Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C51/00—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides
  • C07C51/09—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides from carboxylic acid esters or lactones
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P11/00—Drugs for disorders of the respiratory system
  • A61P11/06—Antiasthmatics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
  • A61P37/02—Immunomodulators
  • A61P37/06—Immunosuppressants, e.g. drugs for graft rejection
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
  • A61P37/08—Antiallergic agents
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C255/00—Carboxylic acid nitriles
  • C07C255/49—Carboxylic acid nitriles having cyano groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings of a carbon skeleton
  • C07C255/54—Carboxylic acid nitriles having cyano groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings of a carbon skeleton containing cyano groups and etherified hydroxy groups bound to the carbon skeleton
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C59/00—Compounds having carboxyl groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms and containing any of the groups OH, O—metal, —CHO, keto, ether, groups, groups, or groups
  • C07C59/40—Unsaturated compounds
  • C07C59/58—Unsaturated compounds containing ether groups, groups, groups, or groups
  • C07C59/72—Unsaturated compounds containing ether groups, groups, groups, or groups containing six-membered aromatic rings and other rings
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C67/00—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters
  • C07C67/10—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters by reacting carboxylic acids or symmetrical anhydrides with ester groups or with a carbon-halogen bond
  • C07C67/11—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters by reacting carboxylic acids or symmetrical anhydrides with ester groups or with a carbon-halogen bond being mineral ester groups
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C69/00—Esters of carboxylic acids; Esters of carbonic or haloformic acids
  • C07C69/66—Esters of carboxylic acids having esterified carboxylic groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms and having any of the groups OH, O—metal, —CHO, keto, ether, acyloxy, groups, groups, or in the acid moiety
  • C07C69/67—Esters of carboxylic acids having esterified carboxylic groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms and having any of the groups OH, O—metal, —CHO, keto, ether, acyloxy, groups, groups, or in the acid moiety of saturated acids
  • C07C69/708—Ethers
  • C07C69/712—Ethers the hydroxy group of the ester being etherified with a hydroxy compound having the hydroxy group bound to a carbon atom of a six-membered aromatic ring
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C2601/00—Systems containing only non-condensed rings
  • C07C2601/12—Systems containing only non-condensed rings with a six-membered ring
  • C07C2601/14—The ring being saturated

Definitions

• the present invention relates to organic compounds, their preparation and their use as pharmaceuticals.
• the present invention provides compounds of formula (I)
• Optionally substituted means the group referred to can be substituted at one or more positions by any one or any combination of the radicals listed thereafter.
• Halogen or “halo” may be fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine; preferably it is bromine or chlorine or fluorine.
• C 1 -C 8 -Alkyl denotes straight-chain or branched C 1 -C 8 -alkyl, which may be, e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, straight- or branched-pentyl, straight- or branched-hexyl, straight- or branched-heptyl or straight- or branched-octyl.
• C 1 -C 8 -alkyl is C 1 -C 4 -alkyl.
• C 3 -C 15 -Carbocyclic group denotes a carbocyclic group having 3- to 15-ring carbon atoms, e.g., a monocyclic group, either cycloaliphatic, such as a C 3 -C 8 -cycloalkyl, e.g., cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl or cyclooctyl; or aromatic, such as phenyl; or a bicyclic group, such as bicyclooctyl, bicyclononyl including indanyl and indenyl, and bicyclodecyl including naphthyl.
• cycloaliphatic such as a C 3 -C 8 -cycloalkyl
• aromatic such as phenyl
• bicyclic group such as bicyclooctyl, bicyclononyl including indanyl and indenyl
• the C 3 -C 15 -carbocyclic group is a C 3 -C 10 -carbocyclic group, e.g., phenyl or naphthyl.
• the C 3 -C 15 -carbocyclic group can be substituted with 1-3 substituents or unsubstituted.
• Preferred substituents include halo, cyano, amino, nitro, carboxy, C 1 -C 8 -alkyl, halo-C 1 -C 8 -alkyl, C 1 -C 8 -alkoxy, C 1 -C 8 -alkylcarbonyl, C 1 -C 8 -alkylsulfonyl, —SO 2 NH 2 , (C 1 -C 8 -alkylamino)sulfonyl, di(C 1 -C 8 -alkyl)aminosulfonyl, a C 3 -C 15 -carbocyclic group and a 5- to 12-membered heterocyclic group having at least one ring heteroatom selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulphur.
