US20100266717A1 - Chemical and biological agents for the control of molluscs - Google Patents

Chemical and biological agents for the control of molluscs Download PDF

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Publication number
US20100266717A1
US20100266717A1 US12/763,892 US76389210A US2010266717A1 US 20100266717 A1 US20100266717 A1 US 20100266717A1 US 76389210 A US76389210 A US 76389210A US 2010266717 A1 US2010266717 A1 US 2010266717A1
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Prior art keywords
substituted
compound
compounds
aqueous
molluscs
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US12/763,892
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English (en)
Inventor
Ratnakar Asolkar
Sarahann Dow
Huazhang Huang
Marja Koivunen
Pamela Marrone
Stephanie Shu
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Pro Farm Group Inc
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Marrone Bio Innovations Inc
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Priority to US12/763,892 priority Critical patent/US20100266717A1/en
Assigned to MARRONE BIO INNOVATIONS, INC. reassignment MARRONE BIO INNOVATIONS, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: DOW, SARAHANN, SHU, STEPHANIE, KOIVUNEN, MARJA, ASOLKAR, RATNAKAR, HUANG, HUAZHANG, MARRONE, PAMELA
Publication of US20100266717A1 publication Critical patent/US20100266717A1/en
Assigned to POINT FINANCIAL, INC. reassignment POINT FINANCIAL, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: MARRONE BIO INNOVATIONS, INC.
Priority to US13/716,483 priority patent/US8968723B2/en
Assigned to MARRONE BIO INNOVATIONS, INC. reassignment MARRONE BIO INNOVATIONS, INC. PATENT RELEASE AND REASSIGNMENT Assignors: POINT FINANCIAL, INC.
Priority to US13/844,053 priority patent/US9414590B2/en
Priority to US14/604,514 priority patent/US9259446B2/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
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    • A01N63/27—Pseudomonas
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    • A01N63/10—Animals; Substances produced thereby or obtained therefrom
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    • A01N43/72—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with nitrogen atoms and oxygen or sulfur atoms as ring hetero atoms
    • A01N43/74—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with nitrogen atoms and oxygen or sulfur atoms as ring hetero atoms five-membered rings with one nitrogen atom and either one oxygen atom or one sulfur atom in positions 1,3
    • A01N43/76—1,3-Oxazoles; Hydrogenated 1,3-oxazoles
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    • A01N49/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, containing compounds containing the group, wherein m+n>=1, both X together may also mean —Y— or a direct carbon-to-carbon bond, and the carbon atoms marked with an asterisk are not part of any ring system other than that which may be formed by the atoms X, the carbon atoms in square brackets being part of any acyclic or cyclic structure, or the group, wherein A means a carbon atom or Y, n>=0, and not more than one of these carbon atoms being a member of the same ring system, e.g. juvenile insect hormones or mimics thereof
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    • A61K35/56—Materials from animals other than mammals
    • A61K35/618—Molluscs, e.g. fresh-water molluscs, oysters, clams, squids, octopus, cuttlefish, snails or slugs
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Definitions

  • compositions and methods for controlling molluscs such as mussels and/or snails and/or slugs which includes but is not limited to lactones, lactams, carbamates, amides, and/or carboxylic acid containing compounds as active ingredients and/or compounds derived from a microbe (e.g., Pseudomonas and/or Erwinia ).
  • molluscs such as mussels and/or snails and/or slugs
  • a microbe e.g., Pseudomonas and/or Erwinia
  • methods and compositions for increasing the efficacy of chemical and biological control for molluscs, such as mussels and/or snails and/or slugs in open waters, power plants, and drinking water treatment facilities under coldwater conditions or solid surfaces are also provided.
  • the Zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha was originally native to the Caspian Sea and the Ural River in Asia. In the nineteenth century, it spread west and now occurs in most of Europe, the western portion of the Commonwealth of Independent States (formally the Soviet Union), and Turkey. Over two decades ago, the mussels, such as zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha and quagga mussel, Dreissena bugensis , were introduced into North America. Their wide spread through inland waters has led to the coverage of most of eastern of US [U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station. 1995. Zebra mussels: Biology, Ecology, and Recommended Control Strategies. Technical Note. ZMR-1-01. Zebra Mussel Research Program, Vicksburg, Miss.].
  • Asian Clam Corbicula fluminea almost spread all Asian countries and US [Non-indigenous species information bulletin: Asian clam, Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) (Mollusca: Corbiculidae)]. And other mussels such unionid mussels exist in US and other countries.
  • Reactive removal includes the mechanical removal, predator removal, and chemical and biochemical removal.
  • fish, birds, crayfish, crabs, leeches and mammals have shown to predate mussels.
  • molluscicides are another effective ways to reduce the mussel population.
  • sodium hypochlorite is a commonly used control agent in Europe, US, and Canada.
  • mussels can withstand this treatment for several days by closing their shells and chlorine can be only used in pipes or ducts that contain pressure sensing or other equipment due to environmental toxicity of chlorine [U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station. 1995. Zebra mussels: Biology, Ecology, and Recommended Control Strategies. Technical Note. ZMR-1-01. Zebra Mussel Research Program, Vicksburg, Miss.].
  • molluscicides such as surfactant ammonium salts, Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) in paints, N-triphenylmethyl-morpholine and so on. These chemicals either low selectivity or affect the water ecosystems.
  • BHT Butylated hydroxytoluene
  • N-triphenylmethyl-morpholine N-triphenylmethyl-morpholine
  • molluscicides such as surfactant ammonium salts, Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) in paints, N-triphenylmethyl-morpholine and so on.
  • BHT Butylated hydroxytoluene
  • N-triphenylmethyl-morpholine N-triphenylmethyl-morpholine
  • New York State Museum's (NYSM) Field Research Laboratory screened more than 700 bacterial isolates as potential biological control agents to be used against zebra and quagga mussels. As a result, they found an isolate, strain CL145A of Pseudomonas fluorescens , to be lethal to these mussels (see Molloy, D. P. U.S. Pat. No. 6,194,194, issued Feb. 27, 2001). This bacterium is worldwide in distribution and is present in all North American waterbodies. In nature it is a harmless bacterial species that is found protecting the roots of plants from rot and mildew.
  • Lactones are widely distributed in foods and beverages, and are also secondary metabolites of animals (e.g., sponges) and microorganisms (e.g., yeasts, fungi). Some lactones have a special aroma (e.g., gamma-decalactone), resulting in an increasing demand for natural products in food industry by the use of biotechnological processes for the production of these lactones [Mohamed Alchihab, Jacqueline Destain, Mario Aguedo, Lamia Majad, Hakim Ghalfi, Jean-Paul Wathelet, Philippe Thonart, Production of ⁇ -Decalactone by a Psychrophilic and a Mesophilic Strain of the Yeast Rhodotorula aurantiaca, Appl Biochem Biotechnol (2009) 158:41-50].
