EP4124677A1 - Paroi de séparation résistante à la rupture comprenant des céramiques à électrolyte solide pour cellules d'électrolyse - Google Patents

Paroi de séparation résistante à la rupture comprenant des céramiques à électrolyte solide pour cellules d'électrolyse Download PDF

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Publication number
EP4124677A1
EP4124677A1 EP21188420.0A EP21188420A EP4124677A1 EP 4124677 A1 EP4124677 A1 EP 4124677A1 EP 21188420 A EP21188420 A EP 21188420A EP 4124677 A1 EP4124677 A1 EP 4124677A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
electrolytic cell
partition
chamber
solid electrolyte
solution
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
EP21188420.0A
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German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Philip Heinrich REINSBERG
Michael Horn
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Evonik Operations GmbH
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Evonik Functional Solutions GmbH
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Publication date
Application filed by Evonik Functional Solutions GmbH filed Critical Evonik Functional Solutions GmbH
Priority to EP21188420.0A priority Critical patent/EP4124677A1/fr
Priority to KR1020247003288A priority patent/KR20240034777A/ko
Priority to EP22751379.3A priority patent/EP4377498A1/fr
Priority to CN202280052861.7A priority patent/CN117813419A/zh
Priority to PCT/EP2022/070140 priority patent/WO2023006493A1/fr
Publication of EP4124677A1 publication Critical patent/EP4124677A1/fr
Pending legal-status Critical Current

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B13/00—Diaphragms; Spacing elements
    • C25B13/02—Diaphragms; Spacing elements characterised by shape or form
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B13/00—Diaphragms; Spacing elements
    • C25B13/04—Diaphragms; Spacing elements characterised by the material
    • C25B13/05—Diaphragms; Spacing elements characterised by the material based on inorganic materials
    • C25B13/07—Diaphragms; Spacing elements characterised by the material based on inorganic materials based on ceramics
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B3/00—Electrolytic production of organic compounds
    • C25B3/01—Products
    • C25B3/07—Oxygen containing compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B3/00—Electrolytic production of organic compounds
    • C25B3/20—Processes
    • C25B3/25—Reduction
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B9/00—Cells or assemblies of cells; Constructional parts of cells; Assemblies of constructional parts, e.g. electrode-diaphragm assemblies; Process-related cell features
    • C25B9/17—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof
    • C25B9/19—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof with diaphragms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B9/00—Cells or assemblies of cells; Constructional parts of cells; Assemblies of constructional parts, e.g. electrode-diaphragm assemblies; Process-related cell features
    • C25B9/17—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof
    • C25B9/19—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof with diaphragms
    • C25B9/21—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof with diaphragms two or more diaphragms

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a partition wall W which is suitable for use in an electrolytic cell E.
  • the partition W comprises at least two alkali cation-conducting solid electrolyte ceramics F A and F B , which are separated from one another by at least one separating element T.
  • the partition wall W comprises the solid electrolyte in one piece, this arrangement is more flexible and the individual ceramics have more degrees of freedom to react to temperature fluctuations, for example by shrinking or expanding. This increases the stability against mechanical stresses in the ceramic.
  • the present invention relates to an electrolytic cell E comprising a cathode chamber K K separated by the partition wall W from the adjacent chamber, which is an anode chamber KA or a middle chamber K M of the electrolytic cell E .
  • the present invention relates to a method for producing an alkali metal alkoxide solution in the electrolytic cell E according to the second aspect of the invention.
  • the electrochemical production of alkali metal alkoxide solutions is an important industrial process that is used, for example, in DE 103 60 758 A1 , the U.S. 2006/0226022 A1 and the WO 2005/059205 A1 is described.
  • the principle of this process is reflected in an electrolytic cell in whose anode chamber there is a solution of an alkali salt, for example common salt or NaOH, and in whose cathode chamber there is the alcohol in question or a low-concentration alcoholic solution of the alkali metal alcoholate in question, for example sodium methoxide or sodium ethoxide.
  • the cathode compartment and the anode compartment are separated by a ceramic which conducts the alkali metal ion used, for example NaSICON or an analog for potassium or lithium.
  • a ceramic which conducts the alkali metal ion used, for example NaSICON or an analog for potassium or lithium.
  • chlorine is formed at the anode - if a chloride salt of the alkali metal is used - and hydrogen and alcohol ions are formed at the cathode.
  • the charge is equalized by the alkali metal ions migrating from the middle chamber into the cathode chamber via the ceramic that is selective for them.
  • the charge equalization between the middle chamber and the anode chamber takes place through the migration of cations when using cation exchange membranes or the migration of anions when using anion exchange membranes or through the migration of both types of ions when using non-specific diffusion barriers. This increases the concentration of the alkali metal alcoholate in the cathode chamber and the concentration of the sodium ions in the anolyt
  • WO 2014/008410 A1 describes an electrolytic process for the production of elemental titanium or rare earths. This process is based on the fact that titanium chloride is formed from TiO 2 and the corresponding acid, this reacts with sodium alcoholate to form titanium alcoholate and NaCl and is finally converted electrolytically to form elemental titanium and sodium alcoholate.
  • WO 2007/082092 A2 and WO 2009/059315 A1 describe processes for the production of biodiesel in which triglycerides are first converted into the corresponding alkali metal triglycerides with the aid of alcoholates electrolytically produced via NaSICON and in a second step are converted into glycerol and the respective alkali metal hydroxide with electrolytically produced protons.
  • leaks can occur, which can lead to leakage of brine into alcohol or vice versa.
  • the product of the electrolysis - the alcoholate solution - is diluted.
  • the electrolytic cell itself can leak and leak.
  • the object of the present invention was therefore to provide an electrolytic cell which does not have these disadvantages.
  • a further disadvantage of conventional electrolytic cells in this technical field results from the fact that the solid electrolyte is not stable over the long term with respect to aqueous acids. This is problematic insofar as the pH drops in the anode chamber during electrolysis as a result of oxidation processes (for example when halogens are produced by disproportionation or by oxygen formation). These acidic conditions attack the NaSICON solid electrolyte, so the process cannot be used on an industrial scale.
  • Various approaches have been described in the prior art to address this problem.
  • WO 2012/048032 A2 and US 2010/0044242 A1 describe, for example, electrochemical processes for the production of sodium hypochlorite and similar chlorine compounds in such a three-chamber cell.
  • the cathode chamber and the middle chamber of the cell are separated by a cation-permeable solid electrolyte such as NaSICON.
  • the middle chamber is supplied with solution from the cathode chamber, for example.
  • the US 2010/0044242 A1 also describes in Figure 6 that solution from the middle chamber can be mixed with solution from the anode chamber outside the chamber to obtain sodium hypochlorite.
  • the DE 42 33 191 A1 describes the electrolytic production of alcoholates from salts and alcoholates in multi-chamber cells and stacks of several cells.
  • the WO 2008/076327 A1 describes a process for preparing alkali metal alkoxides.
  • a three-chamber cell is used, the middle chamber of which is filled with alkali metal alkoxide (see, for example, paragraphs [0008] and [0067] of WO 2008/076327 A1 ).
  • WO 2009/073062 A1 A similar arrangement is described in WO 2009/073062 A1 .
  • this arrangement has the disadvantage that the alkali metal alkoxide solution, which is consumed as a buffer solution and is continuously contaminated, is the desired product.
  • the center chamber is in such a chamber by a diffusion barrier from the anode chamber and by a ion-conducting ceramic separated from the cathode chamber.
  • This inevitably leads to the formation of pH gradients and dead volumes. This can damage the ion-conducting ceramic and consequently increase the voltage requirement of the electrolysis and/or lead to breakage of the ceramic.
  • a further object of the present invention was therefore to provide an improved process for the electrolytic production of alkali metal alkoxide and an electrolytic cell which is particularly suitable for such a process.
  • the object according to the invention is achieved by a partition wall W according to the first aspect of the invention.
  • the partition W ⁇ 16> comprises a side S KK ⁇ 161> with the surface O KK ⁇ 163> and a side S A/MK ⁇ 162> opposite the side S KK ⁇ 161> with the surface O A/MK ⁇ 164> . It also comprises at least two alkali cation-conducting solid electrolyte ceramics F A ⁇ 18> and F B ⁇ 19>, separated from one another by at least one separating element T ⁇ 17>.
  • the alkali cation-conducting solid electrolyte ceramics enclosed by the dividing wall W ⁇ 16>, and in particular also the separating element T ⁇ 17>, can be contacted directly both via the surface O KK ⁇ 163> and via the surface O A/MK ⁇ 164>.
  • the present invention relates to a method for preparing a solution L 1 of an alkali metal alkoxide XOR in the alcohol ROH, where X is an alkali metal cation and R is an alkyl radical having 1 to 4 carbon atoms,
  • Figure 1A shows an electrolytic cell E not according to the invention. This comprises a cathode chamber K K ⁇ 12> and an anode chamber K A ⁇ 11>.
