Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D209/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings, condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
  • C07D209/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings, condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom condensed with one carbocyclic ring
  • C07D209/04—Indoles; Hydrogenated indoles
  • C07D209/10—Indoles; Hydrogenated indoles with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to carbon atoms of the hetero ring
  • C07D209/18—Radicals substituted by carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/40—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. sulpiride, succinimide, tolmetin, buflomedil
  • A61K31/403—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. sulpiride, succinimide, tolmetin, buflomedil condensed with carbocyclic rings, e.g. carbazole
  • A61K31/404—Indoles, e.g. pindolol
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
  • A61P1/18—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system for pancreatic disorders, e.g. pancreatic enzymes
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P13/00—Drugs for disorders of the urinary system
  • A61P13/12—Drugs for disorders of the urinary system of the kidneys
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/02—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for peripheral neuropathies
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/28—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system, e.g. nootropic agents, cognition enhancers, drugs for treating Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P27/00—Drugs for disorders of the senses
  • A61P27/02—Ophthalmic agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
  • A61P3/04—Anorexiants; Antiobesity agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
  • A61P3/06—Antihyperlipidemics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
  • A61P3/08—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis
  • A61P3/10—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis for hyperglycaemia, e.g. antidiabetics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
  • A61P9/10—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system for treating ischaemic or atherosclerotic diseases, e.g. antianginal drugs, coronary vasodilators, drugs for myocardial infarction, retinopathy, cerebrovascula insufficiency, renal arteriosclerosis

Definitions

• the present invention relates to glucagon receptor antagonist compounds, compositions containing such compounds and various methods of treatment relating to type 2 diabetes mellitus and related conditions.
• Diabetes refers to a disease process derived from multiple causative factors and is characterized by elevated levels of plasma glucose (hyperglycemia) in the fasting state or following glucose administration during an oral glucose tolerance test.
• Frank diabetes mellitus e.g., a blood glucose level>126 mg/dL in a fasting state
• Type 2 diabetes mellitus Patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (type 2 diabetes mellitus), approximately 95% of patients with diabetes mellitus, frequently display elevated levels of serum lipids, such as cholesterol and triglycerides, and have poor blood-lipid profiles, with high levels of LDL-cholesterol and low levels of HDL-cholesterol.
• Those suffering from Type 2 diabetes mellitus are thus at an increased risk of developing macrovascular and microvascular complications, including coronary heart disease, stroke, peripheral vascular disease, hypertension (for example, blood pressure>130/80 mmHg in a resting state), nephropathy, neuropathy and retinopathy.
• Type 2 diabetes at least early in the natural progression of the disease is characterized primarily by insulin resistance rather than by a decrease in insulin production, resulting in insufficient uptake, oxidation and storage of glucose in muscle, inadequate repression of lipolysis in adipose tissue, and excess glucose production and secretion by the liver.
• the net effect of decreased sensitivity to insulin is high levels of insulin circulating in the blood without appropriate reduction in plasma glucose (hyperglycemia). Hyperinsulinemia is a risk factor for developing hypertension and may also contribute to vascular disease.
• Glucagon serves as the major regulatory hormone attenuating the effect of insulin in its inhibition of liver gluconeogenesis and is normally secreted by alpha cells in pancreatic islets in response to falling blood glucose levels.
• the hormone binds to specific receptors in liver cells that triggers glycogenolysis and an increase in gluconeogenesis through cAMP-mediated events. These responses generate glucose (e.g. hepatic glucose production) to help maintain euglycemia by preventing blood glucose levels from falling significantly.
• type 2 diabetics have elevated levels of plasma glucagon and increased rates of hepatic glucose production.
• Antagonists of the glucagon receptor are useful in improving insulin responsiveness in the liver, decreasing the rate of gluconeogenesis and glycogenosis, and lowering the rate of hepatic glucose output resulting in a decrease in the levels of plasma glucose.
• ring A represents a phenyl or naphthyl group
• each R 1 and R 2 represents H or is selected from the group consisting of halo, CN, OH, NO 2 , CO 2 R a , NR a R b , S(O) p R a , C 1-10 alkyl, C 2-10 alkenyl or C 1-10 alkoxy, the alkyl and alkenyl portions of, C 1-10 alkyl, C 2-10 alkenyl and C 1-10 alkoxy being optionally substituted with 1-5 halo atoms up to perhalo; and further optionally substituted with 1 group selected from OH, oxo and C 1-6 alkoxy;
• p 0, 1 or 2;
• each R a and R b independently represents H or C 1-4 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-5 halo atoms up to perhalo; and further optionally substituted with 1 group selected from OH, oxo and C 1-6 alkoxy;
• R 3 represents C 1-6 alkyl or C 2-6 alkenyl, each optionally substituted with 1-5 halo atoms up to perhalo, and further optionally substituted with 1 group selected from OH, oxo and C 1-6 alkoxy, and
• R 4 represents H or C 1-4 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 halo atoms up to perhalo and 1 phenyl ring.
• Alkyl as well as other groups having the prefix “alk”, such as alkoxy, alkanoyl and the like, means carbon chains which may be linear, branched, or cyclic, or combinations thereof, containing the indicated number of carbon atoms. If no number is specified, 1-10 carbon atoms are intended for linear or branched alkyl groups. Examples of alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, sec- and tert-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl and the like.
• Cycloalkyl is a subset of alkyl; if no number of atoms is specified, 3-10 carbon atoms are intended, forming 1-3 carbocyclic rings that are fused.
• Examples of cycloalkyl include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, decahydronaphthyl and the like.
• Alkenyl means carbon chains which contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond, and which may be linear or branched or combinations thereof. Examples of alkenyl include vinyl, allyl, isopropenyl, pentenyl, hexenyl, heptenyl, 1-propenyl, 2-butenyl, 2-methyl-2-butenyl, and the like.
• Aryl (Ar) means mono- and bicyclic aromatic rings containing 6-12 carbon atoms. Examples of aryl include phenyl, naphthyl, indenyl and the like. “Aryl” also includes monocyclic rings fused to an aryl group. Examples include tetrahydronaphthyl, indanyl and the like.
• Halogen includes fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine.
• One aspect of the invention relates to a compound represented by formula I:
• ring A represents a phenyl or naphthyl group
• each R 1 and R 2 represents H or is selected from the group consisting of halo, CN, OH, NO 2 , CO 2 R a , NR a R b , S(O) p R a , C 1-10 alkyl, C 2-10 alkenyl or C 1-10 alkoxy, the alkyl and the alkenyl portions of, C 1-10 alkyl, C 2-10 alkenyl and C 1-10 alkoxy being optionally substituted with 1-5 halo atoms up to perhalo; and further optionally substituted with 1 group selected from OH, oxo and C 1-6 alkoxy;
• p 0, 1 or 2;
• each R a and R b independently represents H or C 1-4 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-5 halo atoms up to perhalo; and further optionally substituted with 1 group selected from OH, oxo and C 1-6 alkoxy;
• R 3 represents C 1-6 alkyl or C 2-6 alkenyl, each optionally substituted with 1-5 halo atoms up to perhalo, and further optionally substituted with 1 group selected from OH, oxo and C 1-6 alkoxy, and
• R 4 represents H or C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 halo atoms up to perhalo and 1 phenyl ring.