  • a special aroma e.g., gamma-decalactone
  • lactones are associated with antibacterial activity [Ikuko Shimizu, Yasunori Isshiki, Harue Nomura, Keisuke Sakuda, Katsuya Sakuma, Seiichi Kondo, The Antibacterial Activity of Fragrance Ingredients against Legionella pneumophila , Biol. Pharm. Bull. 2009, 32(6) 1114-1117], hepatoprotective activity [Yumiko Itoh, Hiroshi Shimura, Mayumi Ito, Naoharu Watanabe, Michio Yamagishi, Masaharu Tamai and Kazunori Hanada, Novel hepatoprotective ⁇ -lactone, MH-031, I.
  • lactams exist in some plants and marine organisms, they often are fungal metabolites. Many biological activities (e.g., cytotoxic and antitumor activity, angiogenesis inhibition, neuronal activity, anti-infectious activities) were reviewed in a recent publication [Bastien Nay, Nassima Riache and Laurent Evanno, Chemistry and biology of non-tetramic ⁇ -hydroxy- ⁇ -lactams and ⁇ -alkylidene- ⁇ -lactams from natural sources, Natural Product reports, 2009, 26, 1044-1062].
  • Carbamates exist in plants, microorganism and sponges, but fewer biological activities are reported for these compounds in comparison with lactones, amides because many of these compounds are not stable in aqueous solutions.
  • There was one example of fungicidal activity of natural carbamates [Richard J. Clark, et al., Antifungal Alkyl Amino Alcohols from the Tropical Marine Sponge Haliclona n. sp., J. Nat. Prod. 2001, 64, 1568-1571].
  • Amides are widely distributed in plants, microorganisms and sponges.
  • Scalusamide A from marine-derived fungus Penicillium citrinum exhibited antibacterial and antifungal activity [Masashi Tsuda, et al., Scalusamides A-C, New Pyrrolidine Alkaloids from the Marine-Derived Fungus Penicillium citrinum , J. Nat. Prod. 2005, 68, 273-276].
  • sarmentine Another example of an amide is a plant-derived compound called sarmentine, which displayed a lot of bioactivities.
  • sarmentine was first isolated from the fruit of Piper sarmentosum in 1987 [Likhitwitayawuid, K., Ruangrungsi, N, Lange, G. and Decicco, C., Structural Elucidation and Synthesis of New Components isolated from Piper Samentosum, Tetrahedron 1987 (43) 3689-3694] and also from Piper nigrum in 1988 [Kiuchi, F., Nakamura, N., Tsuda, Y., Kondo, K.
  • This invention is directed to the compounds, compositions and methods for controlling molluscs, particularly members of the Gastropoda and/or Bivalvia classes and more particularly mussels, snails and slugs.
  • the invention is directed to isolated compounds obtainable or derived from (a) microorganism, particularly, Pseudomonas species, more particularly, Pseudomonas fluorescens or alternatively, an organism having the identifying characteristics of Pseudomonas ATCC 55799; (b) is toxic to a member of a class of molluscs selected from the group consisting of Bivalvia, particularly, mussels (e.g., Dreissana sp.) and/or Gastropoda, particularly, snails, which includes but is not limited to aquatic snails (e.g., Biomphalaria sp.) and garden snails, including but not limited to brown garden snails, white garden snails (e.g., Cantareus sp., Cornu sp.
  • compositions may be formulated into compositions which may be used to control molluscs, particularly members of the Gastropoda and/or Bivalvia classes and more particularly mussels, snails and slugs.
  • the compound (a) is obtainable from a microorganism, particularly a Pseudomonas sp.; (b) is toxic to a member of a class of molluscs selected from the group consisting of Bivalvia, particularly, mussels (e.g., Dreissana sp.) and/or Gastropoda, particularly, snails, which includes but is not limited to aquatic snails (e.g., Biomphalaria sp.) and garden snails, including but not limited to brown garden snails, white garden snails (e.g., Cantareus sp., Cornu sp., Theba sp.), and/or slugs, including but not limited to gray garden slug (e.g., Deroceras
  • the compound has the following characteristics: (a) is obtainable from a microorganism, particularly a Pseudomonas sp.; (b) is toxic to a member of a class of molluscs selected from the group consisting of Bivalvia, particularly, mussels (e.g., Dreissana sp.) and/or Gastropoda, particularly, snails, which includes but is not limited to aquatic snails (e.g., Biomphalaria sp.) and garden snails, including but not limited to brown garden snails, white garden snails (e.g., Cantareus sp., Cornu sp., Theba sp.), and/or slugs, including but not limited to gray garden slug (e.g., Deroceras sp.), the banded or three-band slug (e.g., Lehmannia sp.), the tawny slug (e.g.,
  • the invention is directed to an isolated compound having the following characteristics (a) is obtainable from a microorganism, particularly, a Pseudomonas sp.; (b) is toxic to a member of a class of molluscs selected from the group consisting of Bivalvia, particularly, mussels (e.g., Dreissana sp.) and/or Gastropoda, particularly, snails, which includes but is not limited to aquatic snails (e.g., Biomphalaria sp.) and garden snails, including but not limited to brown garden snails, white garden snails (e.g., Cantareus sp., Cornu sp., Theba sp.), and/or slugs, including but not limited to gray garden slug (e.g., Deroceras sp.), the banded or three-band slug (e.g., Lehmannia sp.), the tawny s
  • the invention is further directed to a method for obtaining the compound(s) of the present invention comprising
  • compositions comprising said compounds as well as a composition comprising a water:acetonitrile solvent system (0-10 min; 35-45% aqueous CH 3 CN, 10-20 min; 45-60% aqueous CH 3 CN, 20-50 min; 60-85% aqueous CH 3 CN, 50-60 min; 85-100% aqueous CH 3 CN, 60-70 min; 100% CH 3 CN) at 10 mL/min flow rate and UV detection of 210 nm fraction obtainable from a Pseudomonas species cell suspension by HPLC with a retention time of about 45-50 min, said fraction comprising at least two compounds that (a) are toxic to a member of a class of molluscs selected from the group consisting of Bivalvia, particularly, mussels (e.g., Dreissana species) and/or Gastropoda, particularly, snails, which includes but is not limited to aquatic snails (e.g., Biomphalaria species) and garden snails, including but not limited
  • the invention relates a method for controlling one or more molluscs in a location where control is desired comprising introducing into said location at least one of (a) a cell suspension or extract derived from Erwinia sp. cells; (b) one or more compounds, wherein said compounds are lactone, lactam, carbamate, carboxylic acid and/or amide compounds or composition comprising said compounds, with the proviso that said compounds are not gamma-octalactone, gamma-nonalactone, gamma-decanolactone, gamma-undecalactone, N-cyclpentylcinnamamide, N-(trans-cinnamoyl)pyrrolidine, N-(trans-Cinnamoyl)piperidine and N-(trans-Cinnamoyl)hexamethyleneimine, 4-hydroxydodecanoic acid and dodecanoic acid and with the proviso that the composition is not a Pseudomonas culture,
  • This control may in one embodiment be achieved by inducing death in one or more molluscs comprising contacting said molluscs with the compounds set forth above.
