:3, 5 ⁇ 120 mL).
• the combined organic phase was washed with brine (100 mL), dried over magnesium sulfate.
• Ammonium chloride (4.01 g, 7.5 mmol) was suspended in dry toluene (90 mL) and the mixture was then cooled to 0° C. under argon. A solution of trimethylaluminum in heptane (37.5 mL, 2.0 M, 7.5 mmol) was added drop-wise and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature until no more evolution of gas was observed (about 2 hours). After addition of (3S,4S)-methyl 1-benzyl-4-methylpyrrolidine-3-carboxylate (3.50 g, 1.5 mmol) at RT, resulting reaction mixture was stirred at RT for 0.5 h, then heated at 80° C. for 24 h.
• Benzylmethoxymethyl-trimethylsilanylmethylamine (118.71 g, 500 mmole) was added drop-wise to a stirred solution of methyl trans-2-pentenoate (50.00 g, 500 mmol) and TFA (1.0 mL) in dry ethyl acetate (1000 mL) at a rate to maintain the temperature below 50° C. After the addition was complete, the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature under argon for 5 hours. Saturated NaHCO 3 (200 mL) was added and the mixture was stirred for 0.5 hour. The organic phase was separated from aqueous phase, and the latter was extracted with EtOAc (150 mL).
• Ammonium chloride (26.75 g, 500 mmol) was suspended in dry toluene (600 mL) and the mixture was then cooled to 0° C. A solution of trimethylaluminum in hexane (250 mL, 2.0 M, 500 mmol) was added drop-wise and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature until no more evolution of gas was observed (about 3 hours). (+/ ⁇ )-(3(3,4-Trans)-methyl 1-benzyl-4-methylpyrrolidine-3-carboxylate (23.33 g, 100 mmol) was added and the resulting mixture was heated at 80° C. for 24 h.
• Racemic (+/ ⁇ )-2-((3,4-trans)-1-benzyl-4-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)-7-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)imidazo[1,5-f][1,2,4]triazin-4(3H)-one was purified by Chiralpak IA, 250 ⁇ 20 mm, 5 um (100 mg loading; 0.1% TEA in n-Hexane:IPA (90:10) as mobile phase) to obtain ( ⁇ )-2-((3,4-trans)-1-benzyl-4-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)-7-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)imidazo[1,5-f][1,2,4]triazin-4(3H)-one and (+)-2-((3,4-trans)-1-benzyl-4-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)-7-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)imidazo[1,5-f][1,2,4]
• (+)-2-((3,4-trans)-1-benzyl-4-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)-7-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)imidazo[5,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-4(3H)-one 0.5 g 1.27 mmol
• MeOH MeOH
• 10% Pd—C 150 mg
• the reaction mixture was passed through a pad of celite and dried in vacuo to obtain crude.
• (+)-2-((3,4-trans)-4-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)-7-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)imidazo[5,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-4(3H)-one 100 mg, 0.33 mmol
• ACN 10 mL
• 6-(chloromethyl)imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazine 60.6 mg, 0.33 mmol
• iron triflate 33.2 mg, 0.066 mmol
• Cs 2 CO 3 (215 mg, 0.66 mmol
• TFA in water ACN; 1.0 ml/min); UPLC (purity): 99.01%; (column; Acquity BEH C-18, 50 ⁇ 2.1 mm, 1.7 ⁇ ; RT 1.42 min. 0.025% TFA (Aq): ACN:DMSO; 0.50 ml/min.; TLC: 5% MeOH/DCM (Rf:0.5).
• (+)-2-((3,4-trans)-4-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)-7-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)imidazo[5,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-4(3H)-one 75 mg, 0.247 mmol
• ACN 2-(chloromethyl)quinoline
• Iron triflate 24 mg, 0.049 mmol
• Cs 2 CO 3 177 mg, 0.54 mmol
• TFA 0.1% Aqueous TFA: ACN; 1.0 ml/min); UPLC (purity): 96.63%; (column; Acquity BEH C-18, 50 ⁇ 2.1 mm, 1.7 ⁇ ; RT 1.59 min. 0.025% TFA (Aq): ACN:Water; 0.50 ml/min.; TLC: 5% MeOH/DCM (Rf:0.5).
