Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
  • A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
  • A61K31/4427—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof containing further heterocyclic ring systems
  • A61K31/4439—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof containing further heterocyclic ring systems containing a five-membered ring with nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. omeprazole
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/335—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin
  • A61K31/337—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin having four-membered rings, e.g. taxol
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
  • A61K31/4353—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic ring systems
  • A61K31/4375—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic ring systems the heterocyclic ring system containing a six-membered ring having nitrogen as a ring heteroatom, e.g. quinolizines, naphthyridines, berberine, vincamine
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
  • A61K31/47—Quinolines; Isoquinolines
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
  • C07D401/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings
  • C07D401/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
  • C07D401/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing three or more hetero rings
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
  • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
  • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
  • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
  • G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
  • G01N33/574—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor for cancer
  • G01N33/57407—Specifically defined cancers
  • G01N33/57423—Specifically defined cancers of lung

Definitions

• This invention relates to a class of pyrazolylaminopyridines that inhibit Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK), as well as compositions thereof.
• Compounds of the present invention are useful in the treatment of proliferative diseases including, but not limited to cancer.
• Tyrosine kinases play an important role in the regulation of many cell processes including cell proliferation, cell survival, and cell migration. It is known that certain tyrosine kinases become activated by mutation or are abnormally expressed in many human cancers. For example, the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is found mutated and/or overexpressed in breast, lung, brain, squamous cell, gastric, and other human cancers. Selective inhibitors of the tyrosine kinase activity of EGFR have been shown to be of clinical value in treatment of cancers with mutated and/or overexpressed EGFR. Thus, selective inhibitors of particular tyrosine kinases are useful in the treatment of proliferative diseases such as cancer.
• EGFR epidermal growth factor receptor
• FAK (encoded by the gene PTK2) is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase that integrates signals from integrins and growth factor receptors. FAK has been reported to play a role in the regulation of cell survival, growth, adhesion, migration, and invasion (McLean et al 2005, Nat Rev Cancer 5:505-515). Furthermore, FAK is regulated and activated by phosphorylation on multiple tyrosine residues.
• FAK mRNA and/or protein has been documented in many solid human tumors, including but not limited to, cancers of the breast, colon, thyroid, lung, ovary, and prostate; but also including cancers of hematological origin, including but not limited to leukemia such as acute myeloid leukemia (AML).
• AML acute myeloid leukemia
• FAK activity is clearly implicated in advanced and metastatic human cancer (Zhao and Guan, 28:35-49, 2009, Cancer Metastasis Rev.).
• the present invention relates to compounds of formula (I):
• R 1 is halo, CF 3 , C 1 -C 6 -alkyl, isopropenyl, (C 2 -C 6 -alkylene) C 3 -C 6 -cycloalkyl, C 1 -C 6 -alkoxy, or cyano;
• each R 2 is independently F, Cl, CF 3 , methyl, methoxy, CH 2 CF 3 , —(X) q —C 1 -C 4 -alkylene-R 4 , —(X—C 1 -C 4 -alkylene) q -NR 5 —C(O)—R 6 , —(X—C 1 -C 4 -alkylene) q -(NR 5 ) q —SO x —R 7 , —(X—C 1 -C 4 -alkylene) q -Y—N(R 8 ) 2 ; a 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl-(R 9 ) q group, or a 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl-(R 10 ) r group;
• R 3 is independently H, C 3 -C 6 -cycloalkyl, C 1 -C 6 -alkyl, C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, C 1 -C 6 -alkylene-R 4 , O—C 1 -C 6 -alkylene-R 4 , or, the R 3 groups, together with Z, form a 5- to 6-membered cyclic ring optionally substituted with methyl, C 1 -C 4 -alkylene-R 4 , or C 3 -C 6 -cycloalkyl;
• R 4 is H, -(Q) q —N(R 8 ) 2 , OH, SH, C 1 -C 6 -alkoxy, C 1 -C 6 -thioalkyl, or a 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl-(R 9 ) q group;
• R 5 is H or C 1 -C 6 -alkyl
• R 6 is H, C 1 -C 6 -alkyl, C 1 -C 6 -alkoxy, N(R 8 ) 2 , or a 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl-(R 10 ) r group;
• R 7 is C 1 -C 6 -alkyl, phenyl-(R 9 ) q , or 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl-(R 10 ) r
• R 8 is independently H, C 1 -C 6 -alkyl, —O—C 1 -C 6 -alkyl or, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a 5- or 6-membered heterocycloalkyl group;
• R 9 is H, C 1 -C 6 -alkyl, C 1 -C 6 -alkoxy, -(Q) q -N(R 8 ) 2 , -Q-C 1 -C 6 -alkyl,—C 1 -C 6 alkylR 4 , or 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl;
• R 16 is H, C 1 -C 6 -alkyl, C 1 -C 6 -alkoxy, or -Q-C 2 -C 6 -alkyl;
• R 11 is C 1 -C 6 -alkyl, CF 3 , —CH 2 CF 3 , -(Q) q -C 1 -C 4 -alkylene-R 4 , -Q-N(R 8 ) 2 , phenyl-(R 5 ) s , a 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl-(R 9 ) q group, or a 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl-(R 10 ) r group;
• R 12 is H, C 1 -C 6 -alkyl, F, Cl, CF 3 , OH, CN, nitro, COOH, —COO—C 1 -C 6 -alkyl, —Y—N(R 8 ) 2 , C 3 -C 6 -cycloalkyl-R 14 , —(X) q —C 1 -C 6 -alkylene-R 4 , —(X—C 1 -C 6 -alkylene) q -NR 5 —C(O)—R 6 , —(X—C 1 -C 6 -alkylene) q -(NR 5 ) q —SO x —R 7 , —(X—C 1 -C 6 -alkylene) q -Y—N(R 8 ) 2 , heterocycloalkyl-(R 9 ) q , heteroaryl-(R 10 ) r , or phenyl-(R 15
• R 13 is H, F, Cl, C 1 -C 6 -alkyl, or C 3 -C 6 -cycloalkyl; or R 12 and R 13 , together with the carbon atoms to which they are attached, form a fused 5-or 6-membered carbocycloalkyl or heterocycloralkyl group;
• R 14 is independently H, C 1 -C 6 -alkyl. —NR 5 —SO 2 —R 7 , —Y—N(R 8 ) 2 , or —(X) q —C 1 -C 6 -alkylene-R 4 ;
• R 15 is independently F, Cl, CF 3 , C 1 -C 3 -alkyl, or C 1 -C 3 -alkoxy;
• p 0, 1, 2, or 3;
• q is 0 or 1
• r 0, 1, or 2;
• s 0, 1, 2, or 3;
• x is 1 or 2;
• Q is —C(O)—, —S(O)—, or —SO 2 —;
• X is NR S , O, S, —S(O)—, or —SO 2 —;
• Y is a bond, SO 2 , or C(O);
• Z is N or CR 5 .
• the present invention relates to a composition
• a composition comprising a) the compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and b) a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
• the present invention relates to a method of treating a proliferative disease such as cancer or an abnormal angiogenesis disease such as macular degeneration, comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a pharmaceutically effective amount of the compound of formula (I).
• the present invention relates to compounds of formula (Ia):
• the present invention is represented by a compound of formula (Ib):
• Q is C(O) and Z is N.
• R 1 is Cl, CF 3 , or CN
• R 2 is F
• one R 3 is methyl and the other R 3 is H;
• one R 3 is methoxy and the other R 3 is H;
• R 11 is C 1 -C 6 -alkyl
• R 12 is C 1 -C 6 -alkyl, hydroxymethyl, or cyclopropyl
• R 13 is H
• p is 0 or 1;
• halo refers to fluoro, chloro, or bromo.
• C 1 -C 6 -alkyl refers to a linear or branched alkyl group including methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, and n-hexyl.
• C 1 -C 6 -alkoxy refers to C 1 -C 6 -alkyl-O— groups, including methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, iso-propoxy, and n-butoxy groups.
