Classifications

• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M16/00—Structural combinations of different types of electrochemical generators
  • H01M16/003—Structural combinations of different types of electrochemical generators of fuel cells with other electrochemical devices, e.g. capacitors, electrolysers
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
  • C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
  • C01B3/0005—Reversible uptake of hydrogen by an appropriate medium, i.e. based on physical or chemical sorption phenomena or on reversible chemical reactions, e.g. for hydrogen storage purposes ; Reversible gettering of hydrogen; Reversible uptake of hydrogen by electrodes
  • C01B3/001—Reversible uptake of hydrogen by an appropriate medium, i.e. based on physical or chemical sorption phenomena or on reversible chemical reactions, e.g. for hydrogen storage purposes ; Reversible gettering of hydrogen; Reversible uptake of hydrogen by electrodes characterised by the uptaking medium; Treatment thereof
  • C01B3/0026—Reversible uptake of hydrogen by an appropriate medium, i.e. based on physical or chemical sorption phenomena or on reversible chemical reactions, e.g. for hydrogen storage purposes ; Reversible gettering of hydrogen; Reversible uptake of hydrogen by electrodes characterised by the uptaking medium; Treatment thereof of one single metal or a rare earth metal; Treatment thereof
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
  • C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
  • C01B3/0005—Reversible uptake of hydrogen by an appropriate medium, i.e. based on physical or chemical sorption phenomena or on reversible chemical reactions, e.g. for hydrogen storage purposes ; Reversible gettering of hydrogen; Reversible uptake of hydrogen by electrodes
  • C01B3/001—Reversible uptake of hydrogen by an appropriate medium, i.e. based on physical or chemical sorption phenomena or on reversible chemical reactions, e.g. for hydrogen storage purposes ; Reversible gettering of hydrogen; Reversible uptake of hydrogen by electrodes characterised by the uptaking medium; Treatment thereof
  • C01B3/0031—Intermetallic compounds; Metal alloys; Treatment thereof
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C25B1/00—Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals
  • C25B1/01—Products
  • C25B1/02—Hydrogen or oxygen
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C25B5/00—Electrogenerative processes, i.e. processes for producing compounds in which electricity is generated simultaneously
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M8/06—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues
  • H01M8/0606—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues with means for production of gaseous reactants
  • H01M8/065—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues with means for production of gaseous reactants by dissolution of metals or alloys; by dehydriding metallic substances
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M2250/00—Fuel cells for particular applications; Specific features of fuel cell system
  • H01M2250/40—Combination of fuel cells with other energy production systems
  • H01M2250/402—Combination of fuel cell with other electric generators
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M8/06—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues
  • H01M8/0606—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues with means for production of gaseous reactants
  • H01M8/0656—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues with means for production of gaseous reactants by electrochemical means
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
  • Y02B90/00—Enabling technologies or technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
  • Y02B90/10—Applications of fuel cells in buildings
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
  • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
  • Y02E60/32—Hydrogen storage
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
  • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
  • Y02E60/36—Hydrogen production from non-carbon containing sources, e.g. by water electrolysis
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
  • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
  • Y02E60/50—Fuel cells

Definitions

• This invention relates to the technology of producing and storing hydrogen, particularly to the electrochemical method for producing and storing hydrogen by the redox of zinc and water.
• High-pressure hydrogen bottle method 2. Low temperature fluidized method. 3. Hydrocarbon fuel reforming method; 4. Metal hydrides storing-hydrogen method.
• the high-pressure hydrogen bottle method and the low temperature fluidized method have some serious shortcomings such as high cost, being poor in the aspect of safety etc.
• the hydrocarbon fuel reforming method being poor in the aspect of purity of hydrogen gas, needs the relatively high temperature, the large equipment. Due to safety property, the metal hydrides storing-hydrogen method plays an importance role in the research and development of storing-hydrogen technology.
• the aluminum alloy electrode is a disposable consumable material; it is needed to replace the aluminum alloy electrode after hydrogen generation every time; it has a high consumption; in addition, produced aluminum oxide must be eliminated by pump circulation filtering, and the hydrogen generation course is relatively complicated, which increases the cost.