• Racemic (+/ ⁇ )-7-((1s,3R)-adamantan-1-yl)-2-((3,4-trans)-1-benzyl-4-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)imidazo[5,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-4(3H)-one was purified by Chiralpak IC, 250 ⁇ 20 mm, 5 um (80 mg loading; 0.1% TEA in n-Hexane:Ethanol (90:10) as mobile phase) to obtain pure fraction 1 ((+)-7-((1s,3R)-adamantan-1-yl)-2-((3,4-trans)-1-benzyl-4-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)imidazo[5,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-4(3H)-one) and pure fraction 2 (( ⁇ )-7-((1s,3R)-adamantan-1-yl)-2-((3,4-trans)-1-benzyl-4-methylpyrrolidin
• Aqueous TFA ACN; 1.0 ml/min); UPLC (purity): 96.4%; (column; Acquity BEH C18, 2.1 ⁇ 50 mm, 1.7 ⁇ ; RT 1.61 min. 0.025% aqueous TFA: ACN:Water; 0.5 ml/min.; TLC: 5% MeOH/CH 2 Cl 2 (Rf 0.1).
• (+/ ⁇ )-2-((3,4-trans)-1-benzyl-4-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)-7-(5-chloro-2-methylphenyl)imidazo[5,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-4(3H)-one was purified by Chiralpak AD-H, 250 ⁇ 20 mm, 5 um (160 mg loading; 0.1% TEA in n-Hexane:Ethanol (95:05) as mobile phase) to obtain pure fraction 1 (( ⁇ )-2-((3,4-trans)-1-benzyl-4-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)-7-(5-chloro-2-methylphenyl)imidazo[5,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-4(3H)-one) and pure fraction 2 ((+)-2-((3,4-trans)-1-benzyl-4-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)-7-(5-chloro-2-methylphenyl)imidazo[5,1-f][
• TFA 0.1% TFA: ACN; 0.8 ml/min); UPLC (purity): 37.41%; (column; Acquity BEH C18, 2.1 ⁇ 100 mm, 1.7 ⁇ ; RT 1.63 min. 0.025% aqueous TFA: ACN:Water; 0.5 ml/min.; TLC: 10% MeOH/CH 2 Cl 2 (Rf 0.2).
• (+/ ⁇ )-2-((3,4-trans)-1-benzyl-4-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)-7-(4-fluoro-2-methylphenyl)imidazo[5,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-4(3H)-one was purified by Chiralpak AD-H, 250 ⁇ 20 mm, 5 um (135 mg loading; 0.1% TEA in n-Hexane:Ethanol (90:10) as mobile phase) to obtain pure fraction 1 ((+)-2-((3,4-trans)-1-benzyl-4-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)-7-(4-fluoro-2-methylphenyl)imidazo[5,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-4(3H)-one) and pure fraction 2 (( ⁇ )-2-((3,4-trans)-1-benzyl-4-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)-7-(4-fluoro-2-methylphenyl)imidazo[5,1-f][1,
• Phosphorus oxybromide (1.26 g, 4.4 mmol) was dissolved in MeCN (10 mL) and the solution was added to (+/ ⁇ )-N-((3-((3,4-trans)-1-benzyl-4-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1,2,4-triazin-6-yl)methyl)-4,4-difluorocyclohexanecarboxamide (670 mg, 1.5 mmol) and DMAP (50 mg) in MeCN (30 mL) at room temperature drop wise. The reaction mixture was heat up to 70° C. and stirred for 3 h.
• reaction mixture was purred into the cold concentrated aqueous solution of NaHCO 3 (100 mL).
• the organics were extracted with CH 2 Cl 2 (3 ⁇ 50 mL).
• the organic solution was washed with brine and dried over MgSO 4 .
