US20110069679A1 - Mobile communication system, node apparatus, and inter-network handover control method - Google Patents

Mobile communication system, node apparatus, and inter-network handover control method Download PDF

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US20110069679A1
US20110069679A1 US12/992,636 US99263609A US2011069679A1 US 20110069679 A1 US20110069679 A1 US 20110069679A1 US 99263609 A US99263609 A US 99263609A US 2011069679 A1 US2011069679 A1 US 2011069679A1
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network
node
handover
circuit switched
gateway node
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Koji Onishi
Toshiyuki Tamura
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NEC Corp
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NEC Corp
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W36/00—Hand-off or reselection arrangements
    • H04W36/12—Reselecting a serving backbone network switching or routing node
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W36/00—Hand-off or reselection arrangements
    • H04W36/0005—Control or signalling for completing the hand-off
    • H04W36/0011—Control or signalling for completing the hand-off for data sessions of end-to-end connection
    • H04W36/0022—Control or signalling for completing the hand-off for data sessions of end-to-end connection for transferring data sessions between adjacent core network technologies
    • H04W36/00224—Control or signalling for completing the hand-off for data sessions of end-to-end connection for transferring data sessions between adjacent core network technologies between packet switched [PS] and circuit switched [CS] network technologies, e.g. circuit switched fallback [CSFB]
    • H04W36/00226—Control or signalling for completing the hand-off for data sessions of end-to-end connection for transferring data sessions between adjacent core network technologies between packet switched [PS] and circuit switched [CS] network technologies, e.g. circuit switched fallback [CSFB] wherein the core network technologies comprise IP multimedia system [IMS], e.g. single radio voice call continuity [SRVCC]
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W36/00—Hand-off or reselection arrangements
    • H04W36/13—Cell handover without a predetermined boundary, e.g. virtual cells
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W80/00—Wireless network protocols or protocol adaptations to wireless operation
    • H04W80/08—Upper layer protocols
    • H04W80/10—Upper layer protocols adapted for application session management, e.g. SIP [Session Initiation Protocol]
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W76/00—Connection management
    • H04W76/10—Connection setup
    • H04W76/11—Allocation or use of connection identifiers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W80/00—Wireless network protocols or protocol adaptations to wireless operation
    • H04W80/04—Network layer protocols, e.g. mobile IP [Internet Protocol]
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W88/00—Devices specially adapted for wireless communication networks, e.g. terminals, base stations or access point devices
    • H04W88/02—Terminal devices
    • H04W88/06—Terminal devices adapted for operation in multiple networks or having at least two operational modes, e.g. multi-mode terminals
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W88/00—Devices specially adapted for wireless communication networks, e.g. terminals, base stations or access point devices
    • H04W88/16—Gateway arrangements
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W92/00—Interfaces specially adapted for wireless communication networks
    • H04W92/02—Inter-networking arrangements

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a mobile communication system adapted to perform handover control of a mobile terminal between a circuit switched network and a wireless broadband network and further relates to a node apparatus and an inter-network handover control method that are suitable for the mobile communication system.
  • VCC Voice Call Continuity
  • IMS Internet Protocol Multimedia Subsystem
  • FIG. 1 is a diagram for explaining the general end-to-end call control scenario of transfer between access domains defined in Non-Patent Document 1 and so on.
  • a mobile terminal B can access a cellular mobile network through cellular wireless communication [3GPP-CS (Circuit Switched)].
  • the mobile terminal B can also access an IMS network through, for example, an in-house wireless LAN (Local Area Network).
  • step S 101 -CS when a mobile terminal B on the incoming side moves from an IMS domain to a CS domain, i.e. performing handover, the mobile terminal B starts call setup in the CS domain (step S 101 -CS). That is, the mobile terminal B sends a SETUP message (call setup message in the CS phone network) to an MSC (Mobile Services Switching Center) 100 .
  • MSC Mobile Services Switching Center
  • the SETUP message is transferred to a CSCF (Call Server Control Function) 103 through a MGCF (Media Gateway Control Function)/MGW (Media Gateway) 101 (steps S 102 and S 103 ) and further transferred from the CSCF 103 to the VCC-AS 104 (step S 104 ).
