US20090301113A1 - Heat Source Apparatus , Heat Source System, And Method Of Controlling Heat Source Apparatus - Google Patents

Heat Source Apparatus , Heat Source System, And Method Of Controlling Heat Source Apparatus Download PDF

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Publication number
US20090301113A1
US20090301113A1 US12/225,061 US22506107A US2009301113A1 US 20090301113 A1 US20090301113 A1 US 20090301113A1 US 22506107 A US22506107 A US 22506107A US 2009301113 A1 US2009301113 A1 US 2009301113A1
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United States
Prior art keywords
coolant
temperature
heat source
source apparatus
load
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US12/225,061
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English (en)
Inventor
Kenji Ueda
Kazuma Taito
Minoru Matsuo
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Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd
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Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd
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Assigned to MITSUBISHI HEAVY INDUSTRIES, LTD. reassignment MITSUBISHI HEAVY INDUSTRIES, LTD. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: MATSUO, MINORU, TAITO, KAZUMA, UEDA, KENJI
Publication of US20090301113A1 publication Critical patent/US20090301113A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B49/00—Arrangement or mounting of control or safety devices
    • F25B49/02—Arrangement or mounting of control or safety devices for compression type machines, plants or systems
    • F25B49/022—Compressor control arrangements
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B1/00—Compression machines, plants or systems with non-reversible cycle
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01K—MEASURING TEMPERATURE; MEASURING QUANTITY OF HEAT; THERMALLY-SENSITIVE ELEMENTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G01K15/00—Testing or calibrating of thermometers
    • G01K15/005—Calibration
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B1/00—Compression machines, plants or systems with non-reversible cycle
    • F25B1/04—Compression machines, plants or systems with non-reversible cycle with compressor of rotary type
    • F25B1/053—Compression machines, plants or systems with non-reversible cycle with compressor of rotary type of turbine type
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B2500/00—Problems to be solved
    • F25B2500/26—Problems to be solved characterised by the startup of the refrigeration cycle
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B2500/00—Problems to be solved
    • F25B2500/27—Problems to be solved characterised by the stop of the refrigeration cycle
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B2600/00—Control issues
    • F25B2600/02—Compressor control
    • F25B2600/025—Compressor control by controlling speed
    • F25B2600/0251—Compressor control by controlling speed with on-off operation
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B2600/00—Control issues
    • F25B2600/02—Compressor control
    • F25B2600/026—Compressor control by controlling unloaders
    • F25B2600/0261—Compressor control by controlling unloaders external to the compressor
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B2700/00—Sensing or detecting of parameters; Sensors therefor
    • F25B2700/21—Temperatures
    • F25B2700/2117—Temperatures of an evaporator
    • F25B2700/21171—Temperatures of an evaporator of the fluid cooled by the evaporator
    • F25B2700/21172—Temperatures of an evaporator of the fluid cooled by the evaporator at the inlet
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B2700/00—Sensing or detecting of parameters; Sensors therefor
    • F25B2700/21—Temperatures
    • F25B2700/2117—Temperatures of an evaporator
    • F25B2700/21171—Temperatures of an evaporator of the fluid cooled by the evaporator
    • F25B2700/21173—Temperatures of an evaporator of the fluid cooled by the evaporator at the outlet

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to heat source apparatuses, exemplified by turbo chillers, to heat source systems, and to methods of controlling heat source apparatuses.
  • Turbo chillers for compressing a refrigeration medium with a turbo compressor are often used as chillers employed in coolant supplies in large-scale clean rooms in semiconductor fabrication facilities.
  • An inlet vane prerotation vane for capacity control
  • a control unit of the turbo compressor maintains a constant outlet temperature of coolant supplied to an external load by adjusting the angle of the inlet vane (see Patent Document 1). For example, if the coolant temperature required in the external load is assumed to be 7° C. (preset coolant outlet temperature), control is performed so as to maintain this 7° C.
  • the load of the turbo chiller is designed to be 100% when this coolant temperature difference is at the preset value.
  • the preset coolant outlet temperature is 7° C. and the coolant temperature difference is 5° C.
  • the coolant inlet temperature at 100% load is 12° C.
  • Patent Document 1 Japanese Examined Utility Model Application, Publication No. HEI-5-10186
  • the required load in the turbo chiller is reduced and may fall below 10%.
  • the turbo chiller when the load is low, the turbo chiller is operated intermittently, which is undesirable in terms of changing the coolant temperature, and there is thus a demand for a turbo chiller that can be continuously operated even with low load.
