US20100162971A1 - Liquid cooling device in internal combustion engines and process for manufacturing same - Google Patents

Liquid cooling device in internal combustion engines and process for manufacturing same Download PDF

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Publication number
US20100162971A1
US20100162971A1 US12/160,797 US16079707A US2010162971A1 US 20100162971 A1 US20100162971 A1 US 20100162971A1 US 16079707 A US16079707 A US 16079707A US 2010162971 A1 US2010162971 A1 US 2010162971A1
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United States
Prior art keywords
cooling
internal combustion
combustion engine
microstructured surface
coolant
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Abandoned
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US12/160,797
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English (en)
Inventor
Claudius Kormann
Gerd Kaibel
Dirk Neumann
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BASF SE
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BASF SE
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Assigned to BASF AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT reassignment BASF AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: NEUMANN, DIRK, KAIBEL, GERD, KORMANN, CLAUDIUS
Publication of US20100162971A1 publication Critical patent/US20100162971A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01P—COOLING OF MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; COOLING OF INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01P3/00—Liquid cooling
    • F01P3/02—Arrangements for cooling cylinders or cylinder heads
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02F—CYLINDERS, PISTONS OR CASINGS, FOR COMBUSTION ENGINES; ARRANGEMENTS OF SEALINGS IN COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02F1/00—Cylinders; Cylinder heads 
    • F02F1/02—Cylinders; Cylinder heads  having cooling means
    • F02F1/10—Cylinders; Cylinder heads  having cooling means for liquid cooling
    • F02F1/16—Cylinder liners of wet type
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02F—CYLINDERS, PISTONS OR CASINGS, FOR COMBUSTION ENGINES; ARRANGEMENTS OF SEALINGS IN COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02F1/00—Cylinders; Cylinder heads 
    • F02F1/24—Cylinder heads
    • F02F1/26—Cylinder heads having cooling means
    • F02F1/36—Cylinder heads having cooling means for liquid cooling
    • F02F1/38—Cylinder heads having cooling means for liquid cooling the cylinder heads being of overhead valve type
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F13/00—Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F13/00—Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing
    • F28F13/18—Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing by applying coatings, e.g. radiation-absorbing, radiation-reflecting; by surface treatment, e.g. polishing
    • F28F13/185—Heat-exchange surfaces provided with microstructures or with porous coatings
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01P—COOLING OF MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; COOLING OF INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01P3/00—Liquid cooling
    • F01P3/02—Arrangements for cooling cylinders or cylinder heads
    • F01P2003/027—Cooling cylinders and cylinder heads in parallel
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01P—COOLING OF MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; COOLING OF INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01P3/00—Liquid cooling
    • F01P3/18—Arrangements or mounting of liquid-to-air heat-exchangers
    • F01P2003/182—Arrangements or mounting of liquid-to-air heat-exchangers with multiple heat-exchangers
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01P—COOLING OF MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; COOLING OF INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01P7/00—Controlling of coolant flow
    • F01P7/14—Controlling of coolant flow the coolant being liquid
    • F01P7/16—Controlling of coolant flow the coolant being liquid by thermostatic control
    • F01P7/165—Controlling of coolant flow the coolant being liquid by thermostatic control characterised by systems with two or more loops
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D21/00—Heat-exchange apparatus not covered by any of the groups F28D1/00 - F28D20/00
    • F28D2021/0019—Other heat exchangers for particular applications; Heat exchange systems not otherwise provided for
    • F28D2021/008—Other heat exchangers for particular applications; Heat exchange systems not otherwise provided for for vehicles
    • F28D2021/0091—Radiators
    • F28D2021/0094—Radiators for recooling the engine coolant
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/49229—Prime mover or fluid pump making
    • Y10T29/49231—I.C. [internal combustion] engine making

