US20100044241A1 - Methods for Producing Sodium Hypochlorite with a Three-Compartment Apparatus Containing a Basic Anolyte - Google Patents

Methods for Producing Sodium Hypochlorite with a Three-Compartment Apparatus Containing a Basic Anolyte Download PDF

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US20100044241A1
US20100044241A1 US12/547,334 US54733409A US2010044241A1 US 20100044241 A1 US20100044241 A1 US 20100044241A1 US 54733409 A US54733409 A US 54733409A US 2010044241 A1 US2010044241 A1 US 2010044241A1
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compartment
anolyte
catholyte
sodium chloride
electrolytic cell
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Justin Pendleton
Shekar Balagopal
Ashok V. Joshi
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Ceramatec Inc
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Assigned to CERAMATEC, INC. reassignment CERAMATEC, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: BALAGOPAL, SHEKAR, JOSHI, ASHOK V., PENDLETON, JUSTIN
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B1/00—Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals
    • C25B1/01—Products
    • C25B1/34—Simultaneous production of alkali metal hydroxides and chlorine, oxyacids or salts of chlorine, e.g. by chlor-alkali electrolysis
    • C25B1/46—Simultaneous production of alkali metal hydroxides and chlorine, oxyacids or salts of chlorine, e.g. by chlor-alkali electrolysis in diaphragm cells
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B15/00—Operating or servicing cells
    • C25B15/02—Process control or regulation
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B9/00—Cells or assemblies of cells; Constructional parts of cells; Assemblies of constructional parts, e.g. electrode-diaphragm assemblies; Process-related cell features
    • C25B9/17—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof
    • C25B9/19—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof with diaphragms

Definitions

  • the present invention relates in general to electrochemical processes for the production of a chlorine-based oxidant product. More particularly, the present invention provides an electrochemical method for producing a chlorine-based oxidant product, such as sodium hypochlorite, through the use of a multi-chamber, electrolytic cell that includes an anion-conductive membrane, an alkali cation-conductive membrane, and an anolyte having a basic pH.
  • a chlorine-based oxidant product such as sodium hypochlorite
  • sodium hypochlorite sodium hypochlorite
  • NaOCl sodium hypochlorite
  • sodium hypochlorite is often used to bleach and launder cloth fabrics (e.g., clothing); to disinfect surfaces, such as floors and medical equipment in hospitals; to sanitize water in wells, waste-water treatment plants, and other water systems; and for a wide variety of other applications.
  • sodium hypochlorite is marketed as a 3-6 weight % (wt %) solution for use as household bleach.
  • stronger solutions are marketed for use in the chlorination of water (e.g., swimming pools) and for use in medical applications.
  • the exact amount of sodium hypochlorite required for a particular application depends on the quantity of water used, the water's chemistry, the water's temperature, the presence or absence of sediment in the water, contact time, and other similar factors.
  • Sodium hypochlorite can be produced in a variety of manners.
  • sodium hypochlorite is produced as chlorine is passed into a cold and dilute solution of sodium hydroxide.
  • sodium hypochlorite is produced through the electrolysis of brine in a double chamber electrolytic cell.
  • the hydrolysis process produces caustic soda (sodium hydroxide) and chlorine gas, which are mixed together to form sodium hypochlorite.
  • While the above-mentioned production methods are used to create large amounts of sodium hypochlorite, such methods are not without their shortcomings.
  • some methods for producing sodium hypochlorite are inefficient and expensive. For instance, some methods require large amounts of electricity to be spent for each unit of sodium hypochlorite that is produced.
  • certain conventional production processes are essentially immobile and thus prevent sodium hypochlorite from being produced at the site where it is to be used.
  • some conventional methods expose components of an electrolytic cell, namely the cathode and anode, to relatively harsh conditions (e.g., scaling and degradation), which tend to shorten the component's lifespan.
  • the present invention provides methods and apparatus for the electrochemical production of halogen-based oxidant solutions from an alkali-salt feed stream using a multi-compartment, electrolytic cell comprising alkali cation-conductive membrane technologies.
