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Definitions

• the present invention relates to novel 1-aryl-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanes, intermediates and methods for the production thereof, and their use for treating disorders of the central nervous system (CNS), including neuropsychiatric disorders.
• CNS central nervous system
• 1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane has been reported to inhibit reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin and dopamine—three biogenic amines that have been implicated in a wide variety of neuropsychiatric disorders ranging from anxiety and depression to eating disorders and drug addiction.
• One potential use of 1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane is as an antidepressant.
• the invention achieves these objects and satisfies additional objects and advantages by providing novel 1-aryl-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanes that possess unexpected activities for modulating biogenic amine transport.
• novel 1-aryl-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanes are provided that have at least two substituents on the aryl ring.
• novel 1-aryl-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanes are provided that are substituted with a napthyl group on the nitrogen at the ‘3’ position.
• novel 1-aryl-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanes of the invention having the following formula I: and enantiomers and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein: Ar is a phenyl group substituted with two substituents independently selected from halogen, C 1-3 alkyl, C 2-4 alkenyl, C 2-4 alkynyl, halo(C 1-3 )alkyl, cyano, hydroxy, C 3-5 cycloalkyl, C 1-3 alkoxy, C 1-3 alkoxy(C 1-3 )alkyl, carboxy(C 1-3 )alkyl, C 1-3 alkanoyl, halo(C 1-3 )alkoxy, nitro, amino, C 1-3 alkylamino, and di(C 1-3 )alkylamino; R 1 and R 2 are independently selected from hydrogen, unsubstituted C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-10 alkenyl and C 3-10 alkynyl,
• the invention provides compounds of the following formula II: and enatiomers and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein: R 1 and R 2 are independently selected from hydrogen, unsubstituted C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-10 alkenyl and C 3-10 alkynyl, and substituted C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-10 alkenyl and C 3-10 alkynyl wherein the substituent is one or more of hydroxy, cyano, halogen, C 1-6 alkoxy, aryl substituted C 1-6 alkoxy, aryloxy, aryloxy substituted with one or more halogens, C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 alkyl independently substituted with one or more of cyano and halogen, C 1-4 alkoxy, and C 1-4 haloalkoxy; R 3 is selected from hydrogen, C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 alkoxycarbonyl, C 2-6 alkanoyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, C 4-9 cyclo
• the invention provides compounds of the following formula III: and enatiomers and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein: R 1 and R 2 are independently selected from hydrogen, unsubstituted C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-10 alkenyl and C 3-10 alkynyl, and substituted C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-10 alkenyl and C 3-10 alkynyl wherein the substituent is one or more of hydroxy, cyano, halogen, C 1-6 alkoxy, aryl substituted C 1-6 alkoxy, aryloxy, aryloxy substituted with one or more halogens, C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 alkyl independently substituted with one or more of cyano and halogen, C 1-4 alkoxy, and C 1-4 haloalkoxy; R 3 is selected from hydrogen, C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 alkoxycarbonyl, C 2-6 alkanoyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, C 4-9 cyclo
• Useful 1-aryl-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanes of the invention include the substituted 1-aryl-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanes compounds described herein, as well as their active, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, polymorphs, solvates, hydrates and or prodrugs, or combinations thereof.
• the invention also provides novel methods of making 1-aryl-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanes, including synthetic methods that form novel intermediate compounds of the invention for producing 1-aryl-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanes.
• the invention provides novel processes for preparing 1-aryl-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanes, to yield novel compounds useful in biologically active and/or therapeutic compositions.
• the invention provides pharmaceutical compositions and methods for treating disorders of the central nervous system (CNS), including a wide array of serious neurological or psychiatric conditions, in mammals that are amenable to treatment using agents that inhibit or otherwise modulate biogenic amine transport.
• CNS central nervous system
• the present invention fulfills these needs and satisfies additional objects and advantages by providing novel 1-aryl-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanes as therapeutic agents to treat and manage a wide variety of disorders of the central nervous system (CNS), including neuropsychiatric disorders.
• CNS disorders for treatment using the compositions and methods of the invention are amenable to treatment, prophylaxis, and/or alleviation of the disorder and/or associated symptom(s) by inhibiting reuptake of multiple biogenic amines causally linked to the targeted CNS disorder, wherein the biogenic amines targeted for reuptake inhibition are selected from norepinephrine, and/or serotonin, and/or dopamine.
• the novel compounds of the invention are employed in effective compositions and methods for treating a neuropsychiatric disorder, such as depression or anxiety.
• the invention provides compounds of the following formula I: and enantiomers and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein: Ar is a phenyl group substituted with two substituents independently selected from halogen, C 1-3 alkyl, C 2-4 alkenyl, C 2-4 alkynyl, halo(C 1-3 )alkyl, cyano, hydroxy, C 3-5 cycloalkyl, C 1-3 alkoxy, C 1-3 alkoxy(C 1-3 )alkyl, carboxy(C 1-3 )alkyl, C 1-3 alkanoyl, halo(C 1-3 )alkoxy, nitro, amino, C 1-3 alkylamino, and di(C 1-3 )alkylamino; R 1 and R 2 are independently selected from hydrogen, unsubstituted C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-10 alkenyl and C 3-10 alkynyl, and substituted C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-10 alkenyl and C 3-10
• Ar is a phenyl group substituted with two substituents independently selected from methyl, ethyl, fluoro, chloro, trifluoromethyl, cyano, nitro, and trifluoromethoxy.
• R 1 and R 2 are hydrogen or methyl and R 3 is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl or cyclopropyl.
• the invention provides compounds of the following formula II: and enatiomers and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein: R 1 and R 2 are independently selected from hydrogen, unsubstituted C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-10 alkenyl and C 3-10 alkynyl, and substituted C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-10 alkenyl and C 3-10 alkynyl wherein the substituent is one or more of hydroxy, cyano, halogen, C 1-6 alkoxy, aryl substituted C 1-6 alkoxy, aryloxy, aryloxy substituted with one or more halogens, C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 alkyl independently substituted with one or more of cyano and halogen, C 1-4 alkoxy, and C 1-4 haloalkoxy; R 3 is selected from hydrogen, C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 alkoxycarbonyl, C 2-6 alkanoyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, C 4-9 cycloalkoxy;
• R 4 and R 5 are independently hydrogen or 1-4 substituents independently selected from methyl, ethyl, fluoro, chloro, trifluoromethyl, cyano, nitro, methoxy, ethoxy and trifluoromethoxy.
• R 1 and R 2 are hydrogen
• R 3 is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl or isopropyl
• R 4 and R 5 are independently selected from hydrogen, methyl, chloro, fluoro, propyl, methoxy and ethoxy.
