US20080191667A1 - Method for charging a battery using a constant current adapted to provide a constant rate of change of open circuit battery voltage - Google Patents

Method for charging a battery using a constant current adapted to provide a constant rate of change of open circuit battery voltage Download PDF

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Publication number
US20080191667A1
US20080191667A1 US11/705,947 US70594707A US2008191667A1 US 20080191667 A1 US20080191667 A1 US 20080191667A1 US 70594707 A US70594707 A US 70594707A US 2008191667 A1 US2008191667 A1 US 2008191667A1
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Prior art keywords
battery
value
voltage
charging
current
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Abandoned
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US11/705,947
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English (en)
Inventor
Kent Kernahan
Milton D. Ribeiro
Dongsheng Zhou
Larry A. Klein
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Exar Corp
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FyreStorm Inc
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Priority to US11/705,947 priority Critical patent/US20080191667A1/en
Priority to US11/688,876 priority patent/US7528571B2/en
Assigned to FYRESTORM, INC. reassignment FYRESTORM, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: RIBEIRO, MILTON, MR., KERNAHAN, KENT, MR.., KLEIN, LARRY A., MR., ZHOU, DONGSHENG, MR.
Priority to CN200880011638A priority patent/CN101652913A/zh
Priority to PCT/US2008/053768 priority patent/WO2008100970A2/en
Priority to JP2009549306A priority patent/JP2010518805A/ja
Priority to EP08729692.7A priority patent/EP2115852A4/en
Assigned to EXAR CORPORATION reassignment EXAR CORPORATION ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: FYRESTORM, INC.
Publication of US20080191667A1 publication Critical patent/US20080191667A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H01M10/44—Methods for charging or discharging
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H01M10/48—Accumulators combined with arrangements for measuring, testing or indicating the condition of cells, e.g. the level or density of the electrolyte
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/007—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage
    • H02J7/00712—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage the cycle being controlled or terminated in response to electric parameters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/007—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage
    • H02J7/00712—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage the cycle being controlled or terminated in response to electric parameters
    • H02J7/00714—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage the cycle being controlled or terminated in response to electric parameters in response to battery charging or discharging current
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/007—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage
    • H02J7/00712—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage the cycle being controlled or terminated in response to electric parameters
    • H02J7/007182—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage the cycle being controlled or terminated in response to electric parameters in response to battery voltage
    • H02J7/007184—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage the cycle being controlled or terminated in response to electric parameters in response to battery voltage in response to battery voltage gradient
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/02—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries for charging batteries from AC mains by converters
    • H02J7/04—Regulation of charging current or voltage
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries

Definitions

  • the computer program listing appendix attached hereto consists of two (2) identical compact disks, copy 1 and copy 2, each containing a listing of the software code for one embodiment of the components of this invention.
  • Each compact disk contains the following files (date and time of creation, size in bytes, path and file name, size in bytes, and date and time of creation):
  • the source code was created in C++ using Microsoft Visual Studio.net.
  • the contents of the compact disk are a part of the present disclosure, and are incorporated by reference herein in their entireties.
  • rechargeable batteries offer lower lifetime cost to the consumer. Also, rechargeable batteries may allow the design of a product enclosure that does not require means for easy access to a battery for replacement. Batteries which do not require replacement may also allow the manufacturer to utilize a custom, nonstandard battery form factor which in turn may allow for a smaller or more ergonomic end product.
  • Rechargeable batteries typically involve a chemical process which delivers current when the positive and negative terminals are connected across a load, the process being reversible (charging) by the application of a voltage sufficient to cause a net current to flow into the battery. The charging process, then, provides electrical energy which is stored and later may be released.
  • the predominant chemistries used today are those using some form of lithium, nickel, cadmium, or lead, though many other chemistries are also used.
  • Li-ion battery manufacturers specify the charging method and various parameters for charging a battery.
  • the predominant method specified is for a charger to charge a Li-ion battery using a constant current until a certain voltage is attained (for example, 4.2 volts), then to provide a constant voltage for an additional period of time until the charging current goes down to a certain level, which is defined as the end-point condition.
  • This method is denominated the “CC/CV” or “Constant Current/Constant Voltage” method.
  • measurements of battery voltage are only used to determine when to switch from constant current charging to constant voltage charging, after which charging current is monitored for end-point determination.
  • the CC/CV charging method may undercharge or take longer than necessary for some specific battery units, or may overcharge or charge too rapidly for other units, thus causing them damage which shortens battery lifetime as well as giving the user a less satisfactory experience.
  • the industry has need for a charging solution that adjusts to the actual instant condition of a battery such that any given charging cycle is as short as possible but without damage and avoiding undue deterioration of the performance of the battery.
  • the method comprises three phases for charging a battery from a fully-discharged state.
  • a battery is charged with a small constant current until the battery voltage attains a certain minimum value.
  • the open circuit voltage of the battery is periodically measured and a constant current value is modified to provide for a predetermined, constant rate of change of open circuit battery voltage.
  • the battery itself provides feedback to the charging system as to the battery's ability to accept charge.
  • a third phase begins.
  • the charging system provides a constant voltage and monitors the slowly decreasing battery charging current to determine when to stop charging.
  • This three-phase method is termed the “CR/CV” or “Constant Rate/Constant Voltage” method.