  • turbo chiller When installing a turbo chiller, regulation is carried out at the time of installation. Generally, because installation is carried out coming up to summer when a demand for cooling is expected, the installation period of turbo chillers is winter. In winter, the load is reduced because the outside air temperature is low and falls significantly, below 10% load. Thus, continuous operation is not possible, as described above, and therefore regulation is not possible. In practice, therefore, a boiler or the like for regulation is newly installed temporarily, to produce a load. Because the boiler installed at this time is used only for regulation, it is removed after completing regulation. This increases the cost of installing the turbo chiller. Therefore, there is a demand for a turbo chiller that can be operated continuously even with low load and that is capable of being regulated without installing a separate boiler.
  • the present invention has been conceived in light of these circumstances, and an object thereof is to provide a heat source apparatus (turbo chiller) that can operate continuously even with a low load, for example, less than 10% load.
  • the heat source apparatus of the present invention employs the following solutions.
  • a heat source apparatus of the present invention includes a compressor for compressing a refrigeration medium; a condenser for condensing the refrigeration medium compressed by the compressor; an expansion valve for expanding the refrigeration medium condensed by the condenser; an evaporator for evaporating the refrigeration medium expanded by the expansion valve; a coolant supply pipe for supplying coolant heat exchanged with the evaporator to an external load; a coolant outlet temperature measuring part for measuring a coolant outlet temperature of the coolant flowing through the coolant supply pipe; a coolant return pipe for performing heat exchange with the external load and for returning the coolant to the evaporator; a coolant inlet temperature measuring part for measuring a coolant inlet temperature of the coolant flowing through the coolant return pipe; and a control unit for performing control so that the coolant outlet temperature is a preset coolant outlet temperature, wherein the control unit has a low-load mode in which the heat source apparatus is controlled to repeatedly switch between stopping and starting when the coolant inlet temperature measured by the coolant in
  • the temperature difference between the preset coolant outlet temperature and the coolant inlet temperature decreases.
  • a temperature difference of 5° C. at 100% load for example, a coolant inlet temperature of 12° C. for a preset coolant outlet temperature of 7° C.
  • the temperature difference is 0.5° C.
  • the control unit temporarily stops the heat source apparatus and repeats the operation for temporarily starting it up again, thus performing control for realizing the preset coolant outlet temperature.
  • a low-load mode in which the heat source apparatus is repeatedly stopped and started is provided so as to handle low loads.
  • a stop limit mode is provided for stopping the heat source apparatus only when the coolant outlet temperature or the coolant inlet temperature is equal to or lower than the second temperature, which is below the first temperature.
  • the heat source apparatus is not stopped even when the coolant inlet temperature falls below the first temperature; the heat source apparatus is stopped for the first time when the coolant inlet temperature or the coolant outlet temperature is equal to or lower than the second temperature. That is to say, the heat source apparatus tends not to stop even with low load, thus realizing a mode in which continuous operation is possible. Accordingly, even during regulation when installing the heat source apparatus in winter, it is not necessary to provide a separate boiler or the like for applying a load larger than the load at which the apparatus is stopped in the low-load mode.
  • the second temperature may be lower than the preset coolant outlet temperature.
  • the coolant outlet temperature is controlled by the control unit so as to become the preset coolant outlet temperature, the coolant outlet temperature and the coolant inlet temperature are never smaller than the preset coolant outlet temperature in practice.
  • the measurement values thereof may be lower than the preset coolant outlet temperature; therefore, it is preferable to set the second temperature in consideration of these measurement errors.
  • the error of the temperature measuring part is 0.2° C.
  • the preset coolant outlet temperature is 7° C.
  • the second temperature may be equal to or higher than a minimum temperature which the external load permits.
  • the external load requires coolant at the preset coolant outlet temperature; however, down to a temperature lower than this preset coolant outlet temperature (minimum temperature) is permissible. Therefore, the second temperature is set in consideration of this minimum temperature. Accordingly, the apparatus can be operated continuously, as far as possible, without stopping it even when the load is low.
  • control unit may be capable of selectively switching between the low-load mode and the stop limit mode.
  • the low-load mode so as to enable low-load operation by turning the heat source apparatus on and off during normal operation, and to set the stop limit mode so as to enable regulation when the heat source apparatus is installed.
  • the switching may be performed by providing a physical switch on a control panel of the heat source apparatus, and the operator operates this switch.