  • the molluscs may be contacted in a body of water or solid surface.
  • the invention is directed to the use of the above-referenced compounds, suspensions and compositions for formulating a composition for use in controlling mollusks, such as Gastropoda and Bivalvia in a location.
  • the invention further relates to compositions for controlling one or more molluscs, particularly mussels and/or snails (e.g., white and/or brown garden snails, aquatic snails) and/or slugs in a location where control is desired and/or inducing death in one or more molluscs, particularly mussels and/or snails (e.g., white and/or brown garden snails, aquatic snails) and/or slugs in said location comprising one or more lactones, lactams, carbamates, carboxylic acids and/or amides, again with the proviso that said compound is not gamma-octalactone, gamma-nonalactone, gamma-decanolactone, gamma-undecalactone, N-cyclpentylcinnamamide, N-(trans-cinnamoyl)pyrrolidine, N-(trans-Cinnamoyl)piperidine and N-(trans-Cin
  • the invention is directed to a method for controlling one or more molluscs, particularly mussels and/or snails (e.g., white and/or brown garden snails, aquatic snails) and/or slugs, said method comprising the steps of:
  • Erwinia extracts may contain active ingredients set forth above, such as lactones and amides.
  • the cell suspension or extract derived from Erwinia sp. cells may be formulated into compositions for use in controlling molluscs, particularly a class of molluscs selected from the group consisting of Bivalvia, particularly, mussels (e.g., Dreissana sp.) and/or Gastropoda, particularly, snails, which includes but is not limited to aquatic snails (e.g., Biomphalaria sp.) and garden snails, including but not limited to brown garden snails, white garden snails (e.g., Cantareus sp., Cornu sp., Theba sp.), and/or slugs, including but not limited to gray garden slug (e.g., Deroceras sp.), the banded or three-band slug (e.g., Lehmannia sp.), the taw
  • the invention is further directed to a composition
  • a composition comprising at least one or more substances effective for controlling one or more molluscs, particularly a class of molluscs selected from the group consisting of Bivalvia, particularly, mussels (e.g., Dreissana sp.) and/or Gastropoda, particularly, snails, which includes but is not limited to aquatic snails (e.g., Biomphalaria sp.) and garden snails, including but not limited to brown garden snails, white garden snails (e.g., Cantareus sp., Cornu sp., Theba sp.), and/or slugs, including but not limited to gray garden slug (e.g., Deroceras sp.), the banded or three-band slug (e.g., Lehmannia sp.), the tawny slug (e.g., Limacus sp.), and the greenhouse slug
  • the substance may be derived from chlorine or a Pseudomonas species, more particularly derived from Pseudomonas fluorescens or alternatively an organism (e.g., a Pseudomonas strain) having the identifying characteristics of Pseudomonas ATCC 55799.
  • the composition may comprise a substance that is a cell suspension derived from a Pseudomonas species (e.g., P. fluorescens ) and even in a more particular embodiment, the cell suspension may comprise cells having the toxin producing characteristics of Pseudomonas ATCC 55799.
  • the substances in said composition may be one or more toxins derived from isolated from a Pseudomonas species or alternatively derived from an organism having the identifying characteristics of Pseudomonas ATCC 55799.
  • the composition may alternatively comprise the compounds used in the method of the present invention set forth above as well as the compounds of the present invention set forth above and may be used to control a member of a Gastropoda and Bivalvia class.
  • the inert material may be a clay mineral (kaolinite, smectite, attapulgite).
  • the invention is further directed to a method for controlling one or more molluscs, particularly, mussels and/or snails (e.g, aquatic, garden snails and/or slugs in a location where control is desired comprising introducing in said location a substance effective for controlling said molluscs and optionally one or more inert materials in amounts effective to control said molluscs in said location containing said molluscs.
  • the substance for controlling said molluscs is present in an amount effective to result in at least about a 20% mortality relative to untreated control, typically about 50-95% and said inert material is present in an amount sufficient or effective to increase mortality rate of said substance for controlling said molluscs at least about 20%, typically 25-40%.
  • the inert material is introduced into said location prior to introduction of the substance for controlling said molluscs; in a more particular embodiment, the inert material is introduced at least about one hour prior to the introduction of the substance. In another particular embodiment, the inert material is introduced into the location simultaneously with the substance for controlling molluscs set forth above, particularly mussels, snails and/or slugs.
  • the invention is directed to the use of an inert material for increasing the efficacy of one or more substances for controlling one or more molluscs, particularly a class of molluscs selected from the group consisting of Bivalvia, particularly, mussels (e.g., Dreissana sp.) and/or Gastropoda, particularly, snails, which includes but is not limited to aquatic snails (e.g., Biomphalaria sp.) and garden snails, including but not limited to brown garden snails, white garden snails (e.g., Cantareus sp., Cornu sp., Theba sp.), and/or slugs, including but not limited to gray garden slug (e.g., Deroceras sp.), the banded or three-band slug (e.g., Lehmannia sp.), the tawny slug (e.g., Limacus sp.),
  • the location may be a liquid (e.g., a body of water or paint) or solid surface, such as plastic, concrete, wood, fiberglass, pipes made of iron and polyvinyl chloride, surfaces covered with coating materials and/or paints.
  • the invention is directed to a method for increasing the efficacy of one or more substances for controlling one or more of said molluscs, particularly a class of molluscs selected from the group consisting of Bivalvia, particularly, mussels (e.g., Dreissana sp.) and/or Gastropoda, particularly, snails, which includes but is not limited to aquatic snails (e.g., Biomphalaria sp.) and garden snails, including but not limited to brown garden snails, white garden snails (e.g., Cantareus sp., Cornu sp., Theba sp.), and/or slugs, including but not limited to gray garden slug (e.g., Deroceras sp.),
  • the invention relates to an antifouling paint comprising an antivegative, biocidal effective amount of the compositions and compounds of the present invention in a paint carrier.
