US20110083386A1 - Reinforcement element for absorbing forces of concrete slabs in the area of support elements - Google Patents

Reinforcement element for absorbing forces of concrete slabs in the area of support elements Download PDF

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Publication number
US20110083386A1
US20110083386A1 US12/753,862 US75386210A US2011083386A1 US 20110083386 A1 US20110083386 A1 US 20110083386A1 US 75386210 A US75386210 A US 75386210A US 2011083386 A1 US2011083386 A1 US 2011083386A1
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Prior art keywords
reinforcement
flexural
area
elements
reinforcement layer
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Abandoned
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US12/753,862
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English (en)
Inventor
Thomas Keller
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FJ Aschwanden AG
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FJ Aschwanden AG
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Assigned to F.J. ASCHWANDEN AG reassignment F.J. ASCHWANDEN AG ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: KELLER, THOMAS
Publication of US20110083386A1 publication Critical patent/US20110083386A1/en
Priority to US14/093,584 priority Critical patent/US8752347B2/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C2/00—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels
    • E04C2/02—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials
    • E04C2/04—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials of concrete or other stone-like material; of asbestos cement; of cement and other mineral fibres
    • E04C2/044—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials of concrete or other stone-like material; of asbestos cement; of cement and other mineral fibres of concrete
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/62—Insulation or other protection; Elements or use of specified material therefor
    • E04B1/92—Protection against other undesired influences or dangers
    • E04B1/98—Protection against other undesired influences or dangers against vibrations or shocks; against mechanical destruction, e.g. by air-raids
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B5/00—Floors; Floor construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted therefor
    • E04B5/16—Load-carrying floor structures wholly or partly cast or similarly formed in situ
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B5/00—Floors; Floor construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted therefor
    • E04B5/43—Floor structures of extraordinary design; Features relating to the elastic stability; Floor structures specially designed for resting on columns only, e.g. mushroom floors
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C5/00—Reinforcing elements, e.g. for concrete; Auxiliary elements therefor
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C5/00—Reinforcing elements, e.g. for concrete; Auxiliary elements therefor
    • E04C5/01—Reinforcing elements of metal, e.g. with non-structural coatings
    • E04C5/06—Reinforcing elements of metal, e.g. with non-structural coatings of high bending resistance, i.e. of essentially three-dimensional extent, e.g. lattice girders
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C5/00—Reinforcing elements, e.g. for concrete; Auxiliary elements therefor
    • E04C5/01—Reinforcing elements of metal, e.g. with non-structural coatings
    • E04C5/06—Reinforcing elements of metal, e.g. with non-structural coatings of high bending resistance, i.e. of essentially three-dimensional extent, e.g. lattice girders
    • E04C5/0645—Shear reinforcements, e.g. shearheads for floor slabs
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C5/00—Reinforcing elements, e.g. for concrete; Auxiliary elements therefor
    • E04C5/07—Reinforcing elements of material other than metal, e.g. of glass, of plastics, or not exclusively made of metal
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04G—SCAFFOLDING; FORMS; SHUTTERING; BUILDING IMPLEMENTS OR AIDS, OR THEIR USE; HANDLING BUILDING MATERIALS ON THE SITE; REPAIRING, BREAKING-UP OR OTHER WORK ON EXISTING BUILDINGS
    • E04G23/00—Working measures on existing buildings
    • E04G23/02—Repairing, e.g. filling cracks; Restoring; Altering; Enlarging
    • E04G23/0218—Increasing or restoring the load-bearing capacity of building construction elements