  • a signal may be received from a central control room to perform switching remotely.
  • a microcontroller provided on a control board of the heat source apparatus toggles an internal flag for each mode.
  • control unit can selectively switch between each of the modes during operation of the heat source apparatus, and when switching from the stop limit mode to the low-load mode, the low-load mode may be executed after a prescribed period of time has elapsed.
  • the stop limit mode When the stop limit mode is selected to avoid stopping the heat source apparatus during periods when the load is low, such as in winter, upon switching to the low-load mode, the coolant inlet temperature falls below the first temperature; therefore, there is a risk of the heat source apparatus suddenly stopping.
  • the low-load mode is executed after a prescribed period of time has elapsed, even though switching from the stop limit mode to the low-load mode is performed.
  • the heat source apparatus of the present invention may further include a coolant supplying part for supplying coolant for absorbing heat of condensation from the refrigeration medium flowing through the condenser, wherein, when the temperature of the coolant flowing into the condenser is at a prescribed value or lower, the control unit can select the stop limit mode.
  • the coolant outlet temperature measuring part and/or the coolant inlet temperature measuring part may include a plurality of temperature sensors provided at different positions in a circumferential direction at an identical radial position in an identical cross section of the coolant supply pipe and/or the coolant return pipe, and the control unit may use an average value of the output values from each temperature sensor.
  • the temperature of the coolant flowing through the coolant pipe may have a circumferential temperature distribution when viewed in a cross section. This is particularly prominent because the liquid surface of the refrigeration medium inside the evaporator rises and falls when the coolant supply pipe is horizontally connected to the evaporator.
  • the heat source apparatus of the present invention because a plurality of temperature sensors are provided at different circumferential positions at the same radial position in the same cross section of the pipe, and the average value of the output values from these temperature sensors is used, it is possible to perform evaluation using a coolant temperature close to the actual temperature.
  • a heat source system of the present invention includes a plurality of any of the heat source apparatuses described above.
  • controlled-number-of-units operation is performed for increasing and decreasing the number of heat source apparatuses according to the external load demand. Specifically, when the load is low, a first heat source apparatus is started up, and second and third units are started up as the load increases, thus performing simultaneous operation of multiple units. When the load decreases, a heat source apparatus is stopped according to the load to reduce the number of units in operation one-by-one.
  • the stop limit mode is selected for the first heat source apparatus that is started up first at times of low load and stopped last
  • the low-load mode is selected for the second and subsequent heat source apparatuses that are started up and then stopped before the first one.
  • a control method for a heat source apparatus of the present invention which includes a compressor for compressing a refrigeration medium, a condenser for condensing the refrigeration medium compressed by the compressor, an expansion valve for expanding the refrigeration medium condensed by the condenser, an evaporator for evaporating the refrigeration medium expanded by the expansion valve, a coolant supply pipe for supplying coolant heat exchanged with the evaporator to an external load, a coolant outlet temperature measuring part for measuring a coolant outlet temperature of the coolant flowing through the coolant supply pipe, a coolant return pipe for performing heat exchange with the external load and for returning the coolant to the evaporator, and a coolant inlet temperature measuring part for measuring a coolant inlet temperature of the coolant flowing through the coolant return pipe; which performs control so that the coolant outlet temperature is a preset coolant outlet temperature; and which executes a low-load mode in which stopping and starting of the heat source apparatus is repeatedly controlled when the coolant inlet temperature measured by the coolant
  • the temperature difference between the preset coolant outlet temperature and the coolant inlet temperature decreases.
  • a temperature difference of 5° C. at 100% load for example, a coolant inlet temperature of 12° C. for a preset coolant outlet temperature of 7° C.
  • the temperature difference is 0.5° C.
  • the load decreases and the temperature difference between the preset coolant outlet temperature and the coolant inlet temperature decreases, and when the coolant inlet temperature falls below the first temperature, the heat source apparatus is temporarily stopped and the operation for temporarily starting it up again is repeated, thus performing control for realizing the preset coolant outlet temperature.
  • a low-load mode in which the heat source apparatus is repeatedly stopped and started is provided so as to handle low loads.
  • a stop limit mode is provided for stopping the heat source apparatus only when the coolant outlet temperature or the coolant inlet temperature is equal to or lower than the second temperature, which is lower than the first temperature.