• One aspect of the invention that is of interest relates to compounds of formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof wherein ring A represents phenyl.
• ring A represents phenyl.
• Another aspect of the invention that is of interest relates to compounds of formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof wherein ring A represents naphthyl.
• ring A represents naphthyl.
• each R 1 represents H or is selected from the group consisting of halo selected from fluoro and chloro; SCH 3 ; CN, C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-4 alkenyl and C 1-6 alkoxy,
• an aspect of the invention that is interest relates to compounds of formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof wherein each R 1 represents H or is selected from the group consisting of fluoro, chloro; SCH 3 ; CN, C 1-4 alkyl and OCH 3 , the alkyl portions of SCH 3 , C 1-4 alkyl and OCH 3 being optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoro atoms.
• R 1 represents H or is selected from the group consisting of fluoro, chloro; SCH 3 ; CN, C 1-4 alkyl and OCH 3 , the alkyl portions of SCH 3 , C 1-4 alkyl and OCH 3 being optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoro atoms.
• each R 2 represents H or is selected from the group consisting of halo selected from fluoro and chloro; SCH 3 ; CN, C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-4 alkenyl and C 1-6 alkoxy, the alkyl and alkenyl portions of SCH 3 , C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-4 alkenyl and C 1-6 alkoxy being optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoro atoms.
• R 2 represents H or is selected from the group consisting of halo selected from fluoro and chloro; SCH 3 ; CN, C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-4 alkenyl and C 1-6 alkoxy, the alkyl and alkenyl portions of SCH 3 , C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-4 alkenyl and C 1-6 alkoxy being optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoro atoms.
• an aspect of the invention that is interest relates to compounds of formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof wherein each R 2 represents H or is selected from the group consisting of fluoro, chloro; SCH 3 ; CN, C 1-4 alkyl and OCH 3 , the alkyl portions of SCH 3 , C 1-4 alkyl and OCH 3 being optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoro atoms.
• R 2 represents H or is selected from the group consisting of fluoro, chloro; SCH 3 ; CN, C 1-4 alkyl and OCH 3 , the alkyl portions of SCH 3 , C 1-4 alkyl and OCH 3 being optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoro atoms.
• R 3 represents a member selected from the group consisting of: CH 3 , ethyl, n-propyl, n-, s- and t-butyl, and allyl.
• R 3 represents a member selected from the group consisting of: CH 3 , ethyl, n-propyl, n-, s- and t-butyl, and allyl.
• Another aspect of the invention that is of interest relates to compounds of formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof wherein Ris selected from the group consisting of: H, Me, Et, n-propyl, n-butyl and benzyl.
• Ris selected from the group consisting of: H, Me, Et, n-propyl, n-butyl and benzyl.
• a particular subset of compounds that is of interest relates to compounds of formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof wherein:
• ring A represents a phenyl or naphthyl group
• each R 1 and R 2 represents H or is selected from the group consisting of halo selected from fluoro and chloro; SCH 3 ; CN, C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-4 alkenyl and C 1-6 alkoxy, the alkyl and alkenyl portions of SCH 3 , C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-4 alkenyl and C 1-6 alkoxy being optionally substituted with 1-3 fluoro atoms;
• R 3 represents a member selected from the group consisting of: CH 3 , ethyl, n-propyl, n-, s- and t-butyl, and and allyl, and
• R 4 is selected from the group consisting of: H, Me, Et, n-propyl, n-butyl and benzyl. Within this aspect of the invention, all other variables are as originally defined with respect to formula I.
• Another aspect of the invention that is of interest relates to a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound as described above with respect to formula I in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• Another aspect of the invention that is of interest relates to a method of treating type 2 diabetes mellitus in a mammalian patient in need of such treatment comprising administering to said patient a compound as described above with respect to formula I in an amount that is effective to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus.
• Another aspect of the invention that is of interest relates to a method of delaying the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus in a mammalian patient in need thereof, comprising administering to the patient a compound as described above in accordance with formula I in an amount that is effective to delay the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
• Another aspect of the invention that is of interest relates to a method of treating hyperglycemia, diabetes or insulin resistance in a mammalian patient in need of such treatment which comprises administering to said patient a compound as described above in accordance with formula I in an amount that is effective to treat hyperglycemia, diabetes or insulin resistance.
• Another aspect of the invention that is of interest relates to a method of treating non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus in a mammalian patient in need of such treatment comprising administering to the patient an anti-diabetic effective amount of a compound in accordance with formula I as described above.
• Another aspect of the invention that is of interest relates to a method of treating obesity in a mammalian patient in need of such treatment comprising administering to said patient a compound in accordance with formula I as described above in an amount that is effective to treat obesity.
• Another aspect of the invention that is of interest relates to a method of treating Syndrome X in a mammalian patient in need of such treatment, comprising administering to said patient a compound in accordance with formula I as described above in an amount that is effective to treat Syndrome X.
• Another aspect of the invention that is of interest relates to a method of treating a lipid disorder selected from the group consisting of dyslipidemia, hyperlipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, low HDL and high LDL in a mammalian patient in need of such treatment, comprising administering to said patient a compound as described above with respect to formula I in an amount that is effective to treat said lipid disorder.
• a lipid disorder selected from the group consisting of dyslipidemia, hyperlipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, low HDL and high LDL
• Another aspect of the invention that is of interest relates to a method of treating atherosclerosis in a mammalian patient in need of such treatment, comprising administering to said patient a compound in accordance with formula I as described above in an amount effective to treat atherosclerosis.
• Another aspect of the invention that is of interest relates to a method of treating a condition selected from the group consisting of: (1) hyperglycemia, (2) low glucose tolerance, (3) insulin resistance, (4) obesity, (5) lipid disorders, (6) dyslipidemia, (7) hyperlipidemia, (8) hypertriglyceridemia, (9) hypercholesterolemia, (10) low HDL levels, (11) high LDL levels, (12) atherosclerosis and its sequelae, (13) vascular restenosis, (14) pancreatitis, (15) abdominal obesity, (16) neurodegenerative disease, (17) retinopathy, (18) nephropathy, (19) neuropathy, (20) Syndrome X, and other conditions and disorders where insulin resistance is a component, in a mammalian patient in need of such treatment, comprising administering to the patient a compound in accordance with formula I as described above in an amount that is effective to treat said condition.
• a condition selected from the group consisting of: (1) hyperglycemia, (2) low glucose tolerance, (3) insulin resistance, (4) obesity,
• Another aspect of the invention that is of interest relates to a method of delaying the onset of a condition selected from the group consisting of (1) hyperglycemia, (2) low glucose tolerance, (3) insulin resistance, (4) obesity, (5) lipid disorders, (6) dyslipidemia, (7) hyperlipidemia, (8) hypertriglyceridemia, (9) hypercholesterolemia, (10) low HDL levels, (11) high LDL levels, (12) atherosclerosis and its sequelae, (13) vascular restenosis, (14) pancreatitis, (15) abdominal obesity, (16) neurodegenerative disease, (17) retinopathy, (18) nephropathy, (19) neuropathy, (20) Syndrome X, and other conditions and disorders where insulin resistance is a component in a mammalian patient in need of such treatment, comprising administering to the patient a compound in accordance with formula I as described above in an amount that is effective to delay the onset of said condition.