  • the invention further relates to the use of the compounds and compositions of the present invention in formulating such an antifouling paint.
  • FIGS. 1 a and 1 b shows structures of natural products used in the method of the present invention.
  • FIG. 2 shows the scheme for isolating the active fractions.
  • FIG. 3 shows one schematic representation of the purification scheme for obtaining the compounds of the present invention from Pseudomonas cell culture.
  • FIG. 4 shows development of mortality over time for mussels treated with clay and P. fluorescens biopesticide product in a biobox.
  • controlling mussels means controlling the eggs, larvae, veligers and post-veligers of the mussel by killing or disabling them so that they cannot colonize in a give location.
  • derived from means directly isolated or obtained from a particular source or alternatively having identifying characteristics of a substance or organism isolated or obtained from a particular source.
  • alkyl refers to a saturated hydrocarbon radical which may be straight-chain or branched-chain (e.g., ethyl, isopropyl, t-amyl, or 2,5-dimethylhexyl, etc.). This definition applies both when the term is used alone and when it is used as part of a compound term.
  • cycloalkyl and cycloalkenyl refer to a saturated hydrocarbon ring and includes bicyclic and polycyclic rings.
  • cycloalkyl and cycloalkenyl groups having a heteroatom (e.g., N, O, or S) in place of a carbon ring atom may be referred to as “heterocycloalkyl”, “heterocyclyl,” and “heterocycloalkylene,” respectively.
  • alkenyl refers to an alkyl group as described above which contains one or more sites of unsaturation that is a double bond.
  • alkynyl refers to an alkyl group as described above which contains one or more sites of unsaturation that is a triple bond.
  • alkoxy refers to an alkyl radical as described above which also bears an oxygen substituent which is capable of covalent attachment to another hydrocarbon radical (such as, for example, methoxy, ethoxy, aryloxy, and t-butoxy).
  • aryl refers to an aromatic carbocyclic substituent which may be a single ring or multiple rings which are fused together, linked covalently or linked to a common group such as an ethylene or methylene moiety.
  • heteroaryl groups having a heteroatom e.g., N, O, or S
  • heteroaryl groups having a heteroatom e.g., N, O, or S
  • arylalkyl refers to an aryl radical attached directly to an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, or an oxygen atom which is attached to an alkyl group, respectively.
  • aryl as part of a combined term as above is meant to include heteroaryl as well.
  • hetero refers to a molecule, linkage, or substituent in which one or more carbon atoms are replaced with an atom other than carbon, e.g., nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, phosphorus, or silicon.
  • derived from and “obtainable from” means directly isolated or obtained from a particular source or alternatively having identifying characteristics of a substance or organism isolated or obtained from a particular source. These terms are used interchangeably throughout the specification.
  • an “isolated compound” is essentially free of other compounds or substances, e.g., at least about 20% pure, preferably at least about 40% pure, more preferably about 60% pure, even more preferably about 80% pure, most preferably about 90% pure, and even most preferably about 95% pure, as determined by analytical methods, including but not limited to chromatographic methods, electrophoretic methods.
  • the compounds used in the compositions and methods of the present invention may be members of the following three families.
  • family I possesses following chemical structures:
  • X includes, but is not limited to carbon, sulfur, phosphorus
  • Y includes, but is not limited to sulfur, oxygen
  • a and M include, but are not limited to carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur and n is 1 to 21
  • (R) z represents number Z of the number of substituents on the group R on the ring.
  • R and the substituents on R may be a hydrogen, hydroxyl, alkyl hydroxyl, akenyl hydroxyl, alkynyl hydroxyl, alkyloxy, alkenyloxyl, alkynyloxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, aromatic, aryl group, NH-substituted, or N,N-substituted group or any other substituted group.
  • the length of the one of the substituted R chains can be from 1 to 25 atoms, the preferred length will be from 7 to 17 atoms;
  • the compound may be derived from Pseudomonas fluorescens and has a hydroxylated unsaturated fatty acid lactone structure comprising at least one lactone moiety which is a 5 membered ⁇ -lactone, at least one unsaturated moiety and at least one alcohol group; a molecular weight from 285 to about 310 in the core structure; at least 15 carbons and at least 3 oxygens.
  • the compound may have the structure
  • Y and M are oxygen
  • a and X are carbon and n is 2 or 3
  • R is a C7 or C8 alkyl and z is 0, wherein when n is 2 and R is a C7 alkyl, R is attached to A.
  • Family I compounds may be the compounds set forth in 1 to 28 ( FIGS. 1 a and 1 b ). These are from either natural materials or compounds obtained from commercial sources or by chemical synthesis. Natural sources of Family I compounds include, but are not limited to plants, corals, microorganisms, sponges and animals.
  • plants which include the Family I compounds include but are not limited to, or alternatively, Family I compounds may be derived from species such as Myoporum bontioides (compound 14) [Moe Kanemoto, et al., Chlorine-containing iridoid and iridoid glucoside, and other glucosides from leaves of Myoporum bontioides , Phytochemistry 69 (2008) 2517-2522], Micromelum hirsutum (compound 18) [Ma, G. Y. et al. anti-tuberculosis constituents from the stem bark of Micromelum hirsutum , Planta Med.
  • Family I compounds may be derived from species such as Myoporum bontioides (compound 14) [Moe Kanemoto, et al., Chlorine-containing iridoid and iridoid glucoside, and other glucosides from leaves of Myoporum bon
  • Family I compounds may also be derived from microorganisms including but not limited to Antrodia camphorate (compounds 4, 5) [Shan, Y. Y. et al., Chemical constituents of Antrodia camphorata submerged whole broth, Natural Product Research, 2008, 22 (13) 1151-1157], Saccharomyces cerevisiae (compound 2) [Gocho, S. et al. Biotransformation of oleic acid to optically active ⁇ -dodecalactone, Biosci. Biotech. Biochem. 1995, 59 (8) 1571-1572], Mesorhizobium sp. (compounds 2, 17) [Wei, G. H.
  • Rhizobialide A New Stearolactone Produced by Mesorhizobium sp. CCNWGX022, a Rhizobial Endophyte from Glycyrrhiza uralensis , Chemistry and Biodiversity, 2007, 4, 893-898], Ophiostoma piliferum (compound 16), [Wei, G. H. et al., Rhizobialide: A New Stearolactone Produced by Mesorhizobium sp. CCNWGX022, a Rhizobial Endophyte from Glycyrrhiza uralensis , Chemistry and Biodiversity, 2007, 4, 893-898], Streptomyces sp.