  • the method of the present invention is similar to the CC/CV method, however in the present invention the constant current of the second phase is determined for each charging cycle and throughout the charging period, thus adapting to aging, damage, end environmental factors such as temperature.
  • the CC/CV method provides a constant current that is predetermined.
  • Factors such as age, electrode area and temperature will be reflected in the current required to provide the predetermined rate of change of voltage. For example, as an individual battery unit ages and the electrodes lose some amount of surface area, less charging current is required to cause the predetermined rate of change of open circuit battery voltage. Said differently, as a battery gets older it is able to accept charge at a lesser rate. The open circuit voltage increasing at the predetermined rate but with a lesser amount of current does not imply an older battery is more efficient. The reverse is true; the older battery will attain the maximum open circuit voltage with less total charge (the product of current and time) having been supplied, thus less energy stored for discharge through the load.
  • FIG. 1 is an example of a typical CC/CV charging profile used in the relevant art. PRIOR ART.
  • FIG. 2 is an example of a system which may be used to practice the invention.
  • FIG. 3 is a model of a battery.
  • FIG. 4 through FIG. 12 are example flow charts of some embodiments of the present invention.
  • FIG. 4 is an example flow chart wherein the state of a charging system is determined, then control passed as a function of the charging state.
  • FIG. 5 is an example flow chart of a subroutine wherein requested changes are made.
  • FIG. 6 is an example flow chart wherein a charging system is shut down.
  • FIG. 7 is an example flow chart for response to a detected fault condition.
  • FIG. 8 is an example flow chart wherein the instant parameters of a battery and environmental conditions are considered in determining an action to be taken.
  • FIG. 9 is an example flow chart wherein for controlling charging during a low current mode.
  • FIG. 10 is an example flow chart for controlling charging in a constant current mode, wherein the target constant current made be changed.
  • FIG. 11 is an example flow chart for controlling charging in a constant voltage mode, wherein an end point condition is also monitored.
  • FIG. 12 is an example flow chart wherein a charging system is configured for a mode wherein a battery is available for use.
  • FIG. 13 illustrates the voltage and change of voltage over time during a battery failure.
  • FIG. 14 is an idealized graph of the voltage and current profiles for charging a strong and a week battery, each with the method of the present invention.
  • the unit “CmA” refers to the current flow per hour into or out of a battery, as a fraction of the battery's rated capacity. For example, if the rated capacity of a battery were 2000 milliampere hours, then 0.1 CmA would be a current flow of 200 milliamperes.
  • the rated capacity of a battery stated by its manufacturer is typically used in specifying charge rate, though in actual practice the capacity of a given battery may vary.
  • timers are referred to. As one skilled in the art would know, timing may be implemented in a variety of ways. Examples include a software counter whose value is occasionally increased or decreased; a hardware timer whose value may be read and compared to an earlier value; up or down counter; a timer with a vectorable interrupt service routine, and others. For simplicity of description only one such timer will be described. Hereinafter all timers will be considered to be internal to the control logic unit 204 , implemented as a software counter. For instances wherein a time out condition is tested, the counter is initialized with an appropriate maximum value and the value of the counter is decremented before the step for testing for the time out condition.
  • the counter is initialized by setting the counter to zero and the value of the counter is incremented before a step in which the counter value is compared to a maximum count.
  • an elapsed time there is assumed to be a resettable timer which is clocked by a time base of a known period; the timer is reset, then its value read when needed.
  • an example of a typical charging method charges a Li-ion battery using a low current (Phase 1) until a minimum voltage is attained, then charges at a constant 0.5 CmA (constant current charging, Phase 2) until a battery voltage of approximately 4.2 volts is measured, noted on FIG. 1 as the “crossover point”. Thereafter the applied voltage is held at a fixed 4.2 volts (constant voltage charging, Phase 3) while the current through the battery is measured. When the battery charging current has diminished to approximately 0.1 CmA (with the impressed voltage of 4.2 volts), the battery is deemed fully charged and charging stops.
  • V BATT the battery open circuit voltage “Voc”.
  • V BATT the battery open circuit voltage
  • the output of the programmable power supply 210 is interrupted by a switch (not shown) controllable by the control logic unit 206 , for example a transistor or electromechanical switch or other means for disconnecting battery 204 from the programmable power supply 210 , to enable measuring the open circuit voltage of the battery 204 .
  • ADC 202 provides a digital version of the instant voltage across the battery 204 .
  • the ADC 202 is connected to the control logic unit 206 by a bus 208 .
  • the bus 208 carries a digital representation of battery voltage ADC[9:0] from the ADC 202 to the control logic unit 206 .
  • the bus 208 is a parallel bus.
  • bus 208 is a single line, the data ADC[9:0] then being provided to the control logic unit 206 serially.
  • the ADC 202 is a ten-bit converter. An ADC with more or fewer bits of resolution may be used.
  • Control logic unit 206 is comprised of logic, such as a programmed microprocessor or custom logic, which may implement the method of the invention by controlling the programmable power supply 210 .
  • the programmable power supply 210 may be configured to provide a selectable fixed current or a selectable fixed voltage as commanded by control logic unit 206 .
  • a power source for example power adapter 214 , provides input power which programmable power supply 210 modifies to provide to the battery 204 the voltage or current selected by the control logic unit 206 .
  • there is a line or lines for communication between the control logic unit 206 and the programmable power supply 210 for example line 220 .