• alkylene refers to a linear or branched hydrocarbon radical having the specified number of carbon atoms.
• group “-alkylene-R 4 ” refers to a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having the specified number of carbon atoms; thus, where R 4 is H, “alkylene” is synonymous with “alkyl”; otherwise, alkylene is a bivalent radical.
• Examples of —(X) q —C 2 -C 4 -alkylene-R 4 include —CH 2 CH 2 —N(CH 3 ) 2 , —CH 2 CH 2 —OH, —CH 2 CH(CH 3 )—OCH 3 , —N(CH 3 )—CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 -piperidinyl; —O—CH 2 CH(CH 3 )—OCH 3 ; and the like.
• C 3 -C 6 -cycloalkyl refers to a cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl group.
• heterocycloalkyl refers to a 5- or 6-membered cycloaliphatic group that includes an O, N, or S heteroatom or a combination thereof.
• suitable heterocycloalkyl groups include pyrrolidinyl, pyrrolidinonyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, oxopiperazinyl, morpholino, and thiomorpholino groups.
• the R 8 groups may, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a 5- to 6-membered cyclic ring, examples of which include pyrrolidinyl, pyrrolidinonyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, oxopiperazinyl, morpholino, and thiomorpholino groups.
• heteroaryl refers to a 5- or 6-membered aromatic group containing at least one N, O, or S atom.
• suitable heteroaryl groups include pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrrolyl, furyl, thienyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, furazanyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, isoxazolyl, 1,2,3-triazolyl, 1,2,4-triazolyl, tetrazolyl, and isothiazolyl.
• pharmaceutically acceptable refers to those compounds, materials, compositions, and dosage forms which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of human beings and animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, or other problem or complication.
• compositions of formula (I) may be prepared. More particularly, inasmuch as compounds according to formula (I) contain a basic functional group—and may include an acid functional group—they are capable of forming pharmaceutically acceptable salts by treatment with a suitable acid or base.
• Suitable acids include pharmaceutically acceptable inorganic acids and organic acids.
• Representative pharmaceutically acceptable acids include hydrogen chloride, hydrogen bromide, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, sulfonic acid, phosphoric acid, acetic acid, hydroxyacetic acid, phenylacetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, valeric acid, maleic acid, acrylic acid, fumaric acid, malic acid, malonic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, salicylic acid, benzoic acid, tannic acid, formic acid, stearic acid, lactic acid, ascorbic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, oleic acid, and lauric acid.
• Suitable bases include inorganic bases, such as hydrides, hydroxides and carbonates of lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and zinc, as well as organic bases such as arginine, choline, diethylenetriamine, dimethylamine, ethylenediamine, imidazole, lysine, morpholine, proline, and trimethylamine.
• inorganic bases such as hydrides, hydroxides and carbonates of lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and zinc
• organic bases such as arginine, choline, diethylenetriamine, dimethylamine, ethylenediamine, imidazole, lysine, morpholine, proline, and trimethylamine.
• a compound of formula (I) or “the compound of formula (I)” refers to one or more compounds according to formula (I).
• the compound of formula (I) may exist in a crystalline or noncrystalline form, or as a mixture thereof
• pharmaceutically acceptable solvates may be formed for crystalline compounds wherein solvent molecules are incorporated into the crystalline lattice during crystallization.
• the incorporated solvent molecules may be water molecules or non-aqueous such as ethanol, isopropanol, DMSO, acetic acid, ethanolamine, and ethyl acetate molecules. Crystalline lattice incorporated with water molecules are typically referred to as “hydrates.” Hydrates include stoichiometric hydrates as well as compositions containing variable amounts of water. The present invention includes all such solvates.
• Certain of the compounds described herein may contain one or more chiral atoms, or may otherwise be capable of existing as two enantiomers.
• the compounds claimed below include mixtures of enantiomers as well as purified enantiomers or enantiomerically enriched mixtures.
• Also included within the scope of the invention are the individual isomers of the compounds represented by formula (I), or claimed below, as well as any wholly or partially equilibrated mixtures thereof
• the present invention also covers the individual isomers of the claimed compounds as mixtures with isomers thereof in which one or more chiral centers are inverted.
• compositions which includes a compound of formula (I) and salts, solvates and the like, and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, diluents, or excipients.
• the compounds of formula (I) and salts, solvates, etc, are as described above.
• the carrier(s), diluent(s) or excipient(s) must be acceptable in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation and not deleterious to the recipient thereof.
• a process for the preparation of a pharmaceutical formulation including admixing a compound of the formula (I), or salts, solvates etc, with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, diluents or excipients.
• pro-moieties may be placed on appropriate functionalities when such functionalities are present within compounds of the invention.
• Preferred prodrugs for compounds of the invention include: esters, carbonate esters, hemi-esters, phosphate esters, nitro esters, sulfate esters, sulfoxides, amides, carbamates, azo-compounds, phosphamides, glycosides, ethers, acetals and ketals.
• compositions may be presented in unit dose forms containing a predetermined amount of active ingredient per unit dose.
• a unit may contain, for example, 0.5 mg to 3500 mg, preferably 1 mg to 700 mg, more preferably 5 mg to 100 mg of a compound of the formula (I), depending on the condition being treated, the route of administration and the age, weight and condition of the patient, or pharmaceutical compositions may be presented in unit dose forms containing a predetermined amount of active ingredient per unit dose.
• Preferred unit dosage compositions are those containing a daily dose or sub-dose, as herein above recited, or an appropriate fraction thereof, of an active ingredient.
• such pharmaceutical compositions may be prepared by any of the methods well known in the pharmacy art.
• compositions may be adapted for administration by any appropriate route, for example by the oral (including buccal or sublingual), rectal, nasal, topical (including buccal, sublingual or transdermal), vaginal or parenteral (including subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous or intradermal) route.
• Such compositions may be prepared by any method known in the art of pharmacy, for example by bringing into association a compound of formal (I) with the carrier(s) or excipient(s).
• compositions adapted for oral administration may be presented as discrete units such as capsules or tablets; powders or granules; solutions or suspensions in aqueous or non-aqueous liquids; edible foams or whips; or oil-in-water liquid emulsions or water-in-oil liquid emulsions.
• Capsules are made by preparing a powder mixture, as described above, and filling formed gelatin sheaths.
• Glidants and lubricants such as colloidal silica, talc, magnesium stearate, calcium stearate or solid polyethylene glycol can be added to the powder mixture before the filling operation.
• a disintegrating or solubilizing agent such as agar-agar, calcium carbonate or sodium carbonate can also be added to improve the availability of the medicament when the capsule is ingested.
• suitable binders include starch, gelatin, natural sugars such as glucose or beta-lactose, corn sweeteners, natural and synthetic gums such as acacia, tragacanth or sodium alginate, carboxymethylcellulose, polyethylene glycol, waxes and the like.
• Lubricants used in these dosage forms include sodium oleate, sodium stearate, magnesium stearate, sodium benzoate, sodium acetate, sodium chloride and the like.
• Disintegrators include, without limitation, starch, methyl cellulose, agar, bentonite, xanthan gum and the like.
• Tablets are formulated, for example, by preparing a powder mixture, granulating or slugging, adding a lubricant and disintegrant and pressing into tablets.
• a powder mixture is prepared by mixing the compound, suitably comminuted, with a diluent or base as described above, and optionally, with a binder such as carboxymethylcellulose, an aliginate, gelatin, or polyvinyl pyrrolidone, a solution retardant such as paraffin, a resorption accelerator such as a quaternary salt and/or an absorption agent such as bentonite, kaolin or dicalcium phosphate.
• a binder such as carboxymethylcellulose, an aliginate, gelatin, or polyvinyl pyrrolidone
• a solution retardant such as paraffin
• a resorption accelerator such as a quaternary salt
• an absorption agent such as bentonite, kaolin or dicalcium phosphate.
• the powder mixture can be granulated by tablet forming dies by means of the addition of stearic acid, a stearate salt, talc or mineral oil.
• the lubricated mixture is then compressed into tablets.