  • CSCF Call Server Control Function
  • MGCF Media Gateway Control Function
  • MGW Media Gateway
  • the VCC-AS 104 sends a SIP UPDATE (session update) message for starting to change call connection or a Re-INVITE (request to establish a re-session) message to the CSCF 103 (step S 105 ).
  • SIP UPDATE session update
  • Re-INVITE request to establish a re-session
  • MGW IP Internet Protocol
  • new SDP Session Description Protocol
  • the SIP UPDATE message or the Re-INVITE message is transferred from the CSCF 103 to a CSCF 105 in a partner-side IMS domain (step S 106 ) and finally transferred to a mobile terminal A being a communication partner (step S 107 ).
  • the mobile terminal A changes a voice packet transfer destination IP address to the transferred MGW IP address.
  • a voice packet transfer path (voice bearer) is switched on an end-to-end basis.
  • step S 101 -IMS when a mobile terminal B moves from a CS domain to an IMS domain, i.e. performing handover, the mobile terminal B starts call setup in the IMS domain (step S 101 -IMS). That is, the mobile terminal B sends a SIP INVITE (request to establish a session) message to a CSCF 103 .
  • This SIP INVITE message is transferred to a VCC-AS 104 from the CSCF 103 (step S 104 ).
  • the VCC-AS 104 sends a SIP UPDATE (session update) message for starting to change call connection or a Re-INVITE (request to establish a re-session) message to the CSCF 103 (step S 105 ).
  • an IP address of the mobile terminal B indicating a node of a new call connection path and new SDP information are transmitted to the CSCF 103 .
  • the SIP UPDATE message or the Re-INVITE message is transferred from the CSCF 103 to a CSCF 105 in a partner-side IMS domain (step S 106 ) and finally transferred to a mobile terminal A being a communication partner (step S 107 ).
  • the mobile terminal A changes a voice packet transfer destination IP address to the transferred IP address of the mobile terminal B.
  • a voice packet transfer path (voice bearer) is switched on an end-to-end basis.
  • the VCC-AS is also expected to be used in the same manner as in the above when continuing a voice service between the CS domain and a predetermined wireless broadband [e.g. LTE (Long Term Evolution) access or Non-3GPP access].
  • a predetermined wireless broadband e.g. LTE (Long Term Evolution) access or Non-3GPP access.
  • Non-Patent Document 1 3GPP TS23.206 V7.5.0 “Voice Call Continuity (VCC) between Circuit Switched (CS) and IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS)”
  • VCC Voice Call Continuity
  • CS Circuit Switched
  • IMS IP Multimedia Subsystem
  • the communication processing between the CSCF and the VCC-AS includes, for example, as described above, transfer processing of a call setup message from the CSCF to the VCC-AS and transfer processing of a session update message or a re-session establishing request message from the VCC-AS to the CSCF. That is, much time is required for the transfer processing of these messages. Further, much time is also required for processing in the VCC-AS. Consequently, when the VCC-AS is used, there arises a problem in that the handover processing time increases.
  • This invention seeks to provide a mobile communication system that can realize handover between different access networks without providing a VCC-AS and that can shorten the handover processing time.
  • This invention further seeks to provide a node apparatus suitable for the above mobile communication system.
  • This invention still further seeks to provide an inter-network handover control method suitable for the above mobile communication system.
  • a mobile communication system comprising at least one mobile terminal that can access a circuit switched network and a wireless broadband network, and a node apparatus.
  • the node apparatus integrates, into one physical node, a first gateway node interconnecting the circuit switched network and an IP network and a second gateway node interconnecting a core network accommodating the wireless broadband network and an external packet data network through the IP network.
  • the mobile terminal when the mobile terminal performs handover from one of the circuit switched network and the wireless broadband network, being a handover-source network, to the other network being a handover-destination network, one of the first gateway node and the second gateway node, being a handover-destination gateway node, allocates call connection path node identification information managed by the other gateway note being a handover-source gateway node, as new call connection path node identification information of the handover-destination gateway node.