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an apparatus for liquid cooling of internal combustion engines and a process for producing it.
  • Cooling internal combustion engines by means of air or a liquid as cooling medium is known from the prior art. Liquid cooling using water as cooling liquid is particularly preferred here because the high heat capacity and the low viscosity of water makes efficient cooling of the internal combustion engine possible.
  • cooling channels which form part of a cooling circuit through which the cooling water is conveyed are, for example, located in the walls of the cylinder and/or the cylinder head or in the crankcase.
  • an air-cooled heat exchanger which in the case of motor vehicles is referred to as the radiator and via which the cooling water gives off the heat taken up in the internal combustion engine to the environment.
  • the cooling liquid usually enters the internal combustion engine in a relatively low-lying region and is conveyed through cooling channels or a cooling jacket of the engine block/crankshaft housing into the cylinder head from where it leaves the internal combustion engine again in a region lying higher up.
  • dividing the cooling liquid into two separate circuits by means of a preferably actuatable valve before it enters the engine housing and conveying the stream separately into the cooling channels or cooling jacket of the crankshaft housing and the cylinder head is also known.
  • cooling circuits compressors and condensers which interact with the heating system or the air-conditioning unit of the motor vehicle can be provided in the cooling circuit.
  • the heat given off by the internal combustion engine can be used at least partly for heating the passenger compartment.
  • Cooling the hot exhaust gases from an internal combustion engine by means of suitable heat exchangers is also known.
  • the heat energy taken from the hot exhaust gases in the start-up phase can, for example, be used for heating the cooling liquid so that the internal combustion engine through which the liquid flows reaches its optimal operating temperature more quickly.
  • cooling of the exhaust gases is particularly advantageous in the case of exhaust gas recycle systems which are now being used in the motor vehicle sector, in order to reduce, firstly, the consumption in the part-load region and, secondly, the emissions from internal combustion engines, especially the emission of NO x .
  • a substream, which can usually be controlled by means of valves, of the exhaust gas is recirculated to the intake section of the internal combustion engine. The effects of the recirculation of exhaust gas on the consumption and the reduction in the emission of NO x can be improved further when the recirculated substream of exhaust gas is cooled by means of an exhaust gas cooler.
  • Circulation of the cooling liquid usually occurs by means of a pump located in the cooling circuit which is usually driven directly by the internal combustion engine via a V-belt, so that a cooling liquid flow dependent on the engine revolutions is generated.
  • a pump located in the cooling circuit which is usually driven directly by the internal combustion engine via a V-belt, so that a cooling liquid flow dependent on the engine revolutions is generated.
  • bypassing the cooler by means of a thermostat-controlled valve in the heating-up phase of the internal combustion engine is also known.
  • coolant a liquid which is generally referred to as coolant and comprises water together with further additives, first and foremost additives which serve to protect against freezing and corrosion.
  • Coolant compositions for the cooling circuits of internal combustion engines as are used in motor vehicles usually comprise water together with alkylene glycols, mainly ethylene glycol and/or propylene glycol and/or glycerol as antifreeze components.
  • any type and any degree of corrosion represents a potential risk factor which can lead to a shortening of the operating life of the internal combustion engine and too a reduction in its reliability.
  • the many materials used in a modern internal combustion engine for example cast iron, copper, brass, soft solder, steel and lightweight metal alloys, in particular magnesium and aluminum alloys, result in additional potential corrosion problems, especially at places at which different metals are in contact with one another.
  • a variety of types of corrosion for example, pit corrosion, steel corrosion, erosion or cavitation can occur particularly easily at these places.
  • Modern coolant compositions therefore also comprise specific corrosion inhibitors which serve as corrosion protection components.
  • DE-A 195 474 49, EP-A 0 552 988 or U.S. Pat. No. 4,561,990 disclose, for example, antifreezes comprising carboxylic acids, molybdates or triazoles for the cooling water of internal combustion engines.
  • EP-A 0 229 440 describes a corrosion protection component comprising an aliphatic monobasic acid, a dibasic hydrocarbon acid and a hydrocarbon triazole. Specific acids as corrosion protection components are described, for example, in EP-A 0 479 470.
  • Quaternized imidazoles as corrosion protection components are known from DE-A 196 05 509.
  • the coolant compositions also have to be designed so that they are compatible with nonmetallic constituents of the cooling circuit, for example, elastomers and other plastics as hose connections or seals, and do not alter or attack these.