• the objective of the invention is to provide the electrochemical method for producing and storing hydrogen by the redox of zinc and water with high reliability, low cost, simple and convenient process wherein the zinc electrode can be used repeatedly.
• the method comprises the closed system consisted of the gas-generating electrode-electrolyte-zinc electrode. Both the gas-generating electrode and the zinc electrode are connected respectively to the external circuit.
• the external circuits of the gas-generating electrode and zinc electrode are connected, water is reduced into hydrogen on the gas-generating electrode, the reduction reaction of water occurs on the gas-generating electrode, zinc is oxidized on the zinc electrode generating the oxidation products of zinc.
• the releasing process of hydrogen gas stops immediately; when the hydrogen is to be stored, supplementary water is supplied to the closed system, and then the negative pole of power source is connected to the external circuit of zinc electrode, and the positive pole of power source is connected to the external circuit of gas-generating electrode, then the direct current is applied, the oxidation products of zinc are reduced into zinc on the zinc electrode, and water is oxidized into oxygen on the gas-generating electrode, and then the oxygen is released.
• the gas-generating electrode used in this invention consists of the hydrogen-generating electrode and oxygen-generating electrode, or the hydrogen-generating electrode that is concurrently as the oxygen-generating electrode.
• the former uses a system that consists of the oxygen-generating electrode, electrolyte, zinc electrode, electrolyte and hydrogen-generating electrode or the oxygen-generating electrode-electrolyte-zinc electrode-electrolyte-hydrogen-generating electrode.
• the latter uses a system that consists of the zinc electrode, electrolyte, hydrogen-generating electrode that is concurrently as the oxygen-generating electrode or the zinc electrode-electrolyte-hydrogen-generating electrode, wherein hydrogen-generating electrode is concurrently used as the oxygen-generating electrode.
• the zinc electrode and hydrogen-generating electrode that is concurrently used as the oxygen-generating electrode are connected to the external circuit, and when the hydrogen is to be stored, the negative pole of power source is connected to the external circuit of zinc electrode, the positive pole of power source is connected to the external circuit of hydrogen-generating electrode that is concurrently used as the oxygen-generating electrode.
• the electrolyte used in this invention is strong alkaline electrolyte aqueous solution so that the zinc electrode has good reversibility and great capability to discharge under the heavy electric current.
• the strong alkaline electrolyte is taken as an example thereafter to explain reaction principle of the electrochemistry occurred in the system for producing and storing hydrogen by the redox of zinc and water.
• the zinc electrodes used in the method for producing and storing hydrogen in this invention are made of the zinc active substance, adhesive, additives and current-collecting device by using many physical and chemical methods such as the compacting, applying paste, agglomerating, boxing (piping), foaming, electrodeposition technology etc.
• the zinc active substance can be composed of the zinc compounds such as the zinc alloy powder, zinc oxide, zinc hydroxide, zincate, etc.
• the adhesive selected from the group consisting of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) emulsion, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), hydroxypropyl emthylcellulose (HPMC), polyethylene oxide (PEO), polyacrylic acid (PAA), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), hexafluoropropylene, or mixtures thereof;
• the additives selected from the group consisting of zinc oxide, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, cadmium oxide, alumina, bismuth compounds, lead compounds, calcium hydroxide, graphite powder, acetylene black, carbon powder, electric carbon black, active carbon powder, short-cut fiber, carbon fibers, or mixtures thereof;
• the current-collecting device can be made of the foamed metal, metal mesh, metal tape (metal can be pure metal or alloy) by using the physical and chemical methods such as electroplating, composite plating to treat the surface oft metal; For example, they may be the foamed brass
• the electrolyte used in the method for producing and storing hydrogen in this invention is treated by using an aqueous solution electrolyte with the battery diaphragm to absorb.
• the pH of the aqueous solution is more than 4;
• the concentration of the aqueous solution is in range of 0.05 Mol/L ⁇ 15 Mol/L.