• the compounds of the present invention can also be combined with a free flowing inert carrier and compressed into tablets directly without going through the granulating or slugging steps.
• a clear or opaque protective coating consisting of a sealing coat of shellac, a coating of sugar or polymeric material and a polish coating of wax can be provided. Dyestuffs can be added to these coatings to distinguish different unit dosages.
• Oral fluids such as solution, syrups and elixirs can be prepared in dosage unit form so that a given quantity contains a predetermined amount of a compound of formula (I).
• Syrups can be prepared by dissolving the compound in a suitably flavored aqueous solution, while elixirs are prepared through the use of a non-toxic alcoholic vehicle.
• Suspensions can be formulated by dispersing the compound in a non-toxic vehicle.
• Solubilizers and emulsifiers such as ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols and polyoxy ethylene sorbitol ethers, preservatives, flavor additive such as peppermint oil or natural sweeteners or saccharin or other artificial sweeteners, and the like can also be added.
• dosage unit pharmaceutical compositions for oral administration can be microencapsulated.
• the formulation can also be prepared to prolong or sustain the release as for example by coating or embedding particulate material in polymers, wax or the like.
• compositions adapted for parenteral administration include aqueous and non-aqueous sterile injection solutions which may contain anti-oxidants, buffers, bacteriostats and solutes which render the composition isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient; and aqueous and non-aqueous sterile suspensions which may include suspending agents and thickening agents.
• the pharmaceutical compositions may be presented in unit-dose or multi-dose containers, for example sealed ampoules and vials, and may be stored in a freeze-dried (lyophilized) condition requiring only the addition of the sterile liquid carrier, for example water for injections, immediately prior to use.
• Extemporaneous injection solutions and suspensions may be prepared from sterile powders, granules and tablets.
• a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention will depend upon a number of factors including, for example, the age and weight of the intended recipient, the precise condition requiring treatment and its severity, the nature of the formulation, and the route of administration, and will ultimately be at the discretion of the attendant prescribing the medication.
• an effective amount of a compound of formula (I) for the treatment of cancer will generally be in the range of 0.001 to 100 mg/kg body weight of recipient per day, suitably in the range of 0.01 to 10 mg/kg body weight per day.
• the actual amount per day would suitably be from 7 to 700 mg and this amount may be given in a single dose per day or in a number (such as two, three, four, five or six) of sub-doses per day such that the total daily dose is the same.
• An effective amount of a salt or solvate, etc. may be determined as a proportion of the effective amount of the compound of formula (I) per se. It is envisaged that similar dosages would be appropriate for treatment of the other conditions referred to above.
• the compounds and compositions of the invention are used to treat cellular proliferation diseases.
• Disease states which can be treated by the methods and compositions provided herein include, but are not limited to, cancer, autoimmune disease, fungal disorders, arthritis, graft rejection, inflammatory bowel disease, proliferation induced after medical procedures, including, but not limited to, surgery, angioplasty, and the like. It is appreciated that in some cases the cells may not be in a hyper or hypo proliferation state (abnormal state) and still requires treatment. For example, during wound healing, the cells may be proliferating “normally”, but proliferation enhancement may be desired.
• the invention herein includes application to cells or individuals afflicted or impending affliction with any one of these disorders or states. These compounds may also be used for treating macular degeneration associated with neovacularization, such as AMD
• compositions and methods provided herein are particularly deemed useful for the treatment of cancer including tumors such as skin, breast, brain, cervical carcinomas, testicular carcinomas, etc. They are particularly useful in treating metastatic or malignant tumors. More particularly, cancers that may be treated by the compositions and methods of the invention include, but are not limited to tumor types such as astrocytic, breast, cervical, colorectal, endometrial, esophageal, gastric, head and neck, hepatocellular, laryngeal, lung, oral, ovarian, prostate and thyroid carcinomas and sarcomas.
• tumor types such as astrocytic, breast, cervical, colorectal, endometrial, esophageal, gastric, head and neck, hepatocellular, laryngeal, lung, oral, ovarian, prostate and thyroid carcinomas and sarcomas.
• these compounds can be used to treat: Cardiac: sarcoma (angiosarcoma, fibrosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, liposarcoma), myxoma, rhabdomyoma, fibroma, lipoma and teratoma; Lung: bronchogenic carcinoma (squamous cell, undifferentiated small cell, undifferentiated large cell, adenocarcinoma), alveolar (bronchiolar) carcinoma, bronchial adenoma, sarcoma, lymphoma, chondromatous hamartoma, mesothelioma; Gastrointestinal: esophagus (squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, leiomyosarcoma, lymphoma), stomach (carcinoma, lymphoma, leiomyosarcoma), pancreas (ductal adenocarcinoma, insulinom
• the compounds of the present invention contain a hydroxamic acid ester function on the 4-aminophenyl ring at the 2-position and an aminopyrazole at 2-position on the pyridine ring.
• the hydroxamic acid ester function on the phenyl ring increases potency against FAK on the order of 2-5 fold, particularly in vitro, and improves selectivity for FAK over other enzymes.
• the pyrazole reduces reactivity in the cytochrome P450s.
• Combination therapies according to the invention comprise the administration of at least one compound of the invention and the use of at least one other treatment method.
• combination therapies according to the invention comprise the administration of at least one compound of the invention and surgical therapy.
• combination therapies according to the invention comprise the administration of at least one compound of the invention and radiotherapy.
• combination therapies according to the invention comprise the administration of at least one compound of the invention and at least one supportive care agent (e.g., at least one anti-emetic agent).
• combination therapies according to the present invention comprise the administration of at least one compound of the invention and at least one other chemotherapeutic agent.
• the invention comprises the administration of at least one compound of the invention and at least one anti-neoplastic agent.
• the invention comprises a therapeutic regimen where the FAK inhibitors of this disclosure are not in and of themselves active or significantly active, but when combined with another therapy, which may or may not be active as a stand alone therapy, the combination provides a useful therapeutic outcome.
• co-administering and derivatives thereof as used herein is meant either simultaneous administration or any manner of separate sequential administration of an FAK inhibiting compound, as described herein, and a further active ingredient or ingredients, known to be useful in the treatment of cancer, including chemotherapy and radiation treatment.
• further active ingredient or ingredients includes any compound or therapeutic agent known to or that demonstrates advantageous properties when administered to a patient in need of treatment for cancer.
• the compounds are administered in a close time proximity to each other.
• the compounds are administered in the same dosage form, e.g. one compound may be administered topically and another compound may be administered orally.
• any anti-neoplastic agent that has activity versus a susceptible tumor being treated may be co-administered in the treatment of specified cancers in the present invention.
• examples of such agents can be found in Cancer Principles and Practice of Oncology by V. T. Devita and S. Hellman (editors), 6 th edition (Feb. 15, 2001), Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Publishers.
• a person of ordinary skill in the art would be able to discern which combinations of agents would be useful based on the particular characteristics of the drugs and the cancer involved.
• Typical anti-neoplastic agents useful in the present invention include, but are not limited to, anti-microtubule agents such as diterpenoids and vinca alkaloids; platinum coordination complexes; alkylating agents such as nitrogen mustards, oxazaphosphorines, alkylsulfonates, nitrosoureas, and triazenes; antibiotic agents such as anthracyclins, actinomycins and bleomycins; topoisomerase II inhibitors such as epipodophyllotoxins; antimetabolites such as purine and pyrimidine analogues and anti-folate compounds; topoisomerase I inhibitors such as camptothecins; hormones and hormonal analogues; signal transduction pathway inhibitors; non-receptor tyrosine kinase angiogenesis inhibitors; immunotherapeutic agents; proapoptotic agents; and cell cycle signaling inhibitors.
• anti-microtubule agents such as diterpenoids and vinca alkaloids
• any chemotherapeutic agent that has activity against a susceptible neoplasm being treated may be utilized in combination with the compounds the invention, provided that the particular agent is clinically compatible with therapy employing a compound of the invention.