  • the power density which can be achieved by an internal combustion engine is influenced decisively by the efficiency of the liquid cooling. It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide an apparatus for liquid cooling of internal combustion engines, in particular using the above-described liquid coolants, in which the cooling action is improved further, especially surfaces of the internal combustion engine which are subjected to high thermal stresses.
  • the invention also relates to a process for producing such an apparatus.
  • the invention accordingly provides an apparatus for cooling an internal combustion engine comprising a cooling circuit which comprises at least one cooling channel for a liquid coolant which is in thermal contact with at least one component of the internal combustion engine, wherein a wall of the cooling channel which comes into contact with the coolant has a microstructured surface at least in a subregion.
  • a liquid coolant this refers to the state of matter of the coolant at temperatures of from 0 to 100° C. and atmospheric pressure.
  • the coolant can also be liquid at lower or higher temperatures.
  • the apparatus of the invention for liquid cooling of internal combustion engines therefore makes it possible to achieve a decisive improvement in the cooling of the internal combustion engine. Since, as mentioned above, the power density of modern internal combustion engines is frequently limited by the efficiency of heat removal by cooling, the apparatus of the invention also makes it possible to increase the power density of internal combustion engines.
  • cooling channels having a microstructured surface provided according to the invention.
  • the cooling channels are in thermal contact with components of the engine block of the internal combustion engine, for example with the cylinder head and/or the crankcase.
  • the term “components of the internal combustion engine” as used in the context of the present invention also comprises components outside the actual engine block, in particular, further heat exchangers such as exhaust gas coolers or oil coolers located in the cooling system of the internal combustion engine.
  • heat exchangers each have separate cooling liquid circuits; however, they are preferably cooled via subcircuits of the cooling circuit of the internal combustion engine, with the division of the cooling liquid stream into the individual subsections particularly preferably being able to be controlled by means of suitable valves.
  • the microstructured surface has a mean surface roughness Ra in the range from 1 to 1500 ⁇ m, preferably in the range from 20 to 200 ⁇ m.
  • the microstructured surface particularly preferably has a porous structure.
  • the pore size of the porous microstructures is advantageously in the range from 1 to 500 ⁇ m.
  • the pore size here relates to the greatest pore diameter in the cross section.
  • the pores can, for example, have an essentially circular cross section, but any other pore geometries are likewise possible.
  • the proportion of pores in the microstructured surface layer can be in the range from 1 to 90%, preferably in the range from 10 to 80% and particularly preferably in the range from 10 to 70%.
  • the rough and/or porous microstructures of the apparatus of the invention can be distributed regularly or randomly over the surfaces.
  • the preferred pore depth in the case of a random arrangement of the pores corresponds approximately to the pore diameter.
  • the depth of the pores or the channels or other depressions is dependent on the pore width.
  • the layer thickness of the microstructured surface is preferably in the range from a few microns to a few millimeters, for example in the range from 1 to 10 000 ⁇ m, preferably in the range from 10 to 1000 ⁇ m.
  • the entire wall surface of the lines and channels of the cooling circuit which comes into contact with the liquid coolant can be configured as a microstructured surface.
  • the microstructured surfaces are restricted to regions of the cooling circuit which are located in the region to be cooled in the internal combustion engine and/or in any heat exchangers for cooling hot gases which are arranged in the cooling circuit, for example the abovementioned exhaust gas coolers.
  • the coolant can comprise surface-active additives, for example surfactants, which reduce the surface tension of the coolant.
  • surface-active additives additionally aid the boiling process by further reducing the superheating of the wall required for commencement of bubble boiling.
  • Cooling circuits of modern internal combustion engines are usually operated at a pressure of from 1.5 to 5 bar absolute, in order to increase the saturation temperature of the liquid coolant and thus improve the cooling action further.
  • the invention also provides a process for producing the apparatus of the invention for liquid cooling of internal combustion engines.
  • a cooling circuit for a liquid coolant which has cooling channels which are at least partly in thermal contact with the internal combustion engine is constructed, wherein a microstructured surface is produced on at least part of the walls of the cooling channels which come into contact with the liquid coolant.