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a reinforcement element for absorbing forces of concrete slabs in the area of support elements, in particular supports and bearing walls, such slab being equipped with a first flexural reinforcement layer, located adjacent to the support element, and a second flexural reinforcement layer, facing away from the support element, wherein each flexural reinforcement layer is formed essentially by longitudinally and laterally extending reinforcing bars, a number of reinforcement elements being inserted between such flexural reinforcement layers.
  • steel shearheads which are used in areas of the concrete slabs to be supported. These steel shearheads meet the requirements regarding loading very well, but their disadvantage is that they are very expensive.
  • reinforcement elements formed out of reinforcing bars and that are equipped with a base bar with a bracket that is placed on the base bar and connected to it. These reinforcement elements, individually and in the required number, can be inserted into the area of the concrete slab to be supported between the upper and lower flexural reinforcement layer and connected therewith. A good introduction of the forces into the concrete slab is achieved with these reinforcement elements; however, their handling is still relatively costly, as these reinforcement elements have to be pre-fabricated.
  • each reinforcement element is formed out of a longitudinally stable, flexible length element, wherein its first end area is guided through the first flexural reinforcement layer, the first area of such stable, flexible length element that is adjoining the first end area proceeding at an acute angle ⁇ towards the second flexural reinforcement layer, the second area that is adjoining the first area being guided through the second flexural reinforcement layer and proceeding, in the area of the support element, along the surface of the second flexural reinforcement layer, which is facing away from the support element, and the second end area of such stable, flexible length element being guided through the second flexural reinforcement layer towards the first flexural reinforcement layer.
  • the longitudinally stable, flexible length element, through which the reinforcement elements are formed can, for example, be brought to the construction site in a coil, the reinforcement elements can be uncoiled from this coil, and cut to the desired length; the required numbers of this longitudinally stable, flexible length element can then be easily laid between and through the first and second flexural reinforcement layer; the concrete slab that is reinforced in such a way can be supported in an optimum manner.
  • the longitudinally stable, flexible length element has the form of a band, wherein its width is a multiple of its thickness and which can be cut to the desired length.
  • This length element can be inserted into the flexural reinforcement layers in an optimum manner.
  • This band can be formed from a plurality of individual strands, which can be arranged next to each other and/or one on top of the other.
  • This band can also be formed from one individual strand, which has loops at the end areas and is laid on top of itself in multiple layers.
  • several longitudinally and laterally extending reinforcement elements are each inserted into the concrete slab essentially parallel to the appropriate longitudinally and laterally extending reinforcing bars of the first flexural reinforcement layer and the second flexural reinforcement layer, wherein the number of the reinforcement elements depends on the loads to be absorbed and can be determined accordingly.
  • An additional advantageous embodiment of an aspect of the invention is that the reinforcement elements are inserted into the concrete slab in multiple layers.
  • the use of the reinforcement elements can be adapted in a very flexible way to the forces to be absorbed.
  • An additional advantageous embodiment of an aspect of the invention is that the first and the second end areas and/or the first areas of the reinforcement elements, which are set in multilayers into the concrete slab, extending toward and away from one another, by which an optimum load distribution can be achieved, depending on the mode of application.
  • the angle ⁇ is in the range of 20° to 50°, enabling an optimum transfer of the forces to be absorbed.
  • An additional advantageous embodiment of an aspect of the invention is in that the longitudinally stable, flexible length element is formed out of carbon fibre reinforced plastics, by which the desired physical properties are achieved in an optimum manner.
  • An additional advantageous embodiment of an aspect of the invention is in that the second end area is guided into the first flexural reinforcement layer in accordance with the first end area for middle support elements for the concrete slab to be supported. By means of the symmetric arrangement, the forces are introduced optimally into the concrete slab.
  • the end areas of the reinforcement elements are each guided around at least one laterally extending reinforcing bar of the first flexural reinforcement layer, while the second area is guided across the appropriate laterally extending reinforcing bars of the second flexural reinforcement layer. This also results in an optimum introduction of the forces by means of the reinforcement elements to the flexural reinforcement layers.
  • An additional advantageous embodiment of an aspect of the invention is in that the edge supports of the slab can be supported, the second end area is guided against the support element to the first flexural reinforcement layer.
  • the longitudinally stable, flexible length element forming the reinforcement element is suitable in an optimum way for any application.
  • the end areas of the reinforcement elements can be looped over several laterally extending reinforcing bars of the first flexural reinforcement layer; however, the end areas of the reinforcement elements can also be equipped with anchoring means serving as anchoring elements, adapted to the respective types of application.
  • saddle elements are fitted on the laterally extending reinforcing bars around which the reinforcement elements are diverted, with such saddle elements protecting the reinforcement elements in these areas.
  • An additional advantageous embodiment of an aspect of the invention is in that the reinforcement elements can be inserted in existing slabs in the area of support elements, for which drill holes can be applied to the slab to be reinforced, through which holes the respective reinforcement element can be inserted, and that the drill holes can be filled and the end areas can be held with anchoring elements.
  • Existing constructions can thus also be reinforced in an optimum manner with the same reinforcement elements.
  • saddle elements can be inserted into the drill holes, the reinforcement elements are supported on such saddle elements, by which means the reinforcement elements are protected from damage here as well.