• a condition selected from the group consisting of (1) hyperglycemia, (2) low glucose tolerance, (3) insulin
• Another aspect of the invention that is of interest relates to a method of reducing the risk of developing a condition selected from the group consisting of (1) hyperglycemia, (2) low glucose tolerance, (3) insulin resistance, (4) obesity, (5) lipid disorders, (6) dyslipidemia, (7) hyperlipidemia, (8) hypertriglyceridemia, (9) hypercholesterolemia, (10) low HDL levels, (11) high LDL levels, (12) atherosclerosis and its sequelae, (13) vascular restenosis, (14) pancreatitis, (15) abdominal obesity, (16) neurodegenerative disease, (17) retinopathy, (18) nephropathy, (19) neuropathy, (20) Syndrome X, and other conditions and disorders where insulin resistance is a component in a mammalian patient in need of such treatment, comprising administering to the patient a compound of formula I as described above in an amount that is effective to reduce the risk of developing said condition.
• a condition selected from the group consisting of (1) hyperglycemia, (2) low glucose tolerance, (3) insulin resistance,
• Another aspect of the invention that is of interest relates to a method of treating a condition selected from the group consisting of:
• hyperglycemia (2) low glucose tolerance, (3) insulin resistance, (4) obesity, (5) lipid disorders, (6) dyslipidemia, (7) hyperlipidemia, (8) hypertriglyceridemia, (9) hypercholesterolemia, (10) low HDL levels, (11) high LDL levels, (12) atherosclerosis and its sequelae, (1.3) vascular restenosis, (14) pancreatitis, (15) abdominal obesity, (16) neurodegenerative disease, (17) retinopathy, (18) nephropathy, (19) neuropathy, (20) Syndrome X, and other conditions and disorders where insulin resistance is a component, in a mammalian patient in need of such treatment,
• Compounds of formula I may be used in combination with other drugs that are used in the treatment/prevention/suppression or amelioration of the diseases or conditions for which compounds of formula I are useful. Such other drugs may be administered, by a route and in an amount commonly used therefore, contemporaneously or sequentially with a compound of formula I.
• a pharmaceutical composition containing such other drugs in addition to the compound of Formula I is preferred.
• the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention include those that also contain one or more other active ingredients, in addition to a compound of formula I.
• Examples of other active ingredients that may be combined with a compound of formula I for the treatment or prevention of type 2 diabetes and the other conditions described herein, either administered separately or in the same pharmaceutical compositions, include, but are not limited to:
• anti-obesity agents such as (1) growth hormone secretogogues, growth hormone secretagogue receptor agonists/antagonists, such as NN703, hexarelin, MK-0677, SM-130686, CP-424,391, L-692,429, and L-163,255, and such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,536,716, and 6,358,951, U.S. Patent Application Nos. 2002/049196 and 2002/022637, and PCT Application Nos.
• WO 01/56592 and WO 02/32888 (2) protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B (PTP-1B) inhibitors; (3) cannabinoid receptor ligands, such as cannabinoid CB 1 receptor antagonists or inverse agonists, such as rimonabant (Sanofi Synthelabo), AMT-251, and SR-14778 and SR 141716A (Sanofi Synthelabo), SLV-319 (Solvay), BAY 65-2520 (Bayer), and those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos.
• PTP-1B protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B
• cannabinoid receptor ligands such as cannabinoid CB 1 receptor antagonists or inverse agonists, such as rimonabant (Sanofi Synthelabo), AMT-251, and SR-14778 and SR 141716A (Sanofi Synthelabo), SLV-319 (Solvay), BAY
• pancreatic lipase inhibitors such as orlistat (Xenical®), Triton WR1339, RHC80267, lipstatin, tetrahydrolipstatin, teasaponin, diethylumbelliferyl phosphate, and those disclosed in PCT Application No.
• neuropeptide Y1 antagonists such as BIBP3226, J-115814, BIBO 3304, LY-357897, CP-671906, GI-264879A, and those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,001,836, and PCT Patent Publication Nos.
• neuropeptide Y5 antagonists such as GW-569180A, GW-594884A, GW-587081X, GW-548118X, FR226928, FR 240662, FR252384, 1229U91, GI-264879A, CGP71683A, LY-377897, PD-160170, SR-120562A, SR-120819A and JCF-104, and those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos.
• WO 97/19682 WO 97/20820, WO 97/20821, WO 97/20822, WO 97/20823, WO 98/24768; WO 98/25907; WO 98/25908; WO 98/27063, WO 98/47505; WO 98/40356; WO 99/15516; WO 99/27965; WO 00/64880, WO 00/68197, WO 00/69849, WO 01/09120, WO 01/14376; WO 01/85714, WO 01/85730, WO 01/07409, WO 01/02379, WO 01/02379, WO 01/23388, WO 01/23389, WO 01/44201, WO 01/62737, WO 01/62738, WO 01/09120, WO 02/22592, WO 0248152, and WO 02/49648; WO 02/094825; WO 03/0140
• WO 01/96302 WO 01/68609, WO 02/51232, and WO 02/51838; (13) serotonin reuptake inhibitors such as fluoxetine, paroxetine, and sertraline, and those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,365,633, and PCT Patent Application Nos.
• melanocortin agonists such as Melanotan II, CHIR86036 (Chiron), ME-10142, and ME-10145 (Melacure), CHIR86036 (Chiron); PT-141, and PT-14 (Palatin);
• other MC4R (melanocortin 4 receptor) agonists such as those disclosed in: U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,410,548; 6,294,534; 6,350,760; 6,458,790; 6,472,398; 6,376,509; and 6,818,658; US Patent Publication No.
• ⁇ -HSD-1 ⁇ -hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase-1 inhibitors
• leptin including recombinant human leptin (PEG-OB, Hoffman La Roche) and recombinant methionyl human leptin (Amgen); (31) leptin derivatives, such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,552,524, 5,552,523, 5,552,522, 5,521,283, and PCT International Publication Nos.
• CNTF Central neurotrophic factors
• GI-181771 Gaxo-SmithKline
• SR146131 Sanofi Synthelabo
• butabindide PD170,292, and PD 149164 (Pfizer)
• CNTF derivatives such as axokine (Regeneron), and those disclosed in PCT Application Nos. WO 94/09134, WO 98/22128, and WO 99/43813
• monoamine reuptake inhibitors such as sibutramine, and those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,746,680, 4,806,570, and 5,436,272, U.S. Patent Publication No.
• FAS fatty acid synthase inhibitors, such as Cerulenin and C75
• DGAT1 diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 inhibitors
• DGAT2 diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 inhibitors
• ACC2 acetyl-CoA carboxylase-2
• glucocorticoid antagonists 43) acyl-estrogens, such as oleoyl-estrone, disclosed in del Mar-Grasa, M.
• dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DP-IV) inhibitors such as isoleucine thiazolidide, valine pyrrolidide, NVP-DPP728, LAF237, P93/01, TSL 225, TMC-2A/2B/2C, FE 999011, P9310/K364, VIP 0177, SDZ 274-444 and sitagliptin; and the compounds disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,699,871, which is incorporated herein by reference; and International Patent Application Nos.