  • the inner wall of the cooling channel on which the microstructured surface is produced preferably comprises a material which has good thermal conductivity, in particular metal.
  • the channels are particularly preferably formed during casting of the internal combustion engine so that the channel wall usually consists of the same material as the engine block, the cylinder head cover or the crankcase.
  • the microstructured surface is produced by mechanical treatment of the inner walls of the cooling channels.
  • suitable microstructures can be produced by cutting machining of the walls, for example, milling of grooves and other depressions, or by embossing of structures by means of appropriately profiled rollers or plates.
  • Suitable microstructured coatings as can also be used in the apparatus of the invention known, for example, from chemical process engineering.
  • the company Wieland-Werke AG, Ulm, Germany produces heat exchanger tubes under the name “enhanced boiling tubes”.
  • microstructures produced mechanically in a targeted manner serve to improve heat transfer during vaporization. Suitable mechanical methods of producing such structures are described, for example in EP-A 0 607 839, DE-C 101 56 374, DE-C 44 04 357 and DE-A-102 10 016.
  • a microstructuring of the walls which are subjected to high thermal stresses can be effected, for example, by abrasive treatment of the walls, for example, by blasting with sand, metal spheres or ceramic spheres or other abrasive particles.
  • the micro structured surface layer can also be produced by means of chemical treatment of the walls, for example by etching of the wall surface with suitable acids or bases.
  • the microstructured surface is produced by a deposition of a rough and/or porous layer on the walls to be treated.
  • the microstructured surface can in this case also consist of a material different from that of the inner wall of the cooling channels.
  • a wide variety of processes known from coating technology can be employed, for example flame spraying, PVD or CVD processes, powder coating or plasma coating, sputtering or various spray or atomization processes. It is also possible to use coatings as are known from the known tubes having a porous coating which are obtainable under the name “High-Flux Tubes”, from UOP LLC, Des Plaines, Ill., USA. There, an improvement in heat transfer during vaporization is achieved by means of randomly distributed pores.
  • a process for producing such porous layers by application of a porous foam and subsequent galvanization of the foam is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,136,427.
  • Other methods of producing suitable layers are described, for example, in JP-A 2001-038463 or FR-A 0 112 782, in which metal particles having a suitable particle size are joined to one another by means of a solder material to give a porous surface layer.
  • Another possibility is to admix the coolant with an additive which decomposes thermally and thus forms degradation products which are deposited as a porous coating on the cooling surface.
  • the microstructured surface is produced directly during casting of the internal combustion engine.
  • the casting mold can have been provided with an appropriate microstructure.
  • a particularly simple possibility is to coat the surfaces of the shaped bodies for the high spaces of the engine block with a slurry or a slip of metal and/or ceramic particles of appropriate particle size and a polymer which decomposes during casting before casting of the engine block.
  • FIG. 1 schematically shows an apparatus for liquid cooling of an internal combustion engine
  • FIG. 2 shows boiling lines which indicate the aging behavior of a cast tube provided with a microstructured surface according to the invention
  • FIG. 3 shows boiling lines of a cast tube according to the invention and an unmodified cast tube in a comparative experiment
  • FIG. 4 shows boiling lines of cast tubes according to the invention and unmodified cast tubes at different flow velocities in a further comparative experiment.
  • FIG. 1 schematically shows an apparatus 10 according to the invention for liquid cooling of an internal combustion engine 11 .
  • the internal combustion engine 11 is configured as a motor vehicle engine which has a cylinder head 12 a and an engine block 12 b with a crankcase.
  • the motor vehicle engine 11 is cooled by means of a coolant which circulates in a cooling circuit 13 .
  • the cooling circuit 13 has a pump 14 and an external, air-cooled main heat exchanger 15 which in the case of a motor vehicle is usually referred to as “radiator”.
  • a thermostat valve 17 controlled by a temperature sensor 16 is located upstream of the inlet of the radiator 15 and directs the coolant stream, depending on the operating conditions of the internal combustion engine, either into a large circuit 18 which leads through the heat exchanger 15 or into a small circuit 19 which bypasses the heat exchanger 15 .
  • the coolant stream coming from the main heat exchanger 15 enters the motor vehicle engine 11 via a cooling liquid inlet 20 located in the region of the crankcase 12 b.
  • the coolant stream is divided into a plurality of substreams in the internal combustion engine and these are conveyed in cooling channels 23 , 24 along the outer wall of the combustion chambers 25 , 26 into the cylinder head 12 a where the substreams are again combined and conveyed into an outlet line 27 which leaves the motor vehicle engine 11 via the output 28 .