  • the heat source apparatus is not stopped even when the coolant inlet temperature falls below the first temperature; the heat source apparatus is stopped for the first time when the coolant inlet temperature or the coolant outlet temperature is equal to or lower than the second temperature. That is to say, the heat source apparatus tends not to stop even with low load, thus realizing a mode in which continuous operation is possible. Accordingly, even during regulated operation when installing the heat source apparatus in winter, it is not necessary to provide a separate boiler or the like for applying a load larger than the load at which the apparatus is stopped in the low-load mode.
  • the stop limit mode is provided for stopping the heat source apparatus only when the coolant outlet temperature or the coolant inlet temperature is equal to or lower than the second temperature which is lower than the first temperature, the heat source apparatus is not stopped even when the coolant inlet temperature falls below the first temperature; the heat source apparatus is stopped for the first time when the coolant inlet temperature or the coolant outlet temperature is becomes the second temperature or lower, thus making it possible to continuously operate the heat source apparatus as far as possible without stopping it, even with low load.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing a turbo chiller according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a cross sectional view showing a cross section of an evaporator in FIG. 1 .
  • FIG. 3 is a cross sectional view showing a cross section of a coolant supply pipe in FIG. 1 .
  • FIG. 4 is a graph showing indicated values from coolant outlet temperature sensors in FIG. 1 with respect to time.
  • FIG. 5 is a graph showing steady-state indicated values from the coolant outlet temperature sensors in FIG. 1 with respect to time.
  • FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram showing a refrigeration-medium circuit configuration of the turbo chiller in FIG. 1 .
  • FIG. 7 is a flowchart showing a low-load mode and a stop limit mode.
  • turbo chiller heat source apparatus
  • control unit 50 control unit
  • FIG. 1 shows, in outline, the configuration of a turbo chiller (heat source apparatus) 1 of the present invention.
  • the turbo chiller 1 includes a turbo compressor 3 for compressing a refrigeration medium, a condenser 5 for condensing the refrigeration medium compressed by the compressor 3 , an expansion valve 7 for expanding liquid refrigeration medium condensed by the condenser 5 , and an evaporator 9 for evaporating the refrigeration medium expanded by the expansion valve 7 .
  • the compressor 3 is a turbo centrifugal compressor provided with a centrifugal impeller 10 and is rotationally driven by an electric motor.
  • an inlet vane 12 is provided for adjusting the intake level of the intake refrigeration medium.
  • the degree of opening of this inlet vane 12 is controlled by a control unit 50 of the turbo chiller 1 .
  • the condenser 5 is a shell-and-pipe type heat exchanger.
  • a coolant return pipe 5 a and a coolant supply pipe 5 b are connected to the condenser 5 .
  • the coolant flowing into the condenser 5 from the coolant return pipe 5 a passes through a heat exchange pipe 14 , is reversed at a head 15 , and then passes through a heat exchange pipe 14 and flows out to the coolant supply pipe 5 b .
  • heat exchange pipes 14 are assumed to be two simple tubes in FIG. 1 ; in practice, however, they are numerous narrow tubes provided inside the entire shell body (for reference, see FIG. 2 showing the evaporator 9 ).
  • the coolant tubes 5 a and 5 b are connected to an externally provided cooling tower 6 .
  • the expansion valve 7 which is provided between the condenser 5 and the evaporator 9 , isenthalpically expands the liquid refrigeration medium supplied from the condenser 5 by throttling.
  • the degree of opening of the expansion valve 7 is controlled by a control unit 50 of the turbo chiller 1 .
  • the evaporator 9 is a shell-and-pipe heat exchanger.
  • a coolant return pipe 34 and a coolant supply pipe 35 are horizontally connected to the evaporator 9 .
  • the coolant flowing into the evaporator 9 from the coolant return pipe 34 passes through a heat-exchange pipe 37 , is reversed at a head 39 , and then passes through a heat exchange pipe 37 and flows out to the coolant supply pipe 35 .
  • the heat exchange pipes 37 are assumed to be two simple tubes in FIG. 1 for the sake of simplifying the explanation, in practice they are assumed to be numerous narrow tubes provided in the shell, as shown in FIG. 2 .
  • heat exchange is performed between the coolant and the refrigeration medium inside the shell, and the refrigeration medium chills the coolant by absorbing the heat of evaporation from the coolant.
  • the chilled coolant is sent to an external load 100 via the coolant supply pipe 35 to cool or heat the external load 100 .