• DP-IV dipeptidyl peptidase IV
• Neuropeptide Y2 (NPY2) receptor agonists such NPY3-36, N acetyl [Leu(28,31)] NPY 24-36, TASP-V, and cyclo-(28/32)-Ac-[Lys28-Glu32]-(25-36)-pNPY;
• Neuropeptide Y4 (NPY4) agonists such as pancreatic peptide (PP) as described in Batterham et al., J.
• Y4 agonists such as 1229U91
• cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors such as etoricoxib, celecoxib, valdecoxib, parecoxib, lumiracoxib, BMS347070, tiracoxib or JTE522, ABT963, CS502 and GW406381, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof
• Neuropeptide Y1 (NPY1) antagonists such as BIBP3226, J-115814, BIBO 3304, LY-357897, CP-671906, GI-264879A and those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No.
• WO 00/21509 (57) 11 ⁇ HSD-1 (11-beta hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase type 1) inhibitors such as BVT 3498, BVT 2733, and those disclosed in WO 01/90091, WO 01/90090, WO 01/90092, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,730,690 and US Publication No.
• HSD-1 11-beta hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase type 1
• smoking cessation agents such as a nicotine agonist or a partial nicotine agonist such as varenicline, or a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI), or another active ingredient demonstrating efficacy in aiding cessation of tobacco consumption; for example, an antidepressant such as bupropion, doxepine, ornortriptyline; or an anxiolytic such as buspirone or clonidine.
• a nicotine agonist or a partial nicotine agonist such as varenicline, or a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI)
• MAOI monoamine oxidase inhibitor
• Specific compounds of use in combination with a compound of the present invention include: simvastatin, mevastatin, ezetimibe, atorvastatin, sitagliptin, metformin, sibutramine, orlistat, Qnexa, topiramate, naltrexone, bupriopion, phentermine, and Iosartan, Iosartan with hydrochlorothiazide.
• Specific CB1 antagonists/inverse agonists of use in combination with a compound of the present invention include: those described in WO03/077847, including: N-[3-(4-chlorophenyl)-2(S)-phenyl-1(S)-methylpropyl]-2-(4-trifluoromethyl-2-pyrimidyloxy)-2-methylpropanamide, N-[3-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(3-cyanophenyl)-1-methylpropyl]-2-(5-trifluoromethyl-2-pyridyloxy)-2-methylpropanamide, N-[3-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(5-chloro-3-pyridyl)-1-methylpropyl]-2-(5-trifluoromethyl-2-pyridyloxy)-2-methylpropanamide, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof; as well as those in WO05/000809, which includes the following: 3- ⁇ 1-[bis(4
• NPY5 antagonists of use in combination with a compound of the present invention include: 3-oxo-N-(5-phenyl-2-pyrazinyl)-spiro[isobenzofuran-1(3H),4′-piperidine]-1′-carboxamide, 3-oxo-N-(7-trifluoromethylpyrido[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)spiro-[isobenzofuran-1(3H),4′-piperidine]-1′-carboxamide, N-[5-(3-fluorophenyl)-2-pyrimidinyl]-3-oxospiro-[isobenzofuran-1(3H),4′-piperidine]-1′-carboxamide, trans-3′-oxo-N-(5-phenyl-2-pyrimidinyl)spiro[cyclohexane-1,1′(3′H)-isobenzofuran]-4-carboxamide, trans-3′-ox
• Specific ACC-1/2 inhibitors of use in combination with a compound of the present invention include: 1′-[(4,8-dimethoxyquinolin-2-yl)carbonyl]-6-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)spiro[chroman-2,4′-piperidin]-4-one; (5- ⁇ 1′-[(4,8-dimethoxyquinolin-2-yl)carbonyl]-4-oxospiro[chroman-2,4′-piperidin]-6-yl ⁇ -2H-tetrazol-2-yl)methyl pivalate; 5- ⁇ 1′-[(8-cyclopropyl-4-methoxyquinolin-2-yl)carbonyl]-4-oxospiro[chroman-2,4′-piperidin]-6-yl ⁇ nicotinic acid; 1′-(8-methoxy-4-morpholin-4-yl-2-naphthoyl)-6-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)
• MCH1R antagonist compounds of use in combination with a compound of the present invention include: 1- ⁇ 4-[(1-ethylazetidin-3-yl)oxy]phenyl ⁇ -4-[(4-fluorobenzyl)oxy]pyridin-2(1H)-one, 4-[(4-fluorobenzyl)oxy]-1- ⁇ 4-[(1-isopropylazetidin-3-yl)oxy]phenyl ⁇ pyridin-2(1H)-one, 1-[4-(azetidin-3-yloxy)phenyl]-4-[(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)methoxy]pyridin-2(1H)-one, 4-[(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)methoxy]-1- ⁇ 4-[(1-ethylazetidin-3-yl)oxy]phenyl ⁇ pyridin-2(1H)-one, 4-[(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)
• Specific DP-IV inhibitors of use in combination with a compound of the present invention are selected from 7-[(3R)-3-amino-4-(2,4,5-trifluorophenyl)butanoyl]-3-(trifluoromethyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-a]pyrazine.
• the compound of formula I is favorably combined with 7-[(3R)-3-amino-4-(2,4,5-trifluorophenyl)butanoyl]-3-(trifluoromethyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-a]pyrazine, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
• H3 (histamine H3) antagonists/inverse agonists of use in combination with a compound of the present invention include: those described in WO05/077905, including:3- ⁇ 4-[(1-cyclobutyl-4-piperidinyl)oxy]phenyl ⁇ -2-ethylpyrido[2,3-d]-pyrimidin-4(3H)-one, 3- ⁇ 4-[(1-cyclobutyl-4-piperidinyl)oxy]phenyl ⁇ -2-methylpyrido[4,3-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one, 2-ethyl-3-(4- ⁇ 3-[(3S)-3-methylpiperidin-1-yl]propoxy ⁇ phenyl)pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one 2-methyl-3-(4- ⁇ 3-[(3S)-3-methylpiperidin-1-yl]propoxy ⁇ phenyl)pyrido[4,3-d]pyrimidin-4(3
• CCK1R agonists of use in combination with a compound of the present invention include: 3-(4- ⁇ [1-(3-ethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-methylphenyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]carbonyl ⁇ -1-piperazinyl)-1-naphthoic acid; 3-(4- ⁇ [1-(3-ethoxyphenyl)-2-(2-fluoro-4-methylphenyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]carbonyl ⁇ -1-piperazinyl)-1-naphthoic acid; 3-(4- ⁇ [1-(3-ethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]carbonyl ⁇ -1-piperazinyl)-1-naphthoic acid; 3-(4- ⁇ [1-(3-ethoxyphenyl)-2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-1H-imid
• Specific MC4R agonists of use in combination with a compound of the present invention include: 1) (5S)-1′- ⁇ [(3R,4R)-1-tert-butyl-3-(2,3,4-trifluorophenyl)piperidin-4-yl]carbonyl ⁇ -3-chloro-2-methyl-5-[1-methyl-1-(1-methyl-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-yl)ethyl]-5H-spiro[furo[3,4-b]pyridine-7,4′-piperidine]; 2) (5R)-1′- ⁇ [(3R,4R)-1-tert-butyl-3-(2,3,4-trifluorophenyl)-piperidin-4-yl]carbonyl ⁇ -3-chloro-2-methyl-5-[1-methyl-1-(1-methyl-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-yl)ethyl]-5H-spiro[furo[3,4-b]pyridine-7,4′-
• neurokinin-1 (NK-1) receptor antagonists may be favorably employed in combination with a compound of the present invention.