• C 3 -C 8 -Cycloaliphatic denotes cycloalkyl having 3- to 8-ring carbon atoms, e.g., a monocyclic group, such as a cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl or cyclooctyl, any of which can be substituted by one or more, usually one or two, C 1 -C 4 -alkyl groups; or a bicyclic group, such as bicycloheptyl or bicyclooctyl.
• “C 3 -C 8 -cycloalkyl” is C 5 -C 8 -cycloalkyl, i.e., cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl or cycloheptyl.
• C 1 -C 8 -Alkoxy denotes straight-chain or branched C 1 -C 8 -alkoxy which may be, e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, isobutoxy, sec-butoxy, tert-butoxy, straight- or branched-pentoxy, straight- or branched-hexyloxy, straight- or branched-heptyloxy or straight- or branched-octyloxy.
• C 1 -C 8 -alkoxy is C 1 -C 4 -alkoxy.
• C 1 -C 8 -Haloalkyl and “C 1 -C 8 -haloalkoxy” denotes C 1 -C 8 -alkyl and C 1 -C 8 -alkoxy as hereinbefore defined substituted by one or more halogen atoms, preferably one, two or three halogen atoms, preferably fluorine, bromine or chlorine atoms.
• C 1 -C 8 -haloalkyl is C 1 -C 4 -alkyl substituted by one, two or three fluorine, bromine or chlorine atoms.
• amino-C 1 -C 8 -alkyl and “amino-C 1 -C 8 -alkoxy” denotes amino attached by a nitrogen atom to C 1 -C 8 -alkyl, e.g., NH 2 —(C 1 -C 8 )—, or to C 1 -C 8 -alkoxy, e.g., NH 2 —(C 1 -C 8 )—O—, respectively, as hereinbefore defined.
• amino-C 1 -C 8 -alkyl and amino-C 1 -C 8 -alkoxy are respectively amino-C 1 -C 4 -alkyl and amino-C 1 -C 4 -alkoxy.
• Amino-(hydroxy)-C 1 -C 8 -alkyl denotes amino attached by a nitrogen atom to C 1 -C 8 -alkyl and hydroxy attached by an oxygen atom to the same C 1 -C 8 -alkyl.
• amino-(hydroxy)-C 1 -C 8 -alkyl is amino-(hydroxy)-C 2 -C 4 -alkyl.
• Carboxy-C 1 -C 8 -alkyl and “carboxy-C 1 -C 8 -alkoxy” denotes carboxy attached by a carbon atom to C 1 -C 8 -alkyl or C 1 -C 8 -alkoxy, respectively, as hereinbefore defined.
• carboxy-C 1 -C 8 -alkyl and carboxy-C 1 -C 8 -alkoxy are respectively carboxy-C 1 -C 4 -alkyl and carboxy-C 1 -C 4 -alkoxy.
• C 1 -C 8 -Alkylcarbonyl and “C 1 -C 8 -haloalkylcarbonyl” denote C 1 -C 8 -alkyl or C 1 -C 8 -haloalkyl, respectively, as hereinbefore defined, attached by a carbon atom to a carbonyl group.
• C 1 -C 8 -alkoxycarbonyl denotes C 1 -C 8 -alkoxy, as hereinbefore defined, wherein the oxygen of the alkoxy group is attached to the carbonyl carbon.
• C 1 -C 8 -alkylcarbonyl, C 1 -C 8 -alkoxycarbonyl and C 1 -C 8 -haloalkylcarbonyl are respectively C 1 -C 4 -alkylcarbonyl, C 1 -C 4 -alkoxycarbonyl and C 1 -C 4 -haloalkyl-carbonyl.
• C 1 -C 8 -Alkylamino and “di(C 1 -C 8 -alkyl)amino” denote C 1 -C 8 -alkyl, as hereinbefore defined, attached by a carbon atom to an amino group.
• the C 1 -C 8 -alkyl groups in di(C 1 -C 8 -alkyl)amino may be the same or different.
• C 1 -C 8 -alkylamino and di(C 1 -C 8 -alkyl)amino are respectively C 1 -C 4 -alkylamino and di(C 1 -C 4 -alkyl)amino.
• C 1 -C 8 -Alkylaminocarbonyl and “di(C 1 -C 8 -alkyl)aminocarbonyl” denote C 1 -C 8 -alkylamino and di(C 1 -C 8 -alkyl)amino, respectively, as hereinbefore defined, attached by a nitrogen atom to the carbon atom of a carbonyl group.