  • Signals on the line 220 from the control logic unit 206 to the programmable power supply 210 may include commands for a certain voltage or current, a command to stop charging, requests for data, and the like.
  • Signals on the line 220 from the programmable power supply 210 to the control logic unit 206 may include status, voltage or current values, failure notification, detection of a connection to a power source (for example power adapter 214 ), and such.
  • a host 216 communicates with the control logic unit 206 . This provides for control logic unit 206 to provide voltage, current, mode, status or other information to the host 216 and/or to receive commands from the host 216 . Examples of commands from the host 216 to the control logic unit 206 include commands to request status, and to initiate, continue, or discontinue charging the battery 204 . In the description of the control logic to follow, the value of a variable “CHRGSTATE” is changed in response to conditions of the power supply. CHRGSTATE may then be passed to the host 216 by the control logic unit 206 . The host 216 may use CHRGSTATE to make decisions external to the control logic unit 206 . For example, the host 216 may take note of the number of times or of the elapsed time of a certain fault condition and decide to send a command to the control logic unit 206 to shut down charging altogether.
  • programmable power supply 210 has multiple power output terminals or alternatively a single output terminal which can be connected to a selected battery.
  • an ADC has multiple input channels or a MUX or other means to configure the ADC to measure V BATT for a specific battery being charged.
  • Some embodiments include means for sensing a battery sensor, for example a temperature sensor located on or near the battery, which sensor may provide temperature data by its temperature-responsive resistance. The sensor resistance may then be measured by ADC 202 and a temperature derived.
  • the battery under charge includes an internal temperature sensor which provides serial temperature data to the control logic unit 206 , or which has terminals for measuring the battery temperature sensor resistance.
  • battery charger refers to the elements shown in FIG. 2 except for the battery 204 and the optional host 214 . “Battery charger” may also refer to programmable power supply 210 in some contexts.
  • FIG. 3 is a model of a Li-ion battery, developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) of the United States Department of Energy (DOE).
  • a battery is represented by the circuit within the boundary indicated by reference number 302 , and is comprised of two capacitors (C B , C C ) and three resistors (R E , R C , and R T ).
  • Total net charge into battery 302 is represented by Ic 310 .
  • Any load, I S 304 is viewed as simply another current request.
  • the battery 302 is charged through the terminal V O 306 .
  • NREL has denominated this model the “Capacitance Model” or “RC Model”. Upon inspection, we see that charging the battery 302 with a constant current charges the capacitors C B and C C .
  • the capacitors are a fixed value.
  • the state of charge of the battery 302 may be known at any instant of time by measuring the open circuit voltage at the terminal Vo 306 .
  • the NREL conducted controlled experiments comparing the RC model to the known state of charge of representative batteries, and found the RC model to predict a final state of charge (“SOC”) approximately 3.7% below actual.
  • the method of the present invention is illustrated by the flow charts of FIG. 4 through 12 .
  • the tables below define various battery and charger states, battery and charger modes, and variables used in an example program used in some embodiments of the present invention.
  • CR_DV Holds a digital representation of the value of change in battery voltage during Phase 2 charging
  • CR_I Holds an instant constant current target for Phase 2 of CR/CV method.
  • CC_I Holds an instant target current for Phase 2 of CC/CV method.
  • CRCHRG T constant voltage rate of change charging method V BATT _STARTCV Battery voltage value at which constant voltage charging is to begin (crossover point).
  • FIG. 4 is an example of a program which is executed periodically, e.g., once per second.
  • the flow 400 may be called as an interrupt service routine, resulting from a software or physical timer, or other means for periodically performing a process.
  • flow 400 is called by an interrupt service routine.
  • Flow 400 restores variables from a previous execution of flow 400 , receives the instant value for V BATT , then determines if any of the variables should be changed.
  • a digital representation for V BATT for example ADC[9:0] from ADC 202 on line 208 , is read and saved for later use, and the charger and battery state, battery error condition, charger mode, and any other variables from a previous loop iteration are restored.
  • this enables charging a plurality of batteries, wherein the variables may be called and later stored on a battery by battery basis.
  • the data would be static, carried over from the previous iteration, therefore the steps of restoring the variable values is not necessary.
  • all or less than all of the charger apparatus and logic are embedded within a larger system, for example a switching power supply controller, which larger system samples various voltages, including V BATT , more frequently than the time periods between the service interrupts for battery charging as described in the example herein.
  • the step of reading V BATT at step 402 may be skipped and the most current value for V BATT from the larger system used.
  • BATTSTATE is set to DETECT at step 408 before proceeding to step 410 .
  • the power adapter may be detected various ways, for example by measuring the input voltage to the programmable power supply 210 by ADC 202 (connection not shown), by a status signal on line 220 from the programmable power supply 210 to the control logic unit 206 , and the like.
  • BATTSTATE is set to DONTCHARGE at step 412 before proceeding to step 414 .
  • the value of state variable BATTSTATE at step 414 will be as it was at step 402 unless it has been changed as a result of the tests at step 404 or step 410 .
  • Step 414 passes control to another process, which corresponds to the value of BATTSTATE.
  • the next process may be DONTCHRG() 600 , FAULT() 700 , DETECT() 800 , LO_CURR() 900 , CCCHRG() 1000 , CVCHRG() 1100 , or USE() 1200 .
  • FIG. 5 is an example of a subroutine flow for configuring a programmable power supply, for example the programmable power supply 210 in FIG. 2 .