  • the methods and apparatus of the present invention may provide the capability of continually generating alkali hypohalite from seawater, salt brine, R.O. brine or another alkali halide solution.
  • the alkali metal could include lithium, sodium and potassium and the halogen could be fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine.
  • the multi-compartment, electrolytic cell comprises a first compartment, a second compartment, and a third compartment, which are each configured to hold an amount of fluid.
  • the first, or anolyte, compartment includes an anode electrode that is positioned to contact an anolyte fluid within that compartment.
  • the third, or catholyte, compartment includes a cathode electrode that is positioned to contact a catholyte fluid within that compartment.
  • the second, or middle compartment may be positioned intermediate to, and is in operable communication with, both the first (anolyte) and the third (catholyte) compartments.
  • the first and the second compartments are separated by an anion-conductive membrane (e.g., an ACS membrane from Astom Corp.), while the second and third compartments are separated by a cation-conductive membrane (e.g., a NaSICON membrane) that is selective to one type of material (e.g., sodium ions).
  • an anion-conductive membrane e.g., an ACS membrane from Astom Corp.
  • a cation-conductive membrane e.g., a NaSICON membrane
  • the electrolytic cell can be used in any suitable manner that allows sodium hypochlorite or another chlorine-based oxidant product to be produced through the cell's use.
  • one or more feed streams can be added to the electrolytic cell, charge can be passed between the cathode and the anode, and the fluids from the various compartments can be mixed in a variety of ways to form solutions comprising different concentrations of sodium hypochlorite.
  • the feed streams added to the cell can comprise any fluid or fluids that allow the cell to function properly and to produce sodium hypochlorite or another chlorine-based oxidant product.
  • water an aqueous sodium chloride solution, an acid containing chlorine (e.g., hydrochloric acid (HCl) and/or base containing chlorine (sodium hydroxide) can be added to the first compartment.
  • an aqueous solution of a chlorine-containing salt or alkali hydroxide e.g., sodium chloride or sodium hydroxide
  • a chlorine-containing salt or alkali hydroxide e.g., sodium chloride or sodium hydroxide
  • an aqueous solution containing a chlorine-containing salt e.g., salt brine, reverse osmosis (RO) brine, seawater, tap water containing sodium chloride, etc.
  • an aqueous solution of an alkali-containing base e.g., sodium hydroxide
  • an aqueous solution containing between about 1 wt % and about 26 wt % of a chlorine-containing salt is added as the only solution used as a feed stream.
  • the pH and concentration of the feed stream or streams added to the compartments can be controlled so the fluid in each compartment has a pH that allows the cell to function as intended.
  • the fluids in the 3 compartments can be tailored to have any suitable pH. That said, the fluid or anolyte in the first compartment has a pH that is greater than about 2, and in some instances, greater than about 4. Indeed, in some implementations, the anolyte has a pH of between about 7 and about 12. This basic pH of the anolyte may increase the lifespan of membranes (e.g., a NaSICON membrane) used in the cell.
  • membranes e.g., a NaSICON membrane
  • the electrolyte has a pH between about 6 and about 14. Additionally, the fluid or catholyte in the third compartment has a pH between about 7 and about 14.
  • the cell is configured to direct and mix fluid from one or more compartments into one or more other compartments of the cell. In this manner, the cell may mix the fluids and cause chemical reactions to occur in desired compartments.
  • a feed stream comprising an aqueous sodium chloride solution is added into the first and third compartments.
  • sodium chloride in the second compartment is split, and its anions (e.g., Cl ⁇ ) and cations (e.g., Na + ) are transported through their respective anion- and cation-conducting membranes.
  • hypochlorous acid and hydrochloric acid including ions thereof
  • sodium hydroxide accumulates in the third compartment.
  • an effluent from the first compartment and an effluent from the third compartment are mixed together and added to the second (middle) compartment.
  • a feed stream comprising an aqueous sodium chloride solution is added to the third compartment in which sodium hydroxide is formed.
