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Definitions

• the present invention relates to novel propionic acid derivatives. More particularly, the present invention relates to ⁇ -phenyl ⁇ -oxysubstituted propionic acids of the general formula (I)
• W represents NR 12
• R 12 represents hydrogen
• R 10 and R 11 may be same or different and represent hydrogen or substituted or unsubstituted group selected form alkyl, alkoxy, aryl or aralkyl group
• Ar represents substituted or unsubstituted divalent single or fused aromatic or heterocyclic group
• R 5 represents hydrogen atom, hydroxy, alkoxy, halogen, alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl group or forms a bond together with the adjacent group R 6
• R 6 represents hydrogen, hydroxy, alkoxy, halogen, lower alkyl group, acyl, substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl or R 6 forms a bond together with R 5
• R 7 may be hydrogen or substituted or unsubstituted groups selected from alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl,
• the compounds of formula (I) are novel intermediates, useful in the synthesis of novel antidiabetic compounds of the formula (II), which has been made subject matter of our PCT application entitled “New bicyclic compounds and their use in medicine, process for their preparation and pharmaceutical compositions containing them” filed simultaneously on the same day.
• R 1 , R 2 and R 3 , R 4 when attached to the carbon atom may be same or different and represent hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, nitro, cyano, formyl or substituted or unsubstituted groups selected from alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, to cycloalkoxy, aryl, aryloxy, aralkyl, aralkoxy, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, heteroaryloxy, heteroaralkoxy, acyl, acyloxy, hydroxyalkyl, amino, acylamino, monoalkylamino, dialkylamino, arylamino, aralkylamino, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, aralkoxycarbonyl, alkoxyalkyl, aryloxyalkyl, aralkoxyalkyl, alkylthio, thioalkyl, alkoxycarbonylamino, aryl
• the present invention also relates to processes for the preparation of compounds of the formula (I) and their use in the preparation of compounds of formula (II).
• the compounds of general formula (II) are useful in reducing body weight and for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of diseases such as atherosclerosis, stroke, peripheral vascular diseases and related disorders. These compounds are useful for the treatment of hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, hypercholesterolemia, lowering of atherogenic lipoproteins, VLDL (very low density lipoprotein) and LDL.
• the compounds of the present invention can be used for the treatment of renal diseases including glomerulonephritis, glomerulosclerosis, nephrotic syndrome, hypertensive nephrosclerosis and nephropathy.
• the compounds of general formula (II) are also useful for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of leptin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance, disorders related to syndrome X such as hypertension, obesity, insulin resistance, coronary heart disease and other cardiovascular disorders.
• These compounds may also be useful as aldose reductase inhibitors, for improving cognitive functions in dementia, treating diabetic complications, disorders related to endothelial cell activation, psoriasis, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), inflammatory bowel diseases, osteoporosis, myotonic dystrophy, pancreatitis, arteriosclerosis, retinopathy, xanthoma, eating disorders, inflammation and for the treatment of cancer.
• PCOS polycystic ovarian syndrome
• the compounds of the present invention are also useful in the treatment and/or prophylaxis of the above said diseases in combination/concomittant with one or more HMG CoA reductase inhibitors; cholesterol absorption inhibitors; antiobesity drugs; lipoprotein disorder treatment drugs; hypoglycemic agents: insulin; biguanides; sulfonylureas; thiazolidinediones; dual PPAR ⁇ and ⁇ or a mixture thereof.
• Atherosclerosis and other peripheral vascular diseases affect the quality of life of millions of people. Therefore, considerable attention has been directed towards understanding the etiology of hypercholesterolemia and hyperlipidemia and development of effective therapeutic strategies.
• Hypercholesterolemia has been defined as plasma cholesterol level that exceeds arbitrarily defined value called “normal” level. Recently, it has been accepted that “ideal” plasma levels of cholesterol are much below the “normal” level of cholesterol in the general population and the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) increases as cholesterol level rises above the “optimum” (or “ideal”) value. There is clearly a definite cause and effect-relationship between hypercholesterolemia and CAD, particularly for individuals with multiple risk factors. Most of the cholesterol is present in the esterified forms with various lipoproteins such as Low density lipoprotein (LDL), Intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL), High density lipoprotein (HDL) and partially as Very low density lipoprotein (VLDL).