  • FIG. 1 shows a view of a schematically represented reinforcement element according to the invention, which is inserted in a concrete slab in the area of a support element;
  • FIG. 2 shows a top view of the reinforcement element according to the invention, in accordance with FIG. 1 ;
  • FIG. 3 shows a three-dimensional representation of the reinforcement element according to the invention, in accordance with FIGS. 1 and 2 ;
  • FIG. 4 shows a view of several reinforcement elements according to the invention, which are inserted in the schematically represented concrete slab in the area of a support element;
  • FIG. 5 shows a top view of the arrangement of the reinforcement elements according to the invention, in accordance with FIG. 4 ;
  • FIG. 6 shows a three-dimensional representation of the arrangement of the reinforcement elements according to the invention in the concrete slab, according to FIGS. 4 and 5 ;
  • FIG. 7 shows a view of a first end area of a reinforcement element according to the invention, which is looped around the reinforcing bars;
  • FIG. 8 shows a view of the first end area of a reinforcement element according to the invention, which is equipped with adhesive layers;
  • FIG. 9 shows a view of the first end area of a reinforcement element according to the invention, which is equipped with an anchoring part;
  • FIG. 10 shows a view of the first end area of a reinforcement element according to the invention, which is anchored externally to the concrete slab;
  • FIG. 11 shows a view of reinforcement elements according to the invention, which were subsequently inserted into an already existing structure
  • FIG. 12 shows a view of reinforcement elements according to the invention, which are arranged one on top of the other in a multilayer;
  • FIG. 13 shows a view of a first end area of a reinforcement element according to the invention in the area of a laterally supported concrete slab;
  • FIG. 14 shows a top view of an arrangement of reinforcement elements according to the invention, in a concrete slab in the area of an edge support;
  • FIG. 15 shows a view of reinforcement elements according to the invention, which are arranged in the area of a corner support for a concrete slab.
  • FIG. 1 shows a concrete slab 1 , which serves as a ceiling of a building, for example.
  • This concrete slab comprises in a known manner a first flexural reinforcement layer 2 , which is adjacent to the support elements 3 that are supporting the concrete slab 1 , as well as a second flexural reinforcement layer 4 , which is embedded in the concrete slab 1 on the side facing away from the support elements 3 .
  • the first flexural reinforcement layer 2 is formed in a known manner by longitudinally extending reinforcing bars 5 and laterally extending reinforcing bars 6 ;
  • the second flexural reinforcement layer 4 also comprises longitudinally extending reinforcing bars 7 and laterally extending reinforcing bars 8 in a known manner.
  • a reinforcement element 9 according to the invention is inserted in the area of the support element 3 shown here.
  • This reinforcement element 9 is formed from a longitudinally stable, flexible length element 10 having a high tensile strength and axial rigidity, but such longitudinally stable, flexible length element is flexible in the direction that is perpendicular to the longitudinal direction.
  • This longitudinally stable, flexible length element 10 is shown in the embodiment example represented here as a band 11 , wherein its width is a multiple of the thickness.
  • This band comprises, for example, a carbon fibre reinforced plastic.
  • other appropriate materials are conceivable, particularly if they have a high tensile strength and axial rigidity.
  • forms other than that of a band can be used; a bundle of thinner, longitudinally stable, flexible elements having the desired properties would be conceivable as well.
  • the reinforcement element 9 has a first end area 12 that is guided through the first flexural reinforcement layer 2 .
  • the first end area 12 loops around a laterally extending reinforcing bar 6 of the first flexural reinforcement layer 2 ; the adjoining first area 13 leads away from this laterally extending reinforcing bar 6 at an angle ⁇ , which is in the range of 20° to 50°, and reaches the second flexural reinforcement layer 4 .
  • the first area 13 loops around a laterally extending reinforcing bar 8 of the second flexural reinforcement and ends at the second area 14 .
  • This second area 14 extends essentially across the width of support element 3 above the second flexural reinforcement layer 4 ; it is then looped around a further laterally extending reinforcing bar 8 and ends at a second end area 15 , which is guided towards the first flexural reinforcement layer 2 .
  • reinforcement element 9 is symmetrically guided through the concrete slab 1 relative to the support element 3 ; such an arrangement is carried out if the support element 3 has to support a concrete slab 1 , which extends past this support element 3 on both sides.
  • Such a reinforcement element 9 can be inserted very easily into the first flexural reinforcement layer 2 and the second flexural reinforcement layer 4 prior to pouring the concrete slab; such a band 11 can, for example, be brought to the construction site in the form of a rolled-up coil; a portion of this band is uncoiled and cut to the desired length; the reinforcement element that is inserted into the first flexural reinforcement layer 2 and the second flexural reinforcement layer 4 can be fixed; in addition, the ends of the end areas 12 and 15 can be equipped with anchoring means 16 , as described in detail below.
  • saddle elements 17 can be fitted in a known manner to these reinforcing bars, with such saddle elements being formed from plastics, for example.
  • the concrete After inserting these reinforcement elements 9 , the concrete can be poured. In the cured state of the concrete, the support forces are absorbed by these reinforcement elements 9 in an optimum manner; in particular, these forces are dispersed optimally over a large area to the first flexural reinforcement layer as well, wherein these reinforcement elements are practically only subject to tension.
  • FIG. 2 shows a view of the concrete slab 1 (represented by a dot-dash line), the support element 3 supporting concrete slab 1 , the first and second flexural reinforcement layers 2 and 4 that are inserted into the concrete slab, wherein of these, only the laterally extending reinforcement bars 6 and 8 are shown for the sake of clarity, while the longitudinally extending reinforcing bars have been left out for the sake of clarity.
  • the reinforcement element 9 is inserted in the first flexural reinforcement layer 2 and in the second flexural reinforcement layer 4 , wherein such reinforcement element is protected by and guided across saddle elements 17 that are fitted to the reinforcing bars.
  • FIG. 3 shows a three-dimensional representation of this embodiment.
  • FIGS. 4 to 6 show the arrangement of several reinforcement elements 9 in a concrete slab 1 in the area of a support element 3 , by which the concrete slab is supported.