• the solvent was evaporated and residue was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, CH 2 Cl 2 /MeOH/NH 4 OH, 10:1:1%) to prepare (+/ ⁇ )-2-((3,4-trans)-1-benzyl-4-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)-7-(4,4-difluorocyclohexyl)imidazo[5,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-4(3H)-one (380 mg, 59% yield).
• (+/ ⁇ )-2-((3,4-trans)-1-benzyl-4-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)-7-(4,4-difluorocyclohexyl)imidazo[5,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-4(3H)-one was purified by Chiralpak IC, 250 ⁇ 20 mm, 5 um (45 mg loading; 0.1% TEA in n-Hexane:Ethanol (90:10) as mobile phase) to obtain pure fraction 1 ((+)-2-((3,4-trans)-1-benzyl-4-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)-7-(4,4-difluorocyclohexyl)imidazo[5,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-4(3H)-one) and pure fraction 2 (( ⁇ )-2-((3,4-trans)-1-benzyl-4-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)-7-(4,4-difluorocyclohexyl)imidazo
• (+)-2-((3,4-trans)-1-benzyl-4-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)-7-(4,4-difluorocyclohexyl)imidazo[5,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-4(3H)-one 125 mg, 0.3 mmol
• MeOH MeOH
• Pd(OH) 2 38 mg, catalytic
• the reaction was stirred at RT for 8 h under H 2 atmosphere (balloon pressure).
• the reaction mixture was passed through a pad of celite; the bed was washed with MeOH & CH 2 Cl 2 and volatiles were dried in vacuo.
• Phosphorus oxybromide (2.31 g, 8.0 mmol) was dissolved in acetonitrile (20 mL) and the solution was added to (+/ ⁇ )-N-((3-((3,4-trans)-1-benzyl-4-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1,2,4-triazin-6-yl)methyl)furan-3-carboxamide (1.05 g, 2.7 mmol) and DMAP (50 mg) in acetonitrile (40 mL) at room temperature drop wise. The reaction mixture was heat up to 70° C. and stirred for 3 h.
• reaction mixture was purred into the cold concentrated aqueous solution of NaHCO 3 (100 mL).
• the organics were extracted with CH 2 Cl 2 (3 ⁇ 50 mL), the organic solution was washed with brine and dried over MgSO 4 , the solvent was evaporated and residue was purified by column chromatography (silicagel, CH 2 Cl 2 /MeOH/NH 4 OH, 30:1:1%) to obtain (+/ ⁇ )-2-((3,4-trans)-1-benzyl-4-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)-7-(furan-3-yl)imidazo[5,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-4(3H)-one (370 mg, 37% yield).
• (+/ ⁇ )-2-((3,4-trans)-1-benzyl-4-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)-7-(furan-3-yl)imidazo[5,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-4(3H)-one was purified by Chiralpak IC, 250 ⁇ 20 mm, 5 um (20 mg loading; 0.1% TEA in n-Hexane:ethanol (70:30) as mobile phase) to obtain pure fraction 1 ((+)-2-((3,4-trans)-1-benzyl-4-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)-7-(furan-3-yl)imidazo[5,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-4(3H)-one) and pure fraction 2 (( ⁇ )-2-((3,4-trans)-1-benzyl-4-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)-7-(furan-3-yl)imidazo[5,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-4(3H)-one).
• ACN 5 mM NH 4 OAc in water; 0.8 ml/min); UPLC (purity): 99.9%; (column; Acquity BEH C-18, 50 ⁇ 2.1 mm, 1.7 ⁇ ; RT 1.62 min.
• (+/ ⁇ )-(9H-fluoren-9-yl)methyl 4-(((3-((3,4-trans)-1-benzyl-4-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1,2,4-triazin-6-yl)methyl)carbamoyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate (2.14 g, 3.38 mmol) and DMAP (40 mg, 0.34 mmol) in acetonitrile (100 mL) was added a solution of POBr 3 (2.91 g, 10.15 mmol) in acetonitrile (70 mL) at RT, and the resulting suspension was heated to 70° C. for 3 h.