• LDL Low density lipoprotein
• IDL Intermediate density lipoprotein
• HDL High density lipoprotein
• VLDL Very low density lipoprotein
• HDL hypercholesterolemia and coronary heart diseases
• Obesity is a disease highly prevalent in affluent societies and in the developing world and is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. It is a state of excess body fat accumulation. The causes of obesity are unclear. It is believed to be of genetic origin or promoted by an interaction between the genotype and environment. Irrespective of the cause, the result is fat deposition due to imbalance between the energy intake versus energy expenditure. Dieting, exercise and appetite suppression have been a part of obesity treatment. There is a need for efficient therapy to fight this disease since it may lead to coronary heart disease, diabetes, stroke, hyperlipidemia, gout, osteoarthritis, reduced fertility and many other psychological and social problems.
• Diabetes and insulin resistance is yet another disease which severely affects the quality of large population in the world. Insulin resistance is the diminished ability of insulin to exert its biological action across a broad range of concentrations. In insulin resistance, the body secretes abnormally high amounts of insulin to compensate for this defect; failing which, the plasma glucose concentration inevitably raises and develops into diabetes.
• diabetes mellitus is a common problem and is associated with a variety of abnormalities including obesity, hypertension, hyperlipidemia ( J. Clin. Invest., 75 (1985) 809-817; N. Engl. J. Med 317 (1987) 350-357; J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 66 (1988) 580-583; J. Clin.
• Hyperlipidemia is the primary cause for cardiovascular (CVD) and other peripheral vascular diseases.
• High risk of CVD is related to the higher LDL (Low Density Lipoprotein) and VLDL (Very Low Density Lipoprotein) seen in hyperlipidemia.
• LDL Low Density Lipoprotein
• VLDL Very Low Density Lipoprotein
• Patients having glucose intolerance/insulin resistance in addition to hyperlipidemia have higher risk of CVD.
• Numerous studies in the past have shown that lowering of plasma triglycerides and total cholesterol, in particular LDL and VLDL and increasing HDL cholesterol help in preventing cardiovascular diseases.
• Peroxisome proliferator activated receptors are members of the nuclear receptor super family.
• the gamma ( ⁇ ) isoform of PPAR (PPAR ⁇ ) has been implicated in regulating differentiation of adipocytes ( Endocrinology, 135 (1994) 798-800) and energy homeostasis ( Cell, 83 (1995) 803-812), whereas the alpha ( ⁇ ) isoform of PPAR (PPAR ⁇ ) mediates fatty acid oxidation ( Trend. Endocrin. Metab., 4 (1993) 291-296) thereby resulting in reduction of circulating free fatty acid in plasma ( Current Biol. 5 (1995) 618-621).
• PPAR ⁇ agonists have been found useful for the treatment of obesity (WO 97/36579). It has been recently disclosed that compounds which are agonists for both PPAR ⁇ and PPAR ⁇ are suggested to be useful for the treatment of syndrome X (WO 97/25042). Similar effect between the insulin sensitizer (PPAR ⁇ agonist) and HMG CoA reductase inhibitor has been observed which may be useful for the treatment of atherosclerosis and xanthoma (EP 0 753 298).
• PPAR ⁇ plays an important role in adipocyte differentiation ( Cell, 87 (1996) 377-389). Ligand activation of PPAR is sufficient to cause complete terminal differentiation ( Cell, 79 (1994) 1147-1156) including cell cycle withdrawal. PPAR ⁇ is consistently expressed in certain cells and activation of this nuclear receptor with PPAR ⁇ agonists would stimulate the terminal differentiation of adipocyte precursors and cause morphological and molecular changes characteristics of a more differentiated, less malignant state ( Molecular Cell , (1998), 465-470; Carcinogenesis , (1998), 1949-53; Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 94 (1997) 237-241) and inhibition of expression of prostate cancer tissue ( Cancer Research 58 (1998) 3344-3352). This would be useful in the treatment of certain types of cancer, which express PPAR ⁇ and could lead to a quite nontoxic chemotherapy.
• Leptin resistance is a condition wherein the target cells are unable to respond to leptin signal. This may give rise to obesity due to excess food intake and reduced energy expenditure and cause impaired glucose tolerance, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and such other interrelated complications.
• Kallen et al Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci . (1996) 93, 5793-5796) have reported that insulin sensitizers which perhaps due to the PPAR agonist expression lower plasma leptin concentrations.
• compounds having insulin sensitizing property also possess leptin sensitization activity. They lower the circulating plasma leptin concentrations by improving the target cell response to leptin (WO 98/02159).
• a 2 is lower alkylene wherein the alkylene can be substituted phenyl.