  • CONFIG() 500 is called by various other flows which specify a current or a voltage and a charger mode and pass the mode and target values to CONFIG() 500 for action.
  • the purpose of flow 600 is to shut down the programmable power supply 210 .
  • CHRGMODE is set to SHUTDN, and at step 604 control is passed to CONFIG() 500 for action.
  • flow 600 exits at step 606 by returning to the interrupt service routine.
  • the purpose of flow 700 is to configure the programmable power supply 210 and to allow time for a fault condition to clear.
  • CHRGSTATE is set to CHRGFLT.
  • each iteration of flow 400 will pass control to FAULT() 700 to determine if the waiting period has expired. If the fault condition has actually cleared but the waiting period is not yet over, the system will not know it.
  • flow 700 is a time delay before going through the DETECT() 800 flow to assess the condition of the battery 204 and the programmable power supply 210 .
  • the cause of the instant fault may be because the battery 204 has been low current charging for too long (for example step 904 ), charging for too long (for example step 1008 ), the battery 204 is out of the proper temperature range for charging (for example step 1012 , step 1106 , or step 808 ), and such.
  • the value of BATTERR indicates the instant fault type.
  • the value of BATTFLTWAIT MAX is a predetermined fixed time, for example one minute.
  • Step 704 compares the instant value of variable BATTFLTWAIT to BATTFLTWAIT MAX . If the maximum time has not been exceeded, control passes to step 708 to simply return with no other action. If the fault condition has persisted long enough, such that BATTFLTWAIT has exceeded BATTFLTWAIT MAX , the fault state is terminated by setting BATTSTATE to DETECT() at step 706 , then returning to the service routine at step 708 . Setting BATTSTATE to DETECT() allows control logic unit 206 to reassess the instant operating condition after the next iteration of flow 400 .
  • BATTFLTWAIT is the value of a timer, the timer being cleared and restarted at the time of a fault detection.
  • the purpose of flow 800 (described in FIG. 8A and FIG. 8B ) is to test for various error conditions and, if there are none, determine whether to charge with a low current, charge with a nominal current, or charge with a constant voltage, as determined by the instant voltage of a battery, for example battery 204 .
  • the battery 204 voltage is compared to a predetermined maximum, for example 4.19 volts. If the battery 204 voltage is above or equal to the predetermined maximum, the battery 204 is deemed to be fully charged.
  • BATTSTATE is set to USE and CHRGSTATE is set to CHRGD at step 804 , CONFIG() 500 is called at step 803 for action, then control returned to the service routine at step 805 . If the battery 204 voltage is not above the maximum at step 802 , CHRGSTATE is set to CHRNG and the fault timer BATTFLTWAIT initialized at step 806 .
  • step 808 if the battery 204 temperature is below the minimum temperature for low current charging, for example zero degrees C, or higher than the maximum temperature for charging, for example higher than five degrees C below the manufacturer's specified maximum temperature, CHRGEMODE is set to SHUTDN, BATTSTATE set to FAULT, the fault timer BATTFLTWAIT started, and BATTERR set to OVRTEMP at step 814 , then CONFIG() 500 is called at step 816 . When control returns from CONFIG() 500 , step 817 returns control to the service routine.
  • step 810 If the battery 204 temperature is within the predetermined allowable range (step 808 ), control passes to step 810 . If at step 810 the battery 204 voltage is greater than or equal to the crossover point voltage (V BATT — STARTCV ), for example 4.18 volts, control passes to step 818 .
  • the crossover point voltage defines the point at which constant voltage charging (Phase 3) begins.
  • the programmable power supply 210 is configured for constant voltage charging by setting BATTSTATE to CVCHRG, setting CHRGMODE to CV, and initializing timer TMR_BATT. CONFIG() 500 is called at step 817 , then control returned to the service routine at step 819 .
  • V BATT is less than V BATT — STARTCV at step 810 .
  • control passes to step 812 .
  • step 812 it is already known that the battery 204 voltage is below the crossover point, a result of the test at step 810 . If a battery has too low a voltage it cannot be effectively charged.
  • step 812 the voltage is compared to the minimum for charging (V BATT — MIN ), for example 2.9 volts.
  • the programmable power supply 210 is configured for constant current charging by branching to step 820 .
  • BATTSTATE is set to CCCHRG
  • CHRGMODE is set to CC
  • a timer TMR_BATT is initialized.
  • the charger system is configurable to charge using either the CC/CV method or the CR/CV method. This may be selected by host 214 , by a selector switch connected to control logic unit 206 (not shown), or by other means.
  • step 842 branches to step 846 .
  • the target constant current for this charging mode is set to CC_I, for example 0.5 CmA, then control passed to CONFIG() 500 for action at step 838 .
  • the CC/CV method of charging is not selected (MODE_SEL ⁇ > CCCV at step 842 )
  • the CR/CV method is used and control passes from step 842 to step 844 . If a system according to the present invention does not offer the ability to select between the CC/CV and CR/CV methods, step 820 is followed by step 844 and steps 842 and 846 are not implemented.
  • the programmable power supply 210 is configured for CR/CV charging by setting CURRENT to CR_I, the instant battery 204 voltage is saved to memory variable CR_VO, and timer TMR_CR is initialized.
  • both the CC/CV and CR/CV methods use a constant current during Phase 2.
  • the constant current value does not change and it is typically predetermined by the charging system designer per the battery manufacturer's specification.