• Typical anti-neoplastic agents useful in the present invention include, but are not limited to: alkylating agents, anti-metabolites, antitumor antibiotics, antimitotic agents, topoisomerase I and II inhibitors, hormones and hormonal analogues; retinoids, signal transduction pathway inhibitors including inhibitors of cell growth or growth factor function, angiogenesis inhibitors, and serine/threonine or other kinase inhibitors; cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors; antisense therapies and immunotherapeutic agents, including monoclonals, vaccines or other biological agents.
• Signal transduction pathway inhibitors are those inhibitors which block or inhibit a chemical process which evokes an intracellular change. As used herein this change is cell proliferation or differentiation or survival.
• Signal transduction pathway inhibitors useful in the present invention include, but are not limited to, inhibitors of receptor tyrosine kinases, non-receptor tyrosine kinases, SH2/SH3 domain blockers, serine/threonine kinases, phosphatidyl inositol-3-OH kinases, myoinositol signaling, and Ras oncogenes. Signal transduction pathway inhibitors may be employed in combination with the compounds of the invention in the compositions and methods described above.
• Receptor kinase angiogenesis inhibitors may also find use in the present invention.
• Inhibitors of angiogenesis related to VEGFR and TIE-2 are discussed above in regard to signal transduction inhibitors (both are receptor tyrosine kinases).
• Other inhibitors may be used in combination with the compounds of the invention.
• anti-VEGF antibodies which do not recognize VEGFR (the receptor tyrosine kinase), but bind to the ligand; small molecule inhibitors of integrin (alpha v beta 3 ) that inhibit angiogenesis; endostatin and angiostatin (non-RTK) may also prove useful in combination with the compounds of the invention.
• VEGFR antibody is bevacizumab (AVASTIN®).
• Trastuzumab (Herceptin®) is an example of an anti-erbB2 antibody inhibitor of growth factor function.
• An anti-erbB1 antibody inhibitor of growth factor function is cetuximab (ErbituxTM, C225).
• Bevacizumab (Avastin®) is an example of a monoclonal antibody directed against VEGFR.
• small molecule inhibitors of epidermal growth factor receptors include but are not limited to lapatinib (TykerbTM) and erlotinib (TARCEVA®).
• Imatinib mesylate is one example of a PDGFR inhibitor.
• VEGFR inhibitors include pazopanib, ZD6474, AZD2171, PTK787, sunitinib and sorafenib.
• Pazopanib and the compounds of Formula I an their salts are of particular interest.
• Anti-microtubule or anti-mitotic agents are phase specific agents active against the microtubules of tumor cells during M or the mitosis phase of the cell cycle.
• anti-microtubule agents include, but are not limited to, diterpenoids and vinca alkaloids.
• Diterpenoids which are derived from natural sources, are phase specific anti-cancer agents that operate at the G 2 /M phases of the cell cycle. It is believed that the diterpenoids stabilize the ⁇ -tubulin subunit of the microtubules, by binding with this protein. Disassembly of the protein appears then to be inhibited with mitosis being arrested and cell death following. Examples of diterpenoids include, but are not limited to, paclitaxel and its analog docetaxel.
• Paclitaxel 5 ⁇ ,20-epoxy-1,2 ⁇ ,4,7 ⁇ ,10 ⁇ ,13 ⁇ -hexa-hydroxytax-11-en-9-one 4,10-diacetate 2-benzoate 13-ester with (2R,3S)—N-benzoyl-3-phenylisoserine; is a natural diterpene product isolated from the Pacific yew tree Taxus brevifolia and is commercially available as an injectable solution TAXOL®. It is a member of the taxane family of terpenes. It was first isolated in 1971 by Wani et al. J. Am. Chem, Soc., 93:2325. 1971), who characterized its structure by chemical and X-ray crystallographic methods.
• Paclitaxel has been approved for clinical use in the treatment of refractory ovarian cancer in the United States (Markman et al., Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine, 64:583, 1991; McGuire et al., Ann. Intem, Med., 111:273,1989) and for the treatment of breast cancer (Holmes et al., J. Nat. Cancer Inst., 83:1797,1991.) It is a potential candidate for treatment of neoplasms in the skin (Einzig et. al., Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol., 20:46) and head and neck carcinomas (Forastire et. al., Sem. Oncol., 20:56, 1990).
• the compound also shows potential for the treatment of polycystic kidney disease (Woo et. al., Nature, 368:750. 1994), lung cancer and malaria.
• Treatment of patients with paclitaxel results in bone marrow suppression (multiple cell lineages, Ignoff, R. J. et. al, Cancer Chemotherapy Pocket Guide,. 1998) related to the duration of dosing above a threshold concentration (50 nM) (Kearns, C. M. et. al., Seminars in Oncology, 3(6) p. 16-23, 1995).
• Docetaxel (2R,3S)—N-carboxy-3-phenylisoserine,N-tert-butyl ester, 13-ester with 5 ⁇ -20-epoxy-1,2 ⁇ ,4,7 ⁇ ,10 ⁇ ,13 ⁇ -hexahydroxytax-11-en-9-one 4-acetate 2-benzoate, trihydrate; is commercially available as an injectable solution as TAXOTERE®.
• Docetaxel is indicated for the treatment of breast cancer.
• Docetaxel is a semisynthetic derivative of paclitaxel q.v., prepared using a natural precursor, 10-deacetyl-baccatin III, extracted from the needle of the European Yew tree. The dose limiting toxicity of docetaxel is neutropenia.
• Vinca alkaloids are phase specific anti-neoplastic agents derived from the periwinkle plant. Vinca alkaloids act at the M phase (mitosis) of the cell cycle by binding specifically to tubulin. Consequently, the bound tubulin molecule is unable to polymerize into microtubules. Mitosis is believed to be arrested in metaphase with cell death following. Examples of vinca alkaloids include, but are not limited to, vinblastine, vincristine, and vinorelbine.
• Vinblastine vincaleukoblastine sulfate
• VELBAN® an injectable solution.
• Myelosuppression is the dose limiting side effect of vinblastine.
• Vincristine vincaleukoblastine, 22-oxo-, sulfate
• ONCOVIN® an injectable solution.
• Vincristine is indicated for the treatment of acute leukemias and has also found use in treatment regimens for Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's malignant lymphomas.
• Alopecia and neurologic effects are the most common side effect of vincristine and to a lesser extent myelosuppression and gastrointestinal mucositis effects occur.
• Vinorelbine 3′,4′-didehydro-4′-deoxy-C′-norvincaleukoblastine [R—(R*,R*)-2,3-dihydroxybutanedioate (1:2)(salt)], commercially available as an injectable solution of vinorelbine tartrate (NAVELBINE®), is a semisynthetic vinca alkaloid. Vinorelbine is indicated as a single agent or in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents, such as cisplatin, in the treatment of various solid tumors, particularly non-small cell lung, advanced breast, and hormone refractory prostate cancers. Myelosuppression is the most common dose limiting side effect of vinorelbine.
• Platinum coordination complexes are non-phase specific anti-cancer agents, which are interactive with DNA.
• the platinum complexes enter tumor cells, undergo, aquation and form intra- and interstrand crosslinks with DNA causing adverse biological effects to the tumor.
• Examples of platinum coordination complexes include, but are not limited to, cisplatin and carboplatin.
• Cisplatin cis-diamminedichloroplatinum
• PLATINOL® an injectable solution.
• Cisplatin is primarily indicated in the treatment of metastatic testicular and ovarian cancer and advanced bladder cancer.
• the primary dose limiting side effects of cisplatin are nephrotoxicity, which may be controlled by hydration and diuresis, and ototoxicity.
• Carboplatin platinum, diammine [1,1-cyclobutane-dicarboxylate(2-)-O,O′], is commercially available as PARAPLATIN® as an injectable solution.
• Carboplatin is primarily indicated in the first and second line treatment of advanced ovarian carcinoma. Bone marrow suppression is the dose limiting toxicity of carboplatin.