• the compounds of formula were further converted to thiazolidine derivatives of the formula (IIIf)
• the main objective of the present invention is to provide novel ⁇ -phenyl ⁇ -oxysubstituted propionic acids of formula (I), their derivatives, their analogs, their tautomeric forms and their stereoisomers which are useful in the synthesis of compounds of formula (II).
• Another objective of the present invention is to provide a process for the preparation of compounds of formula (I), their derivatives, their analogs, their tautomers and their stereoisomers.
• W represents NR 12
• R 12 represents hydrogen
• R 10 and R 11 may be same or different and represent hydrogen or substituted or unsubstituted group selected form alkyl, alkoxy, aryl or aralkyl group
• Ar represents substituted or unsubstituted divalent single or fused aromatic or heterocyclic group
• R 5 represents hydrogen atom, hydroxy, alkoxy, halogen, alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl group or forms a bond together with the adjacent group R 6
• R 6 represents hydrogen, hydroxy, alkoxy, halogen, lower alkyl group, acyl, substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl or R 6 forms a bond together, with R 5
• R 7 may be hydrogen or substituted or unsubstituted groups selected from alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl
• R 7 , R 8 and Ar are as defined above may be carried out in the presence of gaseous hydrogen and a catalyst such as Pd/C, Rh/C, Pt/C, Raney nickel and the like. Mixtures of catalysts may be used.
• the reaction may also be conducted in the presence of solvents such as dioxane, acetic acid, ethyl acetate and the like. A pressure between atmospheric pressure and 80 psi may be employed.
• the catalyst may be preferably 5-10% Pd/C and the amount of catalyst used may range from 1-50% w/w.
• the reaction may also be carried out by employing metal solvent reduction such as magnesium, iron, tin, samarium in alcohol or sodium amalgam in alcohol, preferably methanol.
• the hydrogenation may be carried out in the presence of metal catalysts containing chiral ligands to obtain a compound of formula (I) in optically active form.
• the metal catalyst may contain Rhodium, Ruthenium, Indium and the like.
• the chiral ligands may preferably be chiral phosphines such as (2S,3S)-bis(diphenylphosphino)butane, 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane, 1,2-bis(2-methoxyphenylphenylphosphino) ethane, ( ⁇ )-2,3-isopropylidene-2,3-dihydroxy-1,4-bis(diphenylphosphino) butane and the like.
• the compound of formula (IIIg) may be prepared by reacting the compound of formula (IIIh)
• R 13 represents (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl group and all other symbols are as defined earlier may be carried out in the presence of a base such as metal hydride such as NaH or KH; organolithiums such as CH 3 Li, BuLi and the like; alkoxides such as NaOMe, NaOEt, t-BuO ⁇ K + and the like or mixtures thereof.
• the reaction may be carried out in the presence of solvents such as diethyl ether, THF, dioxane, DMF, DMSO, DME, dimethyl acetamide and the like or mixtures thereof.
• HMPA may be used as cosolvent.
• the reaction temperature may range from ⁇ 78° C. to 50° C., preferably at a temperature in the range of ⁇ 10° C. to 30° C. The reaction is more effective under anhydrous conditions.
• the compound of formula (I) where m is 0 and all other symbols are as defined above may be prepared by diazotizing the compound of formula (III k) to a compound of formula au and reducing the compound of formula (III l) to yield compound of formula (I).
• the diazotiaziaon of the compound of the formula (III k) to obtain compound of formula (III l) may be carried out using diazotizing agent such as sodium nitrite, isoamyl nitrite, potassium nitrite, ammonium nitrite and the like under acidic conditions using acids such as sulfuric acid, HCl, acetic acid and the like, in an organic solvent such as alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, propanol and the like; 1,4-dioxane, THF, acetone and the like.
• diazotizing agent such as sodium nitrite, isoamyl nitrite, potassium nitrite, ammonium nitrite and the like
• acids such as sulfuric acid, HCl, acetic acid and the like
• organic solvent such as alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, propanol and the like; 1,4-dioxane, THF, acetone and the like.
• alkyl sulfates such as diethyl sulphate, dimethylsulphate and the like or alkyl halides such as ethyl iodide, methyliodide and the like
• solvents such as hydrocarbons like toluene, benzene and the like or DMF, DMSO, acetonitrile, THF, methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) and the like
• alkali bases such as sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, sodium methoxide, sodium hydride, potassium hydride and the like.