• the invention provides compounds of the following formula III: and enatiomers and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein: R 1 and R 2 are independently selected from hydrogen, unsubstituted C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-10 alkenyl and C 3-10 alkynyl, and substituted C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-10 alkenyl and C 3-10 alkynyl wherein the substituent is one or more of hydroxy, cyano, halogen, C 1-6 alkoxy, aryl substituted C 1-6 alkoxy, aryloxy, aryloxy substituted with one or more halogens, C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 alkyl independently substituted with one or more of cyano and halogen, C 1-4 alkoxy, and C 1-4 haloalkoxy; R 3 is selected from hydrogen, C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 alkoxycarbonyl, C 2-6 alkanoyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, C 4-9 cycl
• R 4 and R 5 are independently hydrogen or 1-4 substituents independently selected from methyl, ethyl, fluoro, chloro, trifluoromethyl, cyano, nitro, methoxy, ethoxy and trifluoromethoxy.
• R 1 and R 2 are hydrogen
• R 3 is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl or isopropyl
• R 4 and R 5 are independently selected from hydrogen, methyl, chloro, fluoro, propyl, methoxy and ethoxy.
• the invention provides an assemblage of novel 1-aryl-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanes having multiple substitutions on the aryl ring.
• Novel, multiply aryl-substituted, 1-aryl-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanes of the invention include the following, exemplary compounds, which have been made and characterized as illustrative embodiments of the invention (Table 1).
• the invention provides an illustrative assemblage of novel 1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanes having multiple substitutions, (e.g., as illustrated by multiple chloro substitutions) on the aryl ring, combined with a substitution on the nitrogen (alternatively, an “aza substitution”) at the ‘3’ position.
• Novel 1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanes of the invention having a substitution on the nitrogen at the ‘3’ position of the invention include the following, exemplary compounds, which have been made and characterized as illustrative embodiments of the invention (Table 2).
• enantiomeric forms of the novel compounds described herein, having chiral symmetric structure are provided, which provide yet additional drug candidates for treating CNS disorders.
• the invention provides enantiomers, diastereomers, and other stereoisomeric forms of the disclosed compounds, including racemic and resolved forms and mixtures thereof.
• the individual enantiomers may be separated according to methods that are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
• the enantiomers, diastereomers and other stereoisomeric forms of the disclosed compounds are substantially free of the corresponding enantiomers, diastereomers and stereoisomers.
• the enantiomers, diastereomers and other stereoisomeric forms of the disclosed compounds contain no more than about 10%, about 5%, about 2% or about 1% of the corresponding enantiomers, diastereomers and stereoisomers.
• the compounds described herein contain olefinic double bonds or other centers of geometric asymmetry, and unless specified otherwise, it is intended to include both E and Z geometric isomers. All tautomers are intended to be encompassed by the present invention as well.
• the compounds of the present invention can be prepared as both acid addition salts formed from an acid and the basic nitrogen group of 1-aryl-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanes and base salts.
• the methods of the present invention can be used to prepare compounds as both acid addition salts formed from an acid and the basic nitrogen group of 1-aryl-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanes and base salts.
• Suitable acid addition salts are formed from acids which form non-toxic salts and include, for example, hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydroiodide, sulphate, hydrogen sulphate, nitrate, phosphate, and hydrogen phosphate salts.
• pharmaceutically acceptable addition salts include inorganic and organic acid addition salts.
• Additional pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limited to, metal salts such as sodium salt, potassium salt, cesium salt and the like; alkaline earth metals such as calcium salt, magnesium salt and the like; organic amine salts such as triethylamine salt, pyridine salt, picoline salt, ethanolamine salt, triethanolamine salt, dicyclohexylamine salt, N,N′-dibenzylethylenediamine salt and the like; organic acid salts such as acetate, citrate, lactate, succinate, tartrate, maleate, fumarate, mandelate, acetate, dichloroacetate, trifluoroacetate, oxalate, formate and the like; sulfonates such as methanesulfonate, benzenesulfonate, p-toluenesulfonate and the like; and amino acid salts such as arginate, asparginate,
• the invention provides prodrugs of the disclosed compounds.
• Prodrugs are considered to be any covalently bonded carriers which release the active parent drug in vivo.
• Examples of prodrugs include esters or amides of a compound of the present invention with hydroxyalkyl or aminoalkyl as a substituent. These may be prepared by reacting such compounds with anhydrides such as succinic anhydride.
• the invention disclosed herein will also be understood to encompass in vivo metabolic products of the disclosed compounds. Such products may result for example from the oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, amidation, esterification and the like of the administered compound, primarily due to enzymatic processes. Accordingly, the invention includes compounds produced by a process comprising contacting a compound of this invention with a mammal for a period of time sufficient to yield a metabolic product thereof. Such products typically are identified by preparing a radiolabelled compound of the invention, administering it parenterally in a detectable dose to an animal such as rat, mouse, guinea pig, monkey, or to man, allowing sufficient time for metabolism to occur and isolating its conversion products from the urine, blood or other biological samples.
• the invention disclosed herein will also be understood to encompass the disclosed compounds isotopically-labelled by having one or more atoms replaced by an atom having a different atomic mass or mass number.
• isotopes that can be incorporated into the disclosed compounds include isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, fluorine and chlorine, such as 2 H, 3 H, 13 C, 14 C, 15 N, 18 O, 17 O, 31 P, 32 P, 35 S, 18 F and 36 Cl, respectively.
• the compounds of the instant invention may be prepared using methods known to those skilled in the art, and in other embodiments by employing novel synthetic schemes as provided herein, which, along with the exemplified intermediate compounds, also fall within the scope of the invention. Accordingly, the present invention also provides novel methods and compositions for producing the compounds of the present invention as well as other 1-aryl-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanes.
• the present invention provides methods for making a 1-aryl-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane of the following formula IV, wherein Ar is a phenyl group substituted with two substituents independently selected from halogen, C 1-3 alkyl, C 2-4 alkenyl, C 2-4 alkynyl, halo(C 1-3 )alkyl, cyano, hydroxy, C 3-5 cycloalkyl, C 1-3 alkoxy, C 1-3 alkoxy(C 1-3 )alkyl, carboxy(C 1-3 )alkyl, C 1-3 alkanoyl, halo(C 1-3 )alkoxy, nitro, amino, C 1-3 alkylamino, and di(C 1-3 )alkylamino, an unsubstituted napthyl group or a napthyl group having 1-4 substituents independently selected from halogen, C 1-3 alkyl, C 2-4 alkenyl, C 2-4 alkyn
• the present invention provides methods for making a 1-aryl-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane of the following formula IV, wherein Ar is a phenyl group substituted with two substituents independently selected from halogen, C 1-3 alkyl, C 2-4 alkenyl, C 2-4 alkynyl, halo(C 1-3 )alkyl, cyano, hydroxy, C 3-5 cycloalkyl, C 1-3 alkoxy, C 1-3 alkoxy(C 1-3 )alkyl, carboxy(C 1-3 )alkyl, C 1-3 alkanoyl, halo(C 1-3 )alkoxy, nitro, amino, C 1-3 alkylamino, and di(C 1-3 )alkylamino, an unsubstituted napthyl group or a napthyl group having 1-4 substituents independently selected from halogen, C 1-3 alkyl, C 2-4 alkenyl, C 2-4 alkyn
• the present invention provides methods of making a 1-aryl-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane of the following formula V, wherein Ar is a phenyl group substituted with two substituents independently selected from halogen, C 1-3 alkyl, C 2-4 alkenyl, C 2-4 alkynyl, halo(C 1-3 )alkyl, cyano, hydroxy, C 3-5 cycloalkyl, C 1-3 alkoxy, C 1-3 alkoxy(C 1-3 )alkyl, carboxy(C 1-3 )alkyl, C 1-3 alkanoyl, halo(C 1-3 )alkoxy, nitro, amino, C 1-3 alkylamino, and di(C 1-3 )alkylamino, an unsubstituted napthyl group or a napthyl group having 1-4 substituents independently selected from halogen, C 1-3 alkyl, C 2-4 alkenyl, C 2-4 alkyn
• Suitable reducing agents and methodologies include, for example, lithium aluminum hydride (LAH), sodium aluminum hydride (SAH), NaBH 4 with ZnCl 2 and catalytic hydrogenation.