• C 1 -C 8 -alkylaminocarbonyl and di(C 1 -C 8 -alkyl)-aminocarbonyl are respectively C 1 -C 4 -alkylaminocarbonyl and di(C 1 -C 4 -alkyl)-aminocarbonyl.
• Di(C 1 -C 8 -alkyl)amino-C 1 -C 8 -alkyl and “di(C 1 -C 8 -alkyl)amino-C 1 -C 8 -alkoxy” denote di(C 1 -C 8 -alkyl)amino, as hereinbefore defined, attached by a nitrogen atom to the carbon atom of a C 1 -C 8 -alkyl or a C 1 -C 8 -alkoxy group, respectively.
• di(C 1 -C 8 -alkyl)amino-C 1 -C 8 -alkyl and di(C 1 -C 8 -alkyl)amino-C 1 -C 8 -alkoxy are respectively di(C 1 -C 4 -alkyl)amino-C 1 -C 4 -alkyl and di(C 1 -C 4 -alkyl)amino-C 1 -C 4 -alkoxy.
• “5 to 7-Membered heterocyclic ring containing at least one ring heteroatom selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulphur”, as used herein, may be, e.g., furan, tetrahydrofuran, pyrrole, pyrrolidine, pyrazole, imidazole, triazole, isotriazole, tetrazole, thiadiazole, isothiazole, oxadiazole, pyridine, oxazole, isoxazole, pyrazine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, piperidine, piperazine, morpholine, triazine, oxazine or thiazole.
• Preferred heterocyclic rings include piperazine, morpholine, imidazole, isotriazole, pyrazole, pyridine, furan, oxazole, isoxazole and tetrazole.
• the 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic ring can be unsubstituted or substituted.
• Preferred substituents include halo, cyano, oxo, hydroxy, carboxy, nitro, C 1 -C 8 -alkyl, C 1 -C 8 -alkylcarbonyl, hydroxy-C 1 -C 8 -alkyl, amino-C 1 -C 8 -alkyl, amino(hydroxy)C 1 -C 8 -alkyl and C 1 -C 8 -alkoxy optionally substituted by aminocarbonyl.
• substituents include halo, oxo, C 1 -C 4 -alkyl, C 1 -C 4 -alkylcarbonyl, hydroxy-C 1 -C 4 -alkyl, amino-C 1 -C 4 -alkyl and amino(hydroxy)C 1 -C 4 -alkyl.
• the present invention provides compounds of formula (I) in free or salt form,
• the present invention provides compounds of formula (I) in free or salt form
• the present invention provides for a compound of formula (I) in free or salt form,
• Preferred compounds of the present invention include compounds of formula (I) in free or salt form,
• Still further preferred compounds of the present invention include compounds of formula (I) in free or salt form,
• the present invention provides for the use of a compound of formula (I) in any of the aforementioned embodiments, in free or salt form, for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of an inflammatory or allergic condition, particularly an inflammatory or obstructive airways disease.
• compositions represented by formula (I) are capable of forming acid addition salts, particularly pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts.
• Pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts of the compound of formula (I) include those of inorganic acids, e.g., hydrohalic acids, such as hydrochloric acid or hydrobromic acid; nitric acid; sulfuric acid; phosphoric acid; and organic acids, e.g., aliphatic monocarboxylic acids, such as formic acid, acetic acid, caprylic acid, dichloroacetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, hippuric acid, propionic acid and butyric acid; aliphatic hydroxy acids, such as lactic acid, citric acid, gluconic acid, mandelic acid, tartaric acid or malic acid; dicarboxylic acids, such as adipic acid, aspartic acid, fumaric acid, glutamic acid, maleic acid, malonic acid, sebacic acid or succinic acid; aromatic carboxylic acids, such as benzo
• Compounds of formula (I) which contain acidic, e.g., carboxyl, groups, are also capable of forming salts with bases, in particular, pharmaceutically acceptable bases, such as those well-known in the art; suitable such salts include metal salts, particularly alkali metal or alkaline earth metal salts, such as sodium, potassium, magnesium calcium or zinc salts; or salts with ammonia or pharmaceutically acceptable organic amines or heterocyclic bases, such as benethamine, benzathine, diethanolamine, ethanolamine, 4(2-hydroxyethyl)morpholine, 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)pyrrolidine, N-methyl glucamine, piperazine, triethanolamine or tromethamine.