  • the concrete slab is equipped with the first flexural reinforcement layer 2 and the second flexural reinforcement layer 4 , as described above.
  • the first flexural reinforcement layer 2 is formed by longitudinally extending reinforcing bars 5 and laterally extending reinforcing bars 6 ;
  • the second flexural reinforcement layer 4 comprises longitudinally extending reinforcing bars 7 and laterally extending reinforcing bars 8 .
  • four reinforcement elements 9 are laid across the laterally extending reinforcing bars 6 or 8 of the first flexural reinforcement layer 2 and the second flexural reinforcement layer 4 , and accordingly extend parallel to the longitudinally extending reinforcing bars 5 or 7 .
  • Four reinforcement elements 9 are laid across the longitudinally extending reinforcing bars 5 of the first flexural reinforcement layer 2 and across the longitudinally extending reinforcing bars 7 of the second flexural reinforcement layer 4 , and therefore extend parallel to the laterally extending reinforcing bars 6 or 8 .
  • Saddle elements 17 are fitted to the reinforcing bars 5 to 8 , across which the reinforcement elements 9 are diverted around the reinforcing bars 5 to 8 .
  • reinforcement elements 9 can be used, depending on the loads to be absorbed.
  • FIG. 7 shows an embodiment example of how the first end area 12 of a reinforcement element 9 can be anchored in the first flexural reinforcement layer 2 .
  • This first end area 12 can be woven around a number of laterally extending reinforcing bars 6 of the first flexural reinforcement layer 2 , as shown in FIG. 7 .
  • the first end area 12 of the reinforcement element 9 is held in the first flexural reinforcement layer 2 .
  • FIG. 8 shows a first end area 12 of a reinforcement element 9 , which is equipped on both sides with an adhesive layer 18 in a known manner, such adhesive layer serving as anchoring means 16 .
  • FIG. 9 shows the first end area 12 of a reinforcement element 9 , provided with plates 19 attached to both sides as anchoring means 16 , which are held by screw means 20 at the first end area 12 of the reinforcement element 9 .
  • reinforcement elements 9 can also be inserted into existing structures.
  • the slab 21 to be reinforced can be provided with drill holes 22 , extending at an acute angle ⁇ (in the range of 20° to 50°) toward the side of the slab that is facing away from support 23 and exiting slab 21 approximately in the area of support 23 .
  • the reinforcement element 9 can then be inserted in these drill holes 22 ; with such reinforcement element 9 can be anchored in a known manner using anchoring means 24 at the surface of slab 21 that is facing support 23 . It is of course conceivable that this reinforcement element 9 be pre-tensioned in a known manner.
  • FIG. 11 shows an embodiment in which the reinforcement element 9 is inserted in a recess 27 , e.g. a milled slot, on the side of slab 21 facing away from support 23
  • a recess 27 e.g. a milled slot
  • the drill holes 22 and if applicable the recess 27 can be poured in a known manner.
  • FIG. 12 shows an embodiment in which two reinforcement elements 9 are laid on top of each other and inserted into concrete slab 1 .
  • These two reinforcement elements 9 which are laid on top of each other, can be inserted so that they are extending parallel, as shown on the right side of FIG. 12 ; however, they can also be inserted, particularly in the first area 13 of the reinforcement elements 9 , so that they extend away from each other, as shown on the left side of FIG. 12 .
  • the first end areas 12 also do not have to be parallel; they can be arranged so that they extend away from each other as well.
  • reinforcement elements 9 can be layered on top of each other, depending on the forces to be absorbed.
  • adjacent reinforcement elements can also be executed in multilayers; the choices are practically unlimited.
  • reinforcement elements 9 and how they are used in the area of support elements 3 , which are arranged in the middle part of a concrete slab to be supported. As seen from FIG. 13 , these reinforcement elements 9 can also be used in edge support elements 25 , which are supposed to support an edge area of a concrete slab 1 . These edge support elements 25 can be individual supports but can also be a support wall.
  • the concrete slab 1 is again provided with a first flexural reinforcement layer 2 and a second flexural reinforcement layer 4 , which are connected in the edge area by means of flexural reinforcement bars 28 . As described above, the reinforcement element 9 is inserted in the first flexural reinforcement layer 2 and the second flexural reinforcement layer 4 on the slab proceeding from support element 25 .
  • the second end area 15 of the reinforcement element 9 is guided towards the first flexural reinforcement layer 2 by the second flexural reinforcement layer 4 ; with such second end area 15 can be laid around an intermediate bar 29 that is inserted between the first flexural reinforcement layer 2 and the second flexural reinforcement layer 4 .
  • the end of the second end area 15 of the reinforcement area 9 can be equipped with anchoring means in a known manner, as described above.
  • FIG. 14 shows a possibility for equipping the concrete slab 1 in the area of an edge support element with appropriate reinforcement elements 9 .
  • the reinforcement elements 9 running parallel to the edge of concrete slab 1 , are inserted into concrete slab 1 in such a way as is described in FIGS. 1 to 12 .
  • the reinforcement elements 9 running at right angles to the edge of concrete slab 1 , are inserted into concrete slab 1 in such a way as is described in FIG. 13 .
  • the edge support element 25 is formed as a support wall, the reinforcement elements 9 can be inserted adjacently along such support wall in such a way as is described in FIG. 13 .
  • FIG. 15 shows a concrete slab, in which a corner support element 26 is arranged in its corner.
  • Reinforcement elements 9 can be inserted in such a way as is described in FIG. 13 for reinforcing this corner area of the slab 1 to be supported; these reinforcement elements 9 can also be arranged crosswise in this case.
  • Concrete slabs to be supported can be optimally reinforced in the area of support elements using these reinforcement elements according to the invention.
  • These reinforcement elements can be used very easily; the plurality of possible applications permits the use of an optimum number of such reinforcement elements, depending on the loading case; the band-like design enables a multilayer use of these reinforcement elements, they can also be arranged next to each other and crosswise in any desired manner.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Working Measures On Existing Buildindgs (AREA)
  • Reinforcement Elements For Buildings (AREA)
US12/753,862 2009-04-03 2010-04-03 Reinforcement element for absorbing forces of concrete slabs in the area of support elements Abandoned US20110083386A1 (en)