• LAH lithium aluminum hydride
• SAH sodium aluminum hydride
• NaBH 4 with ZnCl 2 and catalytic hydrogenation.
• Suitable nitrogen protecting groups include, for example, benzyl, allyl, tert-butyl and 3,4-dimethoxy-benzyl groups.
• nitrogen protecting groups are well known to those skilled in the art, see for example, “Nitrogen Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis”, John Wiley and Sons, New York, N.Y., 1981, Chapter 7; “Nitrogen Protecting Groups in Organic Chemistry”, Plenum Press, New York, N.Y., 1973, Chapter 2; T. W. Green and P. G. M. Wuts in “Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry”, 3rd edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, N.Y., 1999.
• the nitrogen protecting group When the nitrogen protecting group is no longer needed, it may be removed by methods well known in the art. For example, benzyl or 3,4-dimethoxy-benzyl groups may be removed by catalytic hydrogenation.
• methods of removing nitrogen protecting groups are well known to those skilled in the art, see for example, “Nitrogen Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis”, John Wiley and Sons, New York, N.Y., 1981, Chapter 7; “Nitrogen Protecting Groups in Organic Chemistry”, Plenum Press, New York, N.Y., 1973, Chapter 2; T. W. Green and P. G. M. Wuts in “Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry”, 3rd edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, N.Y., 1999.
• Suitable reagents for causing cyclization include, for example, SOCl 2 , POCl 3 , oxalyl chloride, phosphorous tribromide, triphenylphosphorous dibromide and oxalyl bromide.
• halogen refers to bromine, chlorine, fluorine or iodine. In one embodiment, the halogen is chlorine. In another embodiment, the halogen is bromine.
• hydroxy refers to —OH or —O ⁇ .
• alkyl refers to straight- or branched-chain aliphatic groups containing 1-20 carbon atoms, preferably 1-7 carbon atoms and most preferably 1-4 carbon atoms. This definition applies as well to the alkyl portion of alkoxy, alkanoyl and aralkyl groups. In one embodiment, the alkyl is a methyl group.
• alkoxy includes substituted and unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl groups covalently linked to an oxygen atom.
• the alkoxy group contains 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
• Embodiments of alkoxy groups include, but are not limited to, methoxy, ethoxy, isopropyloxy, propoxy, butoxy, and pentoxy groups.
• Embodiments of substituted alkoxy groups include halogenated alkoxy groups.
• the alkoxy groups can be substituted with groups such as alkenyl, alkynyl, halogen, hydroxyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyloxy, carboxylate, alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl, alkylthiocarbonyl, alkoxyl, phosphate, phosphonato, phosphinato, cyano, amino (including alkylamino, dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, and alkylarylamino), acylamino (including alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, carbamoyl and ureido), amidino, imino, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, arylthio,
• nitro refers to a —NO 2 group.
• amino refers to the group —NRR′, where R′ and R′ may independently be hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, alkoxy, or heteroaryl.
• aminoalkyl as used herein represents a more detailed selection as compared to “amino” and refers to the group —NRR′, where R and R′ may independently be hydrogen or (C 1 -C 4 )alkyl.
• trifluoromethyl refers to —CF 3 .
• trifluoromethoxy refers to —OCF 3 .
• cycloalkyl refers to a saturated cyclic hydrocarbon ring system containing from 3 to 7 carbon atoms that may be optionally substituted. Exemplary embodiments include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl. In certain embodiments, the cycloalkyl group is cyclopropyl. In another embodiment, the (cycloalkyl)alkyl groups contain from 3 to 7 carbon atoms in the cyclic portion and 1 to 4 carbon atoms in the alkyl portion. In certain embodiments, the (cycloalkyl)alkyl group is cyclopropylmethyl. The alkyl groups are optionally substituted with from one to three substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, hydroxy and amino.
• alkanoyl and alkanoyloxy refer, respectively, to —C(O)-alkyl groups and —O—C(O)-alkyl groups, each optionally containing 2-5 carbon atoms. Specific embodiments of alkanoyl and alkanoyloxy groups are acetyl and acetoxy, respectively.
• aryl refers to monocyclic or bicyclic aromatic hydrocarbon groups having from 6 to 12 carbon atoms in the ring portion, for example, phenyl, naphthyl, biphenyl and diphenyl groups, each of which may be substituted with, for example, one to four substituents such as alkyl, substituted alkyl as defined above, halogen, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, hydroxy, alkoxy, cycloalkyloxy, alkanoyl, alkanoyloxy, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, nitro, cyano, carboxy, carboxyalkyl, carbamyl, carbamoyl and aryloxy.
• substituents such as alkyl, substituted alkyl as defined above, halogen, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, hydroxy, alkoxy, cycloalkyloxy, alkanoyl, alkanoyloxy, amino, alkylamino,
• aroyl refers to an aryl radical derived from an aromatic carboxylic acid, such as optionally substituted benzoic or naphthoic acids.
• aralkyl refers to an aryl group bonded to the 4-pyridinyl ring through an alkyl group, preferably one containing 1-4 carbon atoms.
• a preferred aralkyl group is benzyl.
• nitrile or “cyano” as used herein refers to the group —CN.
• dialkylamino refers to an amino group having two attached alkyl groups that can be the same or different.
• alkenyl refers to a straight or branched alkenyl group of 2 to 10 carbon atoms having 1 to 3 double bonds.
• Preferred embodiments include ethenyl, 1-propenyl, 2-propenyl, 1-methylethenyl, 1-butenyl, 2-butenyl, 3-butenyl, 2-methyl-2-propenyl, 1-pentenyl, 2-pentenyl, 4-pentenyl, 3-methyl-2-butenyl, 1-hexenyl, 2-hexenyl, 1-heptenyl, 2-heptenyl, 1-octenyl, 2-octenyl, 1,3-octadienyl, 2-nonenyl, 1,3-nonadienyl, 2-decenyl, etc.
• alkynyl refers to a straight or branched alkynyl group of 2 to 10 carbon atoms having 1 to 3 triple bonds.