• salts may be prepared from compounds of formula (I) by known salt-forming procedures.
• the compounds exist in individual optically active isomeric forms or as mixtures thereof, e.g., as racemic or diastereomeric mixtures.
• the present invention embraces both individual optically active R and S isomers, as well as mixtures, e.g., racemic or diastereomeric mixtures, thereof.
• the invention also provides a process for the preparation of compounds of formula (I) in free or salt form which comprises the steps of:
• Process variant (A) may be carried out using known procedures for ester hydrolysis, or analogously, e.g., as hereinafter described in the Examples.
• the reaction may be carried out by reacting a compound of formula (I), wherein R 3 is C 1 -C 8 -alkyl with aqueous sodium hydroxide in methanol at ambient temperature.
• Process variant (B) may be carried out using known procedures for alkylation of phenols, or analogously, e.g., as hereinafter described in the Examples.
• the reaction is conveniently carried out in the presence of an inorganic base, e.g., cesium carbonate in N,N-dimethylformamide.
• Suitable reaction temperatures are from 10-40° C., preferably room temperature.
• X, Y and n are as hereinbefore defined, with a Friedel-Crafts alkylating reagent, e.g., using known Friedel-Crafts reaction conditions, or analogously, as hereinafter described.
• a compound of formula (IV) may be reacted with a cycloalkene in the presence of a Lewis Acid catalyst, e.g., cyclohexene in the presence of boron trifluoride etherate.
• a Lewis Acid catalyst e.g., cyclohexene in the presence of boron trifluoride etherate.
• Suitable reaction temperatures are elevated temperatures, e.g., from about 90° C. to about 120° C., but preferably about 100° C.
• a compound of formula (IV) may be reacted with a cycloalkanol in the presence of a mineral acid, e.g., cylcohexanol in the presence of phosphoric acid.
• Suitable reaction temperatures are elevated temperatures, e.g., from about 120° C. to about 140° C., but preferably about 130° C.
• a compound of formula (IV) may be reacted with a cycloalkanol in the presence of a mineral acid and an alkylating agent, e.g., 1-methylcyclohexanol in the presence of sulphuric acid and acetic anhydride.
• a reaction temperature are from 10-40° C., but preferably room temperature.
• a compound of formula (I), where R 3 is ethyl and Y is bromine is reacted to give a compound of formula (I), where Y is 3,4-difluorophenyl
• Suzuki cross-coupling reaction methods for the conversion of aryl halides to a biaryl system, e.g., reacting with boronic acids/esters in the presence of aqueous sodium carbonate as base and tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) as catalyst in tetrahydrofuran (THF) at reflux.
• Compounds of formula (II) may also be prepared by reacting a compound of formula (IV) where X ⁇ O with an allylic bromide in the presence of base to give the allylic ether derivative, which is then subjected to thermal Claisen rearrangement, eg using known Claisen rearrangement conditions. The resultant product is then hydrogenated to provide compounds of formula (II)
• a compound of formula (IV) may be reacted with an allylic bromocycloalkene in the presence of a suitable base, eg potassium carbonate in acetone.
• a suitable base eg potassium carbonate in acetone.
• Suitable reaction temperatures are from 10-40° C., but preferably room temperature.
• the product of this process is then heated, from about 120-200° C., but preferably 160° C., to undergo Claisen rearrangement.
• reaction temperatures are from 10-40° C., but preferably room temperature.
• the compounds of formula (I) in free form may be converted into salt form, and vice versa, in a conventional manner.
• the compounds in free or salt form can be obtained in the form of hydrates or solvates containing a solvent used for crystallization.
• Compounds of formula (I) can be recovered from reaction mixtures and purified in a conventional manner. Isomers, such as enantiomers, may be obtained in a conventional manner, e.g., by fractional crystallization or asymmetric synthesis from correspondingly asymmetrically substituted, e.g., optically active, starting materials.
• Membranes are prepared from K562 or Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells stably transfected with human CRTh2 receptors.
• the assay is performed in a 96 well U-bottomed polypropylene plate in a final volume of 100 ⁇ L.
• the components of the assay are added sequentially as follows: test compound in DMSO/assay buffer (25 ⁇ L), 3 H prostaglandin D 2 (25 ⁇ L) and CRTh2 membrane fragments (50 ⁇ L).
• the assay is incubated at ambient temperature with shaking for 60 minutes, and then harvested on to filter plates.