  • An effluent from the third compartment is then fed from the third compartment to the second compartment in which sodium chloride splitting occurs.
  • An effluent from the second compartment is then fed into the first compartment, in which hypochlorous acid and hydrochloric acid are both produced.
  • sodium hydroxide from the second compartment is introduced into the first compartment, the sodium hydroxide reacts with the hypochlorous acid and hydrochloric acid in the first compartment to form sodium hypochlorite.
  • a feed stream containing an aqueous sodium chloride solution is added into the second compartment where sodium chloride splitting occurs.
  • An effluent from the second compartment is fed into both the first compartment and the third compartment.
  • hypochlorous acid and hydrochloric acid accumulate in the first compartment while sodium hydroxide accumulates in the third compartment.
  • An effluent from the first compartment and an effluent from the third compartment are then mixed (e.g., in the first compartment, a separate vessel, or another suitable location) to form sodium hypochlorite.
  • the described methods may be modified to produce one or more other chlorine-based oxidant products, such as lithium hypochlorite and/or potassium hypochlorite.
  • the described methods may use another alkali-chloride salt (e.g., LiCl, KCl, etc.) solution with a membrane (e.g., a LiSICON membrane, a KSICON membrane, etc.) that is capable of transporting selected cations from the salt solution into the third compartment.
  • a membrane e.g., a LiSICON membrane, a KSICON membrane, etc.
  • FIG. 1 depicts a schematic diagram of a representative embodiment of a 3-compartment electrolytic cell
  • FIGS. 2 through 4 contain schematic diagrams illustrating some representative embodiments of systems and methods for producing sodium hypochlorite
  • FIG. 5 contains a graph depicting representative results indicating cell operation voltage and pH for the system shown in FIG. 2 ;
  • FIG. 6 contains a graph depicting representative results indicating cell operation voltage and pH for the system shown in FIG. 3 ;
  • FIG. 7 contains a graph depicting representative results indicating cell operation voltage for the system shown in FIG. 4 .
  • the present invention relates to systems and methods for producing a halogen-based oxidant, such as alkali hypohalide, through the use of a multi-compartment electrolytic cell comprising alkali cation-conductive and anion-conductive membrane technologies.
  • a halogen-based oxidant such as alkali hypohalide
  • the use of the electrolytic cell both pure and impure sodium-chloride-containing solutions, such as seawater, salt brine, RO brine, tap water comprising sodium chloride, and mixtures thereof, can be used to produce sodium hypochlorite.
  • the multi-compartment, electrolytic cell is first described, followed by a description of a variety of methods for using the cell.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates a representative embodiment of the electrolytic cell 100 .
  • the cell 100 comprises a first compartment 102 (an anolyte compartment), a second compartment 104 (a middle compartment), and a third compartment 106 (a catholyte compartment), which are each configured to contain a quantity of liquid.
  • the first compartment 102 comprises an anode electrode 108 that is disposed within that compartment so as to contact an anolyte solution (not shown).
  • FIG. 1 shows that the third compartment 106 comprises a cathode electrode 110 that is disposed within that compartment to contact a catholyte solution (not shown).
  • the anode electrode can comprise one or more of a variety of materials that allow it to evolve chlorine when it is contact with an anolyte solution comprising chlorine ions (e.g., Cl ⁇ ) and when current is running between the electrodes.
  • suitable anode materials comprise dimensionally stabilized anode-platinum on titanium (DSA), platinized titanium, ruthenium IV dioxide (RuO 2 ), and other suitable anode materials that are well known in the art.
  • the cathode electrode can comprise one or more of a variety of suitable materials that allow it to evolve hydrogen when the current is run between the cathode and the electrode, and when the cathode is disposed in a catholyte solution.
  • suitable cathode materials include nickel, stainless steel, and other conventional cathode materials that are stable in a caustic pH.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates a power supply 116 connected to the anode electrode 108 and to the cathode electrode 110 to apply a voltage and current between the two electrodes to drive reactions within the electrolytic cell 100 .