  • a node apparatus provided in a mobile communication system comprising at least one mobile terminal that can access a circuit switched network and a wireless broadband network.
  • the node apparatus integrates, into one physical node, a first gateway node interconnecting the circuit switched network and an IP network and a second gateway node interconnecting a core network accommodating the wireless broadband network and an external packet data network through the IP network.
  • this node apparatus when the mobile terminal performs handover from one of the circuit switched network and the wireless broadband network, being a handover-source network, to the other network being a handover-destination network, one of the first gateway node and the second gateway node, being a handover-destination gateway node, allocates call connection path node identification information managed by the other gateway note being a handover-source gateway node, as new call connection path node identification information of the handover-destination gateway node.
  • an inter-network handover control method in a mobile communication system comprising at least one mobile terminal that can access a circuit switched network and a wireless broadband network.
  • a first gateway node interconnecting the circuit switched network and an IP network and a second gateway node interconnecting a core network accommodating the wireless broadband network and an external packet data network through the IP network are integrated into one physical node.
  • this inter-network handover control method when the mobile terminal performs handover from one of the circuit switched network and the wireless broadband network, being a handover-source network, to the other network being a handover-destination network, one of the first gateway node and the second gateway node, being a handover-destination gateway node, allocates call connection path node identification information managed by the other gateway note being a handover-source gateway node, as new call connection path node identification information of the handover-destination gateway node.
  • FIG. 1 is a diagram for explaining the general end-to-end call control scenario of transfer between access domains
  • FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing the configuration of a mobile communication system according to an embodiment of this invention.
  • FIG. 3 is a diagram for explaining path setup of C- and U-planes when a voice call is performed through 3G-CS and path setup of C- and U-planes when a voice call is performed through LTE, in the mobile communication system shown in FIG. 2 ;
  • FIG. 4 is a sequence diagram for explaining the operation at the time of handover from the 3G-CS to the LTE in the mobile communication system shown in FIG. 2 ;
  • FIG. 5 is a sequence diagram for explaining the operation at the time of handover from the LTE to the 3G-CS in the mobile communication system shown in FIG. 2 .
  • FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing the configuration of a mobile communication system 10 according to an embodiment of this invention.
  • the mobile communication system 10 includes at least one UE (User Equipment) (mobile terminal) 20 , as a so-called dual terminal, having a function of accessing a CS (Circuit Switched) network and a function of accessing a wireless broadband network.
  • the mobile communication system 10 further includes a 3G (3rd Generation)-CS network 30 as one example of the CS network and an EPC (Evolved Packet Core) network 40 as one example of the wireless broadband network.
  • 3G 3rd Generation
  • EPC Evolved Packet Core
  • the 3G-CS network 30 includes an MSC (Mobile Services Switching Center) 32 , an RNC (Radio Network Controller) 34 , and an NB (Node B) (radio base station) 36 .
  • the MSC 32 is a core network node that handles circuit switched calls (mainly voice calls).
  • the RNC 34 is an access network node that controls the radio base station 36 .
  • the NB 36 is a radio base station apparatus that performs communication with the UE 20 .
  • the EPC network 40 accommodates, for example, the LTE (Long Term Evolution) access.
  • the EPC network 40 includes a P-GW (Packet Data Network Gateway) 42 as a second gateway node, an S-GW (Serving Gateway) 44 , an MME (Mobility Management Entity) 46 , and an eNB (evolved Node B) 48 .
  • the P-GW 42 as the second gateway node has a function of interconnecting the EPC network 40 and an external PDN (Packet Data Network).
  • call connection path node identification information IP address
  • the P-GW 42 performs allocation of an IP address to each UE 20 and management thereof.
  • the S-GW 44 is a node accommodating U-plane of 3G-PS and LTE.
  • the U-plane represents a function (or protocol) of transferring “user information” being main information of communication.
  • the MME 46 is a node that performs LTE mobility management.
  • the eNB 48 is a radio base station apparatus that performs communication with the UE 20 .