• the plate is dried for 2 hours, prior to addition of Micro-Scint 20TM (50 ⁇ L) and sealing with TopSeal-STM. Plates are then counted using a Packard Top Count instrument, each well being counted for 20 minutes. Ki values are determined using Sigma PlotTM software, using the Cheng-Prussoff equation.
• test compounds are prepared in assay stimulation buffer/DMSO and 5 ⁇ L/well is added to an assay plate (384 well, white optiplate).
• CHO cells stably transfected with the CRTh2 receptor are prepared (dissociated from a cell culture flask and washed in PBS) to a concentration of 4 ⁇ 10 6 /mL in assay stimulation buffer and added to the assay plate (10 ⁇ u/well).
• the assay plate is incubated at room temperature on a shaker for 15 minutes.
• a mix of agonist (10 nM Prostaglandin D 2 ) and 5 ⁇ M forskolin is prepared in assay stimulation buffer and added to the assay plate (5 ⁇ L/well).
• a cAMP standard is serially diluted in assay stimulation buffer and added to separate empty wells on the assay plate (20 ⁇ L/well).
• the assay plate is incubated at room temperature on a shaker for 60 minutes.
• a cell lysis mix (lysis buffer containing AlphascreenTM donor beads and biotinylated cAMP) is prepared under darkened conditions 60 minutes prior to addition. AlphascreenTM acceptor beads are added to the lysis mix after 60 minutes. The resulting lysis mix is added to all wells of the assay plate (40 ⁇ L/well).
• the assay plate is sealed with Topseal-STM and incubated in the dark at room temperature on a shaker for 45 minutes. The plate is then counted using a Packard FusionTM instrument.
• IC 50 values are then determined using PrismTM software.
• Ki values in the SPA binding assay below 1 ⁇ M For example, the compounds of Examples 2, 3, 5, 8 and 13 have Ki values of 0.060, 0.083, 0.070 0.090 and 0.021 ⁇ M, respectively.
• Compounds of the Examples herein below generally have IC 50 values in the functional assay below 1 ⁇ M.
• the compounds of Examples 2, 3, 5, 8 and 13 have IC 50 values of 0.148, 0.190, 0.138, 0.298 and 0.139 ⁇ M, respectively.
• compositions of formula (I), in free or salt form are antagonists of the G-protein-coupled chemoattractant receptor CRTh2, expressed on Th2 cells, eosinophils and basophils.
• Prostaglandin (D 2 ) (PGD 2 ) is the natural ligand for CRTh2.
• antagonists which inhibit the binding of CRTh2 and PGD2 are useful in the treatment of allergic and anti-inflammatory conditions. Treatment in accordance with the invention may be symptomatic or prophylactic.
• agents of the invention are useful in the treatment of inflammatory or obstructive airways diseases, resulting, e.g., in reduction of tissue damage, airways inflammation, bronchial hyperreactivity, remodelling or disease progression.
• Inflammatory or obstructive airways diseases to which the present invention is applicable include asthma of whatever type or genesis including both intrinsic (non-allergic) asthma and extrinsic (allergic) asthma, mild asthma, moderate asthma, severe asthma, bronchitis asthma, exercise-induced asthma, occupational asthma and asthma induced following bacterial infection.
• Treatment of asthma is also to be understood as embracing treatment of subjects, e.g., of less than four or five years of age, exhibiting wheezing symptoms and diagnosed or diagnosable as “whez infants”, an established patient category of major medical concern and now often identified as incipient or early-phase asthmatics. For convenience this particular asthmatic condition is referred to as “whez-infant syndrome”.
• Prophylactic efficacy in the treatment of asthma will be evidenced by reduced frequency or severity of symptomatic attack, e.g., of acute asthmatic or bronchoconstrictor attack, improvement in lung function or improved airways hyperreactivity. It may further be evidenced by reduced requirement for other, symptomatic therapy, i.e., therapy for or intended to restrict or abort symptomatic attack when it occurs, e.g., anti-inflammatory (e.g., corticosteroid) or bronchodilatory. Prophylactic benefit in asthma may in particular be apparent in subjects prone to “morning dipping”.
• “Morning dipping” is a recognized asthmatic syndrome, common to a substantial percentage of asthmatics and characterized by asthma attack, e.g., between the hours of about 4-6 a.m., i.e., at a time normally substantially distant form any previously administered symptomatic asthma therapy.