• NK-1 receptor antagonists of use in the present invention are fully described in the art.
• Specific neurokinin-1 receptor antagonists of use in the present invention include: ( ⁇ )-(2R3R,2S3S)-N- ⁇ [2-cyclopropoxy-5-(trifluoromethoxy)-phenyl]methyl ⁇ -2-phenylpiperidin-3-amine; 2-(R)-(1-(R)-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)ethoxy)-3-(S)-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-(3-(5-oxo-1H,4H-1,2,4-triazolo)methyl)morpholine; aperpitant; CJ17493; GW597599; GW679769; R673; RO67319; R1124; R1204; SSR146977; SSR240600; T-2328
• anti-obesity agents examples include “Patent focus on new anti-obesity agents,” Exp. Opin. Ther. Patents. 10: 819-831 (2000); “Novel anti-obesity drugs,” Exp. Opin. Invest. Drugs, 9: 1317-1326 (2000); and “Recent advances in feeding suppressing agents: potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of obesity. Exp. Opin. Ther. Patents. 11: 1677-1692 (2001). The role of neuropeptide Y in obesity is discussed in Exp. Opin. Invest. Drugs. 9: 1327-1346 (2000). Cannabinoid receptor ligands are discussed in Exp. Opin. Invest. Drugs. 9: 1553-1571 (2000).
• Another aspect of the invention that is of interest relates to a method of treating a condition selected from the group consisting of hypercholesterolemia, atherosclerosis, low HDL levels, high LDL levels, hyperlipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia and dyslipidemia, in a mammalian patient in need of such treatment, comprising administering to the patient therapeutically effective amounts of a compound of formula I as described above and an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor.
• another aspect of the invention that is of interest relates to a method of treating a condition selected from the group consisting of hypercholesterolemia, atherosclerosis, low HDL levels, high LDL levels, hyperlipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia and dyslipidemia, in a mammalian patient in need of such treatment, comprising administering to the patient therapeutically effective amounts of a compound of formula I as described above and an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor wherein the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor is a statin.
• another aspect of the invention that is of interest relates to a method of treating a condition selected from the group consisting of hypercholesterolemia, atherosclerosis, low HDL levels, high LDL levels, hyperlipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia and dyslipidemia, in a mammalian patient in need of such treatment, comprising administering to the patient therapeutically effective amounts of a compound of formula I as described above and an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, wherein the HMG CoA reductase inhibitor is a statin selected from the group consisting of lovastatin, simvastatin, pravastatin, fluvastatin, atorvastatin, itavastatin, ZD-4522 and rivastatin.
• Another aspect of the invention that is of interest relates to a method of reducing the risk of developing a condition selected from the group consisting of hypercholesterolemia, atherosclerosis, low HDL levels, high LDL levels, hyperlipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia and dyslipidemia, and the sequelae of such conditions comprising administering to a mammalian patient in need of such treatment therapeutically effective amounts of a compound of formula I as described above and an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor.
• Another aspect of the invention that is of interest relates to a method for delaying the onset or reducing the risk of developing atherosclerosis in a human patient in need of such treatment comprising administering to said patient effective amounts of a compound of formula I as described above and an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor.
• another aspect of the invention that is of interest relates to a method for delaying the onset of, or reducing the risk of developing atherosclerosis in a human patient in need of such treatment comprising administering to said patient effective amounts of a compound of formula I as described above and an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor wherein the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor is a statin.
• another aspect of the invention that is of interest relates to a method for delaying the onset or reducing the risk of developing atherosclerosis in a human patient in need of such treatment comprising administering to said patient effective amounts of a compound of formula I as described above and an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor wherein the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor is a statin selected from the group consisting of: lovastatin, simvastatin, pravastatin, fluvastatin, atorvastatin, itavastatin, ZD-4522 and rivastatin.
• another aspect of the invention that is of interest relates to a method for delaying the onset or reducing the risk of developing atherosclerosis in a human patient in need of such treatment comprising administering to said patient effective amounts of a compound of formula I as described above and an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor wherein the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor is simvastatin.
• Another aspect of the invention that is of interest relates to a method for delaying the onset or reducing the risk of developing atherosclerosis in a human patient in need of such treatment comprising administering to said patient effective amounts of a compound of formula I as described above and a cholesterol absorption inhibitor. More particularly, another aspect of the invention that is of interest relates to a method for delaying the onset or reducing the risk of developing atherosclerosis in a human patient in need of such treatment comprising administering to said patient effective amounts of a compound of formula I as described above and a cholesterol absorption inhibitor wherein the cholesterol absorption inhibitor is ezetimibe.
• Another aspect of the invention that is of interest relates to a method for delaying the onset or reducing the risk of developing the other diseases and conditions mentioned above, in a mammalian patient in need of such treatment comprising administering to said patient effective amounts of a compound of formula I as described above, and a cholesterol absorption inhibitor.
• another aspect of the invention that is of interest relates to a method for delaying the onset or reducing the risk of developing the other diseases and conditions mentioned above, in a human patient in need of such treatment comprising administering to said patient effective amounts of a compound of formula I as described above, and a cholesterol absorption inhibitor, wherein the cholesterol absorption inhibitor is ezetimibe.
• Another aspect of the invention that is of interest relates to a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising (1) a compound of formula I as described above; (2) a compound selected from the list provide above in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• compositions that is of interest are comprised of a compound of formula I as described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, in combination with a DPP-IV inhibitor selected from the group consisting of:
• tautomers Some of the compounds described herein may exist with different points of attachment of hydrogen, referred to as tautomers. Such an example may be a ketone and its enol form known as keto-enol tautomers. The individual tautomers as well as mixtures thereof are encompassed with the compounds of Formula I.
• Salts and solvates of compounds of formula I are included in the present invention.
• pharmaceutically acceptable salts refers to salts prepared from pharmaceutically acceptable substantially non-toxic bases or acids including inorganic or organic bases and inorganic or organic acids, as well as salts that can be converted into pharmaceutically acceptable salts.
• Salts derived from inorganic bases include aluminum, ammonium, calcium, copper, ferric, ferrous, lithium, magnesium, manganic salts, manganous, potassium, sodium, zinc, and the like. Particularly preferred are the ammonium, calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium salts.
• Salts derived from pharmaceutically acceptable organic non-toxic bases include salts of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, substituted amines including naturally occurring substituted amines, cyclic amines, and basic ion exchange resins, such as arginine, betaine, caffeine, choline, N,N′-dibenzylethylenediamine, diethylamine, 2-diethylaminoethanol, 2-dimethylaminoethanol, ethanolamine, ethylenediamine, N-ethyl-morpholine, N-ethylpiperidine, glucamine, glucosamine, histidine, hydrabamine, isopropylamine, lysine, methylglucamine, morpholine, piperazine, piperidine, polyamine resins, procaine, purines, theobromine, triethylamine, trimethylamine, tripropylamine, tromethamine and the like.
• basic ion exchange resins such as
• salts may be prepared from pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic acids, including inorganic and organic acids.