• (+/ ⁇ )-(9H-fluoren-9-yl)methyl 4-(2-((3,4-trans)-1-benzyl-4-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)-4-oxo-3,4-dihydroimidazo[5,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-7-yl)piperidine-1-carboxylate (1.67 g, 3.24 mmol) in DMF (50 mL) was added piperidine (5.53 g, 64.90 mmol) at RT, and the resulting solution was stirred at RT for 2 h. The solvent and excess piperidine was removed under reduced pressure.
• (+/ ⁇ )-2-((3,4-trans)-1-benzyl-4-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)-7-(piperidin-4-yl)imidazo[5,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-4(3H)-one (0.30 g, 0.76 mmol) and triethylamine (0.23 g, 2.29 mmol) in CH 2 Cl 2 (5 mL) was added acetyl chloride (0.09 g, 1.15 mmol) drop-wise at 0° C. After complete of addition, the ice-water bath was removed and the reaction mixture was stirred at RT for 2 h.
• (+/ ⁇ )-7-(1-acetylpiperidin-4-yl)-2-((3,4-trans)-1-benzyl-4-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)imidazo[5,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-4(3H)-one was purified by Chiralcel OJ-H, 250 ⁇ 20 mm, 5 um (30 mg loading; 0.1% TEA in n-Hexane:Ethanol (90:10) as mobile phase) to obtain pure fraction 1 (( ⁇ )-7-(1-acetylpiperidin-4-yl)-2-((3,4-trans)-1-benzyl-4-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)imidazo[5,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-4(3H)-one) and pure fraction 2 ((+)-7-(1-acetylpiperidin-4-yl)-2-((3,4-trans)-1-benzyl-4-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)imidazo[5,
• Aqueous TFA ACN; 0.8 ml/min); HPLC (purity): 96.55%; (column; Eclipse XDB C-18, 150 ⁇ 3.0 mm, 3 um; RT 7.42 min.
• ACN 5 mM NH4OAC: ACN:Water; 1.0 ml/min.; TLC: 5% MeOH/DCM (Rf:0.4).
• (+/ ⁇ )-2-((3,4-trans)-1-benzyl-4-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)-7-(piperidin-4-yl)imidazo[5,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-4(3H)-one (0.31 g, 0.79 mmol) and triethylamine (0.24 g, 2.37 mmol) in CH 2 Cl 2 (5 mL) was added ethanesulfonyl chloride (0.15 g, 1.18 mmol) drop-wise at 0° C. After complete of addition, the ice-water bath was removed and the reaction mixture was stirred at RT for 2 h.
• (+/ ⁇ )-2-((3,4-Trans)-1-benzyl-4-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)-7-(1-(ethylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl)imidazo[5,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-4(3H)-one was purified by Chiralcel OJ-H, 250 ⁇ 20 mm, 5 um (40 mg loading; 0.1% TEA in n-Hexane:Ethanol (50:50) as mobile phase) to obtain pure fraction 1 ((+)-2-((3,4-trans)-1-benzyl-4-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)-7-(1-(ethylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl)imidazo[5,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-4(3H)-one) and pure fraction 2 (( ⁇ )-2-((3,4-trans)-1-benzyl-4-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)-7-(1
• (+)-2-((3,4-trans)-1-benzyl-4-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)-7-(1-(ethylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl)imidazo[5,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-4(3H)-one 80 mg 0.165 mmol
• MeOH MeOH
• 10% Pd—C 25 mg
• the reaction mixture was stirred at RT for 10 h under H 2 atmosphere (balloon pressure).
• Aqueous TFA 0.1%
• Aqueous TFA ACN; 0.8 ml/min); UPLC (purity): 96.89%; (column; Aquity BEH C-18, 50 ⁇ 2.1 mm, 1.7 ⁇ ; RT 1.34 min.
• ACN 0.025%
• Aqueous TFA ACN:Water; 0.5 ml/min.; TLC: 5% MeOH/DCM (Rf:0.4).

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