• inflammatory or obstructive airways diseases and conditions to which the present invention is applicable include acute lung injury (ALI), adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), chronic obstructive pulmonary, airways or lung disease (COPD, COAD or COLD), including chronic bronchitis or dyspnea associated therewith, emphysema, as well as exacerbation of airways hyperreactivity consequent to other drug therapy, in particular, other inhaled drug therapy.
• the invention is also applicable to the treatment of bronchitis of whatever type or genesis including, e.g., acute, arachidic, catarrhal, croupus, chronic or phthinoid bronchitis.
• pneumoconiosis an inflammatory, commonly occupational, disease of the lungs, frequently accompanied by airways obstruction, whether chronic or acute, and occasioned by repeated inhalation of dusts
• pneumoconiosis an inflammatory, commonly occupational, disease of the lungs, frequently accompanied by airways obstruction, whether chronic or acute, and occasioned by repeated inhalation of dusts
• aluminosis an inflammatory, commonly occupational, disease of the lungs, frequently accompanied by airways obstruction, whether chronic or acute, and occasioned by repeated inhalation of dusts
• aluminosis an inflammatory, commonly occupational, disease of the lungs, frequently accompanied by airways obstruction, whether chronic or acute, and occasioned by repeated inhalation of dusts
• asbestosis e.g., asbestosis, chalicosis, ptilosis, siderosis, silicosis, tabacosis and byssinosis.
• agents of the invention are also useful in the treatment of eosinophil related disorders, e.g., eosinophilia, in particular, eosinophils-related disorders of the airways, e.g., involving morbid eosinophilic infiltration of pulmonary tissues, including hypereosinophilia as it effects the airways and/or lungs, as well as, e.g., eosinophil-related disorders of the airways consequential or concomitant to Löffler's syndrome; eosinophilic pneumonia; parasitic (in particular, metazoan) infestation including tropical eosinophilia; bronchopulmonary aspergillosis; polyarteritis nodosa including Churg-Strauss syndrome; eosinophilic granuloma; and eosinophil-related disorders affecting the airways occasione
• eosinophil related disorders e.g., eosinophilia,
• Agents of the invention are also useful in the treatment of inflammatory or allergic conditions of the skin, e.g., psoriasis, contact dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, alopecia areata, erythema multiforma, dermatitis herpetiformis, scleroderma, vitiligo, hypersensitivity angiitis, urticaria, bullous pemphigoid, lupus erythematosus, pemphisus, epidermolysis bullosa acquisita and other inflammatory or allergic conditions of the skin.
• Agents of the invention may also be used for the treatment of other diseases or conditions, in particular, diseases or conditions having an inflammatory component, e.g., treatment of diseases and conditions of the eye, such as conjunctivitis, keratoconjunctivitis sicca and vernal conjunctivitis; diseases affecting the nose including allergic rhinitis; and inflammatory disease in which autoimmune reactions are implicated or having an autoimmune component or aetiology, including autoimmune hematological disorders, e.g., hemolytic anemia, aplastic anaemia, pure red cell anaemia and idiopathic thrombocytopenia; systemic lupus erythematosus; polychondritis; sclerodoma; Wegener granulamatosis; dermatomyositis; chronic active hepatitis; myasthenia gravis; Steven-Johnson syndrome; idiopathic sprue; autoimmune inflammatory bowel disease, e.g
• diseases or conditions which may be treated with agents of the invention include septic shock; rheumatoid arthritis; osteoarthritis; proliferative diseases, such as cancer; atherosclerosis; allograft rejection following transplantation; stroke; obesity; restenosis; diabetes, e.g., diabetes mellitus type I auvenile diabetes) and diabetes mellitus type II; diarrheal diseases; ischemia/reperfusion injuries; retinopathy, such as diabetic retinopathy or hyperbaric oxygen-induced retinopathy; and conditions characterized by elevated intraocular pressure or secretion of ocular aqueous humor, such as glaucoma.
• an agent of the invention in inhibiting inflammatory conditions, e.g., in inflammatory airways diseases, may be demonstrated in an animal model, e.g., a mouse or rat model, of airways inflammation or other inflammatory conditions, e.g., as described by Szarka et al., J Immunol Methods , Vol. 202, pp. 49-57 (1997); Renzi et al., Am Rev Respir Dis , Vol. 148, pp. 932-939 (1993); Tsuyuki et al., J Clin Invest , Vol. 96, pp. 2924-2931 (1995); Cernadas et al., Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol , Vol. 20, pp. 1-8 (1999); and Williams and Galli, J Exp Med , Vol. 192, pp. 455-462 (2000).