  • This power supply can be any known or novel power supply suitable for use with electrolytic cell.
  • FIG. 1 also shows the second (middle) compartment 104 is operatively connected to the first (anolyte) compartment 102 and the third (catholyte) compartment 106 .
  • FIG. 1 shows the first compartment 102 is separated from the second compartment 104 by an anionic membrane 112 that is capable of selectively transporting anions (e.g., Cl ⁇ ) from the second compartment 104 into the first compartment 102 during use of the electrolytic cell 100 .
  • anionic membranes include, but are not limited to, an ACS membrane from Astom Corp., an AMI membrane from Membranes Int'l, and other known or novel polymer anion-conductive membranes.
  • FIG. 1 also shows the second compartment 104 is separated from the third compartment 106 by a cation-conductive membrane 114 , which is capable of selectively transporting specific cations (e.g., Na + ) from the second compartment 104 to the third compartment 106 .
  • cation-conducting membranes that are suitable for use with the described systems and methods may include any known or novel type of NaSICON membranes (including, but not limited to, NaSICON-type membranes produced by Ceramatec Corp.), LiSICON membranes, KSICON membranes, and polymer cation-conducting membranes (such as NAFION® membranes produced by DuPont).
  • the cation-conductive ceramic membranes may be referred to as MSICON where M is chosen from lithium (Li), sodium (Na), and potassium (K).
  • MSICON could be generally described as a super ion conducting membrane capable of transporting M + ions where M includes those elements descried above.
  • the cation-conducting membrane comprises a membrane, such as a NaSICON membrane, which is capable of selectively transporting sodium ions.
  • the alkali-ion conducting ceramic membrane compositions comprising NaSICON materials may include at least one of the following: materials of general formula M 1+x M I 2 Si x P 3 ⁇ x O 12 where 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 3, where M is selected from the group consisting of Li, Na, K, or Ag, or mixture thereof, and where MI is selected from the group consisting of Zr, Ge, Ti, Sn, or Hf, or mixtures thereof; materials of general formula Na 1+z L z Zr 2 ⁇ z P 3 O 12 where 0 ⁇ z ⁇ 2.0, and where L is selected from the group consisting of Cr, Yb, Er, Dy, Sc, Fe, In, or Y, or mixtures or combinations thereof; materials of general formula M II 5 RESi 4 O 12 , where M II may be Li, Na, or Ag, or any mixture or combination thereof, and where RE is Y or any rare earth element.
  • the NaSICON materials may include at least one of the following: non-stoichiometric materials, zirconium-deficient (or sodium rich) materials of general formula Na 1+x Zr 2 ⁇ x/3 Si x P 3-x O 12 ⁇ 2x/3 where 1.55 ⁇ x ⁇ 3.
  • the alkali-ion conducting ceramic membrane compositions comprising NASICON materials may include at least one of the following: non-stoichiometric materials, sodium-deficient materials of general formula Na 1+x (A y Zr 2 ⁇ y )(Si z P 3 ⁇ z )O 12- ⁇ where A is selected from the group consisting of Yb, Er, Dy, Sc, In, or Y, or mixtures or combinations thereof, 1.8 ⁇ x ⁇ 2.6, 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.2, x ⁇ z, and ⁇ is selected to maintain charge neutrality.
  • polymeric anion-conductive membranes that are substantially impermeable to at least the solvent components of the anolyte solution in the first compartment.
  • the polymeric anion-conductive membranes may include at least one of the following: NEOSEPTA® anion exchange membranes (from Astom Corp.) such as grades NEOSEPTA® AM-1, NEOSEPTA® AM-3, NEOSEPTA® AMX, NEOSEPTA® AHA, NEOSEPTA® ACM, NEOSEPTA® ACS, NEOSEPTA® AFN, or NEOSEPTA® AFX; Ionac® MA-3475 or MA-7500 anion membranes (Sybron Chemicals Inc, NJ); ULTREXTM AMI-7001 anion membrane (Socada LLC, NJ); and PC-SA, PC-SA/HD, PC 100 D, PC 200 D, PC Acid 60, or PC Acid 100 anion membranes (PCA GmbH, Germany).