• the aqueous solution can be selected from the hydroxide aqueous solution of alkali metal or alkaline earth metal or their mixtures, and preferably KOH, NaOH aqueous solution or their mixtures, or the carbonate, sulfate, fluoride salt aqueous solution of alkali metal or alkaline earth metal or their mixtures, or the mixture of their hydroxide aqueous solution;
• the diaphragm can be made of any one selected from the group consisting of cellulose hydrate film, polyethylene graft film, cellophane paper, nylon cloth, hydrated cellulose paper, cotton paper, potassium titanate paper, polyethylene felt, zirconia fiber paper, vinyl on non-woven fabric, or mixtures thereof to form composite membrane.
• the lower overpotential active hydrogen-generating electrode for hydrogen-generating can be used as the hydrogen-generating electrode in this invention.
• the active hydrogen-generating electrode is made of pure metal, metal oxide, alloy or metal and the composite material formed by alloy and oxide, by using physical and chemical methods such as the electroplating, composite plating, thermal decomposition, ion plating, ion implantation, ion sputtering, chemical plating, foamed metal technology, and also by comprehensively using the two or three kinds of technologies described above.
• composition can be the pure metals selected from the group consisting of lower overpotential metal for hydrogen-generating such as Ni, Co, Fe, Mo, W, Pt, Pd, Ru oxides such as RuO 2 , TiO 2 , ZrO2, alloys such as Ni—Mo, Ni—B, Ni—P, Ni—NiS, Ni—Pt, Ni—Ru, Co—Mo, Ni-Wo, Xi-Sn, Mo—W, Co—W, Ni-storing-hydrogen alloy, as well as Ni—P—Co—Mo—W, Ni—Co—Mo, Ni—Co—Mo—W, Ni—P—Mo—Co, Ni—P—W, Ni—P—Co—Mo—W, Ni.B—Co, Ni—B—Mo, Hi-B—Co—Mo, Ni—B—Co—Mo—W, Ni—B—W, Ni—Co— storing-hydrogen alloy, the composite materials formed by the metal or alloy with the oxide, in terms of the composite materials that adheres
• the oxygen-generating electrode is made of metal steel, iron, nickel with the structures of mesh, strip, plate, sheet, foamed metal, by using the nickel plating or sulfur coated nickel plating method, or is the titanium-base platinum group oxide electrode, iridium system coating titanium electrode, manganese dioxide coating titanium electrode, perovskite structure of oxide electrode, which have a special catalytic force to the oxygen-generating course.
• the hydrogen-generating electrode that is concurrently as the oxygen-generating electrode used in this invention can be made of the metallic materials such as the steel, iron, nickel with the structures such as mesh, strip, plate, sheet, foamed metal, and treated by using the physical and chemical methods such as the nickel plating or sulfur coated nickel plating.
• the hydrogen-generating electrode, oxygen-generating electrode and hydrogen-generating that is concurrently as the oxygen-generating electrode described above, can be made into the a variety of structures such as flaky, meshy, porous structures, and the gas diffusion electrode structure that is similar to the fuel cell electrode can be selected.
• a device consists of a storage tank, liquid control valve, filling opening, hydrogen collecting chamber, hydrogen outlet, oxygen outlet, zinc electrode, compartment separator plate, hydrogen-generating electrode, oxygen-generating electrode and dash pot.
• the storage tank is located above the hydrogen collecting chamber.
• the electrolytic cell system provided with a plurality of electrode chambers, is installed at the lower part of the hydrogen collecting chamber. The number of the chambers is determined according to the amount required to produce the hydrogen gas and the release rate of the hydrogen gas.
• the hydrogen-generating electrode, zinc electrode and oxygen-generating electrode are uniformly arranged in each electrode chamber.
• Each electrode chamber, which separates the electrodes from each other, is filled with diaphragms. Each electrode is connected to the external circuit.
• the hydrogen outlet is set on the hydrogen collecting chamber, and the dash pot is equipped on the lower part of the electrolytic cell system, which is used for keeping the same liquor level of the electrolyte in the electrolytic cell system.