• the agents of the invention are also useful as co-therapeutic agents for use in combination with other drug substances, such as anti-inflammatory, bronchodilatory or antihistamine drug substances, particularly in the treatment of obstructive or inflammatory airways diseases, such as those mentioned hereinbefore, e.g., as potentiators of therapeutic activity of such drugs or as a means of reducing required dosaging or potential side effects of such drugs.
• An agent of the invention may be mixed with the other drug substance in a fixed pharmaceutical composition or it may be administered separately, before, simultaneously with or after the other drug substance.
• the invention includes a combination of an agent of the invention as hereinbefore described with an anti-inflammatory, bronchodilatory, anti-histamine or anti-tussive drug substance, said agent of the invention and said drug substance being in the same or different pharmaceutical composition.
• Such anti-inflammatory drugs include steroids, in particular, glucocorticosteroids, such as budesonide, beclamethasone dipropionate, fluticasone propionate, ciclesonide or mometasone furoate; or steroids described in WO 02/88167, WO 02/12266, WO 02/100879, WO 02/00679 (especially those of Examples 3, 11, 14, 17, 19, 26, 34, 37, 39, 51, 60, 67, 72, 73, 90, 99 and 101), WO 03/035668, WO 03/048181, WO 03/062259, WO 03/064445 and WO 03/072592; non-steroidal glucocorticoid receptor agonists, such as those described in WO 00/00531, WO 02/10143, WO 03/082280, WO 03/082787, WO 03/104195 and WO 04/005229; LTB4 antagonists, such as those described in U.S.
• Such bronchodilatory drugs include anti-cholinergic or anti-muscarinic agents, in particular, ipratropium bromide, oxitropium bromide, tiotropium salts and CHF 4226 (Chiesi), but also those described in WO 01/04118, WO 02/51841, WO 02/53564, WO 03/00840, WO 03/87094, WO 04/05285, WO 02/00652, WO 03/53966, EP 424021, U.S. Pat. No. 5,171,744, U.S. Pat. No. 3,714,357 and WO 03/33495.
• anti-cholinergic or anti-muscarinic agents in particular, ipratropium bromide, oxitropium bromide, tiotropium salts and CHF 4226 (Chiesi), but also those described in WO 01/04118, WO 02/51841, WO 02/53564, WO 03/00840, WO 03/87094, WO 04/
• Such co-therapeutic anti-histamine drug substances include cetirizine hydrochloride, acetaminophen, clemastine fumarate, promethazine, loratidine, desloratidine, diphenhydramine and fexofenadine hydrochloride.
• Combinations of agents of the invention and steroids, ⁇ -2 agonists, PDE4 inhibitors or LTD4 antagonists may be used, e.g., in the treatment of COPD or, particularly, asthma.
• Combinations of agents of the invention and anti-cholinergic or anti-muscarinic agents, PDE4 inhibitors, dopamine receptor agonists or LTB4 antagonists may be used, e.g., in the treatment of asthma or, particularly, COPD.
• agents of the invention with anti-inflammatory drugs are those with antagonists of chemokine receptors, e.g., CCR-1, CCR-2, CCR-3, CCR-4, CCR-5, CCR-6, CCR-7, CCR-8, CCR-9, CCR-10, CXCR1, CXCR2, CXCR3, CXCR4 and CXCR5; particularly useful are CCR-3 antagonists, such as those described in WO 2002/026723, especially 4- ⁇ 3-[(S)-4-(3,4-dichlorobenzyl)-morpholin-2-ylmethyl]-ureidomethyl ⁇ -benzamide and those described in WO 2003/077907 and WO 2003/007939 and WO 2002/102775.
• CCR-3 antagonists such as those described in WO 2002/026723, especially 4- ⁇ 3-[(S)-4-(3,4-dichlorobenzyl)-morpholin-2-ylmethyl]-ureidomethyl ⁇ -benzamide and those described in WO 2003/077907
• CCR-5 antagonists such as Schering-Plough antagonists SC-351125, SCH-55700 and SCH-D; Takeda antagonists, such as N-[[4-[[[6,7-dihydro-2-(4-methylphenyl)-5H-benzo-cyclohepten-8-yl]carbonyl]amino]phenyl]-methyl]tetrahydro-N,N-dimethyl-2H-pyran-4-aminium chloride (TAK-770); and CCR-5 antagonists described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,166,037, WO 00/66558 and WO 00/66559.