  • NEOSEPTA® anion exchange membranes from Astom Corp.
  • the various compartments of the electrolytic cell may also comprise one or more fluid inlets and outlets. In some embodiments, these inlets and outlets are used to interconnect one or more of the cell's compartments. By interconnecting the cell's compartments, effluents from one or more compartments may be mixed with the contents of one more other compartments in the cell. As used herein, the term effluent and variants thereof may refer to one or more amounts of fluid that are channeled out of one of the electrolytic cell's compartments. Because the contents of one or more compartments can be fed into one or more other compartments, the contents of one compartment can be used to change the pH of another compartment and/or to cause various desired chemical reactions to occur in a specific compartment.
  • the cell may be used with any suitable feed stream or streams that allow a halogen-based oxidant product (e.g., sodium hypochlorite) to be produced when the cell is operated.
  • a halogen-based oxidant product e.g., sodium hypochlorite
  • the feed stream that is initially added to the first compartment is selected from water, an aqueous solution comprising a salt made from an alkali-chloride salt, or a salt containing an alkali-metal and chlorine (e.g., sodium chloride, lithium chloride, potassium chloride, etc.), and/or hydrochloric acid.
  • the feed stream that is initially introduced into the second compartment comprises an aqueous solution that includes a salt containing an alkali-metal and chlorine (e.g., sodium chloride, lithium chloride, potassium chloride, etc.).
  • the feed stream that is initially fed into the third compartment comprises water, an aqueous solution that includes a salt containing an alkali-metal and chlorine (e.g., sodium chloride, lithium chloride, potassium chloride, etc.), and/or an aqueous solution containing an alkali base (e.g., sodium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, etc.).
  • the feed streams added to the first, second, and/or third compartments comprise an aqueous solution that includes a salt containing an alkali-metal and chlorine (e.g., sodium chloride, lithium chloride, potassium chloride, etc.).
  • a salt containing an alkali-metal and chlorine e.g., sodium chloride, lithium chloride, potassium chloride, etc.
  • the feed streams added to the first, second, and/or third compartments may comprise an aqueous solution that includes sodium chloride.
  • the stream may comprise any suitable concentration of sodium chloride.
  • the concentration of sodium chloride in the feed stream is between about 0.2 wt % and about 26 wt %.
  • the concentration of sodium chloride in the feed stream is between about 5 wt % and about 20 wt %.
  • the sodium chloride concentration in the feed stream is between about 6 wt % and about 14 wt % (e.g., about 10 wt % ⁇ 2 wt %).
  • FIGS. 2 through 4 In order to better explain how the electrolytic cell can be used to produce a chlorine-based oxidant, several representative embodiments of suitable methods and systems are described with reference to FIGS. 2 through 4 . While the described systems and methods may be used to produce other chlorine-based oxidant products, for the sake of simplicity, the following examples discuss methods for using the electrolytic cell to produce sodium hypochlorite.
  • FIG. 2 depicts a first representative method (Scheme A) for producing sodium hypochlorite.
  • a first feed solution 10 comprising an aqueous solution of sodium chloride (e.g., an aqueous solution containing between about 1 and about 26 wt % sodium chloride) is split into a first stream 12 and a second stream 14 , which are respectively fed into the cell's first (anolyte) 102 and the third (catholyte) 106 compartments.
  • FIG. 2 depicts one embodiment in which the first stream 12 and the second stream 14 come directly from the same feed solution 10 and, therefore, have the same chemical characteristics
  • the first and the second stream may be modified to have chemical characteristics that vary from each other.
  • each stream can independently comprise an aqueous sodium chloride solution having a different concentration of sodium chloride.