• Alkylating agents are non-phase anti-cancer specific agents and strong electrophiles. Typically, alkylating agents form covalent linkages, by alkylation, to DNA through nucleophilic moieties of the DNA molecule such as phosphate, amino, sulfhydryl, hydroxyl, carboxyl, and imidazole groups. Such alkylation disrupts nucleic acid function leading to cell death.
• alkylating agents include, but are not limited to, nitrogen mustards such as cyclophosphamide, melphalan, and chlorambucil; alkyl sulfonates such as busulfan; nitrosoureas such as carmustine; and triazenes such as dacarbazine.
• Cyclophosphamide 2-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]tetrahydro-2H-1,3,2-oxazaphosphorine 2-oxide monohydrate, is commercially available as an injectable solution or tablets as CYTOXAN®. Cyclophosphamide is indicated as a single agent or in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents, in the treatment of malignant lymphomas, multiple myeloma, and leukemias. Alopecia, nausea, vomiting and leukopenia are the most common dose limiting side effects of cyclophosphamide.
• Melphalan 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]-L-phenylalanine, is commercially available as an injectable solution or tablets as ALKERAN®. Melphalan is indicated for the palliative treatment of multiple myeloma and non-resectable epithelial carcinoma of the ovary. Bone marrow suppression is the most common dose limiting side effect of melphalan.
• Chlorambucil 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]benzenebutanoic acid, is commercially available as LEUKERAN® tablets. Chlorambucil is indicated for the palliative treatment of chronic lymphatic leukemia, and malignant lymphomas such as lymphosarcoma, giant follicular lymphoma, and Hodgkin's disease. Bone marrow suppression is the most common dose limiting side effect of chlorambucil.
• Busulfan 1,4-butanediol dimethanesulfonate, is commercially available as MYLERAN® TABLETS. Busulfan is indicated for the palliative treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia. Bone marrow suppression is the most common dose limiting side effects of busulfan.
• Carmustine 1,34bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea, is commercially available as single vials of lyophilized material as BiCNU®.
• Carmustine is indicated for the palliative treatment as a single agent or in combination with other agents for brain tumors, multiple myeloma, Hodgkin's disease, and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Delayed myelosuppression is the most common dose limiting side effects of carmustine.
• dacarbazine 5-(3,3-dimethyl-1-triazeno)-imidazole-4-carboxamide, is commercially available as single vials of material as DTIC-Dome®.
• dacarbazine is indicated for the treatment of metastatic malignant melanoma and in combination with other agents for the second line treatment of Hodgkin's Disease. Nausea, vomiting, and anorexia are the most common dose limiting side effects of dacarbazine.
• Antibiotic anti-neoplastics are non-phase specific agents, which bind or intercalate with DNA. Typically, such action results in stable DNA complexes or strand breakage, which disrupts ordinary function of the nucleic acids leading to cell death.
• antibiotic anti-neoplastic agents include, but are not limited to, actinomycins such as dactinomycin, anthrocyclins such as daunorubicin and doxorubicin; and bleomycins.
• Dactinomycin also know as Actinomycin D, is commercially available in injectable form as COSMEGEN®. Dactinomycin is indicated for the treatment of Wilm's tumor and rhabdomyosarcoma. Nausea, vomiting, and anorexia are the most common dose limiting side effects of dactinomycin.
• Daunorubicin (8S-cis-)-8-acetyl-10-[(3-amino-2,3,6-trideoxy- ⁇ -L-lyxo-hexopyranosyl)oxy]-7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-6,8,11-trihydroxy-1-methoxy-5,12 naphthacenedione hydrochloride, is commercially available as a liposomal injectable form as DAUNOXOME® or as an injectable as CERUBIDINE®. Daunorubicin is indicated for remission induction in the treatment of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia and advanced HIV associated Kaposi's sarcoma. Myelosuppression is the most common dose limiting side effect of daunorubicin.
• Doxorubicin (8S,10S)-10-[(3-amino-2,3,6-trideoxy- ⁇ -L-lyxo-hexopyranosyl)oxy]-8-glycoloyl, 7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-6,8,11-trihydroxy-1-methoxy-5,12 naphthacenedione hydrochloride, is commercially available as an injectable form as RUBEX® or ADRIAMYCIN RDF®.
• Doxorubicin is primarily indicated for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia and acute myeloblastic leukemia, but is also a useful component in the treatment of some solid tumors and lymphomas. Myelosuppression is the most common dose limiting side effect of doxorubicin.
• Bleomycin a mixture of cytotoxic glycopeptide antibiotics isolated from a strain of Streptomyces verticillus, is commercially available as BLENOXANE®. Bleomycin is indicated as a palliative treatment, as a single agent or in combination with other agents, of squamous cell carcinoma, lymphomas, and testicular carcinomas. Pulmonary and cutaneous toxicities are the most common dose limiting side effects of bleomycin.
• Topoisomerase II inhibitors include, but are not limited to, epipodophyllotoxins.
• Epipodophyllotoxins are phase specific anti-neoplastic agents derived from the mandrake plant. Epipodophyllotoxins typically affect cells in the S and G 2 phases of the cell cycle by forming a ternary complex with topoisomerase II and DNA causing DNA strand breaks. The strand breaks accumulate and cell death follows. Examples of epipodophyllotoxins include, but are not limited to, etoposide and teniposide.
• Etoposide 4′-demethyl-epipodophyllotoxin 9[4,6-0-(R)-ethylidene- ⁇ -D-glucopyranoside]
• VePESID® an injectable solution or capsules
• VP-16 an injectable solution or capsules
• Etoposide is indicated as a single agent or in combination with other chemotherapy agents in the treatment of testicular and non-small cell lung cancers. Myelosuppression is the most common side effect of etoposide. The incidence of leucopenia tends to be more severe than thrombocytopenia.
• Teniposide 4′-demethyl-epipodophyllotoxin 9[4,6-0-(R)-thenylidene- ⁇ -D-glucopyranoside], is commercially available as an injectable solution as VUMON® and is commonly known as VM-26.
• Teniposide is indicated as a single agent or in combination with other chemotherapy agents in the treatment of acute leukemia in children. Myelosuppression is the most common dose limiting side effect of teniposide. Teniposide can induce both leucopenia and thrombocytopenia.
• Antimetabolite neoplastic agents are phase specific anti-neoplastic agents that act at S phase (DNA synthesis) of the cell cycle by inhibiting DNA synthesis or by inhibiting purine or pyrimidine base synthesis and thereby limiting DNA synthesis. Consequently, S phase does not proceed and cell death follows.
• Examples of antimetabolite anti-neoplastic agents include, but are not limited to, fluorouracil, methotrexate, cytarabine, mecaptopurine, thioguanine, and gemcitabine.
• 5-fluorouracil 5-fluoro-2,4-(1H,3H) pyrimidinedione
• fluorouracil is commercially available as fluorouracil.
• Administration of 5-fluorouracil leads to inhibition of thymidylate synthesis and is also incorporated into both RNA and DNA. The result typically is cell death.
• 5-fluorouracil is indicated as a single agent or in combination with other chemotherapy agents in the treatment of carcinomas of the breast, colon, rectum, stomach and pancreas. Myelosuppression and mucositis are dose limiting side effects of 5-fluorouracil.
• Other fluoropyrimidine analogs include 5-fluoro deoxyuridine (floxuridine) and 5-fluorodeoxyuridine monophosphate.
• Cytarabine 4-amino-1- ⁇ -D-arabinofuranosyl-2 (1H)-pyrimidinone, is commercially available as CYTOSAR-U® and is commonly known as Ara-C. It is believed that cytarabine exhibits cell phase specificity at S-phase by inhibiting DNA chain elongation by terminal incorporation of cytarabine into the growing DNA chain. Cytarabine is indicated as a single agent or in combination with other chemotherapy agents in the treatment of acute leukemia. Other cytidine analogs include 5-azacytidine and 2′,2′-difluorodeoxycytidine (gemcitabine). Cytarabine induces leucopenia, thrombocytopenia, and mucositis.