  • a plurality of coolant inlet temperature sensors 40 for measuring the coolant inlet temperature TE 0 directly before flowing into the evaporator 9 are provided at the downstream side in the coolant return pipe 34 , and a plurality of coolant outlet temperature sensors 42 for measuring the coolant outlet temperature TE′ directly after flowing out from the evaporator 9 are provided at the upstream side in the coolant supply pipe 35 . It is preferable to use JIS A class resistive temperature sensors as the temperature sensors. Generally, the coolant inlet temperature TE 0 is set to 12° C., and the coolant outlet temperature TE′ is set to 7° C.
  • FIG. 3 shows a cross section of the coolant supply pipe 35 .
  • four temperature sensors 42 a , 42 b , 42 c , and 42 d are provided in the same lateral cross section of the coolant supply pipe 35 .
  • Temperature-sensing portions at the tip of each temperature sensor 42 are disposed at the same radial position and are provided at different positions in the circumferential direction, at 90° intervals.
  • the first temperature sensor 42 a is provided at the 6 o'clock position at the lowermost end
  • the second temperature sensor 42 b is provided at the 9 o'clock position, which is the intermediate position in the height direction
  • the third temperature sensor 42 c is provided at the 12 o'clock position at the uppermost end
  • the fourth temperature sensor 42 d is provided at the 3 o'clock position, which is the intermediate position in the height direction.
  • the coolant outlet temperature TE′ is calculated by using these four temperature sensors 42 . More specifically, the arithmetic mean of the four temperature outputs is used. That is, as shown in FIG.
  • the coolant outlet temperature TE′ is represented by the following:
  • TE′ (TE 1 ′+TE 2 ′+TE 3 ′+TE 4 +)/4
  • the arithmetic mean of the plurality of temperature sensors 42 By using the arithmetic mean of the plurality of temperature sensors 42 in this way, it is possible to improve the precision of the coolant outlet temperature TE′. This is because, as described above, multiple heat exchange tubes 37 are provided in the evaporator 9 (see FIG. 2 ), the liquid level L of the liquid refrigeration medium does not fill the entire evaporator 9 , as shown in FIG. 1 , and the liquid level L of the refrigeration medium thus moves up and down; therefore, the temperature of the coolant after flowing through the heat exchange tubes 37 differs according to the positions of the heat exchange tubes 37 . Because the coolant flows to the coolant supply pipe 35 after the flows are combined, it flows into the coolant supply pipe 35 in an insufficiently mixed state. Therefore, the coolant directly after flowing into the coolant supply pipe 35 has a temperature distribution in the same cross section (see FIG. 4 ). Therefore, it is effective to employ the arithmetic mean using the plurality of temperature sensors, as in this embodiment.
  • an offset value for correcting drift depending on the mounting state of the temperature sensor can be set in a microcontroller board of the control unit 50 . Therefore, this offset value is changed on the basis of the above-mentioned difference.
  • Such calibration of the offset value for each temperature sensor is carried out periodically, and is weighted by the frequency is performed. For example, in the last ten measurements, even if a characteristic temperature is output only for the most recent one, the last 10 temperatures are taken into account rather than using the temperature for only this one time as is. For example, frequency weighting is performed so as to use the average of the last 10 values. Also, so as not to produce an anomalous offset value (calibration range), a maximum offset value (for example, 1° C.) is set, and no offset exceeding this maximum value is applied. Accordingly, it is possible to reduce large fluctuations in the temperature sensor outputs, thus improving the measurement precision. When the maximum offset value set in this way is substantially exceeded, the temperature sensor is considered to be abnormal, and it is preferable to omit it in subsequent sensing.
  • a time constant for a first-order lag may be determined in advance, and the error due to the response lag may be corrected by taking account of this time constant.
  • Using a resistive temperature sensor as in this embodiment, is effective because the heat capacity of the sensing part cannot be neglected at the time of a transient response. More specifically, for each temperature sensor, the temperature sensor at room temperature is dipped into cold water or warm water and the temperature history due to the step response is measured to experimentally determine the time constant.
  • the temperature sensors 40 are also provided in the coolant return pipe 34 (see FIG. 1 ). This is effective when a temperature distribution also occurs in the same cross-section in the coolant returning from the external load 100 . As shown in FIG. 3 , the temperature sensors 40 may be provided in the same cross section and shifted by angles of 90° in the circumferential direction.
  • FIG. 6 shows the configuration of a refrigeration circuit in the turbo chiller 1 shown in FIG. 1 .