  • the cathode chamber K K ⁇ 12> comprises a cathodic electrode E K ⁇ 123> in the interior I KK ⁇ 122>, an inlet Z KK ⁇ 120> and an outlet A KK ⁇ 121>.
  • the anode chamber K A ⁇ 11> comprises an anodic electrode E A ⁇ 113> in the interior I KA ⁇ 112>, an inlet Z KK ⁇ 110> and an outlet A KA ⁇ 111>.
  • the two chambers are delimited by an outer wall ⁇ 80> of the two-chamber cell E.
  • the interior I KK ⁇ 122> is also separated from the interior I KA ⁇ 112> by a dividing wall, which consists of a disc of a NaSICON solid electrolyte FA ⁇ 18> that is selectively permeable for sodium ions.
  • the NaSICON solid electrolyte F A ⁇ 18> extends over the entire depth and height of the two-chamber cell E.
  • the partition has two sides S KK ⁇ 161> and S A/MK ⁇ 162>, the surfaces of which are O KK ⁇ 163> and O A/MK ⁇ 164> Contact the respective interior I KK ⁇ 122> or I KA ⁇ 112>.
  • An aqueous solution of sodium chloride L 3 ⁇ 23> with pH 10.5 is added counter to gravity into the interior I KA ⁇ 112> via the inlet Z KA ⁇ 110>.
  • a solution of sodium methoxide in methanol L 2 ⁇ 22> is fed into the interior space I KK ⁇ 122> via the inlet Z KK ⁇ 120>.
  • a voltage is applied between the cathodic electrode E K ⁇ 123> and the anodic electrode E A ⁇ 113>.
  • methanol in the electrolyte L 2 ⁇ 22> is reduced to methoxide and H 2 (CH 3 OH + e - ⁇ CH 3 O - + 1 ⁇ 2 H 2 ).
  • Sodium ions diffuse from the interior I KA ⁇ 112> through the NaSICON solid electrolyte FA ⁇ 18> into the interior I KK ⁇ 122>.
  • FIG. 1B shows a further electrolysis cell E not according to the invention.
  • This three-chamber cell E comprises a cathode chamber K K ⁇ 12>, an anode chamber K A ⁇ 11> and a central chamber K M ⁇ 13> lying in between.
  • the cathode chamber K K ⁇ 12> comprises a cathodic electrode E K ⁇ 123> in the interior I KK ⁇ 122>, an inlet Z KK ⁇ 120> and an outlet A KK ⁇ 121>.
  • the anode chamber K A ⁇ 11> comprises an anodic electrode E A ⁇ 113> in the interior I KA ⁇ 112>, an inlet Z KK ⁇ 110> and an outlet A KA ⁇ 111>.
  • the middle chamber K M ⁇ 13> comprises an interior space I KM ⁇ 132>, an inlet Z KM ⁇ 130> and an outlet A KM ⁇ 131>.
  • the interior space I KA ⁇ 112> is connected to the interior space I KM ⁇ 132> via the connection V AM ⁇ 15>.
  • the three chambers are delimited by an outer wall ⁇ 80> of the three-chamber cell E.
  • the interior I KM ⁇ 132> of the central chamber K M ⁇ 13> is also separated from the interior I KK ⁇ 122> of the cathode chamber K K by a partition wall, which consists of a disc of a NaSICON solid electrolyte FA ⁇ 18> that is selectively permeable for sodium ions ⁇ 12> detached.
  • the NaSICON solid electrolyte F A ⁇ 18> extends over the entire depth and height of the three-chamber cell E.
  • the partition has two sides S KK ⁇ 161> and S A/MK ⁇ 162>, the surfaces of which are O KK ⁇ 163> and O A/MK ⁇ 164> contact the respective interior I KK ⁇ 122> or I KM ⁇ 132>.
  • the interior I KM ⁇ 132> of the middle chamber K M ⁇ 13> is additionally separated from the interior I KA ⁇ 112> of the anode chamber KA ⁇ 11> by a diffusion barrier D ⁇ 14>.
  • the NaSICON solid electrolyte F A ⁇ 18> and the diffusion barrier D ⁇ 14> extend over the entire depth and height of the three-chamber cell E.
  • the diffusion barrier D ⁇ 14> is a cation exchange membrane (sulfonated PTFE).
  • connection V AM ⁇ 15> is formed outside the electrolytic cell E , in particular by a tube or hose, the material of which can be selected from rubber, metal or plastic.
  • liquid can flow from the interior I KM ⁇ 132> of the middle chamber K M ⁇ 13> into the interior I KA ⁇ 112> of the anode chamber K A ⁇ 11> outside the outer wall W A ⁇ 80> of the three-chamber cell E to be directed.
  • connection V AM ⁇ 18> connects an outlet A KM ⁇ 131>, which breaks through the outer wall WA ⁇ 80> of the electrolytic cell E at the bottom of the middle chamber K M ⁇ 13>, with an inlet Z KA ⁇ 110>, which is at the bottom of the anode chamber K A ⁇ 11> breaks through the outer wall W A ⁇ 80> of the electrolytic cell E.
  • An aqueous solution of sodium chloride L 3 ⁇ 23> with pH 10.5 is added via the inlet Z KM ⁇ 130> in the same direction as gravity into the interior I KM ⁇ 132> of the central chamber K M ⁇ 13>.
  • the interior space I KM ⁇ 132 is formed by the connection V AM ⁇ 15>, which is formed between an outlet A KM ⁇ 131> of the central chamber K M ⁇ 13> and an inlet Z KA ⁇ 110> of the anode chamber KA ⁇ 11>> of the middle chamber K M ⁇ 13> connected to the interior I KA ⁇ 112> of the anode chamber K A ⁇ 11>.
  • Sodium chloride solution L 3 ⁇ 23> is conducted through this connection V AM ⁇ 15> from the interior space I KM ⁇ 132> into the interior space I KM ⁇ 112>.
  • a solution of sodium methoxide in methanol L 2 ⁇ 22> is fed into the interior space I KK ⁇ 122> via the inlet Z KK ⁇ 120>.
  • a voltage is applied between the cathodic electrode E K ⁇ 123> and the anodic electrode E A ⁇ 113>.
  • methanol in the electrolyte L 2 ⁇ 22> is reduced to methoxide and H 2 (CH 3 OH + e - ⁇ CH 3 O - + 1 ⁇ 2 H 2 ).
  • Sodium ions diffuse in the process from the interior I KM ⁇ 132> of the middle chamber K M ⁇ 103> through the NaSICON solid electrolyte FA ⁇ 18> into the interior I KK ⁇ 122>.
  • the acidity would damage the NaSICON solid electrolyte FA ⁇ 18>, but is limited to the anode chamber KA ⁇ 11> by the arrangement in the three-chamber cell and is thus kept away from the NaSICON solid electrolyte FA ⁇ 18> in the electrolytic cell E. This increases its lifespan considerably.
  • FIG. 2A shows a dividing wall W ⁇ 16> according to the invention.
  • This comprises two NaSICON solid electrolyte ceramics F A ⁇ 18> and F B ⁇ 19>, which are separated from one another by a separating element T ⁇ 17> and are each attached to it without gaps.
  • the separating element T ⁇ 17> has the geometric shape of a cuboid, on the opposite sides of which FA ⁇ 18> and FB ⁇ 19> are attached without gaps (eg by means of an adhesive).
  • the side S KK ⁇ 161> with the surface O KK ⁇ 163> is in the image plane, the side S A/MK ⁇ 162> with the not in Figure 2A visible surface O A/MK ⁇ 164> behind the image plane.
  • FIG. 12 shows another embodiment of a partition W ⁇ 16> according to the present invention.
  • This comprises four NaSICON solid electrolyte ceramics FA ⁇ 18>, FB ⁇ 19>, FC ⁇ 28>, FD ⁇ 29>, which are separated from one another by a separating element T ⁇ 17> and are each attached to it without gaps.
  • the separator T ⁇ 17> has the shape of a cross, on the opposite sides of which FA ⁇ 18>, FB ⁇ 19>, FC ⁇ 28> and FD ⁇ 29> are glued.
  • the side S KK ⁇ 161> with the surface O KK ⁇ 163> is in the image plane, the side S A/MK ⁇ 162> with the not in Figure 2B visible surface O A/MK ⁇ 164> behind the image plane.
  • the respective solid electrolyte ceramics F A ⁇ 18> and F B ⁇ 19> are attached to the separating element T ⁇ 17>, for example by adhesive .
  • FIG. 3B illustrates a further embodiment of the partition wall W according to the invention.
  • the partition element T ⁇ 17> has two concave depressions (grooves) into which the two solid electrolyte ceramics F A ⁇ 18> and F B ⁇ 19> are fitted
  • the shape of the edges of the solid electrolyte ceramics F A ⁇ 18> and F B ⁇ 19> must be mechanically adapted accordingly.