• acids include acetic, benzenesulfonic, benzoic, camphorsulfonic, citric, ethanesulfonic, fumaric, gluconic, glutamic, hydrobromic, hydrochloric, isethionic, lactic, maleic, malic, mandelic, methanesulfonic, mucic, nitric, pamoic, pantothenic, phosphoric, succinic, sulfuric, tartaric, p-toluenesulfonic acid, and the like.
• citric, hydrobromic, hydrochloric, maleic, phosphoric, sulfuric, and tartaric acids are particularly preferred.
• Solvates as used herein refers to the compound of formula I or a salt thereof, in association with a solvent, such as water. Representative examples include hydrates, hemihydrates, trihydrates and the like.
• references to the compounds of Formula I are intended to include the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates.
• This invention relates to a method of inhibiting the activity of glucagon by antagonizing the glucagon receptor, thereby reducing the rate of gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis, and the concentration of glucose in plasma.
• the compounds of formula I can be used in the manufacture of a medicament for the prophylactic or therapeutic treatment of disease states in mammals associated with elevated levels of glucose, comprised of combining the compound of formula I with the carrier materials to provide the medicament.
• the prophylactic or therapeutic dose of a compound of formula I will, of course, vary with the nature or severity of the condition to be treated, the particular compound selected and its route of administration. It will also vary according to the age, weight and response of the individual patient. In general, the daily dose range lies within the range of from about 0.001 mg to about 100 mg per kg body weight, preferably about 0.01 mg to about 50 mg per kg, and more preferably 0.1 to 10 mg per kg, in single or divided doses. It may be necessary to use dosages outside of these limits in some cases.
• the terms “effective amount”, “anti-diabetic effective amount” and the other terms appearing throughout the application addressing the amount of the compound to be used refer to the dosage ranges provided, taking into account any necessary variation outside of these ranges, as determined by the skilled physician.
• Representative dosages of compounds of formula I, as well as the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof, for adults range from about 0.1 mg to about 1.0 g per day, preferably about 1 mg to about 500 mg, in single or divided doses.
• suitable dosages include 0.1 mg, 1 mg, 2 mg, 5 mg, 10 mg, 20 mg, 40 mg, 50 mg, 75 mg, 100 mg, 150 mg, 200 mg, 250 mg, 500 mg, 1000 mg and similar such doses.
• Representative dosages of compounds used in combination with the compounds of formula I are known, or the determination thereof is within the level of skill in the art, taking into account the description provided herein.
• a representative dosage range is from about 0.001 mg to about 100 mg (preferably from 0.01 mg to about 10 mg) of a compound of Formula I per kg of body weight per day, and more preferably, about 0.1 mg to about 10 mg of a compound of formula I per kg of body weight per day.
• the dosages noted above for the glucagon antagonist are provided along with the usual dose for the other medication.
• the DPP-IV inhibitor can be used in an amount ranging from about 1.0 mg to as high as about 1000 mg, preferably about 2.5 mg to about 250 mg, and in particular, about 50 mg or about 100 mg administered in single daily doses or in divided doses as appropriate.
• the CB1 antagonist/inverse agonist can be used in an amount ranging from as low as about 0.1 mg to as high as about 1000 mg, more particularly, in an amount ranging from about 1.0 mg to about 100 mg, and even more particularly, in an amount from about 1.0 mg to about 10 mg, administered in single daily doses or in divided doses as appropriate.
• doses of CB1 antagonist/inverse agonist include 1 mg, 2 mg, 3 mg, 4 mg, 5 mg, 6 mg, 7 mg, 8 mg, 9 mg and 10 mg.
• the pharmaceutical composition comprises a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• composition encompasses a product comprising the active and inert ingredient(s), (pharmaceutically acceptable excipients) that make up the carrier, as well as any product which results, directly or indirectly, from the combination, complexation or aggregation of any two or more of the ingredients, or from dissociation of one or more of the ingredients, or from other types of reactions or interactions between ingredients.
• the composition is comprised of a compound of formula I in an amount that is effective to treat, prevent or delay the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus, in combination with the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• Any suitable route of administration may be employed for providing a mammal, especially a human with an effective dosage of a compound of the present invention.
• oral, rectal, topical, parenteral, ocular, pulmonary, nasal, and the like may be employed.
• dosage forms include tablets, troches, dispersions, suspensions, solutions, capsules, creams, ointments, aerosols and the like, with oral tablets being preferred.
• any of the usual pharmaceutical media may be employed, such as, for example, water, glycols, oils, alcohols, flavoring agents, preservatives, coloring agents and the like, in the case of oral liquids, e.g., suspensions, elixirs and solutions; or carriers such as starches, sugars, microcrystalline cellulose, diluents, granulating agents, lubricants, binders, disintegrating agents and the like in the case of oral solids, e.g., powders, capsules and tablets.
• Solid oral preparations are preferred. Because of their ease of administration, tablets and capsules represent the most advantageous oral dosage unit forms. If desired, tablets may be coated by standard aqueous or nonaqueous techniques.
• the compounds of Formula I may also be administered by controlled release means and/or delivery devices such as those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,845,770; 3,916,899; 3,536,809; 3,598,123; 3,630,200 and 4,008,719.
• compositions of the present invention suitable for oral administration may be presented as discrete units such as capsules, cachets or tablets each containing a predetermined amount of the active ingredient, as a powder or granules or as a solution or a suspension in an aqueous liquid, a non-aqueous liquid, an oil-in-water emulsion or a water-in-oil liquid emulsion.
• Such compositions may be prepared by any acceptable pharmaceutical process. All such methods include the step of combining the active ingredient(s) with the carrier components.
• the compositions are prepared by uniformly and intimately admixing the active ingredient(s) with a liquid or finely divided solid carrier component, and then, if necessary, manipulating the blend into the desired product form.
• a tablet may be prepared by compression or molding.
• Compressed tablets may be prepared by compressing free-flowing powder or granules, containing the active(s) optionally mixed with one or more excipients, e.g., binders, lubricants, diluents, surfactants and dispersants.
• Molded tablets may be made by molding a mixture of the powdered compound moistened with an inert liquid.
• each tablet may contain, for example, from about 0.1 mg to about 1.0 g of the active ingredient and each cachet or capsule contains from about 0.1 mg to about 500 mg of the active ingredient.
• Injectable Suspension (im.) mg/mL Compound of Formula 1 10.0 Methylcellulose 5.0 Tween 80 0.5 Benzyl alcohol 9.0 Benzalkonium chloride 1.0 Water for injection t.d. 1.0 mL Capsule mg/capsule Compound of Formula 1 25.0 Lactose 735 Mg Stearate 1.5 Total 600 mg Tablet Mg/tablet Compound of Formula 1 25.0 Microcrystalline Cellulose 415 Povidone 14.0 Pregelatinized Starch 4.35 Magnesium Stearate 2.5 Total 500 mg Aerosol Per Canister Compound of Formula 1 250 mg Lecithin, NF Liq. Conc. 1.2 mg Trichloromethane, NF 4.025 g Dichlorodifluoromethane, NF 12.15 g
• the compounds of Formula I may be used in combination with other drugs that are used in the treatment/prevention/delaying the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus, as well as other diseases and conditions described herein, for which compounds of Formula I are useful.