• the reduction of compound of the formula (IIIl) to yield a compound of the general formula (I) may be carried out in the presence of gaseous hydrogen and a catalyst such as Pd/C, Rh/C, Pt/C, Raney nickel and the like. Mixtures of catalysts may be used.
• the reaction may also be conducted in the presence of solvents such as dioxane, acetic acid, ethyl acetate and the like. A pressure between atmospheric pressure and 80 psi may be employed.
• the catalyst may be preferably 5-10% Pd/C and the amount of catalyst used may range from 1-50% w/w.
• the reaction may also be carried out by employing metal solvent reduction such as magnesium, iron, tin, samarium in alcohol or sodium amalgam in alcohol, preferably methanol.
• the hydrogenation may be carried out in the presence of metal catalysts containing chiral ligands to obtain a compound of formula (I) in optically active form.
• the metal catalyst may contain Rhodium, Ruthenium, Indium and the like.
• the chiral ligands may preferably be chiral phosphines such as (2S,3S)-bis(diphenylphosphino)butane, 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane, 1,2-bis(2-methoxyphenyl phenylphosphino)ethane, ( ⁇ )-2,3-isopropylidene-2,3-dihydroxy-1,4-bis(diphenylphosphino) butane and the like.
• chiral phosphines such as (2S,3S)-bis(diphenylphosphino)butane, 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane, 1,2-bis(2-methoxyphenyl phenylphosphino)ethane, ( ⁇ )-2,3-isopropylidene-2,3-dihydroxy-1,4-bis(diphenylphosphino) butane and the like.
• reaction of a compound of the general formula (IIIi) defined above with a compound of formula (IVa), to yield compound of formula (IVb) may be carried out in the presence of a base such as metal hydride like NaH or KH; organolithiums such as CH 3 Li, BuLi and the like; alkoxides such as NaOMe, NaOEt, t-BuO ⁇ K + and the like or mixtures thereof.
• the reaction may be carried out in the presence of solvents such as diethyl ether, THF, dioxane, DMF, DMSO, DME, dimethyl acetamide and the like or mixtures thereof.
• HMPA may be used as cosolvent.
• the reaction temperature may range from ⁇ 78° C. to 50° C., preferably at a temperature in the range of ⁇ 10° C. to 30° C.
• the reduction of compound of the formula (IVb) to yield a compound of the formula (IVc) may be carried out in the presence of gaseous hydrogen and a catalyst such as Pd/C, Rh/C, Pt/C, Raney nickel and the like. Mixtures of catalysts may be used.
• the reaction may also be conducted in the presence of solvents such as dioxane, acetic acid, ethyl acetate and the like. A pressure between atmospheric pressure and 80 psi may be employed.
• the catalyst may be preferably 5-10% Pd/C and the amount of catalyst used may range from 1-50% w/w.
• the reaction may also be carried out by employing metal solvent reduction such as magnesium, iron, tin, samarium in alcohol or sodium amalgam in alcohol, preferably methanol.
• the hydrogenation may be carried out in the presence of metal catalysts containing chiral ligands to obtain a compound of formula (IVc) in optically active form.
• the metal catalyst may contain Rhodium, Ruthenium, Indium and the like.
• the chiral ligands may preferably be chiral phosphines such as (2S,3S)-bis(diphenylphosphino)butane, 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane, 1,2-bis(2-methoxyphenylPhenylphosphino)ethane, ( ⁇ )-2,3-isopropylidene-2,3-dihydroxy-1,4-bis(diphenylphosphino) butane and the like.
• chiral phosphines such as (2S,3S)-bis(diphenylphosphino)butane, 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane, 1,2-bis(2-methoxyphenylPhenylphosphino)ethane, ( ⁇ )-2,3-isopropylidene-2,3-dihydroxy-1,4-bis(diphenylphosphino) butane and the like.
• the reaction of a compound of general formula (IVc) with a compound of formula (IVd) to provide a compound of formula (I) may be carried out using solvents such as CH 2 Cl 2 , CHCl 3 , chlorobenzene, benzene, THF, in the presence of catalyst such as p-toluenesulfonic acid, methanesulfonic acid, TFA, TfOH, BF 3 —OEt 2 and the like.
• the reaction may also be carried out using activated molecular sieves.
• the temperature of the reaction may range from 10° C. to 100° C., preferably at a temperature in the range from 10° C. to 60° C.
• the imine product initially produce may be reducing using Na(CN)BH 3 —HCl.