• Mercaptopurine 1,7-dihydro-6H-purine-6-thione monohydrate, is commercially available as PURINETHOL®.
• Mercaptopurine exhibits cell phase specificity at S-phase by inhibiting DNA synthesis by an as of yet unspecified mechanism.
• Mercaptopurine is indicated as a single agent or in combination with other chemotherapy agents in the treatment of acute leukemia. Myelosuppression and gastrointestinal mucositis are expected side effects of mercaptopurine at high doses.
• a useful mercaptopurine analog is azathioprine.
• Thioguanine 2-amino-1,7-dihydro-6H-purine-6-thione, is commercially available as TABLOID®.
• Thioguanine exhibits cell phase specificity at S-phase by inhibiting DNA synthesis by an as of yet unspecified mechanism.
• Thioguanine is indicated as a single agent or in combination with other chemotherapy agents in the treatment of acute leukemia.
• Myelosuppression including leucopenia, thrombocytopenia, and anemia, is the most common dose limiting side effect of thioguanine administration. However, gastrointestinal side effects occur and can be dose limiting.
• Other purine analogs include pentostatin, erythrohydroxynonyladenine, fludarabine phosphate, and cladribine.
• Gemcitabine 2′-deoxy-2′,2′-difluorocytidine monohydrochloride ( ⁇ -isomer), is commercially available as GEMZAR®.
• GEMZAR® 2′-deoxy-2′,2′-difluorocytidine monohydrochloride
• Gemcitabine exhibits cell phase specificity at S-phase and by blocking progression of cells through the G1/S boundary.
• Gemcitabine is indicated in combination with cisplatin in the treatment of locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer and alone in the treatment of locally advanced pancreatic cancer.
• Myelosuppression including leucopenia, thrombocytopenia, and anemia, is the most common dose limiting side effect of gemcitabine administration.
• Methotrexate N-[4[[(2,4-diamino-6-pteridinyl)methyl]methylamino]benzoyl]-L-glutamic acid, is commercially available as methotrexate sodium. Methotrexate exhibits cell phase effects specifically at S-phase by inhibiting DNA synthesis, repair and/or replication through the inhibition of dyhydrofolic acid reductase which is required for synthesis of purine nucleotides and thymidylate.
• Methotrexate is indicated as a single agent or in combination with other chemotherapy agents in the treatment of choriocarcinoma, meningeal leukemia, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and carcinomas of the breast, head, neck, ovary and bladder.
• Myelosuppression (leucopenia, thrombocytopenia, and anemia) and mucositis are expected side effect of methotrexate administration.
• Camptothecins including, camptothecin and camptothecin derivatives are available or under development as Topoisomerase I inhibitors. Camptothecins cytotoxic activity is believed to be related to its Topoisomerase I inhibitory activity. Examples of camptothecins include, but are not limited to irinotecan, topotecan, and the various optical forms of 7-(4-methylpiperazino-methylene)-10,11-ethylenedioxy-20-camptothecin described below.
• Irinotecan HCl (4S)-4,11-diethyl-4-hydroxy-9-[(4-piperidinopiperidino)carbonyloxy]-1H-pyrano[3′,4′,6,7]indolizino[1,2-b]quinoline-3,14(4H,12H)-dione hydrochloride, is commercially available as the injectable solution CAMPTOSAR®.
• Irinotecan is a derivative of camptothecin which binds, along with its active metabolite SN-38, to the topoisomerase I-DNA complex. It is believed that cytotoxicity occurs as a result of irreparable double strand breaks caused by interaction of the topoisomerase I:DNA:irintecan or SN-38 ternary complex with replication enzymes. Irinotecan is indicated for treatment of metastatic cancer of the colon or rectum. The dose limiting side effects of irinotecan HCl are myelosuppression, including neutropenia, and GI effects, including diarrhea.
• Topotecan HCl (S)-10-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-4-ethyl-4,9-dihydroxy-1H-pyrano[3′,4′,6,7]indolizino[1,2-b]quinoline-3,14-(4H,12H)-dione monohydrochloride, is commercially available as the injectable solution HYCAMTIN®.
• Topotecan is a derivative of camptothecin which binds to the topoisomerase I-DNA complex and prevents religation of singles strand breaks caused by Topoisomerase I in response to torsional strain of the DNA molecule.
• Topotecan is indicated for second line treatment of metastatic carcinoma of the ovary and small cell lung cancer.
• the dose limiting side effect of topotecan HCl is myelosuppression, primarily neutropenia.
• Compounds of formula (I) may be prepared by the methods outlined in Scheme 1 below.
• Compounds of formula (II) and (III) are commercially available or may be synthesized using techniques conventional in the art.
• the L group for compound (III) represents a leaving group such as F or Cl.
• the compounds of formula (II) and (III) may be reacted under reflux or microwave conditions to afford intermediate (IV).
• the addition reaction is typically done using a polar, protic solvents such as n-butanol or iso-propanol. Alternatively, metal catalyzed coupling reaction conditions may be used.
• compound (II) includes a functional group in need of protection, for example, a hydroxyl or amino group, an appropriate protecting group is advantageously used.
• a compound of formula (IV) may then be reacted with an aminopyrazole (V), which is commercially available or which may be synthesized using techniques conventional in the art, to afford a compound of formula (I).
• the reaction is typically carried out in the presence of a metal catalyst, such as a palladium salt, along with an appropriate phosphine ligand.
• a metal catalyst such as a palladium salt
• the reaction can be carried out with a catalytic amount of an acid such as hydrochloric or trifluoroacetic acid and in a suitable solvent such as water, 1,4-dioxane, or iso-propanol or a combination thereof; the reaction is advantageously carried out at an advanced temperature, for example, under refluxing conditions, or by using a microwave apparatus.
• the acid catalyst is typically present in an amount of 10-30 mol % with respect to the compound of formula (I).
• Compound (VI) may contain additional substituents.
• benzoxazine (IX) which is either commercially available or synthesized using techniques conventional in the art, can be ring-opened with an amine to form benzamide (X), which can then undergo addition with compound (III) to yield the compound of formula (XI).
• a compound of formula (XII) may be prepared by reacting a compound of formula (II) with a compound of formula (XIII). This reaction can be carried out as described in Scheme 1. Compounds of formula (XII) may then be reacted with a compound of formula (XIV) to give compounds of formula (I). The reaction may be carried out in inert solvent, in the presence of a metal catalyst and appropriate ligand.
• Certain compounds of formula (I) can also be prepared as outlined in Scheme 5.
• the amino group of the compound of formula (XV) can first be reacted with diketene followed by acylation and treatment with a hydrazine.
• Compound of formula (XVI) can then be obtained by treatment with acid, then reacted with a compound of formula (II) to give a compound of formula (I). This last reaction can be carried out as described in Scheme 1.
• a compound of formula (XXI) can also be prepared as outlined in Scheme 7.
• the nitrile of formula (XIV) can be hydrolyzed to a carboxylic acid of formula (XX) and then coupled with an amine to give compounds of formula (XXI).
• Assay 1 GST-tagged (glutathione 5-transferase-tagged) FAK was purchased from Invitrogen (PV3832) (www.invitrogen.com). The activity of FAK was measured by monitoring the phosphorylation of a peptide substrate (Ac-RRRRRRSETDDYAEIID-NH 2 ; (SEQ ID NO: 1) i.e. Ac-Arg-Arg-Arg-Arg-Arg-Ser-Glu-Thr-Asp-Asp-Tyr-Ala-Glu-Ile-Ile-Asp-NH 2 ) in the presence of a radio-labeled ATP. To measure inhibitors of FAK, compounds were first prepared as a 10 ⁇ stock in 10% DMSO.
• a small portion of each solution (4 ⁇ L) was added to a 96-well plate (Corning, 3884).
• the reaction was allowed to proceed for 90 min before being quenched with 40 ⁇ L of 1% H 3 PO 4 .
• a portion of the reaction mixture (60 ⁇ L) was transferred to a phospho-cellulose filter plate (Millipore; www.millipore.com, MAPHNOB50) and incubated for 20 minutes.