  • Family I compounds may be derived from sponges such as Haliclona n. sp (compounds 26, 27 & 28) [Richard J. Clark, Mary J. Garson, and John N. A. Hooper, Antifungal Alkyl Amino Alcohols from the Tropical Marine Sponge Haliclona n. sp. J. Nat. Prod. 2001, 64, 1568-1571], Axinellas sp (compound 25) [Miller, W. F. Tinto, J.-P. Yang, S. McLean and W. F. Reynolds, Axinellamide, a new alkaloid from the marine sponge Axinellas sp.
  • Family I compounds may be derived from corals including but not limited to Sarcophyton trocheliophorum and Lithophyton arboreturn (compounds 11 & 13) [Tomas Rezanka, et al., ⁇ -lactones from the soft corals Sarcophyton trocheliophorum and Lithophyton arboreturn , Tetrahedron, 2001, 57, 8743-8749].
  • insects which include the Family I compounds may be derived from insects including but not limited to Female Japanese Beetle Sex Pheromone (compound 12) [J. H.
  • Family I compounds may also include but are not limited to gamma-dodecalactone, delta-tridecalactone, piliferolide A and alpha-heptyl-gamma-butyrolactone set forth in the Examples. These may be obtained by synthetic methods using procedures known in the art or from commercial sources.
  • family II possesses following chemical structures:
  • R and the substituents on R may be a hydrogen, hydroxyl, alkyl hydroxyl, akenyl hydroxyl, alkynyl hydroxyl, alkyloxy, alkenyloxyl, alkynylxoy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, aromatic, aryl group, NH-substituted, or N,N-substituted group or any other substituted group.
  • the length of the one of the substituted R chain can be from 1 to 25 atoms, with the preferred length being from 7 to 17 atoms.
  • Family II compounds such as compounds from 29 to 36 and 44 (see FIGS. 1 a and 1 b ) may be derived from natural sources, chemical synthesis or commercial sources.
  • Natural sources of Family II compounds include, but are not limited to plants, corals, microorganisms, sponges and animals.
  • examples of such plants include, but are not limited the following species such as Heteroplexis micocephala (compounds 30, 31, 32 & 33) [Fan, X. N., et al., Chemical Constituents of Heteroplexis micocephala . J. Nat. Prod. 2009, 72, 1184-1190] and Iryanthera species (compound 34) [Vieira, P.
  • sources microorganisms which include the Family II compounds include, but are not limited the following species such as Streptomyces rishiriensis A-5969 (compound 29) [Yumiko Itoh, Hiroshi Shimura, Mayumito, NaoHaru Watanabe, Michio Yamagishi, Masaharu Tamai and Kazunori Hanada, novel hepatoprotective 7-lactone, MH-031, Discovery, Isolation, Physical-Chemical properties and structural elucidation, The Journal of antibiotics, 1991, 44 (8) 832-837.
  • corals which include the Family II compounds include, but are not limited to the following species such as Pterogorgia anceps (compound 35) [Guo, Y. W. et al., Three New Butenolide Lipids from the Caribbean Gorgonian Pterogorgia anceps , J. Nat. Prod. 1999, 62, 1194-1196; Manuel Lorenzo et al., 13 C NMR-Based Empirical Rules to Determine the Configuration of Fatty Acid Butanolides.
  • Pterogorgia anceps compound 35
  • Guide Y. W. et al., Three New Butenolide Lipids from the Caribbean Gorgonian Pterogorgia anceps , J. Nat. Prod. 1999, 62, 1194-1196
  • Manuel Lorenzo et al. 13 C NMR-Based Empirical Rules to Determine the Configuration of Fatty Acid Butanolides.
  • family III compounds possess the following chemical structure:
  • R is alkenyl hydroxyl, alkynyl hydroxyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heterocyclyl, aromatic, aryl group, NH-substituted, or N,N-substituted group or any other substituted group.
  • the length of R chain can be from 1 to 50, preferred from 7 to 17.
  • Family III compounds such as compounds from 37 to 43 ( FIGS. 1 a and 1 b ) may be derived from natural or commercial sources or by chemical synthesis.
  • Natural sources of Family III compounds include, but are not limited to plants, corals, microorganisms, sponges and animals.
  • plants sources include, but are not limited to Piper spp (compound 43) [Likhitwitayawuid, K., Ruangrungsi, N, Lange, G.
  • corals include, but are not limited to Plexaura flava (compound 42) [B. N.
  • microorganisms which include the Family III compounds include, but are not limited the following species such as Lyngbya majuscula and Schizothrix calcicola (compound 39, 40) [George G. Harrigan, et al., Tumonoic Acids, Novel Metabolites from a Cyanobacterial Assemblage of Lyngbya majuscula and Schizothrix calcicola , J. Nat. Prod.
  • Pseudomonas aeruginosa (compound 41) [Michael, K. Winson., et al. Multiple N-acyl-L-homoserine lactone signal molecules regulate production of virulence determinants and secondary metabolites in Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1995, 92, 9427-9431], Erwinia carotovora (compound 37) [Gu′′nter Brader, Solveig Sjo′′blom, Heidi Hyytia′′inen, Karen Sims-Huopaniemi, and E.
  • the family III compounds may be a sarmentine analog having the following structure:
  • R1 is an alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heterocyclyl, aromatic, aryl group, NH-substituted, or N,N-substituted group and the length of R1 chain is from 4 to 20 atoms, and preferably from 6 to 12 atoms.
  • R2 and R3 are alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aromatic, arylalkyl, heterocyclyl or heteroaryl; or alternatively R2+R3+N can be an N-containing heterocyclic moiety, Wherein when R2+R3+N is an N-containing heterocyclic moiety, R1 is an alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heterocyclyl, NH-substituted, or N,N-substituted group.
  • the sarmentine analog is N-Cyclopentyldecanamide, N-(Decanoyl)pyrrolidine, N-(Decanoyl)piperidine, N-(Decanoyl)hexamethyleneimine, N-Cyclopentyldecenamide, (N-(Decenoyl)pyrrolidine, N-(Decenoyl)piperidine, N-(Decenoyl)hexamethyleneimine and N-(Decenoyl)piperidine.
  • the sarmentine analogs may be obtained using procedures known in the art which may include but is not limited to those set forth in application Ser. No. 61/227,412, filed Jul. 21, 2009.