• diazotiaziaon of the compound of the formula (IIIk) where m is 0, R 6 is hydrogen and all other symbols are as defined above, to obtain compound of formula (Va) may be carried out using diazotizing agent such as sodium nitrite, isoamyl nitrite, potassium nitrite, ammonium nitrite and the like in the presence of catalytic amount of carboxylic acid such as acetic acid, propionic acid and the like, in suitable solvent such as chloroform, chlorobenzene, dichloroethane and the like or a mixture thereof at a temperature in the range of room temperature and reflux temperature of the solvent employed for a period in the range of 0.5 to 16 h.
• diazotizing agent such as sodium nitrite, isoamyl nitrite, potassium nitrite, ammonium nitrite and the like
• suitable solvent such as chloroform, chlorobenzene, dichloroethane and the like or a mixture thereof at a temperature in
• Decomposing the arylalkyl diazo acetate of the formula (Va) to obtain a compound of formula (IIIl) where R 7 is as defined earlier excluding hydrogen and all other symbols are as defined earlier can be promoted by a suitable catalyst such as Rh(II) acetate, salt/complex of Cu(I) or Rh(II) and the like in the presence of an alcohol of the formula R 7 OH.
• a suitable catalyst such as Rh(II) acetate, salt/complex of Cu(I) or Rh(II) and the like in the presence of an alcohol of the formula R 7 OH.
• the reduction of compound of the formula (IIIl) to yield a compound of the general formula (I) where all symbols are as defined earlier may be carried out in the presence of gaseous hydrogen and a catalyst such as Pd/C, Rh/C, Pt/C, Raney nickel and the like. Mixtures of catalysts may be used.
• the reaction may also be conducted in the presence of solvents such as dioxane, acetic acid, ethyl acetate and the like. A pressure between atmospheric pressure and 80 psi may be employed.
• the catalyst may be preferably 5-10% Pd/C and the amount of catalyst used may range from 1-50% w/w.
• the reaction may also be carried out by employing metal solvent reduction such as magnesium, iron, tin, samarium in alcohol or sodium amalgam in alcohol, preferably methanol.
• metal solvent reduction such as magnesium, iron, tin, samarium in alcohol or sodium amalgam in alcohol, preferably methanol.
• the hydrogenation may also be carried out using ammonium formate, cyclohex-1,4-diene type of hydrogen donor under pd/c conditions using solvents such as methanol, ethanol, ethyl acetate and the like.
• the diazotization of the compound of the formula (VIa) where all symbols are as defined above to obtain compound of formula (VIb) may be carried out by using diazotizing agent such as sodium nitrite, isoamyl nitrite, potassium nitrite, ammonium nitrite and the like under aqueous acidic conditions using acids such as sulfuric acid, HCl, acetic acid and the like, in an organic solvent such as alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, propanol and the like; 1,4-dioxane, THF, acetone and the like.
• diazotizing agent such as sodium nitrite, isoamyl nitrite, potassium nitrite, ammonium nitrite and the like under aqueous acidic conditions using acids such as sulfuric acid, HCl, acetic acid and the like, in an organic solvent such as alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, propanol and the like; 1,4-dioxane, T
• One pot esterification and etherification of compound of general formula (VIb) to a compound of general formula (VIc) may be carried by initial di deprotonation of (VIb) using a suitable base such as NaH, KH, KOH or like, in a suitable solvent such as toluene, benzene, diethylether, THF, DMF, DME HMPA, and like, followed by treatment with alkyl halide such as ethyl iodide or methyl iodide and like.
• alkylating agents such as Et 3 O + BF 4 ⁇ , Me 3 O + BF 4 ⁇ , dialkylsulfate may also be used.
• Reaction temperature may vary from 0° C. to 100° C.
• Nitration of the compound of formula (VIc) to a compound of formula (VId) where n is 0 and all other symbols are as defined above may be carried out using nitrating agents such as fuming nitric acid, N 2 O 5 , a mixture of conc. Nitric acid and conc. Sulfuric acid or a mixture of nitric acid and acetic anhydride in the presence of a solvent or under neat condition at a temperature in the range of ⁇ 10° C. to room temperature for a period in the range of 0.5 to 4 h. (Ref: Org. Synth. Col. Vol. I, 396)
• Reduction of compound of the formula (VId) to a compound of formula (I), may be carried out in the presence of gaseous hydrogen or hydrogen donors such as ammonium formate, cyclohex-1,4-diene and the like and a catalyst such as Pd/C, Rh/C, Pt/C, Raney nickel and the like.