• exemplary alkynyls include, but are not limited to, ethynyl, 1-propynyl, 2-propynyl, 1-butynyl, 2-butynyl, 3-butynyl, 1-pentynyl, 2-pentynyl, 4-pentynyl, 1-octynyl, 6-methyl-1-heptynyl, and 2-decynyl.
• hydroxyalkyl alone or in combination, refers to an alkyl group as previously defined, wherein one or several hydrogen atoms, preferably one hydrogen atom has been replaced by a hydroxyl group. Examples include hydroxymethyl, hydroxyethyl and 2-hydroxyethyl.
• aminoalkyl refers to the group —NRR′, where R and R′ may independently be hydrogen or (C 1 -C 4 )alkyl.
• alkylaminoalkyl refers to an alkylamino group linked via an alkyl group (i.e., a group having the general structure —alkyl-NH-alkyl or —alkyl-N(alkyl)(alkyl)).
• alkyl group i.e., a group having the general structure —alkyl-NH-alkyl or —alkyl-N(alkyl)(alkyl)
• alkyl group include, but are not limited to, mono- and di-(C 1 -C 8 alkyl)aminoC 1 -C 8 alkyl, in which each alkyl may be the same or different.
• dialkylaminoalkyl refers to alkylamino groups attached to an alkyl group. Examples include, but are not limited to, N,N-dimethylaminomethyl, N,N-dimethylaminoethyl, N,N-dimethylaminopropyl, and the like.
• dialkylaminoalkyl also includes groups where the bridging alkyl moiety is optionally substituted.
• haloalkyl refers to an alkyl group substituted with one or more halo groups, for example chloromethyl, 2-bromoethyl, 3-iodopropyl, trifluoromethyl, perfluoropropyl, 8-chlorononyl and the like.
• alkyl refers to the substituent —R′—COOH wherein R′ is alkylene; and carbalkoxyalkyl refers to —R′—COOR wherein R′ and R are alkylene and alkyl respectively.
• alkyl refers to a saturated straight- or branched-chain hydrocarbyl radical of 1-6 carbon atoms such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, 2-methylpentyl, n-hexyl, and so forth.
• Alkylene is the same as alkyl except that the group is divalent.
• alkoxyalkyl refers to an alkylene group substituted with an alkoxy group.
• methoxyethyl [CH 3 OCH 2 CH 2 —] and ethoxymethyl (CH 3 CH 2 OCH 2 —] are both C 3 alkoxyalkyl groups.
• alkanoylamino refers to alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl groups containing the group —C(O)— followed by —N(H)—, for example acetylamino, propanoylamino and butanoylamino and the like.
• carbonylamino refers to the group —NR—CO—CH 2 —R′, where R and R′ may be independently selected from hydrogen or (C 1 -C 4 )alkyl.
• carbamoyl refers to —O—C(O)NH 2 .
• carboxyl refers to a functional group in which a nitrogen atom is directly bonded to a carbonyl, i.e., as in —NRC( ⁇ O)R′ or —C( ⁇ O)NRR′, wherein R and R′ can be hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclo, or heteroaryl.
• heterocyclo refers to an optionally substituted, unsaturated, partially saturated, or fully saturated, aromatic or nonaromatic cyclic group that is a 4 to 7 membered monocyclic, or 7 to 11 membered bicyclic ring system that has at least one heteroatom in at least one carbon atom-containing ring.
• the substituents on the heterocyclo rings may be selected from those given above for the aryl groups.
• Each ring of the heterocyclo group containing a heteroatom may have 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms selected from nitrogen atoms, oxygen atoms and sulfur atoms.
• Plural heteroatoms in a given heterocyclo ring may be the same or different.
• the heterocyclo group may be attached to the 4-pyridinyl ring at any heteroatom or carbon atom.
• two R groups form a fused ring with the carbons at position 2 and 3 of the pyridinyl ring, there is formed a 7-quinolin-4-yl moiety.
• stereoisomers is a general term for all isomers of individual molecules that differ only in the orientation of their atoms in space. It includes enantiomers and isomers of compounds with more than one chiral center that are not mirror images of one another (diastereomers).
• chiral center refers to a carbon atom to which four different groups are attached.
• enantiomer or “enantiomeric” refers to a molecule that is nonsuperimposeable on its mirror image and hence optically active wherein the enantiomer rotates the plane of polarized light in one direction and its mirror image rotates the plane of polarized light in the opposite direction.
• racemic refers to a mixture of equal parts of enantiomers and which is optically inactive.
• resolution refers to the separation or concentration or depletion of one of the two enantiomeric forms of a molecule.
• the invention provides pharmaceutical compositions and methods for treating CNS disorders, including but not limited to neuropsychiatric conditions, such as depression and anxiety.
• Suitable forms of the compounds of the invention for use in biologically active compositions and methods of the invention include the compounds exemplified herein, as well as their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, polymorphs, solvates, hydrates, and prodrugs.
• the invention provides methods for treating CNS disorders responsive to the inhibition of biogenic amine transporters, in particular, one or more, or any combination of, the norepinephrine, serotonin and dopamine transporters, in mammalian subjects.
• the invention provides methods for using the novel compounds disclosed herein for treating CNS disorders, including a range of neuropsychiatric disorders, such as depression and anxiety.
• the compositions and methods are formulated, and administered, effectively as anti-depressants, or as anxiolytic agents.
• compounds disclosed herein are administered to mammalian subjects, for example a human patient, to treat or prevent one or more symptom(s) of a CNS disorder alleviated by inhibiting dopamine reuptake, and/or norepinephrine reuptake, and/or serotonin reuptake.
• treatment or “treating” refers to amelioration of one or more symptom(s) of a CNS disorder, whereby the symptom(s) is/are alleviated by inhibiting dopamine and/or norepinephrine and/or serotonin reuptake.
• treatment refers to an amelioration of at least one measurable physical parameter associated with a CNS disorder.
• treatment refers to inhibiting or reducing the progression or severity of a CNS disorder (or one or more symptom(s) thereof) alleviated by inhibiting dopamine and/or norepinephrine and/or serotonin reuptake, e.g., as discerned based on physical, physiological, and/or psychological parameters.
• treatment refers to delaying the onset of a CNS disorder (or one or more symptom(s) thereof) alleviated by inhibiting dopamine and/or norepinephrine and/or serotonin reuptake.
• a compound of the present invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered to a mammalian subject, for example a human patient, as a preventative or prophylactic treatment against a CNS disorder (or one or more symptom(s) thereof) alleviated by inhibiting dopamine and/or norepinephrine and/or serotonin reuptake.
• prevention refers to a reduction in the risk or likelihood that the subject will acquire a CNS disorder or one or more symptom(s) thereof, which risk or likelihood is reduced in the subject by inhibiting dopamine and/or norepinephrine and/or serotonin reuptake.
• prevention and prophylaxis may correlate with a reduced risk of recurrence of the CNS disorder or symptom(s) thereof in the subject once the subject has been cured, restored to a normal state, or placed in remission from the subject CNS disorder.