  • the constant current value is periodically changed in response to voltage or the open circuit voltage Voc of the battery 204 .
  • a predetermined current target for example 0.1 CmA
  • Other initial current values may be used, for example half of the expected maximum constant rate charging current.
  • the current is not changed from the initial current until a certain time, for example ten minutes, has elapsed.
  • control is then passed to CONFIG() 500 at step 838 .
  • CONFIG() 500 When control returns from CONFIG() 500 it is passed to the service routine at step 840 .
  • step 812 If at step 812 the battery 204 voltage is found to be below the minimum value V BATT — MIN or the battery 204 temperature is below the minimum temperature for charging, the battery 204 would not be able to accept charge at a high rate.
  • the branch to step 822 is taken, to prepare for low current charging (Phase 1).
  • the purpose of low current charging is to slowly raise the battery 204 voltage until it reaches V BATT — MIN , at which time Phase 2 charging is initiated. Low current charging may also raise the temperature of the battery. The battery is not charged normally until the two test conditions of step 812 are passed.
  • step 822 timer TMR_BATT is initialized so that the time for low current charging may be monitored, BATTSTATE is set to LO_CURR, then control passed to step 824 .
  • Low current charging is essentially constant current charging with a much lower current than that of the constant current charging of Phase 2.
  • step 824 if the battery 204 voltage is below the minimum for low current charging V BATT — MIN — TR (step 824 ), then a very low charge current LC_LO (for example, 0.01 CmA) is set at step 830 before passing control to CONFIG() 500 at step 838 .
  • the purpose of the lower current of step 830 is to bring the battery 204 up to the voltage V BATT — MIN — TR , at which point a standard low current charge may be used.
  • step 840 returns control to the service routine.
  • the purpose of flow 900 (described in FIG. 9 ) is to provide a low current for charging a battery, for example battery 204 .
  • Low current charging is needed when a battery is deeply discharged or for any reason has a very low voltage, for example below 1.0 volts.
  • Low current charging is also recommended when a battery is very cold, for example below zero degrees C.
  • a battery with very low voltage or temperature cannot accept a standard constant current charging rate (such as provided during Phase 2) without damage.
  • step 812 may determine that the battery 204 voltage is less than V BATT — MIN or colder than TEMP BATT — MIN .
  • step 822 sets BATTSTATE to LO_CURR() and initializes TMR_BATT.
  • the next iteration of flow 400 results in control passing to LO_CURR() 900 .
  • TMR_BATT is checked for the timeout condition. If TMR_BATT has timed out, we assume there is a problem with the battery 204 or the charger and branch to step 906 .
  • Step 906 stops charging by setting CHRGMODE to SHUTDN, BATTSTATE to FAULT, and BATERR to BATTRTO. Shutdown is then requested by calling CONFIG() 500 at step 907 , and control returned to the service routine at step 909 .
  • step 904 branches to step 908 .
  • the branch from step 910 is similar to the branch from step 820 in DETECT() 800 .
  • step 910 sets up for the next iteration of flow 400 to branch to DETECT() 800 .
  • step 908 branches to step 820 and the logical flow continues from there.
  • flow 900 repeats the logic corresponding to steps 820 , 842 , 844 , 846 , 838 , and 840 in steps 910 , 912 , 918 , 914 , 915 , and 916 respectively.
  • the flow 910 through 916 is the same as the flow of step 820 through 840 , and the description is not repeated here.
  • current low current charge rate
  • step 926 determines if the battery 204 voltage is below a certain value, for example 1.0 volt. If so, CURRENT is set to a low current value LC_LO, for example 0.01 CmA, at step 922 .
  • a higher low current charge current LC_HI for example 0.05 CmA
  • the low current charge rate may have been earlier set at step 826 or 830 of DETECT() 800 .
  • the test at step 926 determines if the voltage of the battery 204 has increased enough to progress from a lower low current charge (LC_LO) to a higher one. Whether step 920 or step 922 is taken, the programmable power supply 210 is configured by calling CONFIG() 500 at step 915 , then control returned to the service routine at step 916 .
  • the purpose of flow 1000 (described in FIG. 10A , and FIG. 10B , and FIG. 10C ) is to provide constant current charging to a battery, for example battery 204 , while testing for a condition indicating that Phase 2 is over.
  • the voltage of battery 204 is compared to V BATT — STARTCV , for example 4.18 volts, which indicates constant current charging is to stop and constant voltage charging is to begin, the condition previously denominated the “crossover point.” If the crossover point has been reached, the branch to step 1004 is taken.
  • constant voltage charging is set up by setting BATTSTATE to CVCHRG, CHRGMODE to CV, initializing TMR_BATT, and setting V TAR to the desired constant voltage V BATT — MAX , for example 4.20 volts.
  • Setup is completed by calling CONFIG() 500 at step 1016 , and returning control to the service routine at step 1020 .
  • TMR_BATT is checked for timeout at step 1008 . If TMR_BATT has timed out, we assume that charging has continued for too long due to an unknown problem.
  • the action is completed by calling CONFIG() 500 at step 1016 , and returning control to the service routine at step 1020 .
  • TMR_CR is checked for equality to the time out value TMR_CR MAX , for example one minute (a count of 60 d if flow 400 is being called once per second). If TMR_CR equals TMR_CR MAX , step 1026 shuts down the programmable power supply 210 , then calls CONFIG() 500 at step 1028 , then returns control to the service routine at step 1028 . Note that BATTSTATE is not changed, timer TMR_CR is not reinitialized, no fault condition is declared, and the programmable power supply 210 remains shut down.