• the liquid control valve is firstly opened so as to make the electrolyte of the storage tank flowing into every electrode chamber and the dash pot in the electrolytic cell system through a duct on the bottom of storage tank, then to switch on the external circuit of the zinc electrode and hydrogen-generating electrode and form a loop.
• a large quantity of hydrogen gas begins to be produced on the hydrogen-generating electrode.
• the hydrogen gas is collected in the hydrogen collecting chamber and flows out through the hydrogen outlet.
• the hydrogen gas flows out, the electric energy is sent out from the positive pole and negative pole of the electrochemical system for producing and storing hydrogen.
• the system immediately stops producing hydrogen.
• the hydrogen gas is to be stored, at first supplementary sufficient water is applied into the electrolytic cell system through the filling opening, and then connect the positive pole of power source to the external circuit of the oxygen-generating electrode, connect the negative pole to the external circuit of the zinc electrode, switch on the direct current, the zinc electrode begins to be reduced into zinc and the oxygen-generating electrode begins to largely produce oxygen.
• the oxygen discharges directly from the oxygen outlet.
• the device can be a structure that consists of the storage tank, the liquid control valve, the filling opening, the hydrogen collecting chamber, hydrogen outlet, the oxygen outlet, zinc electrode, the compartment separator plate, the hydrogen-generating electrode that is concurrently as the oxygen-generating electrode and the dash pot.
• the storage tank is located above the hydrogen collecting chamber.
• the electrolytic cell system provided with a plurality of electrode chambers, is installed at the lower part of the hydrogen collecting chamber. The number of the chambers is determined according to the amount required to produce the hydrogen gas and the release rate of the hydrogen gas.
• the zinc electrode and hydrogen-generating electrode that is concurrently as the oxygen-generating electrode are uniformly arranged in each electrode chamber. Those electrodes are separated from each other. Each electrode is connected to the external circuit.
• Each electrode chamber is filled with diaphragms, which separates the electrodes from each other.
• the hydrogen outlet is set on the hydrogen collecting chamber, and the dash pot is equipped on the lower part of the electrolytic cell system, which is used for keeping the same liquor level of the electrolyte in the electrolytic cell system.
• the liquid control valve is firstly opened to make the electrolyte in the storage tank flowing into every electrode chamber and the dash pot in the electrolytic cell system through the duct on the bottom of storage tank, then to switch on the external circuit of the zinc electrode and hydrogen-generating that is concurrently as the oxygen-generating electrode and form a loop.
• a large quantity of hydrogen gas begins to be produced on the hydrogen generating electrode that is concurrently as the oxygen-generating electrode.
• the hydrogen gas is collected in the hydrogen collecting chamber and flows out through the hydrogen outlet. While the hydrogen gas flows out, the electric energy is sent out from the positive pole and negative pole of the electrochemical system for producing and storing hydrogen. By switching off the external circuit of the zinc electrode and hydrogen-generating electrode, the system immediately stops producing hydrogen.
• the zinc electrode begins to be reduced into zinc and the hydrogen-generating that is concurrently as the oxygen-generating electrode begins to produce massive product of oxygen.
• the oxygen discharges directly from the oxygen outlet.
• New concept of the invention utilizing the electrochemistry technology and the system for producing and storing the hydrogen formed by the combination of the zinc electrode and the gas-generating electrode in the electrolyte, shown that of the electrochemical system for producing and storing hydrogen with high efficiency, high reliability, low cost being used repeatedly, which obviously is different from all kinds of traditional sources of hydrogen.
• the process of producing and storing hydrogen belongs to the battery reaction, can be done under the condition of the normal temperature and normal pressure.
• the output of hydrogen can be controlled only by controlling the amount of the electric current with the rapid and convenient process of the operations of starting and stopping.
• the system of this invention can be designed in the way of modularization. Therefore, it is easy for the disassembly, assembly and combination.
• the source of hydrogen can be made into the miniature and small size on a large scale with movable or fixable model.
• the cost of the system of present invention is greatly lower than the cost of the alloy for storing hydrogen. In addition, it is rich in the zinc resource. Due to using the raw materials that do not contain hydrargyrum, the invention can be used with safe and reliability and not resulting in environmental pollution.