  • This figure shows a hot-gas bypass pipe 45 , which is omitted in FIG. 1 .
  • the hot-gas bypass pipe 45 is provided between a discharge side of the compressor 3 and an intake side of the compressor 3 .
  • a hot-gas bypass valve 45 a for regulating the flow rate of the refrigeration medium is provided in the hot-gas bypass pipe 45 .
  • the high-temperature, high-pressure discharged refrigeration medium whose flow rate is regulated by this hot-gas bypass valve 45 a is bypassed to the intake side of the compressor 3 .
  • the degree of opening of the hot-gas bypass valve 45 a is adjusted by the control unit 50 of the turbo chiller 1 .
  • the compressor 3 is driven by the electric motor to be rotated at a prescribed frequency.
  • the degree of opening of the inlet vane 12 is adjusted by the control unit 50 so as to achieve a prescribed temperature (for example, a coolant outlet temperature of 7° C.).
  • the low-pressure gas refrigeration medium taken in from the evaporator 9 is compressed by the compressor 3 to form high-pressure gas refrigeration medium.
  • the high-pressure gas refrigeration medium discharged from the compressor 3 is guided to the condenser 5 .
  • the high-pressure gas refrigeration medium is cooled substantially isobarically by the coolant guided from the cooling tower 6 (see FIG. 1 ) via the coolant tubes 5 a and 5 b , to form high-pressure liquid refrigeration medium.
  • the high-pressure liquid refrigeration medium is guided towards the expansion valve 7 and is made to undergo isenthalpic expansion by this expansion valve 7 .
  • the refrigeration medium thus expanded is evaporated at the evaporator 9 and absorbs heat from the coolant flowing in the heat exchange pipe 37 .
  • the coolant flowing in from the coolant return pipe 34 at 12° C. is cooled down to 7° C. and returns to the external load side via the coolant supply pipe 35 .
  • the coolant outlet temperature and the coolant inlet temperature are calculated by the respective temperature sensors 40 and 42 , and the control unit 50 controls the degrees of opening of the inlet vane 12 , the expansion valve 7 , the hot-gas bypass valve 45 a , etc. on the basis of these calculated values.
  • the arithmetic means of the calculated values of the temperature sensors 40 and 42 are taken, as described above, and the average values are used in the control unit 50 .
  • the low-pressure gas refrigeration medium evaporated at the evaporator 9 is guided to the compressor 3 and is recompressed.
  • a physical switch for switching between a low-load mode and a stop limit mode, to be described later, is provided in the control unit 50 of the turbo chiller 1 .
  • This switch is switched by the operator. Based on the setting of this switch, if it is desired not to stop the apparatus even though the load is low, the stop limit mode is selected, and if it is desired to stop the apparatus when the load is low, the low-load mode is selected.
  • a physical switch it is also possible to receive a signal from a central control room which performs overall control of the system, including the turbo chiller 1 , and to perform switching remotely.
  • Step S 0 When the load of the turbo chiller 1 becomes small (step S 0 ) and the low-load mode is selected in the control unit 50 (“NO” at step S 1 ), the process proceeds to step S 10 . Then, in Step S 12 , it is determined whether or not a prescribed time has elapsed. By doing so, the turbo chiller 1 is prevented from stopping immediately after changing to the low-load mode. For example, when switching from the stop limit mode to the low-load mode in the transition from winter to summer, the operator may sometimes determine that the coolant inlet temperature is sufficiently high by looking at the temperature gauge provided for reference on the equipment, and may change over a switch on the control unit 50 .
  • Step S 14 even if the temperature gauge on the equipment exceeds the first temperature (see Step S 14 described later), it may be assumed that the temperature of the temperature sensors 40 ascertained by the control unit 50 is lower than the first temperature.
  • the reason is that, because the coolant inlet temperature in this embodiment is measured with high precision using a plurality of temperature sensors, as shown in FIG. 1 , a large discrepancy from the relatively low-precision temperature gauge on the equipment must be sufficiently taken into account. In such a case, the turbo chiller 1 would be stopped immediately after changing over the switch on the control unit 50 . To avoid this issue, it is arranged to wait for a prescribed time in Step S 12 .
  • Step S 14 it is determined whether or not the coolant inlet temperature measured by the temperature sensors 40 falls below the first temperature.