  • the purpose of shutting down the programmable power supply 210 at step 1026 is so that the open circuit voltage (Voc) of battery 204 may be read by ADC 202 at step 402 .
  • Voc of battery 204 corresponds to the state of charge of battery 204 , as previously discussed.
  • BATTSTATE is still CCCHRG
  • the flow will branch to CCHRG() 1000 from step 414 (providing step 404 and step 410 do not intervene).
  • tests 1002 , 1008 , 1012 are still FALSE and MODE_SEL is still equal to CRCV
  • timer TMR_CR will be incremented at step 1022
  • the step 1024 test will now be FALSE, and control will branch to step 1032 .
  • the purpose of the test for TMR_CR greater than time out at step 1032 is not to determine a fault condition, but to check the change in Voc after having determined the open circuit voltage Voc in the previous loop. That is, until TMR_CR MAX has been attained, the flow will be steps 1024 , 1032 and return to the service routine at step 1046 . When TMR_CR MAX is attained (exactly) the open circuit voltage Vo is read. Then, the next time through flow 1000 , the test at step 1032 will be TRUE and the branch to step 1034 taken. As described hereinafter, the purpose of the branch through step 1034 is to determine if the value of CURRENT needs to be modified, then the timer TMR_CR reset and again we wait for the test at step 1024 to be TRUE.
  • step 1034 the change in Voc (CR_DV) relative to the previous value is found by taking the difference between V BATT (which is Voc from the just-completed iteration of flow 400 , during which the programmable power supply 210 was shut down) and CR_VO, wherein CR_VO holds Voc from an earlier step 1042 or from step 844 during DETECT() 800 or step 918 during LO_CURR() 900 .
  • a MAX function is used at step 1034 to insure that CR_DV does not return a negative value.
  • Step 1036 checks to see if CR_DV is zero.
  • CR_DV is zero, the voltage of the battery 204 is not rising, so at step 1040 a value for a new constant current is found that is mid-way between the instant CR_I and the maximum current CR_I MAX , for example 1.0 CmA.
  • Action is then taken at step 1044 by calling CONFIG() 500 , then returning control to the service routine at step 1046 .
  • step 1040 the exact value of CR_I adjustment that will provide the desired dV/dT is not known.
  • the purpose of step 1040 is to provide a rising Voc, which will then allow a scaling procedure (step 1038 ) to configure the charger to attain the target dV/dT.
  • step 1036 When dV/dT is positive, step 1036 will branch to step 1038 .
  • Step 1038 scales the instant current CR_I per the formula
  • Constant ⁇ ⁇ rate ⁇ ⁇ current ( Constant ⁇ ⁇ rate ⁇ ⁇ current ) * ( ( ⁇ V / ⁇ T ) TAR ( ⁇ V / ⁇ T ) ) , [ EQ ⁇ ⁇ 1 ]
  • V BATT constant rate current
  • dV/dT TAR CRDV tar
  • dV/dT CR_DV from step 1034 .
  • the time interval between measurements of V BATT for example one second, is fixed and predetermined.
  • [EQ 1] may be simplified to:
  • Constant ⁇ ⁇ rate ⁇ ⁇ current ( Constant ⁇ ⁇ rate ⁇ ⁇ current ) * ( ⁇ V TAR ⁇ V ) , [ EQ ⁇ ⁇ 2 ]
  • phase 2 constant current is periodically changed to provide an approximately constant change in Voc per unit time. That is, with the CC/CV method, Phase 2 current is fixed at a predetermined value, but with the CR/CV method it is the change of open circuit voltage per unit time that is constant.
  • the “constant” current during Phase 2 in the CR/CV method is constant during a time period (for example, TMR_CR), then changed as needed for the next time period in order to maintain a constant rate of change of battery voltage.
  • TMR_CR time period
  • CR_I will be varied as needed to maintain dV/dT TAR . If, for an example using the example above and assuming TMR_CR MAX is two minutes, Voc is checked twenty times during Phase 2 and the current adjusted (if needed) each time to control dV/dT to approximately 0.06 volts rise after each iteration of CCCHRG() 1000 , step 1042 . Voc increases approximately linearly, and the time duration of Phase 2 will be approximately the same for every battery of the same type/spec, regardless of condition or temperature.
  • control then branches to step 1042 to set up configuration (as previously described), including bringing the programmable power supply 210 out of shut down, then takes action at step 1044 by calling CONFIG() 500 , then returning control to the service routine at step 1046 .
  • portion of Flow 1000 illustrated by FIG. 10B is instead represented by the flow shown in FIG. 10C .
  • the change in voltage is not limited to a minimum of zero volts (step 1036 , FIG. 10B ) but is found per step 1054 .
  • a test at step 1052 determines if the battery open circuit voltage (V BATT ) is decreasing or holding steady. Energy being put into the battery (charging current) without the battery voltage increasing may be an indication of present or impending battery failure. If TRUE (step 1052 ), the battery is deemed to be in a failure mode from which the charging system cannot recover.