  • sodium chloride is split at reaction R-1 in the second (middle) compartment 104 to form chlorine anions (Cl ⁇ ) and sodium cations (Na + ), which are respectively transported through the anion-conducting membrane 112 (e.g., a DSA membrane) and the cation-conducting membrane 114 (e.g., a NaSICON membrane).
  • anion-conducting membrane 112 e.g., a DSA membrane
  • the cation-conducting membrane 114 e.g., a NaSICON membrane
  • reaction R-2 chlorine gas (Cl 2 ) is evolved at the anode 108 and chlorine gas and water in the anolyte react at reaction R-3 to form hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and hydrochloric acid, including ions thereof.
  • reaction R-4 sodium cations (Na + ) react with water under the cell's electrolytic charge to form sodium hydroxide and hydrogen (H 2 ).
  • an effluent from the first compartment 102 and an effluent from the third 106 compartment are mixed together (e.g., at reaction R-5) to form sodium hypochlorite, sodium chloride, and water. While this reaction may occur in any suitable location, FIG. 2 shows that this reaction can occur as the effluent from the first compartment 102 is mixed with the effluent from the third compartment 106 within the second chamber 104 . Finally, R-6 shows that an effluent from the second compartment 104 comprises sodium hypochlorite, sodium chloride, hydrogen gas, and/or water.
  • reaction names e.g., R-1, R-2, . . . Rn
  • R-1, R-2, . . . Rn are used for the sake of simplicity and not to identify any particular order in which specific chemical reactions occur.
  • suitable locations for the reactions are discussed, the discussed locations are provided for example only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.
  • FIG. 3 depicts a second embodiment (Scheme B) of a system and method for producing sodium hypochlorite with the electrolytic cell. Specifically, FIG. 3 illustrates that a sodium chloride feed stream 16 (e.g., a solution with between about 1 and about 26% sodium chloride) flows into the third compartment 106 .
  • a sodium chloride feed stream 16 e.g., a solution with between about 1 and about 26% sodium chloride
  • reaction R-4 current flowing from the power source to the cathode 110 generates hydrogen gas and sodium hydroxide in the third compartment 106 , as shown at reaction R-4. While the hydrogen gas can be handled in any suitable manner, in some embodiments, the hydrogen gas produced in the third compartment is vented of collected from that compartment.
  • FIG. 3 shows that an effluent from the third compartment 106 is fed into the second compartment 104 , where sodium chloride splitting occurs at reaction R-1.
  • an effluent from the second compartment 104 is introduced into the first compartment 102 where, at reaction R-5, the sodium hydroxide produced in the first compartment reacts with the hypochlorous acid and hydrochloric acid produced in the first compartment 102 (according to reaction R-3) to form sodium hypochlorite.
  • the final effluent from the first compartment 102 comprises sodium hypochlorite, sodium chloride, and/or water.
  • the sodium hypochlorite formed in Scheme B can be formed directly in the first compartment 102 .
  • FIG. 4 depicts a third embodiment (Scheme C) of a system and method for producing sodium hypochlorite with the electrolytic cell.
  • a sodium-chloride-containing feed stream 18 e.g., an aqueous solution with a concentration of between about 1 and about 26 wt % sodium chloride
  • R-1 sodium chloride splitting occurs according to reaction R-1.
  • an effluent from the second compartment 104 is split and fed into both the first 102 and the third 104 compartments.
  • sodium hydroxide and hydrogen gas are produced according to reaction R-4.
  • hypochlorous acid and hydrochloric acid are produced in the first compartment 102 according to reactions R-2 and R-3.
  • FIG. 4 shows that the sodium-hydroxide-containing effluent from the third compartment 106 is mixed with the hypochlorous-acid-containing effluent from the first compartment 102 according to reaction R-5 to produce the final sodium hypochlorite product through the overall reaction illustrated at reaction R-6.
  • This mixing of the effluents from the first and the third compartments may occur in any suitable location, such as within tubing between the compartments, in a vessel outside the cell, etc. For instance, FIG. 4 shows the mixing can occur in the first compartment or external to the cell.