  • the first temperature is set higher than a preset coolant outlet temperature Toutset which corresponds to the coolant temperature required in the external load, and is set in a range exceeding the error of the temperature sensors. For example, when the preset coolant outlet temperature Toutset is 7° C., if the error of the temperature sensors is 0.4° C., the first temperature is set to 7.5° C.
  • the first temperature can be arbitrarily changed.
  • Step S 16 When the coolant inlet temperature falls below the first temperature, the process proceeds to Step S 16 , where the turbo chiller 1 is stopped.
  • the coolant inlet temperature falling below the first temperature means that control is imposed within the range of error of the temperature sensor; therefore, control is performed to temporarily stop the turbo chiller 1 .
  • Step S 18 when the coolant inlet temperature exceeds a prescribed value set to the first temperature or higher (step S 18 ), the process proceeds to Step S 20 , where the turbo chiller 1 is started up again. Then, the operation continues again until the coolant inlet temperature falls below the first temperature (Step S 14 ). In the low-load mode, low-load operation is performed by repeating stopping and starting in this way.
  • step S 1 When the load of the turbo chiller 1 becomes low (step S 0 ) and the stop limit mode is selected in the control unit 50 (step S 1 ), it is determined whether or not the coolant temperature obtained by the temperature sensors (not shown) provided in the coolant return pipe 5 a falls below 15° C. If the coolant temperature is 15° C. or above, the process does not proceed to the next step S 5 . This is because, when the coolant temperature is 15° C. or above, it is conceivable that a fixed load or above is required in the turbo chiller 1 , and in such a case, the stop limit mode should not be performed. By doing so, the issue of the turbo chiller 1 stopping even though the load is not low can be avoided. Regarding the threshold coolant temperature of 15° C., another temperature may be used, and it can be arbitrarily changed.
  • Step S 3 When it is determined in Step S 3 that the coolant temperature falls below 15° C., the process proceeds to step S 5 , where it is determined whether or not the coolant outlet temperature obtained by the coolant outlet temperature sensors 42 or the coolant inlet temperature obtained by the coolant inlet temperature sensors 40 falls below the second temperature.
  • This second temperature is set lower than the first temperature.
  • the second temperature is lower than the preset coolant outlet temperature Toutset.
  • the reason is that, because the coolant outlet temperature is controlled by the control unit 50 so as to become the preset coolant outlet temperature Toutset, in practice, the coolant outlet temperature and the coolant inlet temperature do not become lower than the preset coolant outlet temperature Toutset.
  • these measurement values may fall below the preset coolant outlet temperature Toutset due to measurement error in the temperature sensors, it is preferable to decide the second temperature in consideration of this measurement error. For example, if the error in the temperature sensors is 0.2° C., when both the coolant inlet and the coolant outlet are taken into account, an error of 0.4° C. should be considered; therefore, if the preset coolant outlet temperature Toutset is 7° C., it is preferable to make the second temperature 6.5° C. or lower.
  • the second temperature is set at or above the minimum temperature allowed for the external load.
  • the external load requires the preset coolant temperature Toutset, but it is designed to allow down to a minimum temperature lower than this preset coolant temperature Toutset. If a temperature at or above this minimum temperature, preferably close to the minimum temperature, is set as the second temperature, control for continuously operating the turbo chiller 1 without stopping can be realized. For example, if the minimum temperature is 5° C., the second temperature is also set to 5° C.
  • Step S 5 When it is determined in Step S 5 that the coolant outlet temperature or the coolant inlet temperature falls below the second temperature, the turbo chiller 1 is stopped.
  • the coolant outlet temperature or the coolant inlet temperature falls below the second temperature, this means that the load is infinitesimally close to 0%; therefore, the turbo chiller 1 is stopped.
  • the turbo chiller described above provides the following operating advantages.
  • the stop limit mode is provided for stopping the turbo chiller 1 only when either the coolant outlet temperature or the coolant inlet temperature becomes equal to or lower than the second temperature, which is lower than the first temperature
  • control is realized for stopping the turbo chiller 1 for the first time when either the coolant inlet temperature or the coolant outlet temperature becomes the second temperature or lower, without stopping the turbo chiller 1 even when the coolant inlet temperature falls below the first temperature.
  • a mode is realized in which the turbo chiller 1 does not easily stop. By doing so, even during regulation when the turbo chiller 1 is installed in winter, it is not necessary to install a separate boiler or the like for applying a load larger than the load at which the turbo chiller 1 is stopped in the low-load mode. Therefore, even in winter, it is possible to continue operating with a low load, enabling regulation involving no cost.