  • a seal Di ⁇ 40> is used, which consists, for example, of a material with an adhesive on the separating element T ⁇ 17> and the respective solid electrolyte ceramic F A ⁇ 18> or F B ⁇ 19>
  • the separating element T ⁇ 17> can consist of two or more parts ⁇ 171> and ⁇ 172> which, as indicated by the dashed line in Figure 3B indicated, can be attached to each other.
  • Figure 3C illustrates a further embodiment of the partition wall W according to the invention. This corresponds to that in Figure 3B described, except that the depressions (grooves) in the separating element T ⁇ 17>, into which the two solid electrolyte ceramics F A ⁇ 18> and F B ⁇ 19> are fitted, are not concave, but tapering to a point.
  • partition W ⁇ 16> corresponds to in Figure 2A Partition W ⁇ 16> as shown, except that it also includes a frame member R ⁇ 20>. This completely covers all surfaces of partition W ⁇ 16> except O KK ⁇ 163> and O A/MK ⁇ 164>.
  • the frame element R ⁇ 20> is not made in one piece with the separating element T ⁇ 17>.
  • Figure 4B shows a further embodiment of the partition wall W ⁇ 16> according to the invention. This corresponds to that in Figure 4A embodiment shown, except that it includes two frame members R ⁇ 20> that define the top and bottom surfaces of partition W ⁇ 16>.
  • Figure 4C shows a further embodiment of the partition wall W ⁇ 16> according to the invention
  • Figure 4C shown partition W ⁇ 16> corresponds to in Figure 2B Partition W ⁇ 16> as shown, except that it also includes a frame member R ⁇ 20>. This completely covers all surfaces of partition W ⁇ 16> except O KK ⁇ 163> and O A/MK ⁇ 164>.
  • the frame element R ⁇ 20> is not made in one piece with the separating element T ⁇ 17>.
  • Figure 4D shows a further embodiment of the partition wall W ⁇ 16> according to the invention. This corresponds to that in Figure 4C embodiment shown, except that it includes two frame members R ⁇ 20> that define the top and bottom surfaces of partition W ⁇ 16>.
  • Figure 5A shows an electrolytic cell E ⁇ 1> according to the second aspect of the invention. This corresponds to that in Figure 1A shown electrolytic cell with the difference that a partition W ⁇ 16> separates the interior I KK ⁇ 122> of the cathode chamber K K ⁇ 12> from the interior I KA ⁇ 112> of the anode chamber K A ⁇ 11>.
  • the partition is the one shown in Figures 2A and 2B.
  • Figure 5B shows an electrolytic cell E ⁇ 1> according to the second aspect of the invention. This corresponds to that in Figure 1A shown electrolytic cell with the difference that a partition W ⁇ 16> separates the interior I KK ⁇ 122> of the cathode chamber K K ⁇ 12> from the interior I KA ⁇ 112> of the anode chamber K A ⁇ 11>.
  • the partition W ⁇ 16> is that shown in Figures 4A to 4D.
  • the frame member R ⁇ 20> forms part of the outer wall W A ⁇ 80> so that the solid electrolyte ceramics comprised by the partition W ⁇ 16> are protected from the pressure that would be exerted on them by the partition W ⁇ 16> if they were part of the Partition W ⁇ 16> would be protected.
  • the solid electrolyte ceramics are used to completely separate the interior spaces I KK ⁇ 122> and I KA ⁇ 112> within the electrolytic cell E ⁇ 1> because they are not partially covered by the outer wall.
  • FIG 6A shows an electrolytic cell E ⁇ 1> according to the second aspect of the invention. This corresponds to that in Figure 1B shown electrolytic cell with the difference that a partition W ⁇ 16> separates the interior I KK ⁇ 122> of the cathode chamber K K ⁇ 12> from the interior I KM ⁇ 132> of the central chamber K M ⁇ 13>.
  • the partition W ⁇ 16> is that shown in Figures 4A to 4D.
  • FIG 6B shows an electrolytic cell E ⁇ 1> according to the second aspect of the invention.
  • This perforation can be placed in the diffusion barrier D ⁇ 14> or already be present in the diffusion barrier D ⁇ 14> from the outset when it is produced (eg in the case of textile fabrics such as filter cloths or metal fabrics).
  • FIG. 7A shows a further embodiment of a partition W ⁇ 16> according to the invention. This comprises four NaSICON solid electrolyte ceramics F A ⁇ 18>, F B ⁇ 19>,
  • the partition wall W ⁇ 16> also comprises a frame element R ⁇ 20>, which also consists of two halves ⁇ 201> and ⁇ 202>.
  • Partition W ⁇ 16> consists of two collapsible parts in which half ⁇ 171> of partition T ⁇ 17> is integral with half ⁇ 201> of frame element R ⁇ 20> and half ⁇ 172> of partition T ⁇ 17 > Present in one piece with half ⁇ 202> of the frame element R ⁇ 20>. These two parts can optionally be connected to each other via a hinge ⁇ 50> and locked in the folded state via the lock ⁇ 60>.
  • F C ⁇ 28> and F D ⁇ 29> are clamped in, with a ring functioning as a seal Di ⁇ 40> being used in each case for sealing.
  • the left side of the Figure 7A shows the frontal view of the side S KK ⁇ 161> with the surface O KK ⁇ 163> of the partition wall W ⁇ 16>.
  • the rings functioning as seal Di ⁇ 40> are indicated with dashed outlines.
  • the right side of the figure shows the side view of the partition W ⁇ 16>.
  • Figure 7B shows a further embodiment of a partition wall W ⁇ 16> according to the invention. This corresponds to that in Figure 7A described embodiment, except that they nine NaSICON solid electrolyte ceramics FA ⁇ 18>, FB ⁇ 19>, FC ⁇ 28>, FD ⁇ 29>, FE ⁇ 30>, FF ⁇ 31>, FG ⁇ 32>, FH ⁇ 33>, FI ⁇ 34>.
  • the present invention relates to a partition wall W.
  • This is particularly suitable as a partition wall in an electrolytic cell, in particular an electrolytic cell E.
  • the present invention thus also relates to an electrolytic cell comprising the partition wall W, in particular an electrolytic cell E comprising the partition wall W.
  • the dividing wall W comprises at least two alkali cation-conducting solid electrolyte ceramics ("alkali cation-conducting solid electrolyte ceramics" is abbreviated to "AFK” below) F A and F B , separated from one another by a separating element T.
  • alkali cation-conducting solid electrolyte ceramics is abbreviated to "AFK” below
  • the partition wall W comprises two sides S KK and S A/MK that face each other, that is, the side S A/MK faces the side S KK (and vice versa).
  • the two sides S KK and S A/MK comprise planes which are essentially parallel to one another.
  • the geometry of the partition wall W is otherwise not further restricted and can in particular be adapted to the cross section of the electrolytic cell E in which it is used.
  • it may have the geometry of a parallelepiped and thus have a rectangular cross-section, or the geometry of a truncated cone or cylinder and thus have a circular cross-section.
  • the partition W can also have the geometry of a cuboid with rounded corners and/or bulges, which in turn can have holes.
  • the dividing wall W then has bulges ("rabbit ears") with which the dividing wall W can be fixed to electrolytic cells or also frame parts of the dividing wall W can be fixed to one another.
  • the side S KK of the partition W has the surface O KK and the side S A / MK of the partition W has the surface O A / MK .
  • partition wall means that the partition wall W is liquid-tight. This means that the AFKs and the at least one separating element T connect to one another without a gap. There are thus no gaps between the separating element T and the AFKs enclosed by the dividing wall W , through which aqueous solution, alcoholic solution, alcohol or water could flow from side S KK to side S A/MK or vice versa.
  • the pair of opposite sides is preferably designated as S KK and S A/MK within the meaning of Invention referred to, which includes the largest surfaces O KK and O A / MK . If the surfaces encompassed by the respective pair of opposite sides are of the same size, a pair can be selected by the person skilled in the art as S KK and S A/MK with surfaces O KK and O A/MK , respectively.
  • partitions W in which there are two or more pairs of opposite sides, via whose surfaces the alkali cation-conducting solid electrolyte ceramics comprised by the partition W and in particular also the separating element T can be directly contacted, the partitions W are preferred in which the of the respective pair of opposite Sides comprised surfaces are of different sizes, in which case the pair of opposite sides is referred to as S KK and S A / MK within the meaning of the invention, which comprises the largest surfaces O KK and O A / MK .
  • the partition wall W according to the first aspect of the present invention also includes embodiments in which the partition wall W comprises more than two AFKs, for example four or nine or twelve AFKs, with at least two of the AFKs, but not all AFKs being separated by a separating element T are separated, with the AFKs not separated from one another by a separating element T directly adjoining one another.