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US14/093,584 US8752347B2 (en) 2009-04-03 2013-12-02 Reinforcement element for absorbing forces of concrete slabs in the area of support elements

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

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EP09157265A EP2236686A1 (de) 2009-04-03 2009-04-03 Bewehrungselement für die Aufnahme von Kräften von betonierten Platten im Bereich von Stützelementen
EP09157265.1 2009-04-03

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US14/093,584 Continuation US8752347B2 (en) 2009-04-03 2013-12-02 Reinforcement element for absorbing forces of concrete slabs in the area of support elements

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US14/093,584 Expired - Fee Related US8752347B2 (en) 2009-04-03 2013-12-02 Reinforcement element for absorbing forces of concrete slabs in the area of support elements

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JP (1) JP5417243B2 (zh)
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Cited By (2)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US8516757B2 (en) 2011-02-15 2013-08-27 F.J. Aschwanden Ag Reinforcement element for absorbing forces in concrete elements which are supported by support elements
US8752347B2 (en) * 2009-04-03 2014-06-17 F.J. Aschwanden Ag Reinforcement element for absorbing forces of concrete slabs in the area of support elements

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CA3159192A1 (en) * 2019-11-01 2021-05-06 Simpson Strong-Tie Company Inc. Concrete member shear transfer bracket

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US8752347B2 (en) 2014-06-17
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JP5417243B2 (ja) 2014-02-12
JP2010242494A (ja) 2010-10-28

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