  • Step 1050 Charging is stopped entirely by branching to step 1050 , where CHRGMODE is set to SHUTDN and BATTSTATE is set to DONTCHRG, then action taken at step 1044 C by calling CONFIG() 500 , then returning control to the service routine at step 1046 C. Thereafter Flow 400 will continuously branch to Flow 600 until an action apart from the flows described here occurs, such as intervention by a host 216 , removal of all power causing a resetting of the system, and the like.
  • BATTERR is set to BATRDET for later communication by the control logic unit 206 to a host 216 . If CD_DV is greater than zero, as determined at step 1052 , the flow continues through steps 1038 C, 1042 C, 1044 C and 1046 C. Steps 1032 C, 1038 C 1042 C, 1044 C, and 1046 C correspond to the similarly numbered blocks in FIG. 10B and are not further described here.
  • the test at step 1052 is more generally denominated “battery failure test”.
  • Other tests than simply decreasing battery voltage may be used to determine an actually or impending battery failure.
  • a battery is deemed to be failing when a rolling average of battery voltage values is not increasing.
  • the battery failure test comprises obtaining a representation of the battery temperature and determining that failure is possible if the temperature exceeds a certain value.
  • a certain maximum rate of temperature increase alone or in conjunction with a negative change of Voc, is used as an indication of failure
  • the temperature is sometimes obtained by placing a thermocouple in or near the battery and reading the voltage of the thermocouple with the ADC 202 .
  • a battery is deemed to be failing in a CC/CV profile even though Voc is increasing but the rate of increase changes, for example flattens out or decreases.
  • a pressure transducer is included in the battery and failure determined to be possible at a certain pressure. The value of pressure is obtained by reading the pressure transducer with the ADC 202 .
  • a strain gauge formed as part of the battery enclosure is read by the ADC 202 in order to detect swelling of the enclosure, again indicating possible battery failure, even when the battery is being neither charged nor discharged.
  • FIG. 14 presents data recorded in a laboratory environment wherein a battery was overstressed in order to examine the battery failure mechanism. Battery protective circuits were defeated, then the battery exposed to high voltage and/or current until failure was seen.
  • Curve 1401 represents battery voltage over a time window of approximately twenty three minutes, with data taken approximately every second.
  • Curve 1403 represents the calculated rate of change in Vo. Data was taken with an approximately fixed current to observe the behavior of the battery voltage.
  • At point 1405 we see a change in the slope of dV/dT. In some embodiments the condition of point 1405 , wherein dV/dT becomes relatively constant, is deemed a condition for reporting a battery failure at step 1502 .
  • condition of point 1407 wherein dV/dT begins decreasing, is deemed a condition for reporting a battery failure at step 1502 .
  • digital filtering of the Vo data is employed and the second derivative of filtered Vo values is used to determine battery failure, for example if dV 2 /dT 2 is negative.
  • the value of the current required to maintain the target dV/dT is examined in a manner similar to the examination of the voltage of the CC/CV method explained earlier, unexpected charging current changes being possible indications of battery failure. For example, a sudden increase in charging current may indicate localized shorting between conducting plates of the battery.
  • step 1050 further comprises an action or actions to avoid or diminish battery failure effects, such as fire, out gassing, chemical leakage, case rupture, and extreme temperature.
  • a power transistor with low on-resistance Rds_on
  • the power transistor is driven to its ON state. Turning on the transistor shorts out the battery and would generate significant heat, but the shorting current flows through a large portion of the surface area of the battery instead of a localized heating area.
  • the power transistor is pulsed ON and OFF intermittently to allow some thermal energy to dissipate between ON periods.
  • an electrically operated value is activated. Many such emergency actions permanently disable the battery, but with the benefit of avoiding damage beyond the battery itself.
  • the purpose of flow 1100 described in FIG. 11 , is to provide constant voltage charging of a battery, for example battery 204 , while monitoring for error conditions and an end point condition. This phase as been previously denominated “Phase 3”, and begins at the crossover detection point, previously described.
  • Flow 1100 is the result of the test at 1002 and set up at step 1004 , where timer TMR_BATT was initialized or it is the result of the test at step 810 and set up at step 818 .
  • the timer TMR_BATT is examined for a timeout condition.
  • step 1104 to shut down programmable power supply 210 by setting CHRGMODE to SHUTDN.
  • the charger system is set up by setting CHRGTSTATE to CHRGD, and BATTSTATE to USE.
  • BATTERR is set to BATTCVRO, which in one embodiment is not used by control logic unit 206 , but may be of interest to host 214 if present.
  • Action is taken by calling CONFIG() 500 at step 1116 , then returning control to the service routine at step 1114 .
  • step 1106 is taken wherein the temperature of battery 204 is compared to the maximum temperature TEMP BATT — MAX , for example 45 degrees C. If the battery 204 temperature is equal to or greater than TEMP BATT — MAX , step 1108 is taken to shut down programmable power supply 210 , set BATTSTATE to FAULT, and pass the indication of fault type by setting BATTERR to OVRTEMP. Action is taken by calling CONFIG() 500 at step 1116 , then control returned to the service routine at step 1114 .
  • Ic 310 is compared to CV_I_MIN at step 1110 .
  • Ic 310 may be known by measuring the voltage across a sensing resistor R SENSE 205 by ADC 202 , by a comparator across resistor R SENSE with a reference voltage of (CV_I_MIN*R SENSE ), or other means for measuring the charging current which one skilled in the art would know.