  • this requires an exact fit of the respective adjacent AFKs in order to preclude the creation of a gap between them through which aqueous liquid or water or alcohol or alcoholic solution could flow from side S KK to side S A/MK .
  • all the AFKs comprised by the partition W are separated from one another by at least one separating element T , i.e. no AFK is directly connected to another AFK, i.e. without a separating element T being in between.
  • the partition wall W is further characterized in that the AFKs encompassed by the partition wall W can be contacted directly both via the surface O KK and via the surface O A/MK .
  • Directly contactable means, with regard to the AFKs enclosed by the partition W , that part of the surfaces O KK and O A/MK is formed by the surface of the AFKs enclosed by the partition W , i.e. the surfaces of the partition W included AFKs are directly accessible on the two surfaces O KK and O A / MK , so that they can be wetted on the two surfaces O KK and O A / MK , for example with aqueous solution, alcoholic solution, alcohol or water.
  • the at least one separating element T can also be contacted directly both via at least part of the surface O KK and via at least part of the surface O A/MK .
  • Directly contactable means, with regard to the at least one separating element T comprised by the dividing wall W , that part of the surfaces O KK and O A/MK is formed by the surface of the separating element T , i.e. that the separating element T is formed on the two surfaces O KK and O A/MK is directly accessible, so that the separating element T can be wetted on the two surfaces O KK and O A/MK , for example with an aqueous solution, alcoholic solution, alcohol or water.
  • the partition W In a preferred embodiment of the partition W according to the first aspect of the invention, 50% to 95%, more preferably 60 to 90%, more preferably 70 to 85% of the surface area O KK are formed by the AFKs comprised by the partition W , with the The remainder of the surface O KK are formed by the separating element T and optionally the frame element R.
  • the partition W In a preferred embodiment of the partition W according to the first aspect of the invention, 50% to 95%, more preferably 60 to 90%, even more preferably 70 to 85% of the surface area O A/MK are formed by the AFKs comprised by the partition W , where even more preferably the remainder of the surface O A/MK are formed by the separating element T and optionally the frame element R.
  • the partition W comprises at least four AFKs FA , FB, FC and FD , in which case it more preferably comprises precisely four AFKs FA , FB , FC and FD .
  • the partition W comprises at least nine AFKs FA, FB, FC, FD, FE, FF, FG , FH and FI , in which case it is even more preferred to have exactly nine AFKs FA , F B , F C , F D , F E , F F , F G , F H and F I .
  • the partition wall W comprises at least twelve AFKs FA , FB , FC , FD , FE , FF, FG, FH, FI, FJ, FK and FL , with then more preferably exactly twelve AFKs F A , F B , F C , F D , F E , F F , F G , F H , F I , F J , F K and F L .
  • This arrangement according to the invention of at least two AFKs next to one another in the partition wall W results in a further direction of propagation for the AFKs in the temperature fluctuations that arise during operation of the electrolytic cell compared to the conventional partition walls in the electrolytic cells of the prior art.
  • the NaSICON discs which act as partitions, are bounded by the outer walls of the electrolytic cell or by solid plastic frames. The mechanical stresses that occur within the NaSICON during expansion cannot be dissipated, which can lead to the ceramic breaking.
  • any solid electrolyte through which cations, in particular alkali cations, more preferably sodium cations, can be transported from side S A/MK to side S KK can be considered as the solid electrolyte ceramics F A , F B etc. which conduct alkali cations and are enclosed by partition W.
  • Such solid electrolytes are known to those skilled in the art and, for example, in DE 10 2015 013 155 A1 , in the WO 2012/048032 A2 , paragraphs [0035], [0039], [0040], in the US 2010/0044242 A1 , paragraphs [0040], [0041], in which DE 10360758 A1 , paragraphs [014] to [025].
  • NaSICON LiSICON
  • KSICON KSICON
  • a sodium ion conductive solid electrolyte is preferred, more preferably having a NaSICON structure.
  • NaSICON structures that can be used according to the invention are also described, for example, by Anantharamulu N, Koteswara Rao K, Rambabu G, Vijaya Kumar B, Velchuri Radha, Vithal M, J Mater Sci 2011, 46, 2821-2837 .
  • the alkali cation-conducting solid electrolyte ceramics comprised by the dividing wall W independently of one another have a NaSICON structure of the formula M I 1+2w+x-y+z M II w M III x Zr IV 2-wxy M V y ( SiO 4 ) z (PO 4 ) 3-z .
  • M I is selected from Na + , Li + , preferably Na + .
  • M II is a divalent metal cation, preferably selected from Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ , Sr 2+ , Ba 2+ , Co 2+ , Ni 2+ , more preferably selected from Co 2+ , Ni 2+ .
  • M III is a trivalent metal cation, preferably selected from Al 3+ , Ga 3+ , Sc 3+ , La 3+ , Y 3+ , Gd 3+ , Sm 3+ , Lu 3+ , Fe 3+ , Cr 3+ , more preferably selected from Sc 3+ , La 3+ , Y 3+ , Gd 3+ , Sm 3+ , particularly preferably selected from Sc 3+ , Y 3+ , La 3+ .
  • M V is a pentavalent metal cation, preferably selected from V 5+ , Nb 5+ , Ta 5+ .
  • w, x, y, z are real numbers, where 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 2, 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 2, 0 ⁇ w ⁇ 2, 0 ⁇ z ⁇ 3, and where w, x, y, z are so chosen become that 1 + 2w + x- y + z ⁇ 0 and 2 - w - x - y ⁇ 0.
  • the AFKs comprised by the partition wall W have the same structure.
  • the separating element T separates at least two alkali cation-conducting solid electrolyte ceramics F A and FB contained in the partition W , ie it is arranged between at least two alkali cation-conducting solid electrolyte ceramics F A and F B contained in the partition W.
  • any body through which the respective AFKs can be arranged separately from one another is suitable as a separating element T, which is encompassed by the separating wall W.
  • the AFKs connect seamlessly to the separating element T so as not to impair the function of the dividing wall, which in the electrolytic cell E is intended to separate the cathode chamber from the adjacent middle or anode chamber in a liquid-tight manner.
  • the shape of the separating element T can be chosen by a person skilled in the art depending on the number of AFKs that the dividing wall W comprises.
  • the partition W includes, for example, two or three AFKs, these can each be separated by a web arranged between the AFKs as a separating element T (see Fig Figure 1A) .
  • partition wall W includes four or more AFKs, these can be separated by a separating element T, which has the shape of a cross (see Figure 1B and 4A ) or grid (see Figure 4B) has to be separated.
  • the dividing wall W comprises at least four AFKs and even more preferred that the dividing element T is then cross-shaped or grid-shaped, since then it is guaranteed that the AFKs have all three dimensions available for thermal expansion/shrinkage.
  • the separating element T can consist of one piece ( illustration 1 ).
  • the AFK is then attached without gaps to the separating element, for example using a means known to those skilled in the art, for example using an adhesive, with preference being given to using epoxy resins or phenolic resins.
  • the separating element T can also be shaped in such a way that the respective AFK fits into the separating element can be fitted or pinched. This can already be done during the manufacture of the partition wall W (Section 4.1.4).
  • the dividing wall W in particular between the dividing element T and the AFKs, comprises a seal Di ( Figures 3 B, 3 C). This ensures particularly well that the dividing wall W is liquid-tight.
  • the seal Di can be selected by a person skilled in the art for the respective AFK or the respective separating element T.
  • the seal Di comprises a material selected from the group consisting of elastomers, adhesives, preferably elastomers.
  • Rubber is particularly suitable as an elastomer, preferably ethylene-propylene-diene rubber (“EPDM”), fluoropolymer rubber (“FPM”), perfluoropolymer rubber (“FFPM”), acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (“NBR”).
  • EPDM ethylene-propylene-diene rubber
  • FPM fluoropolymer rubber
  • FFPM perfluoropolymer rubber
  • NBR acrylonitrile butadiene rubber
  • the separating element T comprises at least two parts T 1 and T 2 which can be attached to one another and thus clamp the AFKs between them.
  • the separating element T preferably comprises a material which is selected from the group consisting of plastic, glass and wood.
  • the separating element T is particularly preferably made of plastic. More preferably, the plastic is one selected from the group consisting of polypropylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, post-chlorinated polyvinyl chloride ("PVC-C").
  • the dividing wall W also comprises a frame element R.
  • the frame element R differs from the dividing element T in that it is not between the alkali cation-conducting elements comprised by the dividing wall W Solid electrolyte ceramics is arranged, so they are not separated from each other.
  • the frame element R delimits in particular the surfaces O KK and O A/MK at least partially, preferably completely. This means in particular: The frame element R encloses the surfaces O KK and O A/MK at least partially, preferably completely.
  • the frame element R may or may not be formed as part of the surfaces O KK and O A/MK .
  • the frame element R is preferably formed as part of the surfaces O KK and O A/MK .