  • the 3G-CS network 30 and the EPC network 40 are connected to an IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem) 50 .
  • the IMS 50 is a system that provides an IP-based multimedia service to a mobile terminal without depending on an access network.
  • the IMS 50 includes an MGW (Media Gateway) 52 and an MGCF (Media Gateway Control Function) 54 as a first gateway node and a CSCF (Call Server Control Function) 56 .
  • the MGW 52 is provided in a U-plane and performs media conversion (e.g. Codec conversion of voice information), QoS (Quality of Service) control, and so on.
  • the MGCF 54 is a node that performs protocol conversion between an SIP (Session Initiation Protocol) and an ISUP (ISDN User Part: protocol for sending information such as one's own telephone number and destination telephone number when setting up a telephone call using ISDN, or the like) in a C-plane.
  • SIP Session Initiation Protocol
  • ISUP ISDN User Part
  • the C-plane represents a function (or protocol) of transferring “control information” for connection (call connection), disconnection, or the like between a mobile terminal and a circuit.
  • the CSCF 56 is a node that performs call control (user registration and session setup) according to the SIP in the IMS 50 .
  • a PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network)/VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) network 60 is a network located between the IMS 50 and a voice call partner.
  • PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network
  • VoIP Voice over Internet Protocol
  • call connection path node identification information seen from a communication partner (partner-side UE connected through the PSTN/VoIP network 60 ) is an IP address used by the MGCF 54 and the MGW 52 accommodating the UE 20 . At least one of the MGCF 54 and the MGW 52 manages this IP address.
  • a description will be given assuming that the MGCF 54 manages this IP address.
  • a node apparatus 70 integrates the MGW 52 /MGCF 54 as the first gateway node and the P-GW 42 as the second gateway node, which have never cooperated with each other before, into one physical node.
  • “integrates - - - into one physical node” means incorporating the first gateway node (MGW 52 and MGCF 54 ) and the second gateway node (P-GW 42 ) into a single apparatus.
  • the MGCF 54 can acquire call connection path node identification information in the EPC network 40 (e.g. IP address of the UE 20 ), which is the information managed by the P-GW 42 .
  • the P-GW 42 can acquire call connection path node identification information in the 3G-CS network 30 (e.g. IP address used by the MGW 52 and the MGCF 54 ), which is the information managed by the MGCF 54 .
  • the P-GW 42 allocates an IP address used by the MGW 52 and the MGCF 54 when the UE 20 is present in the 3G-CS network 30 , as an IP address to be used by the UE 20 when it is present in the EPC network 40 .
  • the MGCF 54 allocates an IP address used by the UE 20 when it is present in the EPC network 40 , as an IP address to be used by the MGW 52 and the MGCF 54 .
  • FIG. 3 is a diagram showing path setup of the respective planes when a voice call is performed through the 3G-CS and path setup of the respective planes when a voice call is performed through the LTE, in the mobile communication system 10 shown in FIG. 2 .
  • the path for the C-plane is indicated by broken lines while the path for the U-plane is indicated by solid lines.
  • a description will be given assuming that the UE 20 present in the 3G-CS is a UE (3G-CS) 20 and the UE 20 present in the LTE is a UE (LTE) 20 .
  • the UE (3G-CS) 20 communicates with the MSC 32 according to a CC (Call Control) protocol and the MSC 32 communicates with the MGCF 54 according to the ISUP protocol.
  • the MGCF 54 performs protocol conversion between the ISUP and the SIP.
  • Communication between the MGCF 54 and the CSCF 56 and communication between the CSCF 56 and the PSTN/VoIP network 60 are each performed according to the SIP protocol.
  • a CS bearer is set along a transmission line between the UE (3G-CS) 20 and the MGW 52 .
  • Communication between the MGW 52 and the PSTN/VoIP network 60 is performed according to an RTP (Real-time Transport Protocol)/IP.
  • RTP Real-time Transport Protocol
  • IP address in the case of performing a voice call through the 3G-CS is terminated at the MGCF 54 /MGW 52 and hereinafter this IP address will be given as an IPA (3G-CS).