  • the compound may be derived from Pseudomonas fluorescens and characterized as having a hydroxylated unsaturated fatty acid structure comprising at least one carboxylic acid moiety, at least one unsaturated moiety and at least one alcohol group; molecular weight from 285 to about 310 in the core structure; at least 15 carbons and at least 3 oxygens.
  • the compound has the structure
  • the compounds and compositions of the present invention may be obtained, is obtainable or derived from an organism having the identifying characteristics of a Pseudomonas species, more particularly, from an organism having the identifying characteristics of a strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens or alternatively from an organism having the identifying characteristics of Pseudomonas fluorescens isolate, ATCC 55799 as set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 6,194,194.
  • the methods comprise cultivating these organisms and obtaining the compounds and/or compositions of the present invention by isolating these compounds from the cells of these organisms.
  • the organisms are cultivated in a nutrient medium using methods known in the art.
  • the organisms may be cultivated by shake flask cultivation, small scale or large scale fermentation (including but not limited to continuous, batch, fed-batch, or solid state fermentations) in laboratory or industrial fermentors performed in suitable medium and under conditions allowing cell growth.
  • the cultivation may take place in suitable nutrient medium comprising carbon and nitrogen sources and inorganic salts, using procedures known in the art.
  • suitable media are available may be available from commercial sources or prepared according to published compositions. A particular embodiment is disclosed in the examples infra and in U.S. Pat. No. 6,194,194.
  • the cells may be concentrated and subsequently suspended in a buffer to obtain a cell suspension.
  • the compounds and/or compositions of the present invention may be extracted from the suspension.
  • the extract may be fractionated by chromatography. Chromatography may be assayed for toxic activity against molluscs, such as mussels, snails (e.g., aquatic and/or garden snails) and/or slugs, using methods known in the art; one particular embodiment is disclosed in the examples, infra. This process may be repeated one or more times using the same or different chromatographic methods.
  • the compounds of the present invention may also be obtained by synthetic methods.
  • the compounds may be obtained by expressing nucleic acid sequences encoding these compounds in a recombinant DNA host using methods known in the art.
  • the composition of the present invention may comprise a chemical or biopesticide product that is useful in controlling molluscs, particularly members of the Gastropoda and/or Bivalvia classes and more particularly mussels, snails and slugs.
  • the invention is directed to isolated compounds obtainable or derived from (a) a microorganism such as a Pseudomonas species, more particularly, Pseudomonas fluorescens or alternatively, an organism having the identifying characteristics of Pseudomonas ATCC 55799; (b) is toxic to a member of a class of molluscs selected from the group consisting of Bivalvia, particularly, mussels (e.g., Dreissana species) and/or Gastropoda, particularly, snails, which includes but is not limited to aquatic snails (e.g., Biomphalaria species) and garden snails, including but not limited to brown garden snails, white garden snails (e.g., Cantareus species, Cornu species,
  • compositions examples include but are not limited to chlorine and substances derived from a Pseudomonas species as described in for example U.S. Pat. No. 6,194,194.
  • compounds disclosed above and used in the invention can be made into compositions (also alternatively referred to as “formulations”) and can be formulated in any form.
  • Non-limiting formulation examples include emulsifiable concentrates (EC), wettable powders (WP), soluble liquids (SL), aerosols, ultra-low volume concentrate solutions (ULV), soluble powders (SP), microencapsulation, water dispersed granules, flowables (FL), microemulsions (ME), nano-emulsions (NE), etc.
  • percent of active ingredient is within a range of 0.01% to 99.99%.
  • the formulations may be free of surfactants.
  • the inert material examples include, but are not limited to, inorganic minerals such as kaolin, mica, gypsum, phyllosilicates, carbonates, sulfates, or phosphates; or botanical materials such as wood products, cork, powdered corn cobs, rice hulls, peanut hulls and walnut shells.
  • the inert material can be obtained or derived from a clay mineral (kaolinite, smectite, attapulgite) suspended in water at a rate of about 1 to 20 mg/liter corresponding to approximately 1 to 20 NTU (normalized turbidity units).
  • the inert materials used to enhance mussel siphoning can be applied in solid form or as a suspension in aqueous solution, preferably water, directly to the water or the location (e.g., solid surface) where the mussels are treated.
  • aqueous solution preferably water
  • an inert material such as clay, silt, sediment or any other material with no nutritional value and with a small enough particle size can be suspended in water prior to the treatment with a chemical or a biopesticide product.
  • the compounds and compositions of the present invention may be used to control molluscs, particularly, a member of the Gastropoda and/or Bivalvia class, more particularly mussels (e.g., Dreissana species) and/or Gastropoda, particularly, snails, which includes but is not limited to aquatic snails (e.g., Biomphalaria species) and garden snails, including but not limited to brown garden snails, white garden snails (e.g., Cantareus species, Cornu species, Theba species), and/or slugs, including but not limited to gray garden slug (e.g., Deroceras sp.), the banded or three-band slug (e.g., Lehmannia sp.), the tawny slug (e.g., Limacus sp.), and the greenhouse slug (e.g., Milax sp.) in a body of water or on surfaces where molluscs such as
  • molluscs such as mussels, snails and/or slugs
  • surfaces covered with paints and/or coatings Coatings may be formulated from pigments, binders, additives, and/or carrier fluids and are preferably applied in a thin film to provide protection or decoration to a surface.
  • the end product (which contains the active compound) will be used at 10-200 mg/L, more specifically at 25-100 mg/L (ppm) or 25-10000 mg/kg. It will be applied either as a dry product or suspended in water into pipes, dam structures, holding tanks, and open waters such as streams, rivers, lakes, irrigation canals, ponds and lakes through specific application pumps and mixing systems.
  • the present invention is directed to a method for improving biopesticidal and pesticidal activity of materials used to control invasive molluscs, particularly mussels comprising the steps of:
  • the invention is also directed to a method comprising a step of administering a microbial biopesticide in combination of an inert material such as clay to enhance the uptake and hence, mortality of mussels.
  • this clay (turbidity) treatment should be carried on for about 1 to 6 hours, usually about 3-4 hours, and for about 1 to 24 hours, typically about 14-18 hours before the treatment with a chemical/pesticide.
  • the turbidity treatment can be applied simultaneously with the chemical or biopesticide treatment.
  • treatment of molluscs such as mussels, snails and slugs can be carried out in 500-mL glass jars or in a biobox constructed of acrylic sheets.
  • aeration during treatment is provided by airflow through aquarium air stones connected to nylon tubing.
  • water is constantly flowing at a rate of 1 gallon per minute.