  • the frame element R can be directly contacted or not directly contacted, preferably directly contacted, in particular via the surfaces O KK and O A/MK .
  • “Not directly contactable” means, with regard to the frame element R comprised by the partition wall W , that the frame element R is formed exclusively as at least part of the surfaces of those sides of the partition wall W that are not the sides S KK and S A /MK trades. In particular, the frame element R then forms at least 1%, more preferably at least 25%, more preferably at least 50%, even more preferably 100% of the surfaces of the sides of the partition wall W other than sides S KK and S A/MK .
  • Directly contactable means, with reference to the frame element R enclosed by the partition W , that part of the surfaces O KK and O A/MK is formed by the surface of the frame element R , i.e. the frame element R enclosed by the partition W are directly accessible on the two surfaces O KK and O A/MK , so that it can be wetted on the two surfaces O KK and O A/MK , for example with an aqueous solution, alcoholic solution, alcohol or water.
  • the frame element R can additionally also be formed as at least part of the surfaces of those sides of the partition wall W which are not the sides S KK and S A/MK acts.
  • the frame member R forms at least 1%, more preferably at least 25%, more preferably at least 50%, still more preferably 100% of the surface areas of the sides of the partition wall W other than sides S KK and S A/MK .
  • the frame element R is in particular made of a material that is selected from the group consisting of plastic, glass, and wood.
  • the frame element R is particularly preferably made of plastic.
  • the plastic is one selected from the group consisting of polypropylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, PVC-C.
  • the frame element R and the partition element T are made of the same material, more preferably both are made of plastic, which is even more preferably selected from polypropylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, PVC-C.
  • the frame element R can consist of one piece.
  • the AFK is then attached to the frame element R without gaps, for example using a means known to those skilled in the art, for example using an adhesive, with epoxy resins and phenolic resins being particularly suitable.
  • the frame element R can also be shaped in such a way that the respective AFK can be fitted into the frame element R or clamped.
  • the dividing wall W comprises a frame element R
  • the AFCs, the at least one dividing element T and the frame element R adjoin one another without a gap.
  • the partition W comprises a frame element R , with which the partition element T is at least partially formed in one piece
  • the frame element R can consist of at least two parts that are fastened to one another and thereby clamp the AFKs between them.
  • the partition wall W can then have a hinge on which the two parts of the frame element R can be opened and closed.
  • the Partition wall W then have a lock on which the two parts of the frame element R can be locked in the closed state ( Figure 7A) .
  • the separating element T In the closed state, the AFKs and, if this is not already formed in one piece with the frame element R , the separating element T can be clamped between the frame element R. In this embodiment, a seal can then be attached between the separating element T and AFK or frame element R and AFK in order to ensure liquid tightness.
  • At least part of the separating element T ⁇ 17> is formed in one piece with at least part of the frame element R ⁇ 20>. This means in particular that at least part of the separating element T merges into the frame element R.
  • the separating element T ⁇ 17> and the frame element R ⁇ 20> are preferably present in one piece.
  • the embodiment of a frame element R has the advantage that it can function as part of the outer wall when assembling the electrolytic cell E.
  • This part of the partition wall W does not contact the solutions in the respective inner space I KK , I KA or I KM , which is why it would be wasteful to use the solid electrolyte ceramic FA or F B for this part.
  • the part of the partition wall W which is sandwiched between or forms part of the outer wall is subjected to pressures, making the brittle solid electrolytic ceramics FA or FB unsuitable. Instead, a shatterproof and cheaper material is selected for the frame R.
  • the partition wall W can be produced by methods known to those skilled in the art.
  • the AFKs enclosed by the dividing wall can be placed in a mold and the dividing element can be cast over liquid plastic and then allowed to solidify (injection molding process). When it freezes, it then encloses the AFKs.
  • the separating element T is cast separately (or in parts) and then attached (for example glued) to the at least two AFKs without any gaps.
  • the partition wall W according to the first aspect of the invention is suitable as a partition wall in an electrolytic cell E.
  • the electrolytic cell E comprises at least one anode chamber K A and at least one cathode chamber K K and optionally at least one intermediate chamber K M .
  • This also includes electrolytic cells E which have more than one anode chamber K A and/or cathode chamber K K and/or middle chamber K M .
  • Such electrolytic cells, in which these chambers are joined together in modules, are for example in the DD 258 143 A3 and the U.S. 2006/0226022 A1 described.
  • the electrolytic cell E according to the second aspect of the invention comprises an anode chamber K A and a cathode chamber K K and optionally a middle chamber K M lying in between.
  • the electrolytic cell E usually has an outer wall W A .
  • the outer wall W A is in particular made of a material selected from the group consisting of steel, preferably rubberized steel, plastic, in particular Telene ® (thermosetting polydicyclopentadiene), PVC (polyvinyl chloride), PVC-C (post-chlorinated polyvinyl chloride), PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride ) is selected.
  • W A can be perforated in particular for inlets and outlets.
  • Within W A then lie the at least one anode chamber K A , the at least one cathode chamber K K and, in the embodiments in which the electrolytic cell E comprises such, the at least one intermediate chamber K M .
  • the cathode chamber K K has at least one inlet Z KK , at least one outlet A KK and an interior space I KK , which includes a cathodic electrode E K .
  • the interior space I KK of the cathode chamber K K is separated from the interior space I KA of the anode chamber K A by the partition W according to the first aspect of the invention if the electrolytic cell E does not include a middle chamber K M .
  • the interior I KK of the cathode chamber K K is separated from the interior I KM of the middle chamber K M by the partition W according to the first aspect of the invention if the electrolytic cell E comprises at least one middle chamber K M .
  • the cathode chamber K K includes an interior space I KK , which in turn includes a cathodic electrode E K .
  • a cathodic electrode E K Any electrode familiar to a person skilled in the art that is stable under the conditions of the method according to the third aspect of the invention can be used as such a cathodic electrode E K .
  • This electrode E K can be selected from the group consisting of mesh wool, three-dimensional matrix structure or "balls”.
  • the cathodic electrode E K includes in particular a material which is selected from the Group consisting of steel, nickel, copper, platinum, platinized metals, palladium, palladium supported on carbon, titanium. E K preferably comprises nickel.
  • the electrolytic cell E in which it comprises a central chamber K M , this is located between the anode chamber K A and the cathode chamber K K .
  • the cathode chamber K K also includes an inlet Z KK and an outlet A KK .
  • the inlet Z KK and the outlet A KK are attached to the cathode chamber K K in such a way that the liquid makes contact with the cathodic electrode E K as it flows through the interior I KK of the cathode chamber K K .
  • the inlet Z KK and the outlet A KK can be attached to the electrolytic cell E by methods known to those skilled in the art, for example through bores in the outer wall and appropriate connections (valves) that simplify the introduction and removal of liquid.
  • the anode chamber K A has at least one inlet Z KA , at least one outlet A KA and an interior space I KA , which includes an anodic electrode E A .
  • the interior space I KA of the anode chamber K A is separated from the interior space I KM of the center chamber K M by a diffusion barrier D if the electrolytic cell E includes a central chamber K M .
  • the electrolytic cell E does not include a middle chamber K M , the interior space I KA of the anode chamber K is separated by the partition wall W from the interior space I KK of the cathode chamber K K .
  • the anode chamber K A includes an interior space I KA , which in turn includes an anodic electrode E A .
  • Any electrode familiar to a person skilled in the art that is stable under the conditions of the method according to the third aspect of the invention can be used as such an anodic electrode E A .
  • Such are in particular in WO 2014/008410 A1 , paragraph [024] or DE 10360758 A1 , paragraph [031].
  • This electrode E A can consist of one layer or consist of several planar layers parallel to one another, each of which can be perforated or expanded.
  • the anodic electrode E A comprises in particular a material which is selected from the group consisting of ruthenium oxide, iridium oxide, nickel, cobalt, nickel tungstate, nickel titanate, noble metals such as platinum in particular, which is deposited on a carrier such as titanium or Kovar® (an iron/nickel/ Cobalt alloy, in which the individual proportions are preferably as follows: 54% by mass iron, 29% by mass nickel, 17% by mass cobalt) is supported.
  • Other possible anode materials are, in particular, stainless steel, lead, graphite, tungsten carbide, titanium diboride.
  • the anodic electrode E A preferably comprises a titanium anode (RuO 2 +IrO 2 /Ti) coated with ruthenium oxide/iridium oxide.
  • the anode chamber K A also includes an inlet Z KA and an outlet A KA .
  • the inlet Z KA and the outlet A KA are attached to the anode chamber K A in such a way that the liquid makes contact with the anodic electrode E A as it flows through the interior space I KA of the anode chamber K A .
  • This is the prerequisite for the solution L 4 being obtained at the outlet A KA when the process according to the third aspect of the invention is carried out if the solution L 3 of a salt S is passed through the interior space I KA of the anode chamber KA .