  • the UE (LTE) 20 performs communication with the P-GW 42 according to the SIP protocol on a Default bearer (U-plane path for sending/receiving a SIP message) set in access switching of the UE (LTE) 20 to the LTE.
  • Communication between the P-GW 42 and the CSCF 56 and communication between the CSCF 56 and the PSTN/VoIP network 60 are each performed according to the SIP protocol.
  • communication is performed between the UE (LTE) 20 and the PSTN/VoIP network 60 according to the RTP/IP.
  • an IP address in the case of performing a voice call through the LTE is terminated at the UE (LTE) 20 and hereinafter this IP address will be given as an IPA (LTE).
  • FIG. 4 shows the sequence for explaining the operation of the mobile communication system 10 at the time of handover from the 3G-CS to the LTE.
  • a CS bearer between the UE (3G-CS) 20 and the MGW 52 and is communicated on an IP bearer between the MGW 52 and the PSTN/VoIP network 60 (step S 1 ).
  • the UE 20 performs handover from the 3G-CS to the LTE due to, for example, degradation of the radio conditions (step S 2 ).
  • the UE 20 having performed handover from the 3G-CS to the LTE will be called the UE (LTE) 20 .
  • the UE (LTE) 20 performs access switching to the LTE with respect to the P-GW 42 (step S 3 ).
  • the P-GW 42 allocates an IP address to the UE (LTE) 20 . How to allocate the IP address will be described in detail hereinbelow.
  • the node apparatus 70 integrates the MGW 52 /MGCF 54 and the P-GW 42 into one physical node.
  • the P-GW 42 can acquire an IP address IPA (3G-CS) used by the MGW 52 and the MGCF 54 in U-plane and C-plane communications, respectively.
  • the P-GW 42 allocates this acquired IP address IPA (3G-CS) as an IP address IPA (LTE) to be used by the UE (LTE) 20 on the LTE side.
  • the P-GW 42 sets a Default bearer, serving as a U-plane path for sending/receiving a SIP message, between the UE (LTE) 20 and the P-GW 42 .
  • the UE (LTE) 20 uses the IP address IPA (LTE) allocated from the P-GW 42 and sends a SIP INVITE (request to establish a session) message to the CSCF 56 (step S 5 ).
  • the CSCF 56 sends this SIP INVITE message to the PSTN/VoIP network 60 where the communication partner is present (step S 6 ).
  • the CSCF 56 After negotiations between the UE (LTE) 20 and the communication partner for a voice codec according to the SIP protocol, QoS, and so on, the CSCF 56 receives a SIP 200 OK message from the PSTN/VoIP network 60 (step S 7 ). By sending of the SIP 200 OK message from the CSCF 56 to the UE (LTE) 20 (step S 8 ), a voice path (Dedicated Bearer) is set between the UE (LTE) 20 and the P-GW 42 (step S 9 ). By this, an IP bearer is established between the UE (LTE) 20 and the PSTN/VoIP network 60 so that the handover sequence is completed (step S 10 ). That is, a voice service continues between the 3G-CS and the LTE.
  • a voice path Dedicated Bearer
  • FIG. 5 shows the sequence for explaining the operation of the mobile communication system 10 at the time of handover from the LTE to the 3G-CS.
  • the UE (LTE) 20 When the UE (LTE) 20 performs a voice call with a communication partner (partner-side UE connected through the PSTN/VoIP network 60 ), user information is communicated on an IP bearer between the UE (LTE) 20 and the PSTN/VoIP network 60 (step S 21 ).
  • the UE 20 performs handover from the LTE to the 3G-CS due to, for example, degradation of the radio conditions (step S 22 ).
  • the UE 20 having performed handover from the LTE to the 3G-CS will be called the UE (3G-CS) 20 .
  • the UE (3G-CS) 20 performs access switching to the 3G-CS with respect to the MSC 32 (step S 23 ). Since this access switching itself is known, an explanation thereof is omitted.