• this system uses the way of charging to store the hydrogen energy, therefore, it is not necessary to have inconvenient sources of hydrogen such as a hydrogen station or hydrogen bottle.
• the hydrogen can be stored only by having electricity and water. It can also be used repeatedly for many times.
• the electric energy can be produced without an external electricity supply.
• this invention has a great application value in the aspect of portable and movable source of hydrogen. Especially, it is suitable to provide hydrogen for hydrogen fuel cells. While providing the hydrogen, it can also generate electricity as secondary product, which generates the electricity together with a fuel cell.
• This invention is also suitable for the following technical fields: providing a convenient movable source of hydrogen environment with equipments such as the laboratory equipment and welding equipment; the circumstances of jointly using electricity and hydrogen or exclusively using electricity or hydrogen using a heat source, field lighting, etc.
• This invention can be also used in the aspect of energy storage. For example, the superfluous electric power is stored in the lowest electricity-used period and the electric power generated by solar energy is stored.
• the energy storage ways are the joint storage of hydrogen and electric energy.
• PPAT-AS-SL8 film from Shanghai Shilong Company is as the diaphragm
• foamed nickel sheet is as the oxygen-generating electrode
• foamed nickel sheet that is coated with Pt/C (Platinum is attached on the electric carbon black) catalyst is as the hydrogen-generating electrode
• 5 Mol/L KOH aqueous solution is as the electrolyte. The electrolyte submerges the most parts of the electrode.
• the effective area of this single battery electrode is five square centimeters.
• Constant Current Charge The zinc electrode is connected to the negative pole, and the foamed nickel sheet is connected to the positive pole.
• the electric current is 50 mA charging for 3 hours. After charging, it stands for 15 minutes. When charging, the gas is produced on the positive pole. No gas is produced on two poles when standing.
• the zinc electrode is as the negative pole and the foamed nickel sheet that is coated with Pt/C catalyst is as the positive pole.
• discharging current and voltage are measured by using a universal meter. After the circuit is supplied, the electric current begins with 0.5 A furiously bubbling up. The gas production rate is up to 3.3 ml per minute. When reducing the electric current, the gas production rate is reduced. If the circuit is not supplied during the processing, hydrogen production stops. When switching on the circuit again, the hydrogen production starts again. In this way, the charge and discharge are repeated for three times, and the electric current and voltage slightly changed only and the same in phenomenon.
• Constant Current Charge The zinc electrode is connected to the negative pole, and the foamed nickel sheet is connected to the positive pole.
• the electric current is 60 mA charging for 5 hours. After charging, it stands for 15 minutes. When charging, the gas is produced on the positive pole. No gas is produced on two poles when standing.
• the zinc electrode is as the negative pole and the foamed nickel sheet is as the positive pole.
• discharging current and voltage are measured by using a universal meter. Switch on the circuit, the discharging current is 70 mA and the voltage is 46 mV, bubbling up soon. After two hours, the voltage still is 65 mV while the discharging current is 36 mA.
• the discharging begins with being up to 0.5 ml per minute.
• charge and discharge are repeated for three times, and the electric current and voltage slightly changed only and the same in phenomenon.
• the effective area of this single battery electrode is 12 square centimeters.
• Constant Current Charge The zinc electrode is connected to the negative pole, and the foamed nickel sheet is connected to the positive pole.
• the electric current is 100 mA charging for 5 hours. After charging, it stands for 15 minutes. When charging, the gas is produced on the positive pole. No gas is produced on two poles when standing.
• the zinc electrode is as the negative pole and the foamed nickel sheet is as the positive pole.
• discharging current and voltage are measured by using a universal meter.
• the electric current begins with 0.5 A, after an hour, the electric current is 0.1 A, and after 3.5 hours, 62 mA, furiously bubbling up occurs as the charge begins.
• the gas production rate is up to 3.3 ml per minute. When reducing the electric current, the gas production rate is reduced.
• hydrogen production stops. When switching on the circuit again, the hydrogen production starts again.

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