  • the inlet Z KA and the outlet A KA can be attached to the electrolytic cell E by methods known to those skilled in the art, eg through bores in the outer wall and corresponding connections (valves) which simplify the introduction and removal of liquid.
  • the electrolytic cell E comprises a central chamber K M
  • the inlet Z KA can also lie within the electrolytic cell, for example as a perforation in the diffusion barrier D.
  • the electrolytic cell E according to the second aspect of the invention preferably has a central chamber K M .
  • the optional middle chamber K M is located between the cathode chamber K K and the anode chamber K A . It comprises at least one inlet Z KM , at least one outlet A KM and an interior I KM .
  • the interior space I KA of the anode chamber K A is separated from the interior space I KM of the center chamber K M by a diffusion barrier D if the electrolytic cell E includes a central chamber K M .
  • a KM is then also connected to the inlet Z KA by a connection V AM , so that liquid can be conducted from I KM into I KA through the connection V AM .
  • the interior I KM of the optional central chamber K M is separated from the interior I KA of the anode chamber K A by a diffusion barrier D and is separated from the interior I KK of the cathode chamber K K by the partition W.
  • Any material which is stable under the conditions of the method according to the third aspect of the invention and which prevents the transfer of protons from the liquid located in the interior I KA of the anode chamber K A to the interior I KM of the optional middle chamber K can be used for the diffusion barrier D M prevented or slowed down.
  • a non-ion-specific dividing wall or a membrane permeable to specific ions is used as the diffusion barrier D.
  • the diffusion barrier D is preferably a non-ion-specific partition.
  • the material of the non-ion-specific partition wall is in particular selected from the group consisting of fabric, in particular textile fabric or metal fabric, glass, in particular sintered glass or glass frits, ceramic, in particular ceramic frits, membrane diaphragms, and is selected particularly preferably a textile fabric or metal fabric, particularly preferably a textile fabric.
  • the textile fabric preferably comprises plastic, more preferably a plastic selected from PVC, PVC-C, polyvinyl ether (“PVE”), polytetrafluoroethylene (“PTFE”).
  • the diffusion barrier D is a “membrane that is permeable to specific ions”
  • membranes are meant that favor the diffusion through them of ions of a certain type of charge compared to oppositely charged ions. More preferably, specific ion permeable membranes also favor the diffusion of certain ions having one charge type through them over other ions of the same charge type.
  • the diffusion barrier D is a “membrane permeable to specific ions”, the diffusion barrier D is in particular an anion-conducting membrane or a cation-conducting membrane.
  • anion-conducting membranes are those which selectively conduct anions, preferably selectively specific anions. In other words, they favor the diffusion of anions through them over that of cations, especially over protons, more preferably they additionally favor the diffusion of certain anions through them over the diffusion of other anions through them.
  • cation-conducting membranes are those which selectively conduct cations, preferably selectively specific cations. In other words, they favor the diffusion of cations through them over that of anions, more preferably they additionally favor the diffusion of certain cations through them over the diffusion of other cations through them, much more preferably cations where there is are not protons, more preferably sodium cations, over protons.
  • “Favour the diffusion of certain ions X over the diffusion of other ions Y” means in particular that the diffusion coefficient (unit m 2 /s) of the ion type X at a given temperature for the membrane in question is higher by a factor of 10, preferably 100, preferably 1000 as the diffusion coefficient of the ionic species Y for the membrane in question.
  • the diffusion barrier D is a “membrane that is permeable to specific ions”, it is preferably an anion-conducting membrane because this prevents the diffusion of protons from the anode chamber K A into the middle chamber K M particularly well.
  • a membrane which is selective for the anions comprised by the salt S is used as the anion-conducting membrane.
  • Such membranes are known to those skilled in the art and can be used by them.
  • the salt S is preferably a halide, sulfate, sulfite, nitrate, bicarbonate or carbonate of X, more preferably a halide.
  • Halides are fluorides, chlorides, bromides, iodides. The most preferred halide is chloride.
  • a membrane selective for halides preferably chloride, is preferably used as the anion-conducting membrane.
  • Anion-conducting membranes are, for example, from MA Hickner, AM Herring, EB Coughlin, Journal of Polymer Science, Part B: Polymer Physics 2013, 51, 1727-1735 , from Arges CG, Ramani V, Pintauro PN, Electrochemical Society Interface 2010, 19, 31-35 , in WO 2007/048712 A2 as well as on Page 181 of the textbook by Volkmar M. Schmidt Electrochemical Process Engineering: Fundamentals, Reaction Engineering, Process Optimization, 1st edition (October 8, 2003 ) described.
  • they have covalently bonded functional groups selected from -NH 3 + , -NRH 2 + , -NR 3 + , more preferably selected from -NH 3 + , -NR 3 + , even more preferably -NR 3 + .
  • the diffusion barrier D is a cation-conducting membrane, it is in particular a membrane that is selective for the cations comprised by the salt S.
  • the diffusion barrier D is even more preferably an alkali cation-conducting membrane, even more preferably a potassium and/or sodium ion-conducting membrane, most preferably a sodium ion-conducting membrane.
  • Cation-conducting membranes are described, for example, in Page 181 of the textbook by Volkmar M. Schmidt Electrochemical Process Engineering: Fundamentals, Reaction Engineering, Process Optimization, 1st edition (October 8, 2003 ).
  • organic polymers which are selected in particular from polyethylene, polybenzimidazoles, polyetherketones, polystyrene, polypropylene or fluorinated membranes such as polyperfluoroethylene, preferably polystyrene, polyperfluoroethylene, are even more preferably used as the cation-conducting membrane, with these covalently bonded functional groups selected from -SO 3 - , -COO-, -PO 3 2- , -PO 2 H - , preferably -SO 3 - , (described in DE 10 2010 062 804 A1 , U.S. 4,831,146 ) carry.
  • Neosepta ® membranes are described, for example, by SA Mareev, D.Yu. Butylskii, ND Pismenskaya, C Larchet, L Dammak, VV Nikonenko, Journal of Membrane Science 2018, 563, 768-776 .
  • a cation-conducting membrane is used as the diffusion barrier D , this can be, for example, a polymer functionalized with sulfonic acid groups, in particular of the following formula P NAFION , where n and m independently of one another are an integer from 1 to 10 6 , more preferably an integer from 10 to 10 5 , more preferably is an integer from 10 2 to 10 4 .
  • the optional middle chamber K M also includes an inlet Z KM and an outlet A KM . This makes it possible to add liquid, such as solution L 3 , to the interior space I KM of the middle chamber K M , and to transfer liquid therein, such as solution L 3 , to the anode chamber K A .
  • the inlet Z KM and the outlet A KM can be attached to the electrolytic cell E by methods known to those skilled in the art, for example through bores in the outer wall and corresponding connections (valves) that simplify the introduction and removal of liquid.
  • the drain A KM can also be within the electrolytic cell, for example as a perforation in the diffusion barrier D.
  • the outlet A KM is connected to the inlet Z KA by a connection V AM in such a way that liquid can be passed from I KM into I KA through the connection V AM
  • Outflow A KM at the bottom of the middle chamber K M means that the outflow A KM is attached to the electrolytic cell E in such a way that the solution L 3 leaves the middle chamber K M in the same direction as gravity.
  • Inlet Z KA at the bottom of the anode chamber K A means that the inlet Z KA is attached to the electrolytic cell E in such a way that the solution L 3 enters the anode chamber K A against the force of gravity.
  • Inlet Z KM at the top of the middle chamber K M means that the inlet Z KM is attached to the electrolytic cell E in such a way that the solution L 3 enters the middle chamber K M in the same direction as gravity.
  • Outlet A KA at the top of the anode chamber K A means that the outlet A KA is attached to the electrolytic cell E in such a way that the solution L 4 leaves the anode chamber K A against the force of gravity.
  • outlet A KM is formed by the outer wall WA at the bottom of the central chamber K M and the inlet Z KA is formed by the outer wall WA at the bottom of the anode chamber KA.
  • This arrangement makes it particularly easy to discharge gases formed in the anode chamber K A with L 4 from the anode chamber K A in order to then separate them further.
  • connection V AM is formed outside the electrolytic cell E , in particular Z KM and A KM are arranged on opposite sides of the outer wall W A of the central chamber K M (i.e. Z KM on the bottom and A KM on the top of the electrolytic cell E or vice versa) and Z KA and A KA are arranged on opposite sides of the outer wall W A of the anode chamber K A (i.e. Z KA on the bottom and A KA on the top of the electrolytic cell E or vice versa), as is particularly the case in Figure 6A is shown. Due to this geometry, L 3 must flow through the two chambers K M and K A .
  • Z KA and Z KM can be formed on the same side of the electrolytic cell E , with A KM and A KA then automatically also being formed on the same side of the electrolytic cell E.