• the plate was filtrated, washed three times using 150 ⁇ L of 0.5% H 3 PO 4 and dried at 50° C. for 30 min. After the addition of 60 ⁇ L Microscint-20 to the plate, radioactivity was measured using a TopCount (PerkinElmer; www.PerkinElmer.com).
• Table A provides specific data for compounds of the below Examples as run in one or both of the foregoing assays. These data were generated in at least one run in the noted assay; repeats assay runs may have given or may give readouts that vary to some degree from these data.
• a PE Sciex API 150 single quadrupole mass spectrometer (PE Sciex, Thornhill, Ontario, Canada) was operated using electrospray ionization in the positive ion detection mode.
• the nebulizing gas was generated from a zero air generator (Balston Inc., Haverhill, Mass.; www.parker.com) and delivered at 65 psi and the curtain gas was high purity nitrogen delivered from a Dewar liquid nitrogen vessel at 50 psi.
• the voltage applied to the electrospray needle was 4.8 kV.
• the orifice was set at 25 V and mass spectrometer was scanned at a rate of 0.5 scan/sec using a step mass of 0.2 amu and collecting profile data.
• Method A LCMS. Samples are introduced into the mass spectrometer using a CTC PAL autosampler (LEAP Technologies, Carrboro, N.C.) equipped with a hamilton 10 uL syringe which performed the injection into a Valco 10-port injection valve.
• the HPLC pump was a Shimadzu LC-10ADvp (Shimadzu Scientific Instruments, Columbia, Md.) operated at 0.3 mL/min and a linear gradient 4.5% A to 90% B in 3.2 min. with a 0.4 min. hold.
• the mobile phase was composed of 100% (H 2 O 0.02% TFA) in vessel A and 100% (CH 3 CN 0.018% TFA) in vessel B.
• the stationary phase is Aquasil (C18) and the column dimensions are 1 mm ⁇ 40 mm. Detection was by UV at 214 nm, evaporative light-scattering (ELSD) and MS.
• Method B LCMS.
• an Agilent 1100 analytical HPLC system with an LC/MS was used and operated at 1 mL/min and a linear gradient 5% A to 100% B in 2.2 min with a 0.4 min hold.
• the mobile phase was composed of 100% (H 2 O 0.02% TFA) in vessel A and 100% (CH 3 CN 0.018% TFA) in vessel B.
• the stationary phase was Zobax (C8) with a 3.5 um partical size and the column dimensions were 2.1 mm ⁇ 50 mm. Detection was by UV at 214 nm, evaporative light-scattering (ELSD) and MS.
• ELSD evaporative light-scattering
• Method B LCMS.
• an MDSSCIEX API 2000 equipped with a capillary column of (50 ⁇ 4.6 mm, 5 ⁇ m) was used.
• HPLC was done on Agilent-1200 series UPLC system equipped with column Zorbax SB-C18 (50 ⁇ 4.6 mm, 1.8 ⁇ m) eluting with CH 3 CN: ammonium acetate buffer. The reactions were performed in the microwave (CEM, Discover).
• NMR 1H-NMR
• Analytical HPLC Products were analyzed by Agilent 1100 Analytical Chromatography system, with 4.5 ⁇ 75 mm Zorbax XDB-C18 column (3.5 ⁇ m) at 2 mL/min with a 4 min gradient from 5% CH 3 CN (0.1% formic acid) to 95% CH 3 CN (0.1% formic acid) in H 2 O (0.1% formic acid) and a 1 min hold.
• Preparative HPLC Products were purified using a Gilson preparative chromatography system with a 75 ⁇ 30 mm I. D. YMC CombiPrep ODS-A column (5 ⁇ m) (www.waters.com) at 50 mL/min with a 10 min gradient from 5% CH 3 CN (0.1% formic acid) to 95% CH 3 CN (0.1% formic acid) in H 2 O (0.1% formic acid) and a 2 min hold; alternatively, products were purified using an Agilent 1100 Preparative Chromatography system, with 100 ⁇ 30 mm Gemini C18 column (5 ⁇ m) at 60 mL/min with a 10 min gradient from 5% CH 3 CN (0.1% formic acid) to 95% CH 3 CN (0.1% formic acid) in H 2 O (0.1% formic acid) and a 2 min hold.
• Preparative normal phase chromatography was carried out using an Analogix IntelliFlash 280 System with SuperFlash Sepra Si 50 columns.
• reverse-phase HPLC was performed on Agilent using Zorbax SB—C18 column (21.2 ⁇ 250 mm, 7 ⁇ m) eluting with CH 3 CN: ammonium acetate buffer (10 ⁇ M) at pH 6.8.
• reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the crude product was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, eluted with dichloromethane-methanol (DCM-MeOH) 99:1 followed by purification by preparatory TLC to afford the desired compound as a off white solid (25 mg, 5%).
• DCM-MeOH dichloromethane-methanol
• a pressure tube was charged with 2-[(2,5-dichloro-4-pyridinyl)amino]benzoic acid (1.0 g, 3.53 mmol), 1,3-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-5-amine (0.589 g, 5.30 mmol), ( ⁇ )-2,2′-Bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1′-binaphthalene (0.330 g, 0.530 mmol), tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0) (Pd 2 (dba) 3 , 0.162 g, 0.177 mmol) and sodium tert-butoxide (0.849 g, 8.83 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (30 mL).
• a vessel was charged with 3-( ⁇ 5-chloro-2-[(1,3-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)amino]-4-pyridinyl ⁇ amino)benzoic acid (100 mg, 0.279 mmol), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (53.6 mg, 0.279 mmol) and hydroxybenzotriazole (42.8 mg, 0.279 mmol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF, 1.0 mL) and the contents were stirred at room temperature for 30 min. Methoxylamine hydrochloride (23.34 mg, 0.279 mmol) was added to this mixture and stirring continued for another 10 min.
• a vessel was charged with 3-[(2,5-dichloro-4-pyridinyl)amino]benzoic acid (1.0 g, 3.53 mmol), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (677 mg, 3.53 mmol) and hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBT) (541 mg, 3.53 mmol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF, 7.0 mL) and was stirred at room temperature for 30 min. To this solution methoxylamine hydrochloride (0.3 g, 3.53 mmol) was added and reaction mixture was stirred for another 10 min. The reaction mixture was cooled to 0° C. by using an ice bath.
• 3-[(2,5-dichloro-4-pyridinyl)amino]benzoic acid 1.0 g, 3.53 mmol
• a microwave tube was charged with 2-[(2,5-dichloro-4-pyridinyl)amino]-N-(methyloxy)benzamide (70 mg, 0.224 mmol), ⁇ 3-methyl-1-(1-methylethyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-amine (70 mg, 0.503 mmol) and cesium carbonate (230 mg, 0.706 mmol).
• the reaction mixture was degassed with nitrogen for 10 min.
• BINAP 50 mg, 0.080 mmol
• palladium(II) acetate (10 mg, 0.045 mmol) were added.
• the reaction mixture was heated in a microwave at 160° C. for 40 min.
• O-Methylhydroxylamine hydrochloride (15.95 g, 191 mmol) was added and the solution stirred for additional 15 minutes, the cooled down to the 0° C. and diisopropylethylamine (91 mL, 521 mmol) was added dropwise. The reaction mixture was stirred overnight tat the room temperature. Water (4000 mL) was added and the solution was acidified with acetic acid (20 mL). The solution was extracted 2 ⁇ 2 L of ethyl acetate. The organic was washed with water (1 L), brine, and dried over MgSO 4 , filtered and evaporated.
• the filter cake was rinsed with ethyl acetate (2 ⁇ 200 mL each) and filtrates were combined. Then the combined filtrates were washed with 1 M aqueous ammonium formate at pH 9.4 (5 ⁇ 1 L each), washed with water, brine, and dried over magnesium sulfate. Dried EtOAC was filtered and stripped to dryness giving a yellow foam. It was dried at 50-55° C. for about 2 hours to a constant weight of 160 g. This material was slurried in methylene chloride (800 mL, 5 volumes), heated to reflux to afford a solution, and filtered. The solution was cooled to 20-25° C. The product crystallized upon cooling.