• a compound or pharmaceutical composition of the invention is administered as a preventative measure to the subject.
• Exemplary subjects amenable to prophylactic treatment in this context may have a genetic predisposition to a CNS disorder amenable to treatment by inhibiting dopamine, and/or serotonin, and/or norepinephrine reuptake, such as a family history of a biochemical imbalance in the brain, or a non-genetic predisposition to a disorder alleviated by inhibiting dopamine and/or norepinephrine and/or serotonin reuptake.
• a genetic predisposition to a CNS disorder amenable to treatment by inhibiting dopamine, and/or serotonin, and/or norepinephrine reuptake such as a family history of a biochemical imbalance in the brain, or a non-genetic predisposition to a disorder alleviated by inhibiting dopamine and/or norepinephrine and/or serotonin reuptake.
• a compound of the present invention and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof are useful for treating or preventing endogenous disorders alleviated by inhibiting dopamine and/or norepinephrine and/or serotonin reuptake.
• disorders include, but are not limited to, attention-deficit disorder, depression, anxiety, obesity, Parkinson's disease, tic disorders, and addictive disorders.
• disorders alleviated by inhibiting dopamine and/or norepinephrine and/or serotonin reuptake are not limited to the specific disorders described herein, and the compositions and methods of the invention will be understood or readily ascertained to provide effective treatment agents for treating and/or preventing a wide range of additional CNS disorders and associated symptoms.
• the compounds of the invention will provide promising candidates for treatment and/or prevention of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and related symptoms, as well as forms and symptoms of alcohol abuse, drug abuse, obsessive compulsive behaviors, learning disorders, reading problems, gambling addiction, manic symptoms, phobias, panic attacks, oppositional defiant behavior, conduct disorder, academic problems in school, smoking, abnormal sexual behaviors, schizoid behaviors, somatization, depression, sleep disorders, general anxiety, stuttering, and tics disorders (see for example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,132,724).
• CNS disorders contemplated for treatment employing the compositions and methods of the invention are described, for example, in the Quick Reference to the Diagnostic Criteria From DSM-IV (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition), The American Psychiatric Association, Washington, D.C., 1994.
• Target disorders for treatment and/or prevention include, but are not limited to, Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Predominately Inattentive Type; Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Predominately Hyperactivity-Impulsive Type; Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Combined Type; Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder not otherwise specified (NOS); Conduct Disorder; Oppositional Defiant Disorder; and Disruptive Behavior Disorder not otherwise specified (NOS).
• Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Predominately Inattentive Type
• Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Predominately Hyperactivity-Impulsive Type
• Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Combined Type
• Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder not otherwise specified NOS
• Conduct Disorder Oppositional Defiant Disorder
• Disruptive Behavior Disorder not otherwise specified NOS
• Depressive disorders amenable for treatment and/or prevention according to the invention include, but are not limited to, Major Depressive Disorder, Recurrent; Dysthymic Disorder; Depressive Disorder not otherwise specified (NOS); and Major Depressive Disorder, Single Episode.
• Addictive disorders amenable for treatment and/or prevention employing the methods and compositions of the invention include, but are not limited to, eating disorders, impulse control disorders, alcohol-related disorders, nicotine-related disorders, amphetamine-related disorders, cannabis-related disorders, cocaine-related disorders, hallucinogen use disorders, inhalant-related disorders, and opioid-related disorders, all of which are further sub-classified as listed below.
• Eating disorders include, but are not limited to, Bulimia Nervosa, Nonpurging Type; Bulimia Nervosa, Purging Type; and Eating Disorder not otherwise specified (NOS).
• Impulse control disorders include, but are not limited to, Intermittent Explosive Disorder, Kleptomania, Pyromania, Pathological Gambling, Trichotillomania, and Impulse Control Disorder not otherwise specified (NOS).
• Alcohol-related disorders include, but are not limited to, Alcohol-Induced Psychotic Disorder, with delusions; Alcohol Abuse; Alcohol Intoxication; Alcohol Withdrawal; Alcohol Intoxication Delirium; Alcohol Withdrawal Delirium; Alcohol-Induced Persisting Dementia; Alcohol-Induced Persisting Amnestic Disorder; Alcohol Dependence; Alcohol-Induced Psychotic Disorder, with hallucinations; Alcohol-Induced Mood Disorder; Alcohol-Induced Anxiety Disorder; Alcohol-Induced sexual Dysfunction; Alcohol-Induced Sleep Disorders; Alcohol-Related Disorders not otherwise specified (NOS); Alcohol Intoxication; and Alcohol Withdrawal.
• Nicotine-related disorders include, but are not limited to, Nicotine Dependence, Nicotine Withdrawal, and Nicotine-Related Disorder not otherwise specified (NOS).
• Amphetamine-related disorders include, but are not limited to, Amphetamine Dependence, Amphetamine Abuse, Amphetamine Intoxication, Amphetamine Withdrawal, Amphetamine Intoxication Delirium, Amphetamine-Induced Psychotic Disorder with delusions, Amphetamine-Induced Psychotic Disorders with hallucinations, Amphetamine-Induced Mood Disorder, Amphetamine-Induced Anxiety Disorder, Amphetamine-Induced sexual Dysfunction, Amphetamine-Induced Sleep Disorder, Amphetamine Related Disorder not otherwise specified (NOS), Amphetamine Intoxication, and Amphetamine Withdrawal.
• Amphetamine Dependence Amphetamine Abuse, Amphetamine Intoxication, Amphetamine Withdrawal, Amphetamine Intoxication Delirium, Amphetamine-Induced Psychotic Disorder with delusions, Amphetamine
• Cannabis-related disorders include, but are not limited to, Cannabis Dependence; Cannabis Abuse; Cannabis Intoxication; Cannabis Intoxication Delirium; Cannabis-Induced Psychotic Disorder, with delusions; Cannabis-Induced Psychotic Disorder with hallucinations; Cannabis-Induced Anxiety Disorder; Cannabis Related Disorder not otherwise specified (NOS); and Cannabis Intoxication.
• Cocaine-related disorders include, but are not limited to, Cocaine Dependence, Cocaine Abuse, Cocaine Intoxication, Cocaine Withdrawal, Cocaine Intoxication Delirium, Cocaine-Induced Psychotic Disorder with delusions, Cocaine-Induced Psychotic Disorders with hallucinations, Cocaine-Induced Mood Disorder, Cocaine-Induced Anxiety Disorder, Cocaine-Induced Sexual Dysfunction, Cocaine-Induced Sleep Disorder, Cocaine Related Disorder not otherwise specified (NOS), Cocaine Intoxication, and Cocaine Withdrawal.
• Hallucinogen-use disorders include, but are not limited to, Hallucinogen Dependence, Hallucinogen Abuse, Hallucinogen Intoxication, Hallucinogen Withdrawal, Hallucinogen Intoxication Delirium, Hallucinogen-Induced Psychotic Disorder with delusions, Hallucinogen-Induced Psychotic Disorders with hallucinations, Hallucinogen-Induced Mood Disorder, Hallucinogen-Induced Anxiety Disorder, Hallucinogen-Induced sexual Dysfunction, Hallucinogen-Induced Sleep Disorder, Hallucinogen Related Disorder not otherwise specified (NOS), Hallucinogen Intoxication, and Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder (Flashbacks).