  • compositions of the present invention can be in a suitable form for direct application or as a concentrate or primary composition, which requires dilution with a suitable quantity of water or other diluent before application.
  • the effective amount of the turbidity materials will depend upon the application, water temperature, if applied to water, and duration of the treatment.
  • the composition may be applied at a rate of from about 1 to about 20 mg per liter; preferably at a rate of from about 5 to about 10 mg per liter so that the measured turbidity does not rise above 20 NTU.
  • Synthesized compounds are screened against the quagga mussels at a final concentration of 11.1 ⁇ g/ml. The following procedure is used to obtain the compounds.
  • the residue is run through a silica gel column with an appropriate ratio of ethyl acetate in hexane.
  • the yield of the final products range from 85% to 90%.
  • the final products are characterized with proton NMR.
  • TSA tryptic soy agar
  • the whole broth is extracted with ethyl acetate.
  • the organic phase is dried under vacuum.
  • the dried extracted is made a 5.0 mg/mL solution in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Then, such solution (100 ⁇ L) is added into 45 mL hard water.
  • DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide
  • Table 3 indicates that bioactive compounds against the quagga mussels are produced in Erwinia carotovora when grown in the LB media.
  • the compound 37 ( FIG. 1 b ) described above is one of the lactones produced by E. carotovora grown in the LB media [Gu′′nter Brader, Solveig Sjo′′blom, Heidi Hyytia′′inen, Karen Sims-Huopaniemi, and E. Tapio Palva, Altering Substrate Chain Length Specificity of an Acylhomoserine Lactone. Synthase in Bacterial Communication, The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 2005, 280(11) 10403-10409].
  • the cell pellet derived from the 10-L fermentation P. fluorescens CL 145A (ATCC 55799) in FM2 growth medium is suspended in dilution buffer and extracted with Amberlite XAD-7 resin (Asolkar, R. N., Jensen, P. R., Kauffman, C. A., Fenical, W. 2006.
  • Daryamides A-C Weakly Cytotoxic Polyketides from a Marine-Derived Actinomycete of the Genus Streptomyces strain CNQ-085 J. Nat. Prod. 69:1756-1759; Williams, P. G., Miller, E. D., Asolkar, R. N., Jensen, P. R., Fenical, W. 2007.
  • FIG. 3 A diagram of the method used is shown in FIG. 3 .
  • fractions #4 and #5 contain active compounds.
  • HPLC C-18 column, water:acetonitrile gradient solvent system (0-10 min; 30-40% aqueous CH 3 CN, 10-20 min; 40-60% aqueous CH 3 CN, 20-60 min; 60-80% aqueous CH 3 CN, 60-65 min; 80-100% aqueous CH 3 CN) at 2.5 mL/min flow rate and UV detection of 210 nm, peaks number 20, retention time 51.66 min, 21, retention time 52.56 min, and 22 A retention time 59.61 min inhibits the growth (e.g. low OD600 value) of snail cells in the bioassay.
  • HPLC C-18 column, water:acetonitrile gradient solvent system (0-10 min; 30-40% aqueous CH 3 CN, 10-20 min; 40-60% aqueous CH 3 CN, 20-60 min; 60-80% aqueous CH 3 CN, 60-65
  • Mass spectroscopy analysis of active peaks is performed on a Thermo Finnigan LCQ Deca XP Plus electrospray (ESI) instrument using both positive and negative ionization modes in a full scan mode (m/z 100-1500 Da) on a LCQ DECA XP plus Mass Spectrometer (Thermo Electron Corp., San Jose, Calif.).
  • the solvent system consists of water (solvent A) and acetonitrile (solvent B).
  • the mobile phase begins at 10% solvent B and is linearly increased to 100% solvent B over 20 min and then kept for 4 min, and finally returned to 10% solvent B over 3 min and kept for 3 min.
  • the flow rate is 0.5 mL/min.
  • the injection volume was 10 ⁇ L and the samples are kept at room temperature in an auto sampler.
  • the compounds are analyzed by LC-MS utilizing the LC and reversed phase chromatography. Mass spectroscopy analysis of the present compounds is performed under the following conditions: The flow rate of the nitrogen gas was fixed at 30 and 15 arb for the sheath and aux/sweep gas flow rate, respectively. Electrospray ionization was performed with a spray voltage set at 5000 V and a capillary voltage at 35.0 V.
  • the capillary temperature was set at 400° C.
  • the data was analyzed on Xcalibur software.
  • the active compound in peak #20 has a molecular mass of 1294.75 in positive ionization mode.
  • the LC-MS chromatogram for another active compound (peak #22A) suggests a molecular mass of 1320.83 in positive ionization mode.
  • the partially purified compound from active peak #20 is further analyzed using a 600 MHz NMR instrument, and has ⁇ values at ⁇ 9.25, 8.36, 8.06, 7.82, 7.71, 7.52, 7.45, 6.82, 6.36, 6.08, 5.42, 5.39, 5.30, 5.14, 4.68, 4.42, 4.31, 4.16, 4.11, 4.07, 3.95-3.86, 3.83, 3.72, 3.66, 3.53, 3.48, 3.37, 3.17, 3.06, 2.56, 2.53, 2.45, 2.32, 2.21, 2.02, 1.96, 1.84, 1.72, 1.65, 1.61, 1.51, 1.48-1.37, 1.32, 1.12, 0.94, 0.91, 0.68 in CDCl 3 .
  • the NMR data indicates that the compound contains amino, ester, carboxylic acid, phenyl, indole, aliphatic methyl, ethyl, methylene, oxymethylene, methine, o-methyl, oxymethine and sulfur groups.
  • Peaks #27 and #30 are further analyzed by LC/MS. Based on the results, peak # 27 contains multiple compounds with the two main components having a mass of roughly 643 and 984. Peak #30 contains fewer compounds, and the mass analysis suggests a molecular mass around 546 for the main component under the peak.
  • This live mussel bioassay test is used to guide the identification of active compounds through sample fractionation using HPLC and LC-MS as analytical tools.
  • quagga mussels Twenty freshly collected quagga mussels is placed in a jar containing 250 mL of de-chlorinated tap water at room temperature. Jars are kept at room temperature and connected into a manifold providing constant air supply through bubbling. Each test subject (HPLC fraction or peak) dissolved in DMSO is pipetted into jars separately at a concentration of 1-5 mg, and the mussels are incubated with the test subject for 24 hours. After the incubation period, water in each jar is discarded, and the mussels are rinsed with fresh water and transferred into open glass petri dishes for a 10-day observation period. Mussels are checked daily for mortality, and the dead mussels are removed and discarded. Each treatment is carried out in three replicates, and in the end of the 10-day incubation period, % mortality is calculated for each treatment.