• a vessel was charged with 2-[(2,5-dichloro-4-pyridinyl)amino]-N-ethylbenzamide (100 mg, 0.322 mmol), 1-ethyl-3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-amine (60.5 mg, 0.484 mmol), cesium carbonate (315 mg, 0.967 mmol), 1,4-dioxane (5.0 mL), and THF (1.0 mL).
• the reaction mixture was degassed by nitrogen for 10 min at which time ( ⁇ )-2,2′-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1′-binaphthalene (40.1 mg, 0.064 mmol) and palladium (II) acetate (7.24 mg, 0.032 mmol) in a minimum amount of 1,4-dioxane were added.
• the vessel was sealed and the reaction mixture was heated in microwave oven 160° C. for 40 min.
• the resulting suspension was cooled to room temperature and filtered through celite.
• Pentafluorophenyl trifluoroacetate (497 mg, 1.773 mmol) was added dropwise to a stirred solution of (5-amino-1-ethyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl) acetic acid (150 mg, 0.887 mmol) and pyridine (0.143 mL, 1.773 mmol) in DMF (3 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred for 15 min and pyrrolidine (0.220 mL, 2.66 mmol) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred at 65° C. for 40 min. The mixture was cooled and quenched with water (5 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (3 ⁇ ). The extract was dried over Na 2 SO 4 , filtered and concentrated.
• a microwave tube was charged with 2-[(2,5-dichloro-4-pyridinyl)amino]-N-(methyloxy)benzamide (200 mg, 0.64 mmol), 1,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-4-amine (142 mg, 1.28 mmol), cesium carbonate (626 mg, 1.92 mmol) and dioxane/THF (3:1 ml).
• the reaction mixture was degassed under nitrogen for 10 min and palladium (II) acetate (5.8 mg, 0.03 mmol) and BINAP (40 mg, 0.06 mmol) were added.
• the tube was sealed and the mixture was stirred in an oil bath at 150° C. overnight. The dark brown solution was filtered thru celite and evaporated.
• a microwave tube was charged with 2-[(2,5-dichloro-4-pyridinyl)amino]-N-(methyloxy)benzamide (250 mg, 0.8 mmol), 1,3-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-4-amine (187 mg, 1.68 mmol), cesium carbonate (783 mg, 2.4 mmol) and dioxane/THF (3:1 ml).
• the reaction mixture was degassed under nitrogen for 10 min and palladium (II) acetate (9 mg, 0.04 mmol) and BINAP (50 mg, 0.08 mmol) were added.
• the mixture was stirred in a microwave at 140° C. for 40 min.
• a microwave tube was charged with 2-[(2,5-dichloro-4-pyridinyl)amino]-N-(methyloxy)benzamide (100 mg, 0.32 mmol), 4-methyl-1-(1-methylethyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-amine (93.6 mg, 0.67 mmol), cesium carbonate (312.8 mg, 0.96 mmol) and DMF (5 mL).
• the reaction mixture was degassed under nitrogen for 10 min and palladium (II) acetate (3.6 mg, 0.016 mmol) and BINAP (19.9 mg, 0.032 mmol) were added.
• the reaction mixture was heated in an oil bath for 6 hours and then in a microwave at 150° C. for 40 min.
• a microwave tube was charged with 2-[(2,5-dichloro-4-pyridinyl)amino]-N-(methyloxy)benzamide (300 mg, 0.96 mmol), 1-ethyl-4-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-amine (253 mg, 2.01 mmol), cesium carbonate (939 mg, 2.88 mmol) and DMF (7 ml).
• the reaction mixture was degassed under nitrogen for 10 min and palladium (II) acetate (10.8 mg, 0.05 mmol) and BINAP (59.8 mg, 0.096 mmol) were added.
• the reaction mixture was heated in an oil bath at 90° C. for 5 hrs and then in a microwave at 150° C. for 50 min.
• a microwave tube was charged with 2-[(2,5-dichloro-4-pyridinyl)amino]-N-(methyloxy)benzamide (300 mg, 0.96 mmol), 4-methyl-1-(2-methylpropyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-amine (309 mg, 2.01 mmol), cesium carbonate (939 mg, 2.88 mmol) and DMF (5 ml).
• the reaction mixture was degassed under nitrogen for 10 min, and palladium (II) acetate (10.8 mg, 0.05 mmol) and BINAP (59.8 mg, 0.096 mmol) were added.
• the reaction mixture was heated in an oil bath at 90° C. for 5 hrs and then in a microwave at 150° C. for 40 min.
• a microwave tube was charged with 2-[(2,5-dichloro-4-pyridinyl)amino]-N-(methyloxy)benzamide (188 mg, 0.602 mmol), [5-amino-1-(1-methylethyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]methanol (140 mg, 0.90 mmol), cesium carbonate (589 mg, 1.81 mmol) and DMF (5 ml).
• the reaction mixture was degassed under nitrogen for 10 min and palladium (II) acetate (6.8 mg, 0.03 mmol) and BINAP (37.5 mg, 0.06 mmol) were added.
• the reaction mixture was heated in an oil bath at 90° C. for 5 hrs and then in a microwave at 150° C.
• the organic layer was discarded.
• the water layer was neutralized with 1 M NaOH (to pH 8) and extracted with EtoAc.
• the organic layer was separated, washed with brine, dried over MgSO 4 , filtered and evaporated.
• the solid was the dissolved in 20 mL of EtOAc and 20 mL of water and 1 mL of acetic acid were added.
• the organic layer was separated, washed with brine, dried over MgSO 4 , filtered and evaporated.
• reaction mixture was degassed with N 2 for another 15 min after which the resulting reaction mixture was stirred at 110° C. overnight.
• reaction solid material was collected by filtration, dissolved in water (500 mL), and extracted with ethyl acetate (5 ⁇ 200 mL). Combined organic layers were dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to give crude material. It was purified by column chromatography over silica gel (60-120 mesh) using 0.2% methanolic ammonia (10% ammonia in MeOH) in dichloromethane as the eluant to give the title compound as a pale yellow solid (9 g, 59%).
• a sealed tube was charged with 2,5-dichloro-4-iodopyridine, 2-amino-5-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazinyl]-N-methylbenzamide 4, and cesium carbonate in 1,4-dioxane.
• the reaction mixture was degassed by nitrogen for 10 min.
• BINAP and palladium(II) acetate were added into it and the reaction mixture was heated in 120° C. in an oil bath over night.
• the black oil was purified by flush column chromatography on silica gel (5% EtOAc:DCM). The combined fractions were evaporated. The resulting oil was dissolved in dioxane (20 mL) and sodium hydroxide (20 mL, 20.00 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was refluxed overnight. The layers were separated and the organic layer was washed with 20 ml of 1 M NaOH. The aqueous layers were combined and washed with EtOAc. The combined organic layers were washed with water, brine and dried over MgSO 4 and filtered. The solution was evaporated, suspended in acetonitrile and filtered.
• the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature 24 hr. Water (100 mL) was added followed by acetic acid (1 mL) and the solution extracted with 2 ⁇ 50 ml of ethyl acetate. The organic layer was separated, washed with 2 ⁇ 50 ml sat KHCO 3 , brine, dried over MgSO 4 and evaporated. The resulting oil was suspended in dichloromethane and filtered.
• Example 8 Following substantially the procedure of Example 8 the following compounds can be made starting with either 2,5-dichloro-4-iodopyridine or 2-chloro-4-iodo-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine and the appropriately substituted 5-aminopyrazole.
• Example 41a or 41b Following substantially the procedure of Example 41a or 41b the following compound can be made using 3-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-ethyl-1H-pyrazol-5-amine.
• Example 73 Following substantially the procedure of Example 73 the following compounds can be made using the appropriately substituted 5-aminopyrazole.

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