  • the pH values of the various compartments can be controlled in any suitable manner, including, but not limited to: controlling the pH of the various feed streams and/or effluents (e.g., by controlling the feed streams' and effluents' sodium-chloride concentrations, hydroxide concentrations, etc.), changing effluent mixing schemes, and through other methods for controlling pH.
  • the fluids (e.g., the anolyte, electrolyte, and catholyte) in each compartment can comprise any suitable pH.
  • the pH of the anolyte in the first compartment is maintained at a basic pH, or at a pH greater than about 7 (e.g., between about 7 and about 12).
  • the pH of the anolyte is maintained at a pH above about 9 (e.g., between about 9 and about 12).
  • This basic anolyte pH may serve several purposes, including preventing one or more membranes (e.g., a NaSICON membrane) from being exposed to acidic conditions.
  • an acid concentration e.g., of HOCl and/or HCl
  • an acid concentration between about 1% and about 10% is also maintained in the cell (e.g., in the anolyte in the first compartment 102 ).
  • the pH of the fluid (electrolyte) in the second chamber is maintained at a pH between about 6 and about 13. Additionally, the pH of the fluid (catholyte) in the third chamber is maintained at a pH between about 7 and about 14.
  • voltage is applied to the electrodes to allow a plurality of alkali ions in the second compartment to pass through the cation-conductive membrane into the third compartment.
  • concentration of sodium hydroxide in the third compartment is controlled so as to be maintained between about 1 and about 26 wt %
  • the power supply can provide any suitable voltage that allows the cell to produce a chlorine-based oxidant product, such as sodium hypochlorite.
  • the power supply provides the cell with between about 1 and about 15 volts.
  • the power supply causes between about 2 and about 10 volts to pass between the anode and cathode.
  • the power supply causes between about 4 and about 6 volts to pass between the electrodes.
  • the power supply can also provide any suitable current density to the cell. Indeed, in some embodiments, the power supply provides between about 20 and about 100 mA/cm 2 . In other embodiments, the power supply is used to provide a current density between about 30 and about 38 mA/cm 2 . In still other embodiments, the power supply provides a current density between about 32 and about 75 mA/cm 2 .
  • the final effluent produced by the cell may flow at any suitable rate that provides the final effluent with a suitable concentration of the chlorine-based oxidant product.
  • Different flow rates can alter the pH and/or concentration of the final effluent.
  • the actual flow rate of the final effluent from the cell can depend on several factors, including, but not limited cell size, temperature, ambient pressure, etc.
  • the flow rate of the final effluent is between about 2 and about 30 ml/min.
  • the flow rate of the final effluent is between about 5 and about 20 ml/min.
  • the flow rate of the final effluent is between about 8 and about 16 ml/min.
  • the electrolytic cell may produce any suitable concentration of sodium hypochlorite.
  • the described systems and methods produce solutions comprising between about 0.5 and about 15 wt % sodium hypochlorite.
  • the described systems and methods produce solutions comprising between about 0.8 and about 4 wt % sodium hypochlorite.
  • the described systems and methods produce solutions comprising between about 1 and about 2.4 wt % sodium hypochlorite.
  • the electrochemical cell may comprise any other suitable component, such as a coolant system, a conventional pH controlling system, etc. Indeed, because the described systems and methods may function best between about 15° and about 30° Celsius, in some embodiments, the described cell is used with a coolant system.
  • additional chemical ingredients are added to the cell for any suitable purpose (e.g., to modify fluid pH, to combat scaling on the electrodes, etc.).
  • effluents from one or more compartments are fed into a desired compartment or compartments at any suitable time (e.g., any suitable time after the introduction of a feed stream into the cell) and in any suitable amount.
  • the described systems and methods may have several beneficial characteristics.
  • the described methods can use a basic anolyte, the useful life of one or more of the membranes (e.g., the NaSICON membrane) in the cell can be increased over the lifespan that similar membranes would likely have in acidic environments.
  • the described methods are able to produce usable amounts of sodium hypochlorite with relatively small amounts of energy (e.g., a current density between about 20 and about 50 mA/cm 2 ).