  • the line section 29 adjoining the outlet 28 leads the coolant back to the heat exchanger 15 where it gives off the heat taken up in the motor vehicle engine 11 to the environment.
  • the inner walls of the coolant lines or channels are provided with the microstructured surface according to the invention.
  • the internal combustion engine 11 shown in FIG. 1 has an exhaust gas recirculation facility which is denoted overall by the reference numeral 30 and comprises an exhaust gas cooler 31 .
  • Air is drawn via an intake line 32 into the combustion chambers 25 , 26 of the internal combustion engine 11 .
  • the exhaust gas formed after combustion of the fuel is discharged via an exhaust gas line 33 .
  • a substream of the exhaust gas is branched off at a valve-controlled branch point 34 and conveyed via an exhaust gas return line 35 , 36 into the intake line 32 , so that the oxygen excess in the combustion chambers is reduced and the combustion temperature is decreased, which leads to a reduction in the NO x loading of the exhaust gases and to a lower fuel consumption.
  • an exhaust gas cooler 31 which cools the hot exhaust gases is located in the exhaust gas return line 35 , 36 .
  • the exhaust gas cooler 31 can have a separate cooling circuit. However, in the embodiment depicted, a substream of the cooling circuit 13 is branched off at a valve-controlled branch point 37 and conveyed via a line 38 to the exhaust gas cooler 31 . The heated coolant is subsequently recirculated via a line 39 to the coolant circuit 13 .
  • the exhaust gas cooler 31 can, for example, be configured as a shell-and-tube heat exchanger with the exhaust gas stream being divided among individual tubes 40 around which the coolant 41 flows.
  • the outer walls of the tubes 40 are provided with the microstructured surface layer according to the invention.
  • cooling circuits of modern motor vehicle engines which are known per se to those skilled in the art, e.g. pressure devices, secondary heat exchangers which are in thermal contact with the heating system of the passenger compartment, etc. have been omitted in the schematic depiction in FIG. 1 for reasons of clarity.
  • the radiator protection product “Glysantin® Alu Protect” marketed commercially by the applicant was employed without antifoam for the measurements carried out using the coated cast tube.
  • the radiator protection product “Glysantin® Protect Plus” marketed commercially by the applicant was also employed.
  • the typical shape of boiling lines can be described as folllows: at wall temperatures below the saturation temperature and at low superheating of the wall, heat transfer occurs by free, single-phase convection, which as the temperature difference increases leads to a better heat transfer coefficiency and thus to a gentle rise in the boiling line.
  • the first vapor bubbles are formed at particular places on the wall surface after a more or less pronounced boiling delay, and the number and size of these increase with increasing superheating of the walls. After detachment of the first bubbles from the contact surface, bubble boiling commences. In this region, the contact surface is still completely wetted by the liquid. As a result of the increased production of vapor and the intensive stirring action of the coalescing vapor bubbles, the heat flux increases steeply.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Cylinder Crankcases Of Internal Combustion Engines (AREA)
  • Exhaust-Gas Circulating Devices (AREA)
  • Heat-Exchange Devices With Radiators And Conduit Assemblies (AREA)
US12/160,797 2006-01-27 2007-01-26 Liquid cooling device in internal combustion engines and process for manufacturing same Abandoned US20100162971A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP06100991.6 2006-01-27
EP06100991 2006-01-27
PCT/EP2007/050757 WO2007085641A2 (fr) 2006-01-27 2007-01-26 Dispositif de refroidissement de liquide de moteurs à combustion interne et procédé de fabrication dudit dispositif

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US20100162971A1 true US20100162971A1 (en) 2010-07-01

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US12/160,797 Abandoned US20100162971A1 (en) 2006-01-27 2007-01-26 Liquid cooling device in internal combustion engines and process for manufacturing same

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Country Link
US (1) US20100162971A1 (fr)
EP (1) EP1982057A2 (fr)
JP (1) JP2009524763A (fr)
KR (1) KR20080087878A (fr)
CN (1) CN101375032B (fr)
WO (1) WO2007085641A2 (fr)

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US20110088640A1 (en) * 2006-03-29 2011-04-21 Samuel Draper Improved film-cooled internal combustion engine
US20120241141A1 (en) * 2011-03-23 2012-09-27 Denso International America, Inc. Cooling circuit with transmission fluid warming function
US20130167786A1 (en) * 2012-01-02 2013-07-04 Ford Global Technologies, Llc Liquid-cooled internal combustion engine and method for operating an internal combustion engine of said type

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KR20080087878A (ko) 2008-10-01
WO2007085641A2 (fr) 2007-08-02
EP1982057A2 (fr) 2008-10-22
CN101375032A (zh) 2009-02-25
CN101375032B (zh) 2011-08-17
WO2007085641A3 (fr) 2007-09-13

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