• Inhalant-related disorders include, but are not limited to, Inhalant Dependence; Inhalant Abuse; Inhalant Intoxication; Inhalant Intoxication Delirium; Inhalant-Induced Psychotic Disorder, with delusions; Inhalant-Induced Psychotic Disorder with hallucinations; Inhalant-Induced Anxiety Disorder; Inhalant Related Disorder not otherwise specified (NOS); and Inhalant Intoxication.
• Opioid-related disorders include, but are not limited to, Opioid Dependence, Opioid Abuse, Opioid Intoxication, Opioid Intoxication Delirium, Opioid-Induced Psychotic Disorder with delusions, Opioid-Induced Psychotic Disorder with hallucinations, Opioid-Induced Anxiety Disorder, Opioid Related Disorder not otherwise specified (NOS), Opioid Intoxication, and Opioid Withdrawal.
• Tic disorders include, but are not limited to, Tourette's Disorder, Chronic Motor or Vocal Tic Disorder, Transient Tic Disorder, Tic Disorder not otherwise specified (NOS), Stuttering, Autistic Disorder, and Somatization Disorder.
• novel compounds of the present invention are thus useful in a wide range of veterinary and human medical applications, in particular for treating and/or preventing a wide array of CNS disorders and/or associated symptom(s) alleviated by inhibiting dopamine and/or norepinephrine and/or serotonin reuptake.
• combinatorial formulations and coordinate administration methods employ an effective amount of a compound of the invention (or a pharmaceutically effective enantiomer, salt, solvate, hydrate, polymorph, or prodrug thereof), and one or more additional active agent(s) that is/are combinatorially formulated or coordinately administered with the compound of the invention—yielding a combinatorial formulation or coordinate administration method that is effective to modulate, alleviate, treat or prevent a targeted CNS disorder, or one or more symptom(s) thereof, in a mammalian subject.
• a therapeutic compound of the invention in combination with one or more additional or adjunctive treatment agents or methods for treating the targeted CNS disorder or symptom(s), for example one or more antidepressant or anxiolytic agent(s) and/or therapeutic method(s).
• the compounds disclosed herein can be used in combination therapy with at least one other therapeutic agent or method.
• compounds of the invention can be administered concurrently or sequentially with administration of a second therapeutic agent, for example a second agent that acts to treat or prevent the same, or different, CNS disorder or symptom(s) for which the compound of the invention is administered.
• the compound of the invention and the second therapeutic agent can be combined in a single composition or adminstered in different compositions.
• the second therapeutic agent may also be effective for treating and/or preventing a CNS disorder or associated symptom(s) by inhibiting dopamine and/or norepinephrine and/or serotonin reuptake.
• the coordinate administration may be done simultaneously or sequentially in either order, and there may be a time period while only one or both (or all) active therapeutic agents, individually and/or collectively, exert their biological activities and therapeutic effects.
• a distinguishing aspect of all such coordinate treatment methods is that the compound of the invention exerts at least some detectable therapeutic activity toward alleviating or preventing the targeted CNS disorder or symptom(s), as described herein, and/or elicit a favorable clinical response, which may or may not be in conjunction with a secondary clinical response provided by the secondary therapeutic agent.
• the coordinate administration of a compound of the invention with a secondary therapeutic agent as contemplated herein will yield an enhanced therapeutic response beyond the therapeutic response elicited by either or both the compound of the invention and/or secondary therapeutic agent alone.
• combination therapy involves alternating between administering a compound of the present invention and a second therapeutic agent (i.e., alternating therapy regimens between the two drugs, e.g., at one week, one month, three month, six month, or one year intervals).
• alternating therapy regimens between the two drugs, e.g., at one week, one month, three month, six month, or one year intervals.
• Alternating drug regimens in this context will often reduce or even eliminate adverse side effects, such as toxicity, that may attend long-term administration of one or both drugs alone.
• the secondary therapeutic is a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor.
• norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors useful in this context include tertiary amine tricyclics such as amitriptyline, clomipramine, doxepin, imipramine, (+)-trimipramine, and secondary amine tricyclics including amoxapine, atomoxetine, desipramine, maprotiline, nortriptyline, and protriptyline.
• the secondary therapeutic is a serotonin reuptake inhibitor.
• serotonin reuptake inhibitors useful in this context include citalopram, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, ( ⁇ )-paroxetine, sertraline, and venlafaxine.
• the secondary therapeutic agent is an anti-attention-deficit-disorder treatment agent.
• useful anti-attention-deficit-disorder agents for use in these embodiments include, but are not limited to, methylphenidate; dextroamphetamine; tricyclic antidepressants, such as imipramine, desipramine, and nortriptyline; and psychostimulants, such as pemoline and deanol.
• the secondary therapeutic agent is an anti-addictive-disorder agent.
• useful anti-addictive-disorder agents include, but are not limited to, tricyclic antidepressants; glutamate antagonists, such as ketamine HCl, dextromethorphan, dextrorphan tartrate and dizocilpine (MK801); degrading enzymes, such as anesthetics and aspartate antagonists; GABA agonists, such as baclofen and muscimol HBr; reuptake blockers; degrading enzyme blockers; glutamate agonists, such as D-cycloserine, carboxyphenylglycine, L-glutamic acid, and cis-piperidine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid; aspartate agonists; GABA antagonists such as gabazine (SR-95531), saclofen, bicuculline, picrotoxi
• the secondary therapeutic agent is an anti-alcohol agent.
• useful anti-alcohol agents include, but are not limited to, disulfiram and naltrexone.
• the secondary therapeutic agent is an anti-nicotine agent.
• useful anti-nicotine agents include, but are not limited to, clonidine.
• the secondary therapeutic agent is an anti-opiate agent.
• useful anti-opiate agents include, but are not limited to, methadone, clonidine, lofexidine, levomethadyl acetate HCl, naltrexone, and buprenorphine.
• the secondary therapeutic agent is anti-cocaine agent.
• useful anti-cocaine agents include, but are not limited to, desipramine, amantadine, fluoxidine, and buprenorphine.
• the secondary therapeutic agent is an anti-lysergic acid diethylamide (“anti-LSD”) agent.
• anti-LSD agents include, but are not limited to, diazepam.
• the secondary therapeutic agent is an anti-phencyclidine (“anti-PCP”) agent.
• anti-PCP anti-phencyclidine
• useful anti-PCP agents include, but are not limited to, haloperidol.
• the secondary therapeutic agent is an appetite suppressant.
• useful appetite suppressants include, but are not limited to, fenfluramine, phenylpropanolamine, and mazindol.
• the secondary therapeutic agent is an anti-Parkinson's-disease agent.