• a catalyst such as Pd/C, Rh/C, Pt/C, Raney nickel and the like.
• Mixtures of catalysts may be used in the presence of solvents such as methanol, ethanol, dioxane, acetic acid, ethyl acetate and the like.
• a pressure between atmospheric pressure and 80 psi may be employed.
• the catalyst may be preferably 5-10% Pd/C and the amount of catalyst used may range from 1-50% w/w.
• the reaction may also be carried out by employing metal solvent reduction such as magnesium, iron, tin, samarium, indium, sodium amalgam in alcohol, or other suitable solvents
• the diazotization of the compound of formula (VIIa) where all symbols are as defined above to obtain a compound of formula (VIIb) may be carried out using diazotizing agents such as sodium nitrite, isoamyl nitrite, potassium nitrite, ammonium nitrite and the like under aqueous acidic conditions using acids such as sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, acetic acid and the like, in presence of an optional co solvent like alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, propanol and the like; or ethers such as 1,4-dioxane, THF, and the like; or ketones such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone and the like.
• diazotizing agents such as sodium nitrite, isoamyl nitrite, potassium nitrite, ammonium nitrite and the like under aqueous acidic conditions using acids such as sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, acetic acid and the like, in presence
• Esterification of the compound of formula (VIIb) to a compound of formula (VIIc) may be done using an appropriate alcohol of formula R 8 —OH where R 8 represents lower alkyl groups such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, t-butyl and the like in presence of suitable catalyst such as, conc. sulfuric acid, dry HCl, BF 3 —OEt 2 , and the like.
• suitable catalyst such as, conc. sulfuric acid, dry HCl, BF 3 —OEt 2 , and the like.
• the reaction may be carried out at reflux temperature of the alcohol employed.
• reagents like diazomethane or Et 3 O + BF 4 ⁇ or Me 3 O + BF 4 ⁇ and the like may also be used for esterification.
• Selective O-alkylation of the compound of formula (VIIc) to the compound of formula (VIId) may be done using alkyl sulfates such as diethyl sulfate, dimethyl sulfate and the like or alkyl halides such as ethyl iodide, methyl iodide, n-propyl iodide, n-propyl bromide, isopropyl iodide and the like, in solvents such as hydrocarbons like toluene, benzene and the like or acetonitrile, tetrahydro furan, dimethyl formamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, and the like, in the presence of molecular sieves and alkali bases such as sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, cesium carbonate, sodium methoxide, sodium hydride, potassium hydride, sodium or potassium hydroxide and the like.
• alkyl sulfates such as diethyl
• Heavy metal oxides such as Ag 2 O, PbO, HgO and the like may be of particular use to carry out alkylation when alkyl halides are used as alkylation reagent.
• Phase transfer catalysts such as tetraalkylammonium hydroxide or tetraalkylammonium halides such as tetrabutylammonium chloride, tetrabutylammonium bromide and the like may also be employed.
• Reduction of compound of the formula (VIId) to a compound of formula (I), may be carried out in the presence of gaseous hydrogen or hydrogen donors such as ammonium formate, cyclohex-1,4-diene and the like and a catalyst such as Pd/C, Rh/C, Pt/C, Raney nickel and the like.
• a catalyst such as Pd/C, Rh/C, Pt/C, Raney nickel and the like.
• Mixtures of catalysts may be used in the presence of solvents such as methanol, ethanol, dioxane, acetic acid, ethyl acetate and the like.
• a pressure between atmospheric pressure and 80 psi may be employed.
• the catalyst may be preferably 5-10% Pd/C and the amount of catalyst used may range from 1-50 w/w.
• the reaction may also be carried out by employing metal solvent reduction such as magnesium, iron, tin, samarium, indium, sodium amalgam in alcohol, or other suitable solvents
• the diazotization of the compound of formula (VIIa) where all symbols are as defined above to obtain a compound of formula (VIIb) may be carried out using diazotizing agents such as sodium nitrite, isoamyl nitrite, potassium nitrite, ammonium nitrite and the like under aqueous acidic conditions using acids such as sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, acetic acid and the like, in presence of an optional co solvent like alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, propanol and the like; or ethers such as 1,4-dioxane, THF, and the like; or ketones such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone and the like.
• diazotizing agents such as sodium nitrite, isoamyl nitrite, potassium nitrite, ammonium nitrite and the like under aqueous acidic conditions using acids such as sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, acetic acid and the like, in presence
• Esterification of the compound of formula (VIIb) to a compound of formula (VIIc) may be done using an appropriate alcohol of formula R 8 —OH where R 8 represents lower alkyl groups such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, t-butyl and the like in presence of suitable catalyst such as, conc. sulfuric acid, dry HCl, BF 3 —OEt 2 , and the like.