  • the described methods may use inexpensive ingredients, such as seawater, brine, tap water with sodium chloride, etc.
  • the described methods may be used to produce chlorine-based oxidants, such as sodium hypochlorite, on demand and continuously, as desired.
  • some embodiments of the electrolytic cell may be portable and, thereby, allow sodium hypochlorite or another chlorine-based oxidant product to be produced at the site where it will be used.
  • a cell was prepared and operated according to the systems and methods shown in FIG. 2 .
  • the first and second incoming feed streams 12 and 14 were prepared to have a concentration of about 10 wt % sodium chloride in water.
  • the cell was operated at a current density of about 34 mA/cm 2 .
  • FIG. 5 shows the voltage applied to the cell was between about 4 and about 6 volts and the measured pH of the final effluent from the second compartment was generally between about 8.5 and about 13.
  • the sodium hypochlorite current efficiency measured for the process was about 98.52% and the final concentration of sodium hypochlorite produced from the cell in R-6 was about 2 g/L.
  • a cell was prepared and operated according to the systems and methods shown in FIG. 3 .
  • the feed stream 16 was prepared to have a concentration of about 10 wt % sodium chloride in water.
  • the cell was operated at a current density of about 34 mA/cm 2 .
  • FIG. 6 shows the voltage applied to the cell was between about 5 and about 5.5 volts and the measured pH of the final effluent was between about 4 and about 13.
  • the cell sodium hypochlorite current efficiency measured for the process was about 40% and the final concentration of sodium hypochlorite produced from the cell was about 1 g/L at a solution flow rate of about 12.13 ml/min.
  • a cell was prepared and operated according to the systems and methods shown in FIG. 4 .
  • the feed stream 18 was prepared to have a concentration of about 10 wt % sodium chloride in water.
  • the cell was operated at a current density of about 34 mA/cm 2 .
  • FIG. 7 shows the voltage applied to the cell was between about 5 and about 6 volts.
  • the cell sodium hypochlorite current efficiency measured for the process was about 60% and the final concentration of sodium hypochlorite produced from the cell was about 1.2 g/L at a solution flow rate of about 8 ml/min.
  • the pH of the final effluent from the cell was in the range of about 4 to about 14.

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US9611555B2 (en) * 2010-10-07 2017-04-04 Ceramatec, Inc. Chemical systems and methods for operating an electrochemical cell with an acidic anolyte
US20120085657A1 (en) * 2010-10-07 2012-04-12 Sai Bhavaraju Chemical systems and methods for operating an electrochemical cell with an acidic anolyte
EP2625317A4 (fr) * 2010-10-08 2014-05-14 Ceramatec Inc Systèmes et procédés électrochimiques pour le fonctionnement d'une cellule électrochimique dans un anolyte acide
EP2625317A2 (fr) * 2010-10-08 2013-08-14 Ceramatec, Inc Systèmes et procédés électrochimiques pour le fonctionnement d'une cellule électrochimique dans un anolyte acide
US10056651B2 (en) 2010-11-05 2018-08-21 Field Upgrading Usa, Inc. Low temperature secondary cell with sodium intercalation electrode
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WO2017151857A1 (fr) * 2011-01-12 2017-09-08 Ceramatec, Inc. Production électrochimique d'hydrogène
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EP2831311A4 (fr) * 2012-03-30 2015-12-02 Atomic Energy Of Canada Ltd Cellule d'électrolyse dotée de multiples membranes pour l'électrolyse de cucl/hcl dans la production d'hydrogène
US10854929B2 (en) 2012-09-06 2020-12-01 Field Upgrading Usa, Inc. Sodium-halogen secondary cell
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US10077197B2 (en) * 2015-05-20 2018-09-18 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army High concentration bleach generator apparatus, system and method of use
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WO2016201428A1 (fr) 2015-06-12 2016-12-15 Spraying Systems Co. Systèmes d'électrolyse d'eau à grand volume et procédé d'utilisation
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