• TAK-770 Trigger-770
• the agents of the invention may be administered by any appropriate route, e.g., orally, e.g., in the form of a tablet or capsule; parenterally, e.g., intravenously; by inhalation, e.g., in the treatment of inflammatory or obstructive airways disease; intranasally, e.g., in the treatment of allergic rhinitis; topically to the skin, e.g., in the treatment of atopic dermatitis; or rectally, e.g., in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.
• routes e.g., orally, e.g., in the form of a tablet or capsule; parenterally, e.g., intravenously; by inhalation, e.g., in the treatment of inflammatory or obstructive airways disease; intranasally, e.g., in the treatment of allergic rhinitis; topically to the skin, e.g., in the treatment
• the present invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula (I) in free form or in the form of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, optionally together with a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier therefore.
• the composition may contain a co-therapeutic agent, such as an anti-inflammatory, bronchodilatory or anti-histamine drug as hereinbefore described.
• Such compositions may be prepared using conventional diluents or excipients and techniques known in the galenic art.
• oral dosage forms may include tablets and capsules.
• Formulations for topical administration may take the form of creams, ointments, gels or transdermal delivery systems, e.g., patches.
• Compositions for inhalation may comprise aerosol or other atomizable formulations or dry powder formulations.
• the composition comprises an aerosol formulation
• it preferably contains, e.g., a hydro-fluoro-alkane (HFA) propellant, such as HFA134a or HFA227 or a mixture of these, and may contain one or more co-solvents known in the art, such as ethanol (up to 20% by weight); and/or one or more surfactants, such as oleic acid or sorbitan trioleate; and/or one or more bulking agents, such as lactose.
• HFA hydro-fluoro-alkane
• the composition comprises a dry powder formulation, it preferably contains, e.g., the compound of formula (I) having a particle diameter up to 10 microns, optionally together with a diluent or carrier, such as lactose, of the desired particle size distribution and a compound that helps to protect against product performance deterioration due to moisture.
• a diluent or carrier such as lactose
• the composition comprises a nebulized formulation, it preferably contains, e.g., the compound of formula (I) either dissolved, or suspended, in a vehicle containing water, a co-solvent, such as ethanol or propylene glycol and a stabilizer, which may be a surfactant.
• the invention includes:
• Dosages of agents of the invention employed in practicing the present invention will of course vary depending, e.g., on the particular condition to be treated, the effect desired and the mode of administration. In general, suitable daily dosages for oral administration are of the order of 0.01-100 mg/kg.
• R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 and Y are as shown in the following Table 1, their methods of preparation being described hereinafter.
• Table 1 also shows characterizing mass spectrometry data.
• Example 1 is racemic mixture;
• Example 8 is a single enantiomer.
• LCMS are recorded on an Agilent 1100 LC system with a Waters Xterra MS C18 4.6 ⁇ 100 5 ⁇ M column, eluting with 5-95% 10 mM aqueous ammonium bicarbonate in acetonitrile over 10 minutes, with negative ion electrospray ionization or 5-95% water+0.1% TFA in acetonitrile with positive ion electrospray ionization.
• NMR are recorded at 400 MHz in CDCl 3 , unless otherwise noted.
• Ethyl-2-bromopropionate (1.72 g, 9.5 mmol) is added to a suspension of cesium carbonate (6.2 g, 19 mmol) and 4-chloro-2-cyclohexylphenol (2 g, 9.5 mmol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) (15 mL). The reaction is stirred for 16 hours at ambient temperature, then poured into cold 1 M aqueous HCl and extracted with ethyl acetate (EtOAc).
• Acetic anhydride (1.1 mL, 11.7 mmol) is added slowly to a mixture of 1-methylcyclohexanol (1.14 g, 10 mmol) and concentrated H 2 SO 4 (0.297 mL) in heptane (5 mL), followed by 4-bromophenol (1.73 g, 10 mmol). The reaction is stirred at ambient temperature for 16 hours and the solvent is evaporated. Water is added to the residue, the pH is adjusted to 7 with saturated aqueous NaHCO 3 and the solution is extracted with ether.
• Steps 13a) and 13b) are described in J. Org. Chem. 2003, 68, 9643-9647.
• the crude product is purified by flash chromatography (gradient from iso-hexane to 96:4 isohexane:EtOAc) to afford (2-cyclohex-2-enyl-4-trifluoromethyl-phenoxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester.

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