• suitable catalyst such as, conc. sulfuric acid, dry HCl, BF 3 —OEt 2 , and the like.
• the reaction may be carried out at reflux temperature of the alcohol employed.
• reagents like diazomethane or Et 3 O + BF 4 ⁇ or Me 3 O + BF 4 ⁇ and the like may also be used for esterification.
• Reduction of compound of the formula (VIIc) to a compound of formula (VIIIa), may be carried out in the presence of gaseous hydrogen or hydrogen donors such as ammonium formate, cyclohex-1,4-diene and the like and a catalyst such as Pd/C, Rh/C, Pt/C, Raney nickel and the like.
• a catalyst such as Pd/C, Rh/C, Pt/C, Raney nickel and the like.
• Mixture of catalysts may be used in the presence of solvents such as methanol, ethanol, dioxane, acetic acid, ethyl acetate and the like.
• a pressure between atmospheric pressure to 80 psi may be employed.
• the catalyst may be preferably 5-10% Pd/C and the amount of catalyst used may range from 1-50% w/w.
• the reaction may also be carried out by employing metal solvent reduction such as magnesium, iron, tin, samarium, indium, sodium amalgam in alcohol, or other suitable
• N,N-dibenzylation of the compound of formula (VIIIa) to the compound of formula (VII %) may be done using benzyl halides such as benzyl bromide, benzyl chloride and the like in solvents such as hydrocarbons like toluene, benzene and the like or acetonitrile, tetrahydro furan, dimethyl formamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, and the like, in the presence of alkali bases such as sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, sodium or potassium hydroxide and the like.
• benzyl halides such as benzyl bromide, benzyl chloride and the like
• solvents such as hydrocarbons like toluene, benzene and the like or acetonitrile, tetrahydro furan, dimethyl formamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, and the like
• alkali bases such as sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, sodium or potassium hydroxide and the like.
• Phase transfer catalysts such as tetraalkylammonium hydroxide or tetraalkylammonium halides such as tetrabutylammonium chloride, tetrabutylammonium bromide and the like may also be employed.
• the reaction may be carried out in the range of room temperature to the reflux temperature of the solvent employed.
• reaction time may range from 0.5 h to 24 h, preferably 0.5 h to 3-4 h and reaction temperature may range from 0° C. to 80° C.
• Debenzylation of the compound of the formula (VIIId) to the compound of formula (I) may be carried out in the presence of gaseous hydrogen or hydrogen donors such as ammonium formate, cyclohex-1,4-diene and the like and a catalyst such as Pd/C, Rh/C, Pt/C, Raney nickel and the like.
• a catalyst such as Pd/C, Rh/C, Pt/C, Raney nickel and the like.
• Mixture of catalysts may be used in the presence of solvents such as methanol, ethanol, dioxane, acetic acid, ethyl acetate and the like.
• a pressure between atmospheric pressure and 80 psi may be employed.
• the catalyst may be preferably 5-10% Pd/C and the amount of catalyst used may range from 1-50% w/w.
• Particularly useful compounds according to the present invention include:
• the compounds of the present invention can be converted to the compounds of the formula (II) which includes:
• novel antidiabetic compounds of formula (II) and process for preparing them are described and claimed in our PCT application entitled “New bicyclic compounds and their use in medicine, process for their preparation and pharmaceutical compositions containing them” filed simultaneously on the same day.
• any reactive group in the substrate molecule may be protected according to conventional chemical practice.
• Suitable protecting groups in any of the above mentioned reactions are tertiarybutyl dimethyl silylchloride, methoxymethyl chloride etc, to protect hydroxyl group, N-Boc, N-Cbz, N-Fmoc etc, for protection of amino group, acetal protection for aldehyde, ketal protection for ketone and the like.
• the methods of formation and removal of such protecting groups are those conventional methods appropriate to the molecule being protected.
• stereoisomers of the compounds forming part of this invention may be prepared by using reactants in their single enantiomeric form in the process wherever possible or by conducting the reaction in the presence of reagents or catalysts in their single enantiomer form or by resolving the mixture of stereoisomers by conventional methods.