  • the UE (3G-CS) 20 sends a CC SETUP (call setup) message to the MSC 32 for setting a voice path (step S 24 ).
  • the MSC 32 sends an ISUP IAM (Initial Address Message) to the MGCF 54 (step S 25 ).
  • the ISUP IAM includes information such as dial numeral information.
  • the node apparatus 70 integrates the MGW 52 /MGCF 54 and the P-GW 42 into one physical node.
  • the MGW 52 /MGCF 54 and the P-GW 42 can acquire an IP address IPA (LTE) used by the UE (LTE) 20 when it is present in the LTE.
  • the MGCF 54 allocates this IP address IPA (LTE) as an IP address IPA (3G-CS) to be used by the MGW 52 and the MGCF 54 in U-plane and C-plane communications, respectively, in the IMS 50 (step S 26 ).
  • the MGCF 54 uses this allocated IP address IPA (3G-CS) and sends a SIP INVITE (request to establish a session) message to the CSCF 56 (step S 27 ).
  • the CSCF 56 sends this SIP INVITE message to the PSTN/VoIP network 60 where the communication partner is present (step S 28 ).
  • the CSCF 56 receives a SIP 200 OK message from the PSTN/VoIP network 60 (step S 29 ).
  • the CSCF 56 sends this SIP 200 OK message to the MGCF 54 (step S 30 ).
  • the MGCF 54 performs protocol conversion between the SIP and the ISUP and sends an ISUP ANM (Answer Message) to the MSC 32 (step S 31 ).
  • a voice path (CS bearer) is set between the UE (3G-CS) 20 and the MGW 52 . That is, the CS bearer is established between the UE (3G-CS) 20 and the MGW 52 and an IP bearer is established between the MGW 52 and the PSTN/VoIP network 60 so that the handover sequence is completed (step S 33 ). Therefore, a voice service continues between the 3G-CS and the LTE.
  • the node apparatus 70 integrates the MGW 52 /MGCF 54 as the first gateway node and the P-GW 42 as the second gateway node, which have never cooperated with each other before, into one physical node.
  • the MGW 52 /MGCF 54 and the P-GW 42 into one physical node, IP addresses that both nodes have separately managed before can be shared between them.
  • the MGCF 54 can acquire an IP address IPA (LTE) used by the UE (LTE) 20 when it is present in the LTE, which is the IP address managed by the P-GW 42 .
  • the P-GW 42 can acquire an IP address IPA (3G-CS) used by the MGW 52 and the MGCF 54 in U-plane and C-plane communications, respectively, which is the IP address managed by the MGCF 54 .
  • the P-GW 42 can allocate the IP address IPA (3G-CS) to the UE 20 .
  • the MGCF 54 can allocate the IP address IPA (LTE) to the MGW 52 /MGCF 54 .
  • the node apparatus 70 realizes the function equivalent to that required at the VCC-AS at the time of handover. Therefore, with the node apparatus 70 , it is possible to make the VCC-AS unnecessary. Accordingly, it is possible to omit communication processing between the CSCF 56 and the VCC-AS that is otherwise required with the use of the VCC-AS (e.g. transfer processing of a call setup message from the CSCF 56 to the VCC-AS, transfer processing of a session update message or a re-session establishing request message from the VCC-AS to the CSCF 56 , and so on), and processing of the VCC-AS itself. Therefore, the call traffic in the IMS 50 is reduced and, as a result, the handover processing time can be shortened. Further, since the VCC-AS itself becomes unnecessary, it is possible to reduce the apparatus scale and cost of the IMS 50 .
  • the LTE access is cited as one example of the wireless broadband network, but the wireless broadband network is not limited only to the LTE access and, for example, can include a Non-3GPP access.
  • the Non-3GPP access may be, for example, a WLAN (Wireless LAN), a WiMAX (Worldwide interoperability for Microwave Access), or the like.
  • the CS network is not limited to the 3G-CS network and can be a 2G (2nd Generation)-CS network.

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US10375607B2 (en) 2019-08-06
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EP2285080A4 (en) 2013-07-10
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US20130148630A1 (en) 2013-06-13

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