  • controlled-number-of-units operation is performed for increasing and decreasing the number of turbo chillers 1 according to the external load demand. Specifically, when the load is low, a first turbo chiller 1 is started up, and second and third units are started up as the load increases, thus performing simultaneous operation of multiple units. When the load decreases, a turbo chiller 1 is stopped according to the load to reduce the number of units in operation one-by-one.
  • turbo chiller 1 that exclusively performs a cooling operation has been described.
  • present invention can also be employed in a heat-pump type turbo chiller provided with a heat pump function.
  • turbo chiller has been described as an example of a heat source apparatus, other types of heat source apparatuses may be used, for example, a screw chiller.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Air Conditioning Control Device (AREA)
US12/225,061 2006-10-20 2007-10-19 Heat Source Apparatus , Heat Source System, And Method Of Controlling Heat Source Apparatus Abandoned US20090301113A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

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JP2006-286693 2006-10-20
JP2006286693A JP5106819B2 (ja) 2006-10-20 2006-10-20 熱源機および熱源システムならびに熱源機の制御方法
PCT/JP2007/070430 WO2008047901A1 (fr) 2006-10-20 2007-10-19 Dispositif de source de chaleur, système de source de chaleur et procédé de contrôle du dispositif de source de chaleur

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US20100180629A1 (en) * 2008-02-27 2010-07-22 Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. Turbo chiller, heat source system, and method for controlling the same
US20140345307A1 (en) * 2013-05-23 2014-11-27 Air To Water Technologies, Inc. Energy efficient dehumidifying refrigeration system
US20150338160A1 (en) * 2014-05-20 2015-11-26 Lg Electronics Inc. Turbo chiller and chiller system including the same

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JP5881282B2 (ja) * 2010-09-30 2016-03-09 三菱重工業株式会社 ターボ冷凍装置、その制御装置及びその制御方法
JP2012159255A (ja) * 2011-02-02 2012-08-23 Toshiba Carrier Corp ヒートポンプ式熱源機および加温システム
CN102094817A (zh) * 2011-02-15 2011-06-15 四川长虹空调有限公司 用于冷水机组的无级调节压缩机及其载荷控制方法
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KR101586906B1 (ko) * 2014-04-30 2016-01-20 하이에어코리아 주식회사 터보냉동기의 압축기 운전제어방법
JP6716306B2 (ja) * 2016-03-23 2020-07-01 三菱重工サーマルシステムズ株式会社 熱源システムの設定温度制御装置、及びそれを備えた熱源システム、並びに熱源システムの設定温度制御方法
CN106403175B (zh) * 2016-09-12 2019-03-26 珠海格力电器股份有限公司 冷水机组的控制方法及冷水机组
US20180372385A1 (en) * 2017-06-26 2018-12-27 Trane International Inc. Compressor cycling control for variable flow systems
JP6533256B2 (ja) * 2017-07-06 2019-06-19 本田技研工業株式会社 内燃機関の制御装置
CN110513930B (zh) * 2019-09-05 2021-07-13 四川长虹空调有限公司 空气源热泵机组变频压缩机加减载控制方法
JP2021038897A (ja) * 2019-09-05 2021-03-11 パナソニックＩｐマネジメント株式会社 冷凍サイクル装置

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US20100180629A1 (en) * 2008-02-27 2010-07-22 Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. Turbo chiller, heat source system, and method for controlling the same
US8701424B2 (en) * 2008-02-27 2014-04-22 Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. Turbo chiller, heat source system, and method for controlling the same
US20140345307A1 (en) * 2013-05-23 2014-11-27 Air To Water Technologies, Inc. Energy efficient dehumidifying refrigeration system
US20150338160A1 (en) * 2014-05-20 2015-11-26 Lg Electronics Inc. Turbo chiller and chiller system including the same
US9702622B2 (en) * 2014-05-20 2017-07-11 Lg Electronics Inc. Turbo chiller and chiller system including the same

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JP5106819B2 (ja) 2012-12-26
CN101454622A (zh) 2009-06-10
EP2075515A1 (en) 2009-07-01
KR101056974B1 (ko) 2011-08-16
JP2008101884A (ja) 2008-05-01
EP2075515B1 (en) 2018-02-28
CN101454622B (zh) 2010-12-08
WO2008047901A1 (fr) 2008-04-24
KR20090037855A (ko) 2009-04-16
EP2075515A4 (en) 2013-03-27

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