• Some of the preferred methods include use of microbial resolution, resolving the diastereomeric salts formed with chiral acids such as mandelic acid, camphorsulfonic acid, tartaric acid, lactic acid, and the like wherever applicable or chiral bases such as brucine, cinchona alkaloids and their derivatives and the like.
• Ethyl 4-nitro-2-ethoxycinnamate obtained in step (i) was hydrogenated using Pd (10%)/C—H 2 (60 psi) (11 g) in ethyl acetate (150 ml) at RT and chromatographed using ethyl acetate/hexane to yield the title compound as viscous oil (9.41 g, yield 60%).
• step (i) The mono heptylated product (3 g, 1 eq, 8.98 mmol) obtained in step (i) was treated with excess dibromoethane (10 eq) in presence of anhydrous K 2 CO 3 (3.72 g, 3 eq, 27 mmol), in DMF (40 ml), and heated at 70° C. for 16 h.
• the reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate, washed with water and brine.
• step (i) The crude compound (15 g, 1 eq, 56.6 mmol) obtained in step (i) was dissolved in methanol (250 ml). To this ammonium formate (35.6 g, 10 eq, 566 mmol) and 10% Pd/C (40 g) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred at RT for 16 h. The catalyst was filtered and the methanol was condensed on rotavapour. The reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate and washed with water and brine. The residue was chromatographed to yield methyl 2-ethoxy meta amino cinnamate as (E) and (Z) isomers (10 g, yield 75%).
• Methyl 2-ethoxy meta amino cinnamate (10 g, 1 eq, 42.5 mmol) obtained in step (ii) was treated with magnesium (20.4 g, 20 eq, 850 mmol) and dry methanol (500 ml). The reaction mixture was refluxed for 2-3 h, and allowed to stir at room temperature for 16 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate and quenched with cold aqueous ammonium chloride. The organic layer was washed with water and brine. The residue was chromatographed using ethyl acetate and hexane to afford the title compound as viscous liquid (8.06 g, yield 80%):
• 4-nitrophenylalanine (5 g, 1 eq, mmol) was added in portions to a solution of dry ethanol (mL) and thionylchloride (mL) at ⁇ 5° C. It was stirred at that temperature for another one hour, followed by stirring at RT for 16 h. The reaction mixture was condensed on rotavapour, azeotroped with toluene, and then dried over high vacuum pump to obtain 4-nitrophenylalanine ethyl ester hydrochloride as white solid (quantitative yield).
• 4-nitrophenylalanine ethyl ester hydrochloride (2 g, 1.0 eq, 7.28 mmol) obtained in step (i) was dissolved in ethyl acetate (150 mL). To that Na 2 CO 3 (386 mg, 0.5 eq, 3.64 mmol) was added and was stirred for 15 min. The reaction mixture was washed with aq. NaHCO 3 . The organic layer was dried (Na 2 SO 4 ), and condensed to obtain 4-nitrophenylalanine ethyl ester as thick oil (1.55 g, 89%).
• step (iii) The liquid (1.54 g, 1.0 eq, 6.18 mmol) thus obtained in step (iii), was dissolved in dry isopropanol (31 mL), and to that catalytic amount of Rh 2 (OAc) 4 .2H 2 O (38 mg, 0.02 eq, 0.12 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 h. Isopropanol was condensed, and the reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with water and brine, dried (Na 2 SO 4 ), and concentrated. Column chromatography, using ethyl acetate and hexanes, provided the desired compound ethyl 2-isopropoxy-3-(4-nitrophenyl)propionate (1.25 g, 61% overall).
• Ethyl 2-isopropoxy-3-(4-nitrophenyl)propionate (1.52 g, 5.4 mmol) obtained in step (v) was hydrogenated under 10 psi pressure of molecular hydrogen using 10% Pd/C (700 mg) as catalyst in ethyl acetate (200 mL) at room temperature for 3-4 h.
• the desired product was isolated after filtering the reaction mixture and concentrating the filterate under reduced pressure.
• Column chromatography of the crude mass using ethyl acetate and hexanes provided the desired compound ethyl 2-isopropoxy-3-(4-aminophenyl)propionate (1.16 g, 86% overall).
• step (i) The crude compound obtained in step (i) (6 g, 1 eq, 28.8 mmol) was taken in dry methanol (150 ml). To this iron powder (8.06 g, 5 eq, 144 mmol) and glacial acetic acid (25 ml, 15 eq, 432 mmol) was added and heated at 110° C. for 4 h. The solvents were removed from the reaction mixture and diluted with ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate layer was washed with aqueous ammonium chloride, water and brine.

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