• useful anti-Parkinson's-disease agents include, but are not limited to dopamine precursors, such as levodopa, L-phenylalanine, and L-tyrosine; neuroprotective agents; dopamine agonists; dopamine reuptake inhibitors; anticholinergics such as amantadine and memantine; and 1,3,5-trisubstituted adamantanes, such as 1-amino-3,5-dimethyl-adamantane (See, U.S. Pat. No. 4,122,193).
• Mammalian subjects amenable for treatment according to the methods of the invention include, but are not limited to, human and other mammalian subjects suffering from a CNS disorder that is amenable to treatment or beneficial intervention using an active agent capable of inhibiting reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, and/or dopamine by interfering with the CNS conditions that are subject to treatment according to the methods and compositions of the invention include depression, as well as a variety of other neuropsychiatric conditions and disorders.
• disorders for which the compounds of the present invention may be useful include irritable bowel syndrome; inflammatory bowel disease; bulimia; anorexia; obesity and related eating disorders; urinary tract disorders, such as stress urinary incontinence; addictive disorders (including addiction to nicotine, stimulants, alcohol, and opiates); degenerative diseases, including Alzheimers disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Parkinson's disease; and pyretic conditions (including fevers, and post- and peri-menopausal hot flashes).
• combinatorial formulations and coordinate treatment methods are provided within the scope of the invention comprising compounds of the invention coordinately administered or combinatorially formulated with a second therapeutic agent or method known for treating the subject disorder, and/or one or more symptom(s) associated therewith.
• Subjects are effectively treated prophylactically and/or therapeutically by administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound of the invention, which is effective to treat, alleviate, prevent or eliminate a targeted CNS disorder in the subject, and/or one or more symptom(s) associated therewith, for example depression.
• Administration of an effective amount of a compound of the present invention to a mammalian subject presenting with one or more of the foregoing CNS disorders and/or symptom(s) will detectably decrease, eliminate, or prevent the targeted CNS disorder and/or associated symptom(s).
• administration of a compound of the present invention to a suitable test subject will yield a reduction in the targeted CNS disorder, or one or more targeted symptom(s) associated therewith, such as depression, by at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 50% or greater, up to a 75-90%, or 95% or greater, reduction in the one or more target symptom(s), compared to placebo-treated or other suitable control subjects.
• Comparable levels of efficacy are contemplated for the entire range of CNS disorders described herein, including all contemplated neurological and psychiatric disorders, as well as all other CNS conditions and symptoms identified herein for treatment or prevention using the compositions and methods of the invention.
• the active compounds of the invention may be optionally formulated with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and/or various excipients, vehicles, stabilizers, buffers, preservatives, etc.
• An “effective amount,” “therapeutic amount,” “therapeutically effective amount,” or “effective dose” is an effective amount or dose of an active compound as described herein sufficient to elicit a desired pharmacological or therapeutic effect in a mammalian subject—typically resulting in a measurable reduction in an occurrence, frequency, or severity of one or more symptom(s) associated with or caused by a CNS disorder, including a neurological or psychological disease, condition, or disorder in the subject.
• an effective amount of the compound when a compound of the invention is administered to treat a CNS disorder, for example depression, an effective amount of the compound will be an amount sufficient in vivo to delay or eliminate onset of symptoms of the targeted condition or disorder.
• Therapeutic efficacy can alternatively be demonstrated by a decrease in the frequency or severity of symptoms associated with the treated condition or disorder, or by altering the nature, recurrence, or duration of symptoms associated with the treated condition or disorder.
• Therapeutically effective amounts, and dosage regimens, of the compositions of the invention, including pharmaceutically effective salts, solvates, hydrates, polymorphs or prodrugs thereof, will be readily determinable by those of ordinary skill in the art, often based on routine clinical or patient-specific factors.
• Suitable routes of administration for a compound of the present invention include, but are not limited to, oral, buccal, nasal, aerosol, topical, transdermal, mucosal, injectable, slow release, controlled release, iontophoresis, sonophoresis, and other conventional delivery routes, devices and methods.
• injectable delivery methods are also contemplated, including but not limited to, intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intraspinal, intrathecal, intracerebroventricular, intraarterial, and subcutaneous injection.
• Suitable effective unit dosage amounts of 1-aryl-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanes of the present invention for mammalian subjects may range from about 1 to 1200 mg, 50 to 1000 mg, 75 to 900 mg, 100 to 800 mg, or 150 to 600 mg. In certain embodiments, the effective unit dosage will be selected within narrower ranges of, for example, 10 to 25 mg, 30 to 50 mg, 75 to 100 mg, 100 to 150 mg, 150 to 250 mg or 250 to 500 mg. These and other effective unit dosage amounts may be administered in a single dose, or in the form of multiple daily, weekly or monthly doses, for example in a dosing regimen comprising from 1 to 5, or 2-3, doses administered per day, per week, or per month.
• dosages of 10 to 25 mg, 30 to 50 mg, 75 to 100 mg, 100 to 200 (anticipated dosage strength) mg, or 250 to 500 mg are administered one, two, three, or four times per day.
• dosages of 50-75 mg, 100-150 mg, 150-200 mg, 250-400 mg, or 400-600 mg are administered once, twice daily or three times daily.
• dosages are calculated based on body weight, and may be administered, for example, in amounts from about 0.5 mg/kg to about 30 mg/kg per day, 1 mg/kg to about 15 mg/kg per day, 1 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg per day, 2 mg/kg to about 20 mg/kg per day, 2 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg per day or 3 mg/kg to about 15 mg/kg per day.
• compositions of the invention comprising an effective amount of a compound of the present invention will be routinely adjusted on an individual basis, depending on such factors as weight, age, gender, and condition of the individual, the acuteness of the targeted CNS disorder and/or related symptoms, whether the administration is prophylactic or therapeutic, and on the basis of other factors known to effect drug delivery, absorption, pharmacokinetics, including half-life, and efficacy.
• An effective dose or multi-dose treatment regimen for the compounds of the invention will ordinarily be selected to approximate a minimal dosing regimen that is necessary and sufficient to substantially prevent or alleviate one or more symptom(s) of a neurological or psychiatric condition in the subject, as described herein.
• test subjects will exhibit a 10%, 20%, 30%, 50% or greater reduction, up to a 75-90%, or 95% or greater, reduction, in one or more symptoms associated with a targeted CNS disorder, including any targeted neuropsychiatric disorder, such as depression, compared to placebo-treated or other suitable control subjects.
• combinatorial formulations and coordinate administration methods employ an effective amount of a compound of the present invention—yielding an effective formulation or method to alleviate or prevent one or more symptom(s) of a CNS disorder in a mammalian subject.
• compositions of a compound of the present invention may optionally include excipients recognized in the art of pharmaceutical compounding as being suitable for the preparation of dosage units as discussed above.
• excipients include, without intended limitation, binders, fillers, lubricants, emulsifiers, suspending agents, sweeteners, flavorings, preservatives, buffers, wetting agents, disintegrants, effervescent agents and other conventional excipients and additives.