  • this cell-based assay is used as a tool to facilitate the isolation and identification of active compounds in the P. fluorescens cells after fermentation.
  • Embryonic cells of a freshwater snail Biomphalaria glabrata , ATCC CRL-1494
  • Embryonic cells of a freshwater snail Biomphalaria glabrata , ATCC CRL-1494
  • Embryonic cells of a freshwater snail Biomphalaria glabrata , ATCC CRL-1494
  • For the assay 200 uL of actively growing cells in a complete growth medium containing Drosophila medium, fetal calf serum, d-galactose, and lactalbumin is added into each well of a sterile 96-well plate.
  • test compound HPLC fraction or peak at 20 mg/mL
  • DMSO DMSO diluent
  • Each treatment is run in four replicates, and one replicated positive control treatment is included in each plate.
  • the crude extract is then fractionated by using reversed-phase C18 vacuum liquid chromatography (H 2 O/CH 3 OH; gradient 90:20 to 0:100%) to give 7 fractions. These fractions are then concentrated to dryness using rotary evaporator and the resulting dry residues are screened for biological activity using both a live mussel jar-test bioassay with quagga mussels as well as a cell-based assay with a freshwater snail embryo cell line ( Biomphalaria glabrata ). The active fractions are then subjected to reversed phase HPLC (Spectra System P4000 (Thermo Scientific) to give pure compounds, which are then screened in above mentioned bioassays to locate/identify the active compounds. To confirm the identity of the compound, additional spectroscopic data such as LC/MS and NMR is recorded.
  • HPLC Spectra System P4000 (Thermo Scientific)
  • the active fraction 4 is further subfractionated by using Sephadex LH 20 size exclusion chromatography to give 7 sub fractions.
  • Purification of Pilferolide A and 11-Hydroxy-12-ene-Octadecanoic Acid is performed by using HPLC C-18 column (Phenomenex, Luna 10u C18(2) 100 A, 250 ⁇ 30), water:acetonitrile gradient solvent system (0-10 min; 50-60% aqueous CH 3 CN, 10-20 min; 60-75% aqueous CH 3 CN, 20-45 min; 75-100% aqueous CH 3 CN, 45-55 min; 100% CH 3 CN, 55-70 min; 100-50% aqueous CH 3 CN) at 8 mL/min flow rate and UV detection of 210 nm, the active peaks number 21, retention time 45.59 min, and 23, retention time 48.53 min.
  • the mobile phase begins at 10% solvent B and is linearly increased to 100% solvent B over 20 min and then kept for 4 min, and finally returned to 10% solvent B over 3 min and kept for 3 min.
  • the flow rate is 0.5 mL/min.
  • the injection volume was 10 ⁇ L and the samples are kept at room temperature in an auto sampler.
  • the compounds are analyzed by LC-MS utilizing the LC and reversed phase chromatography. Mass spectroscopy analysis of the present compounds is performed under the following conditions: The flow rate of the nitrogen gas was fixed at 30 and 15 arb for the sheath and aux/sweep gas flow rate, respectively. Electrospray ionization was performed with a spray voltage set at 5000 V and a capillary voltage at 35.0 V.
  • the capillary temperature was set at 400° C.
  • the data was analyzed on Xcalibur software.
  • the active compound Piliferolide A has a molecular mass of 295.65 in negative ionization mode.
  • the LC-MS chromatogram for another active compound suggests a molecular mass of 297.74 in negative ionization mode.
  • the purified compound Piliferolide A with a molecular weight 296 is further analyzed using a 500 MHz NMR instrument; the reference is set on the internal standard tetramethylsilane (TMS, 0.00 ppm).
  • the compound has 1 H NMR ⁇ values at 5.62, 5.42, 4.55, 3.97, 2.58, 2.35, 2.04, 1.88, 1.73, 1.64, 1.54, 1.39, 0.92 and has 13 C NMR values of ⁇ 179.1, 133.3, 131.3, 81.9, 72.6, 37.3, 35.4, 32.1, 31.3, 29.5, 29.4, 29.0, 28.6, 27.8, 25.4, 25.3, 22.5, 13.3.
  • the detailed 1D and 2D NMR analysis confirm the structure for the compound as Piliferolide A as a known compound.
  • the second purified compound with a molecular weight 298 is further analyzed using a 500 MHz NMR instrument, and has 1 H NMR ⁇ values at 5.61, 5.41, 3.96, 2.27, 2.04, 1.69, 1.51, 1.42, 1.32, 0.92 and 13 C NMR values of ⁇ 176.6, 133.2, 132.6, 73.5, 37.5, 33.9, 32.4, 31.6, 29.8, 29.7, 29.6, 29.4, 29.3, 29.1, 25.7, 24.9, 22.8, 14.3.
  • the detailed 1D and 2D NMR analysis confirm the structure to the compound which is not reported for microbial source; Molecular formula C 18 H 34 O 3 .
  • the structure of the compound, 11-Hydroxy-12-ene-Octadecanoic Acid is shown below:
  • kaolin clay is applied to the biobox from a concentrated stock solution via a peristaltic pump so that the final turbidity in the biobox is approximately 20 NTU (normalized turbidity units).
  • NTU normalized turbidity units
  • Fifty quagga mussels are placed in 1-foot long acrylic tubes closed with a nylon mesh at both ends, and the tubes are placed in the bottom of the biobox for the treatment.
  • the duration of the clay application is 6 hours, after which the mussels in the acrylic tubes were exposed to fresh running water in the biobox for 18 hours.
  • Results presented in Table 5 and FIG. 4 show a significant increase in mortality for mussels exposed to kaolin clay 18 hours before the biopesticide treatment compared with mussels with no clay pre-treatment. This phenomenon can be explained by increased siphoning activity of mussels harvested and treated in cold (11.8° C.) water during the period of low biological activity. This increased siphoning results in greater uptake of pesticide product, which in turn results in increased mussel mortality.
  • Brown garden snails ( Cantareus aspersus ) are collected from a house garden and raised at least 1 day in lab with cabbage or red carrot. Five individuals with a similar size are chosen for each treatment and transferred into a 1 L beaker. To make the snail active, some water is sprayed on them and in the beaker by using hand-sprayer. After spraying water, the Petri dish with chemical-containing corn starch is placed into the beaker the beaker is covered on the top with aluminum foil. Eating behavior, consumed amount of corn starch and mortality at 24 hr is recorded.

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