  • Ic 310 is reported to control logic unit 206 by programmable power supply 210 . If at step 1110 the current Ic is less than CV_I_MIN, the battery 204 is deemed to be fully charged and Phase 3 is terminated.
  • the end point condition is not determined based upon current Ic 310 but rather is defined as the open circuit voltage Vo equal to a certain value, for example 4.20 volts.
  • Action is taken by calling CONFIG() 500 at step 1116 , then control returned to the service routine at step 1114 . If the current Ic 310 is greater than CV_I_MIN at step 1110 (or Vo ⁇ V BATT — MAX in one embodiment) constant voltage charging continues by simply returning control to the service routine at step 1114 .
  • the value used for CV_I_MIN is specified by the battery manufacturer to a certain predetermined value, for example 0.1 CmA.
  • a certain predetermined value for example 0.1 CmA.
  • an absolute value of 0.1 CmA may present problems. For example, if a battery is significantly compromised (many charge/discharge cycles, damaged, very high temperature, and such), 0.1 CmA may represent a significantly high value (current) compared to the instant capacity of the subject battery.
  • 0.1 CmA may represent a significantly high value (current) compared to the instant capacity of the subject battery.
  • using the predetermined current value recommended by the battery manufacturer may under charge the battery, storing less charge than possible in an already compromised battery, providing poor performance to the user.
  • the value of current at the crossover point (that is, the instant value of CR_I from step 1042 ) is scaled, for example (0.1*CR_I), and saved as CV_I_MIN.
  • the test at step 1110 is checking to see when the current Ic 310 is reduced to a predetermined percentage, for example ten percent, of the value of the current at the crossover point rather than a predetermined current absolute value.
  • the purpose of flow 1200 is to provide for battery power to be available to power a load.
  • the battery voltage may be monitored to determine that the battery has not self-discharged (or experienced leakage through the charger) such that it needs to be recharged.
  • flow 1200 may provide status information to the larger system, for example a host 214 .
  • V BATT — RESTART a voltage of a battery
  • V BATT — RESTART a voltage of a battery
  • CHRGMODE is set to SHUTDN (which may already be the mode) at step 1206 , which removes the programmable power supply from the battery 204 . Control is then returned to the service routine at step 1208 .
  • V BATT is less than V BATT — RESTART .
  • this condition is reported to control logic unit 206 by setting BATTSTATE to DETECT() at step 1204 , and returning control to the service routine at step 1208 .
  • This will cause the next iteration of flow 400 to branch to flow DETECT() 800 , where the next step will be determined as previously described.
  • FIG. 13 presents the voltage and current values of a typical battery, such as battery 204 , charged in accordance with the present invention. Note the profile of current Ic 310 during Phase 2 in comparison with the fixed current of the prior art, as shown in FIG. 1 .
  • Curve 1302 represents the open circuit battery voltage Voc over time. Curve 1302 is essentially linear from the time charging current Ic 310 is stabilized in Phase 2 until the crossover point.
  • Curves 1304 and 1306 illustrate current curves for two different batteries; curve 1304 is representative of a strong battery and curve 1306 is representative of a weak battery being charged. For any given battery 204 in a given singular charging cycle only one curve will represent the charging experience of the battery 204 being charged.
  • a strong, fresh, warm battery may accept the higher charging current represented by curve 1304 .
  • the energy delivered to (and stored by) the battery 204 is the area under the charging current curve over the time period in which current is provided.
  • a weak or damaged battery may charge with a current Ic 310 profile similar to curve 1306 . Note that the charging time for both the strong and the weak battery is the same, but the area under the curve of curve 1306 is less than the area under the curve of curve 1304 , illustrating the difference in power delivered (and subsequently available).
  • battery open circuit voltage values are used. Looking to FIG. 3 , we see that in measuring open circuit voltage the resistors have no effect; there is no current to cause a drop. Thus open circuit voltage is used in determining the state of charge of a battery. Said differently, it represents the charge stored on the capacitors of the model. However battery voltage while connected to the charging system (that is, not open circuit voltage) is sometimes used in looking for voltage change conditions.

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US11/705,947 2007-02-12 2007-02-12 Method for charging a battery using a constant current adapted to provide a constant rate of change of open circuit battery voltage Abandoned US20080191667A1 (en)

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US11/705,947 US20080191667A1 (en) 2007-02-12 2007-02-12 Method for charging a battery using a constant current adapted to provide a constant rate of change of open circuit battery voltage
US11/688,876 US7528571B2 (en) 2007-02-12 2007-03-21 Method for charging a battery using a constant current adapted to provide a constant rate of change of open circuit battery voltage
CN200880011638A CN101652913A (zh) 2007-02-12 2008-02-12 利用适于提供开路电池电压恒定变化速率的恒定电流为电池充电的方法
PCT/US2008/053768 WO2008100970A2 (en) 2007-02-12 2008-02-12 Method for charging a battery using a constant current adapted to provide a constant rate of change of open circuit battery voltage
JP2009549306A JP2010518805A (ja) 2007-02-12 2008-02-12 開回路バッテリ電圧の変化率を一定とするのに適合した、定電流を用いるバッテリ充電方法
EP08729692.7A EP2115852A4 (en) 2007-02-12 2008-02-12 METHOD FOR CHARGING A BATTERY USING A CONSTANT CURRENT ADAPTED TO PROVIDE A CONSTANT VARIATION RATE OF AN OPEN CIRCUIT BATTERY VOLTAGE

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