  • Z KA and Z KM can be on opposite sides be formed of the electrolytic cell E , in which case A KM and A KA are then automatically formed on opposite sides of the electrolytic cell E.
  • connection V AM is formed inside the electrolytic cell E , this can be ensured in particular by giving preference to one side ("side A") of the electrolytic cell E, which is the top or the bottom of the electrolytic cell E as in Figure 6B shown is the top, includes the inlet Z KM and the outlet A KA and the diffusion barrier D extends from this side ("side A") into the electrolytic cell E , but not quite to the side opposite side A ("side A").
  • Bottom of the electrolytic cell E is, according to the invention, the side of the electrolytic cell E through which a solution (e.g. L 3 at A KM in Figure 6A) rectified with gravity exits from the electrolytic cell E or the side of the electrolytic cell E, through which a solution (e.g. L 2 at Z KK in Figures 6 A and 6 B and L 3 at A KA in Figures 5 A and 5 B) of Electrolytic cell E is fed against gravity.
  • a solution e.g. L 3 at A KM in Figure 6A
  • a solution e.g. L 2 at Z KK in Figures 6 A and 6 B and L 3 at A KA in Figures 5 A and 5 B
  • top side of the electrolytic cell E is the side of the electrolytic cell E through which a solution (e.g. L 4 at A KA and L 1 at A KK in Figures 6 A and 6 B) escapes from the electrolytic cell E or the Side of the electrolytic cell E through which a solution (eg L 3 at Z KM in Figures 6 A and 6 B) is fed to the electrolytic cell E in the same direction as gravity.
  • a solution e.g. L 4 at A KA and L 1 at A KK in Figures 6 A and 6 B
  • the dividing wall W is arranged in the electrolytic cell E in such a way that the solid electrolyte ceramics, which are conductive to alkali cations, contained by the dividing wall W , and preferably also the separating element T, directly contact the interior space I KK on the side S KK via the surface O KK .
  • the partition wall W is arranged in the electrolytic cell E in such a way that when the interior space I KK is completely filled with solution L 4 on the side S KK , the solution L 4 then covers all of the surface O KK from the Partition W comprised alkali cation-conducting solid electrolyte ceramics and preferably also contacted the separating element T , so that ions (eg alkali metal ions such as sodium, lithium) from all AFKs that are encompassed by the partition W can enter the solution L 4 .
  • ions eg alkali metal ions such as sodium, lithium
  • the partition W is arranged in the electrolytic cell E in such a way that the solid electrolyte ceramics which conduct alkali cations and are contained in the partition W , and preferably also the separating element T, have the interior space I KA on the Page S Contact A/MK directly via the O A/MK interface.
  • the partition wall W borders on the interior space I KA of the anode chamber K A .
  • the partition wall W is arranged in the electrolytic cell E in such a way that when the interior space I KA on the side S A/MK is completely filled with solution L 2 , the solution L 2 then covers the surface O A/MK all of the dividing wall W included alkali cation-conducting solid electrolyte ceramics and preferably also the separating element T , so that ions (e.g. alkali metal ions such as sodium, lithium) from the solution L 2 in each AFC, which is included by the dividing wall W , can enter.
  • ions e.g. alkali metal ions such as sodium, lithium
  • the dividing wall W is arranged in the electrolytic cell E in such a way that the solid electrolyte ceramics which conduct alkali cations and are comprised by the dividing wall W , and preferably also the separating element T, have the interior space I KM Contact the S A/MK side directly via the O A/MK interface.
  • the partition wall W borders on the interior space I KM of the central chamber K M .
  • the dividing wall W is arranged in the electrolytic cell E in such a way that when the interior space I KM on the side S A/MK is completely filled with solution L 2 , the solution L 2 then all over the surface O A/MK of the dividing wall W included alkali cation-conducting solid electrolyte ceramics and preferably also the separating element T , so that ions (e.g. alkali metal ions such as sodium, lithium) from the solution L 2 in each AFC, which is included by the dividing wall W , can enter.
  • ions e.g. alkali metal ions such as sodium, lithium
  • the present invention relates to a process for preparing a solution L 1 of an alkali metal alkoxide XOR in the alcohol ROH, where X is an alkali metal cation and R is an alkyl radical having 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
  • the method according to the third aspect of the invention is carried out in an electrolytic cell E according to the second aspect of the invention.
  • R is preferably selected from the group consisting of n-propyl, iso -propyl, ethyl, methyl, more preferably selected from the group consisting of ethyl, methyl. Most preferably R is methyl.
  • the steps ( ⁇ 1), ( ⁇ 2), ( ⁇ 3) running simultaneously are carried out.
  • step ( ⁇ 1) a solution L 2 comprising the alcohol ROH, preferably comprising an alkali metal alkoxide XOR and alcohol ROH, is passed through K K .
  • the solution L 2 is preferably free of water.
  • “free of water” means that the weight of the water in the solution L 2 based on the weight of the alcohol ROH in the solution L 2 (mass ratio) is ⁇ 1:10, more preferably ⁇ 1:20, even more preferably ⁇ 1:100 , more preferably ⁇ 0.5:100.
  • the mass fraction of XOR in the solution L 2 is in particular >0 to 30% by weight, preferably 5 to 20% by weight more preferably at 10 to 20% by weight, even more preferably at 10 to 15% by weight, most preferably at 13 to 14% by weight, most preferably at 13% by weight.
  • the mass ratio of XOR to alcohol ROH in the solution L 2 is in particular in the range from 1:100 to 1:5, more preferably in the range from 1:25 to 3:20, even more preferably in the range 1:12 to 1:8, more preferably at 1:10.
  • step ( ⁇ 2) a neutral or alkaline, aqueous solution L 3 of a salt S comprising X as a cation is passed through K A .
  • the salt S is preferably a halide, sulfate, sulfite, nitrate, bicarbonate or carbonate of X, more preferably a halide.
  • Halides are fluorides, chlorides, bromides, iodides. The most preferred halide is chloride.
  • the pH of the aqueous solution L 3 is ⁇ 7.0, preferably in the range from 7 to 12, more preferably in the range from 8 to 11, even more preferably from 10 to 11, most preferably at 10.5.
  • the mass fraction of the salt S in the solution L 3 is preferably in the range > 0 to 20% by weight, preferably 1 to 20% by weight, more preferably 5 to 20% by weight, even more preferably 10 to 20% by weight %, most preferably at 20% by weight, based on the total solution L 3 .
  • step ( ⁇ 3) a voltage is then applied between E A and E K .
  • the charge source is known to those skilled in the art and is typically a rectifier that converts alternating current into direct current and can generate certain voltages via voltage converters.
  • the area of the solid electrolyte which contacts the anolyte located in the anode chamber K A is in particular 0.00001 to 10 m 2 , preferably 0.0001 to 2.5 m 2 , more preferably 0.0002 to 0.15 m 2 , even more preferably 2.83 cm 2 .
  • step ( ⁇ 3) of the method according to the third aspect of the invention is carried out when the chamber K A is at least partially loaded with L 3 and K K is at least partially loaded with L 2 , so that both L 3 and L 2 contact the AFKs comprised by the partition W and in particular also contact the separating element T.
  • step ( ⁇ 3) a charge transport takes place between E A and E K implies that K K and K A are simultaneously loaded with L 2 and L 3 , respectively, in such a way that they cover the electrodes E A and E K to such an extent that the circuit is closed.
  • step ( ⁇ 1) and step ( ⁇ 2) are carried out continuously and voltage is applied in accordance with step ( ⁇ 3).
  • the solution L 1 is obtained at the outlet A KK , the concentration of XOR in L 1 being higher than in L 2 .
  • the concentration of XOR in L 1 is preferably 1.01 to 2.2 fold, more preferably 1.04 to 1.8 fold, even more preferably 1077 to 1.4 fold, even more preferably 1077 to 1077 fold 1.08-fold higher than in L 2 , most preferably 1,077-fold higher than in L 2 , more preferably with the mass fraction of XOR in L 1 and in L 2 being in the range 10 to 20% by weight, even more preferably 13 to 14% by weight.
  • the concentration of the cation X in the aqueous solution L 3 is preferably in the range from 3.5 to 5 mol/l, more preferably 4 mol/l.
  • the concentration of the cation X in the aqueous solution L 4 is more preferably 0.5 mol/l lower than that of the aqueous solution L 3 used in each case.
  • steps ( ⁇ 1) to ( ⁇ 3) of the method according to the third aspect of the invention are carried out at a temperature of 20°C to 70°C, preferably 35°C to 65°C, more preferably 35°C to 60°C more preferably 35°C to 50°C and a pressure of 0.5 bar to 1.5 bar, preferably 0.9 bar to 1.1 bar, more preferably 1.0 bar.
  • hydrogen is typically produced in the cathode chamber K K , which can be removed from the cell via the outlet A KK together with the solution L 1 .
  • the mixture of hydrogen and solution L 1 can then be separated by methods known to those skilled in the art.