• Other drugs may be administered, by a route and in an amount commonly used, contemporaneously or sequentially with a compound of Formula I.
• a combination pharmaceutical composition containing such other drugs in addition to the compound of Formula I is preferred.
• the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention include those that alternatively contain one or more other active ingredients, in addition to a compound of Formula I.
• Examples of other active ingredients that may be combined with a compound of Formula I, either administered separately or in the same pharmaceutical compositions include, but are not limited to: (a) biguanides (e g., buformin, metformin, phenformin), (b) PPAR agonists (e.g., troglitazone, pioglitazone, rosiglitazone), (c) insulin, (d) somatostatin, (e) alpha-glucosidase inhibitors (e.g., voglibose, miglitol, acarbose), (f) DPP-IV inhibitors, such as sitagliptin, vildagliptin, saxagliptin, and the like, such as those disclosed in U.S.
• biguanides e g., buformin, metformin, phenformin
• PPAR agonists e.g., troglitazone, pioglitazone,
• the weight ratio of the compound of the Formula I to the second active ingredient may be varied within wide limits and depends upon the effective dose of each active ingredient. Generally, an effective dose of each will be used. Thus, for example, when a compound of the Formula I is combined with a PPAR agonist the weight ratio of the compound of the Formula I to the PPAR agonist will generally range from about 1000:1 to about 1:1000, preferably about 200:1 to about 1:200. Combinations of a compound of the Formula I and other active ingredients will generally also be within the aforementioned range, but in each case, an effective dose of each active ingredient should be used.
• the compound of formula I may be combined with any other active ingredients and then added to the carrier ingredients; alternatively the order of mixing may be varied.
• DCM dichloromethane
• CDI carbonyl diimidazole
• DIAD diisopropylazodicarboxylate
• DCC Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide
• DMAP 4-Dimethylaminopyridine
• DIEA diisopropylethylamine
• DMF N,N-dimethylformamide
• DMAC dimethylacetamide.
• compound I may be prepared from the acid 1a by the sequence depicted in Scheme 1.
• the carboxylic acid intermediate 1a is coupled with commercially available beta alanine ester (either methyl, ethyl or t-butyl ester) using benzotriazol-1-yloxy-tris(dimethylamino)-phosphonium hexafluorophosphate (BOP) and a base, generally N,N-diisopropylethylamine (DEEA), in a solvent such as N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) or acetonitrile at ambient temperature to yield compound 2a.
• beta alanine ester either methyl, ethyl or t-butyl ester
• DEEA N,N-diisopropylethylamine
• DMF N,N-dimethylformamide
• acetonitrile acetonitrile
• beta alanine ester 2a (methyl, ethyl and t-butyl) to give compound I is achieved with a base such as aqueous lithium hydroxide (LiOH) or aqueous sodium hydroxide in a polar solvent such as tetrahydrofuran, methanol, ethanol or a mixture of similar solvents.
• a base such as aqueous lithium hydroxide (LiOH) or aqueous sodium hydroxide in a polar solvent such as tetrahydrofuran, methanol, ethanol or a mixture of similar solvents.
• compound 2a, containing a t-butyl beta alanine ester can be converted to compound I using acid such as acetic acid or trifluoroacetic acid (TFA).
• TFA trifluoroacetic acid
• the beta alanine moiety may also be incorporated at an earlier stage in the preparation of compound I (v.i.).
• phenyl hydrazines may be prepared by the palladium mediated coupling of a phenyl halide and benzophenone hydrazone as described in J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120(26), 6621.
• the compound I may be prepared from the indole intermediate 2c (R 4 ⁇ H) by the sequence depicted in Scheme 3. Alkylation of the indole NH of intermediate 2c is achieved by treatment with a base such as potassium t-butoxide and an alkylating agent (R 4 Br, R 4 I, R 4 OMs, etc) in an aprotic solvent such as dimethylacetamide. The beta alanine ester is then hydrolyzed as described previously to give I.
• a base such as potassium t-butoxide
• an alkylating agent R 4 Br, R 4 I, R 4 OMs, etc
• ketone 5 can be prepared by Grignard addition to a Weinreb amide as described in Tet. Lett. 1981, 22, 3815.
• the ketone 6(R 3 ⁇ H) can be alkylated using a base such as potassium t-butoxide and an alkylating agent (R 3 Br, R 3 I, etc) in THF solvent to give 6 (R 3 ⁇ H).
• Reduction of ketone 6 with NaBH 4 in methanol solvent gives the alcohol 7 (as a mixture of diastereomers >8:1).
• the acid intermediate 1a can be prepared using the chemistry summarized in Scheme 6. Alkylation of tbuyl (or PMB) ester 15 with benzyl bromide (or iodide) 16 using a base such as LHMDS or LDA gives 17, as a mixture of diastereomers.
• the compounds 15 and 16 are commercially available or are readily prepared using methods familiar to those skilled in the art.
• the tbutyl or PMB ester of 17 is cleaved by treatment with TFA to give 18.
• Reduction of acid 18 with BOP and NaBH 4 affords the alcohol 19 which is then oxidized to aldehyde 20 with Dess Martin periodinane.
• the acid 18 can be converted to aldehyde 20 by reduction with borane THF complex. Olefination of 20 with the ylide generated from KHMDS and (methoxymethyl)triphenylphosphonium chloride affords the methyl vinyl ether 20 (E,Z mix) which can be converted to 1a using the conditions
• the R 1 substituent is typically present in the starting materials 5, 11 and 15. It can also be incorporated in advanced intermediates using methods familiar to those skilled in the art (see Scheme 7).
• One such method involves the Suzuki coupling of 22 with a vinyl boronic acid using Pd(PPh 3 ) 4 catalyst and potassium carbonate base. Coupling of 22 chloride with a vinyl boronic acid is achieved by using 1,1′-bis(di-t-butylphosphino)ferrocene palladium dichloride catalyst. The styrene product can be reduced with hydrogen gas and palladium/C catalyst to give 23.
• Another method involves the chlorination of methylether 24 with N-chlorosuccinamide to give 25.
• Separation of diastereomers can be carried out at various stages in the preparation of I, however, it is typically carried out on the ester 2a using silica gel chromatography and EtOAc/hexane eluent or on compound I using reverse phase HPLC. In both cases the major, and more active diastereomer, is the slower (second) eluting. Separation of enantiomeric pairs (of the active diastereomer) is achieved by normal phase chromatography (i.e. EtOH/heptane or IP A/heptane eluent) or supercritical fluid chromatography (CO 2 /MeOH eluent) using a chiral column available from Daicel®.
• normal phase chromatography i.e. EtOH/heptane or IP A/heptane eluent
• supercritical fluid chromatography CO 2 /MeOH eluent
• MS mass range 150-750 amu; positive ion electrospray ionization
• MS mass range 150-750 amu; positive ion electrospray ionization
• MS mass range 150-750 amu; positive ion electrospray ionization
• PTLC thin layer chromatography
• Step B tert-Butyl 4-[1-(4-chlorobenzoyl)butyl]benzoate
• KOtBu (2.55 g, 22.7 mmol) was added to a cooled (ice bath) THF solution (40 ml) containing the intermediate from Step A (5.0 g, 15.15 mmol). After 10 minutes n-propyl iodide (3 ml, 30.3 mmol) was added dropwise. The ice bath was removed and the reaction was monitored by MS-HPLC analysis. The solution was then partitioned ( ⁇ 1 hour) between EtOAc and water. The organic phase was washed with water, brine and dried over Na 2 SO 4 . The filtered solution was concentrated and the residue purified by silica gel chromatography using a hexanes/EtOAc gradient to give the title compound.