  • the alkali metal compound used is a halide, in particular chloride, chlorine or another halogen gas can form, which can be removed from the cell via the outlet A KK together with the solution L 4 .
  • oxygen and/or carbon dioxide can also be formed, which can also be removed.
  • the mixture of chlorine, oxygen and/or CO 2 and solution L 4 can then be separated by methods known to those skilled in the art.
  • the gases chlorine, oxygen and/or CO 2 have been separated from the solution L 4 , these can be separated from one another by methods known to those skilled in the art.
  • steps ( ⁇ 1), ( ⁇ 2), ( ⁇ 3) are carried out simultaneously.
  • the electrolytic cell E comprises at least one middle chamber K M , and then the steps ( ⁇ 1), ( ⁇ 2), ( ⁇ 3) running simultaneously are carried out.
  • step ( ⁇ 1) a solution L 2 comprising the alcohol ROH, preferably comprising an alkali metal alkoxide XOR and alcohol ROH, is passed through K K .
  • the solution L 2 is preferably free of water.
  • “free of water” means that the weight of the water in the solution L 2 based on the weight of the alcohol ROH in the solution L 2 (mass ratio) is ⁇ 1:10, more preferably ⁇ 1:20, even more preferably ⁇ 1:100 , more preferably ⁇ 0.5:100.
  • the mass fraction of XOR in the solution L 2 is in particular >0 to 30% by weight, preferably 5 to 20% by weight, even more preferably at 10 to 20% by weight, more preferably at 10 to 15% by weight, most preferably at 13 to 14% by weight, most preferably at 13% by weight.
  • the mass ratio of XOR to alcohol ROH in the solution L 2 is in particular in the range from 1:100 to 1:5, more preferably in the range from 1:25 to 3:20, even more preferably in the range 1:12 to 1:8, more preferably at 1:10.
  • step ( ⁇ 2) a neutral or alkaline aqueous solution L 3 of a salt S comprising X as a cation is passed through K M , then over V AM , then through K A .
  • the salt S is preferably a halide, sulfate, sulfite, nitrate, bicarbonate or carbonate of X, more preferably a halide.
  • Halides are fluorides, chlorides, bromides, iodides. The most preferred halide is chloride.
  • the pH of the aqueous solution L 3 is ⁇ 7.0, preferably in the range from 7 to 12, more preferably in the range from 8 to 11, even more preferably from 10 to 11, most preferably at 10.5.
  • the mass fraction of the salt S in the solution L 3 is preferably in the range > 0 to 20% by weight, preferably 1 to 20% by weight, more preferably 5 to 20% by weight, even more preferably 10 to 20% by weight %, most preferably at 20% by weight, based on the total solution L 3 .
  • step ( ⁇ 3) a voltage is then applied between E A and E K .
  • the charge source is known to those skilled in the art and is typically a rectifier that converts alternating current into direct current and can generate specific voltages via voltage converters.
  • the area of the solid electrolyte which contacts the anolyte located in the central chamber K M is in particular 0.00001 to 10 m 2 , preferably 0.0001 to 2.5 m 2 , more preferably 0.0002 to 0.15 m 2 , even more preferably 2.83 cm 2 .
  • step ( ⁇ 3) of the method according to the third aspect of the invention is carried out when both chambers K M and K A are at least partially loaded with L 3 and K K is at least partially loaded with L 2 so that both L 3 and L 2 contact the solid electrolytes comprised by the partition wall W and in particular also contact the separating element T.
  • step ( ⁇ 3) The fact that charge transport takes place between E A and E K in step ( ⁇ 3) implies that K K , K M and K A are simultaneously charged with L 2 and L 3 , respectively, in such a way that they connect the electrodes E A and E K so far that the circuit is closed.
  • step ( ⁇ 1) and step ( ⁇ 2) are carried out continuously and voltage is applied in accordance with step ( ⁇ 3).
  • the solution L 1 is obtained at the outlet A KK , the concentration of XOR in L 1 being higher than in L 2 .
  • the concentration of XOR in L 1 is preferably 1.01 to 2.2 fold, more preferably 1.04 to 1.8 fold, even more preferably 1077 to 1.4 fold, even more preferably 1077 to 1077 fold 1.08-fold higher than in L 2 , most preferably 1,077-fold higher than in L 2 , more preferably with the mass fraction of XOR in L 1 and in L 2 being in the range 10 to 20% by weight, even more preferably 13 to 14% by weight.
  • the concentration of the cation X in the aqueous solution L 3 is preferably in the range from 3.5 to 5 mol/l, more preferably 4 mol/l.
  • the concentration of the cation X in the aqueous solution L 4 is more preferably 0.5 mol/l lower than that of the aqueous solution L 3 used in each case.
  • steps ( ⁇ 1) to ( ⁇ 3) of the method according to the third aspect of the invention are carried out at a temperature of 20°C to 70°C, preferably 35°C to 65°C, more preferably 35°C to 60°C more preferably 35°C to 50°C and a pressure of 0.5 bar to 1.5 bar, preferably 0.9 bar to 1.1 bar, more preferably 1.0 bar.
  • hydrogen is typically produced in the cathode chamber K K , which hydrogen can be removed from the cell via the outlet A KK together with the solution L 1 .
  • the mixture of hydrogen and solution L 1 can then be separated by methods known to those skilled in the art.
  • the alkali metal compound used is a halide, in particular chloride, chlorine or another halogen gas can form, which can be removed from the cell via the outlet A KK together with the solution L 4 .
  • oxygen and/or carbon dioxide can also be formed, which can also be removed.
  • the mixture of chlorine, oxygen and/or CO 2 and solution L 4 can then be separated by methods known to those skilled in the art.
  • the gases chlorine, oxygen and/or CO 2 have been separated from the solution L 4 , these can be separated from one another by methods known to those skilled in the art.
  • Steps ( ⁇ 1) to ( ⁇ 3) of the method according to the invention protect the acid-labile solid electrolyte from corrosion without having to sacrifice alcoholate solution from the cathode space as a buffer solution, as in the prior art.
  • the method according to the invention is thus more efficient than in WO 2008/076327 A1 described procedure in which the product solution is used for the middle chamber, which reduces the overall turnover.
  • NM Sodium methylate
  • the electrolytic cell consisted of three chambers, which Figure 1B shown.
  • the connection between the middle and anode chamber was made by a hose that was attached to the bottom of the electrolytic cell.
  • the anode compartment and middle compartment were separated by a 2.83 cm 2 anion exchange membrane (Tokuyama AMX, ammonium groups on polymer).
  • the cathode and middle chamber were separated by a ceramic of the NaSICON type with an area of 2.83 cm 2 .
  • the ceramic had a chemical composition of the formula Na 3.4 Zr 2.0 Si 2.4 P 0.6 O 12 .
  • the anolyte was transferred to the anode compartment through the middle compartment.
  • the flow rate of the anolyte was 1 l/h, that of the catholyte was 90 ml/h and a current of 0.14 A was applied.
  • the temperature was 35°C.
  • the electrolysis was carried out for 500 hours with the voltage remaining constant at 5V.
  • the NaSICON ceramic expands or shrinks due to the heating and cooling effects.
  • the NaSICON membrane can shift in the cell. This is problematic as it increases the tendency of the ceramic to crack and can lead to leakage of electrolyte from the center compartment into the cathode compartment, diluting the product of the electrolysis. In addition, this can lead to leaks in the outer wall of the cell, which lead to leakage of electrolyte to the outside.
  • Comparative example 1 was repeated with a two-chamber cell comprising only an anode and a cathode chamber, with the anode chamber being separated from the cathode chamber by the ceramic of the NaSICON type ( Figure 1A)
  • this electrolytic cell did not contain a center chamber. This is reflected in an even more rapid corrosion of the ceramic compared to comparative example 1, which leads to a rapid increase in the stress curve leads. With an initial value of the voltage of ⁇ 5 V, this increases to > 20 V within 100 hours.
  • Comparative example 1 is repeated using an electrolytic cell according to Figure 6A is used, in which a partition comprising two NaSICON ceramics are used in a frame.
  • This arrangement reduces the rate at which the ceramic expands and shrinks, which contributes to the durability of the ceramic and results in a cleaner product solution by eliminating leakage.
  • Comparative example 2 is repeated using an electrolytic cell according to Figure 6A was used, in which a partition comprising four NaSICON ceramics were used in a frame, in which frame element R and separating element T are fused ( Figure 7A , but without hinge and without lock).
  • This arrangement reduces the rate at which the ceramic expands and shrinks, which contributes to the durability of the ceramic and results in a cleaner product solution by eliminating leakage.

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EP21188420.0A 2021-07-29 2021-07-29 Paroi de séparation résistante à la rupture comprenant des céramiques à électrolyte solide pour cellules d'électrolyse Pending EP4124677A1 (fr)

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