• Step B 2-(4-Bromophenyl)-N-[(1R,2R)-2-hydroxy-1-methyl-2-phenylethyl]-N-methylpentanamide
• n-Butyl lithium (1.0M in THF, 59 ml, 94.5 mmol) was added dropwise to a ⁇ 78° C. THF solution (200 ml) containing 4-chloro bromobenzene (22.63 g, 118.2 mmol) under an argon atmosphere. After 10 minutes a THF solution (30 ml) of the intermediate from Step B (15.88 g, 39.4 mmol) was added dropwise. The solution was warmed to 0° C. and stirred for 30 minutes. Diisopropylamine (5.6 ml, 39.4 mmol) was then added dropwise.
• reaction solution was diluted with 200 ml of AcOH/ethyl ether ( 1/10 by volume). The mixture was partitioned between EtOAc and saturated aqueous NaHCO 3 (foaming). The organic phase was washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO 3 , water, brine and dried over Na 2 SO 4 . The filtered solution was concentrated and the residue purified by silica gel chromatography using hexanes/EtOAc gradient to give the title compound.
• Step F n-Butyl 4-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-propylpent-4-en-1-yl]benzoate
• Step G 4-[1S,2R)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-propylpent-4-en-1-yl]benzoic acid
• the title compound can be prepared from the intermediate from Step E.
• a pentane solution of t-BuLi (1.7M, 3.08 ml, 5.23 mmol) was added dropwise to a THF solution (20.1 ml) of the intermediate from Step E (760 mg, 2.01 mmol) cooled to ⁇ 78° C. After 5 minutes, CO 2 gas was bubbled for a half minute through the solution. The cooling bath was removed and the solution was warmed to room temperature. The solution was then diluted with aqueous 2N HCl and extracted with EtOAc (2 ⁇ ). The combined organic phases were dried over Na 2 SO 4 , filtered and concentrated to give the title compound.
• Step B Methyl N- ⁇ 4-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-oxo-1-propylbutyl]benzoyl ⁇ - ⁇ -alaninate
• Ozone was purged through a chilled ( ⁇ 78° C.) DCM solution (20 ml) containing the intermediate from Step A (1.59 g, 3.72 mmol). The ozone purge was maintained until an excess of ozone was observed (blue color, ⁇ 10 minutes). The solution was then purged with nitrogen to dissipate the excess ozone. To the solution was added dimethyl sulfide (1 ml) followed by triphenylphosphine (977 mg, 3.72 mmol). The solution was warmed to room temperature and stirred for approximately 2 hours. The solution was concentrated and the residue purified by silica gel chromatography using a hexanes/EtOAc gradient to give the title compound.
• Step D N-(4- ⁇ 1-[(4-Chlorophenyl)(5,7-dichloro-1H-indol-3-yl)methyl]butyl ⁇ benzoyl)- ⁇ -alanine
• EXAMPLE 1 The relative stereochemistry of the two diastereomers of EXAMPLE 1 is shown in the figure below. The stereochemistry assignment is based on the observed Nuclear Overhauser Effect (NOE, represented by an asterisk) and a low energy conformational model of the two diastereomers. EXAMPLE 1 was also prepared as described above using the enantiopure INTERMEDIATE 2. The obtained material (major diastereomer) correlates with the slower eluting enantiomer.
• NOE Nuclear Overhauser Effect
• Diastereomer B Based on the known configuration of the n-propyl substituted carbon, which is derived from the ( ⁇ )-pseudoephedrine in INTERMEDIATE 2, the structure drawn for Diastereomer B also indicates the absolute stereochemistry of the slower eluting enantiomer.
• Step B N-[4- ⁇ (1S)-1-[(R)-(4-Chlorophenyl)(7-fluoro-5-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)methyl]butyl ⁇ benzoyl)- ⁇ -alanine
• the compounds in TABLE 1 were prepared using the chemistry described in EXAMPLES 1 and 2.
• the data for the racemic compounds is for the more active diastereomer.
• the data for the enantiopure compounds is for the more active isomer.
• Step A tert-Butyl N-(4- ⁇ 1-[1-(3-chloro-4-methoxyphenyl)-3-oxopropyl]pentyl ⁇ benzoyl)- ⁇ -alaninate
• N-Chlorosuccinamide (40 mg, mmol) was added to an acetonitrile solution (2 ml) containing enantiopure tert-butyl N-(4- ⁇ 1-[1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-oxopropyl]pentyl ⁇ benzoyl)- ⁇ -alaninate (20 mg, 0.42 mol), which was prepared following the procedure described in EXAMPLE 1. The solution was then heated in a screw cap tube for 35 minutes at 85° C.
• Step B N-(4- ⁇ 1-[(3-Chloro-4-methoxyphenyl)(5,7-dichloro-1H-indol-3-yl)methyl]pentyl ⁇ benzoyl)- ⁇ -alanine
• Step B Methyl 4- ⁇ 2-(3-bromophenyl)-3-[(4-methoxybenzyl)oxy]-1-methyl-3-oxopropyl ⁇ benzoate
• Step F Methyl 4-[(3-E,Z)-2-(3-bromophenyl)-4-methoxy-1-methylbut-3-en-1-yl]benzoate
• Step B N- ⁇ 4-[2- ⁇ 3-[(1E)-Hex-1-en-1-yl]phenyl ⁇ -2-(1H-indol-3-yl)-1-methylethyl]benzoyl ⁇ - ⁇ -alanine
• Step B N-(4- ⁇ 1-[(4-Chlorophenyl)(5,7-dichloro-1-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)methyl]butyl ⁇ benzoyl)- ⁇ -alanine
• IC 50 values were calculated using non-linear regression analysis assuming single site competition. IC 50 values for the compounds of the invention are generally in the range of as low as about 1 nM to as high as about 500 nM, and thus have utility as glucagon antagonists.
• Exponentially growing CHO cells expressing human glucagon receptor were harvested with the aid of enzyme-free dissociation media (Specialty Media), pelleted at low speed, and re-suspended in the Cell Stimulation Buffer included in the Flash Plate cAMP kit (New England Nuclear, SMP0004A).
• the adenylate cyclase assay was setup as per manufacturer instructions. Briefly, compounds were diluted from stocks in DMSO and added to cells at a final DMSO concentration of 5%. Cells prepared as above were preincubated in flash plates coated with anti-cAMP antibodies (NEN) in presence of compounds or DMSO controls for 30 minutes, and then stimulated with glucagon (250 pM) for an additional 30 minutes.
• the cell stimulation was stopped by addition of equal amount of a detection buffer containing lysis buffer as well as 125 I-labeled cAMP tracer (NEN). After 3 hours of incubation at room temperature the bound radioactivity was determined in a liquid scintillation counter (TopCount-Packard Instruments). Basal activity (100% inhibition) was determined using the DMSO control while 0% inhibition was defined at the amount of pmol cAMP produced by 250 pM glucagon.

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