• compositions of the invention for treating CNS disorders, including depression can thus include any one or combination of the following: a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient; other medicinal agent(s); pharmaceutical agent(s); adjuvants; buffers; preservatives; diluents; and various other pharmaceutical additives and agents known to those skilled in the art.
• additional formulation additives and agents will often be biologically inactive and can be administered to patients without causing deleterious side effects or interactions with the active agent.
• a compound of the present invention can be administered in a controlled release form by use of a slow release carrier, such as a hydrophilic, slow release polymer.
• a slow release carrier such as a hydrophilic, slow release polymer.
• exemplary controlled release agents in this context include, but are not limited to, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, having a viscosity in the range of about 100 cps to about 100,000 cps.
• a compound of the present invention will often be formulated and administered in an oral dosage form, optionally in combination with a carrier or other additive(s).
• suitable carriers common to pharmaceutical formulation technology include, but are not limited to, microcrystalline cellulose, lactose, sucrose, fructose, glucose dextrose, or other sugars, di-basic calcium phosphate, calcium sulfate, cellulose, methylcellulose, cellulose derivatives, kaolin, mannitol, lactitol, maltitol, xylitol, sorbitol, or other sugar alcohols, dry starch, dextrin, maltodextrin or other polysaccharides, inositol, or mixtures thereof.
• Exemplary unit oral dosage forms for use in this invention include tablets, which may be prepared by any conventional method of preparing pharmaceutical oral unit dosage forms can be utilized in preparing oral unit dosage forms.
• Oral unit dosage forms, such as tablets may contain one or more conventional additional formulation ingredients, including, but are not limited to, release modifying agents, glidants, compression aides, disintegrants, lubricants, binders, flavors, flavor enhancers, sweeteners and/or preservatives.
• Suitable lubricants include stearic acid, magnesium stearate, talc, calcium stearate, hydrogenated vegetable oils, sodium benzoate, leucine carbowax, magnesium lauryl sulfate, colloidal silicon dioxide and glyceryl monostearate.
• Suitable glidants include colloidal silica, fumed silicon dioxide, silica, talc, fumed silica, gypsum and glyceryl monostearate. Substances which may be used for coating include hydroxypropyl cellulose, titanium oxide, talc, sweeteners and colorants.
• the aforementioned effervescent agents and disintegrants are useful in the formulation of rapidly disintegrating tablets known to those skilled in the art. These typically disintegrate in the mouth in less than one minute, and preferably in less than thirty seconds.
• effervescent agent is meant a couple, typically an organic acid and a carbonate or bicarbonate. Such rapidly acting dosage forms would be useful, for example, in the prevention or treatment of acute attacks of panic disorder.
• the compounds and compositions of the invention can be prepared and administered in any of a variety of inhalation or nasal delivery forms known in the art.
• Devices capable of depositing aerosolized formulations of a compound of the present invention in the sinus cavity or pulmonary alveoli of a patient include metered dose inhalers, nebulizers, dry powder generators, sprayers, and the like. Pulmonary delivery to the lungs for rapid transit across the alveolar epithelium into the blood stream may be particularly useful in treating impending episodes of seizures or panic disorder. Methods and compositions suitable for pulmonary delivery of drugs for systemic effect are well known in the art.
• Suitable formulations, wherein the carrier is a liquid, for administration, as for example, a nasal spray or as nasal drops may include aqueous or oily solutions of a compound of the present invention, and any additional active or inactive ingredient(s).
• Intranasal delivery permits the passage of active compounds of the invention into the blood stream directly after administering an effective amount of the compound to the nose, without requiring the product to be deposited in the lung.
• intranasal delivery can achieve direct, or enhanced, delivery of the active compound to the CNS.
• intranasal administration of the compounds of the invention may be advantageous for treating a variety of CNS disorders, including depression, by providing for rapid absorption and CNS delivery.
• a liquid aerosol formulation will often contain an active compound of the invention combined with a dispersing agent and/or a physiologically acceptable diluent.
• dry powder aerosol formulations may contain a finely divided solid form of the subject compound and a dispersing agent allowing for the ready dispersal of the dry powder particles. With either liquid or dry powder aerosol formulations, the formulation must be aerosolized into small, liquid or solid particles in order to ensure that the aerosolized dose reaches the mucous membranes of the nasal passages or the lung.
• aerosol particle is used herein to describe a liquid or solid particle suitable of a sufficiently small particle diameter, e.g., in a range of from about 2-5 microns, for nasal or pulmonary distribution to targeted mucous or alveolar membranes.
• Other considerations include the construction of the delivery device, additional components in the formulation, and particle characteristics. These aspects of nasal or pulmonary administration of drugs are well known in the art, and manipulation of formulations, aerosolization means, and construction of delivery devices, is within the level of ordinary skill in the art.
• Topical compositions may comprise a compound of the present invention and any other active or inactive component(s) incorporated in a dermatological or mucosal acceptable carrier, including in the form of aerosol sprays, powders, dermal patches, sticks, granules, creams, pastes, gels, lotions, syrups, ointments, impregnated sponges, cotton applicators, or as a solution or suspension in an aqueous liquid, non-aqueous liquid, oil-in-water emulsion, or water-in-oil liquid emulsion.
• a dermatological or mucosal acceptable carrier including in the form of aerosol sprays, powders, dermal patches, sticks, granules, creams, pastes, gels, lotions, syrups, ointments, impregnated sponges, cotton applicators, or as a solution or suspension in an aqueous liquid, non-aqueous liquid, oil-in-water emulsion, or water-in-oil liquid
• Topical compositions may comprise a compound of the present invention dissolved or dispersed in a portion of a water or other solvent or liquid to be incorporated in the topical composition or delivery device.
• transdermal route of administration may be enhanced by the use of a dermal penetration enhancer known to those skilled in the art.
• Formulations suitable for such dosage forms incorporate excipients commonly utilized therein, particularly means, e.g. structure or matrix, for sustaining the absorption of the drug over an extended period of time, for example 24 hours.
• a once-daily transdermal patch is particularly useful for a patient suffering from generalized anxiety disorder.
• compositions of a compound of the present invention are provided for parenteral administration, including aqueous and non-aqueous sterile injection solutions which may optionally contain anti-oxidants, buffers, bacteriostats and/or solutes which render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the mammalian subject; aqueous and non-aqueous sterile suspensions which may include suspending agents and/or thickening agents; dispersions; and emulsions.
• the formulations may be presented in unit-dose or multi-dose containers.
• Pharmaceutically acceptable formulations and ingredients will typically be sterile or readily sterilizable, biologically inert, and easily administered.
• Parenteral preparations typically contain buffering agents and preservatives, and may be lyophilized for reconstitution at the time of administration.
• Parental formulations may also include polymers for extended release following parenteral administration. Such polymeric materials are well known to those of ordinary skill in the pharmaceutical compounding arts. Extemporaneous injection solutions, emulsions and suspensions may be prepared from sterile powders, granules and tablets of the kind previously described. Preferred unit dosage formulations are those containing a daily dose or unit, daily sub-dose, as described herein above, or an appropriate fraction thereof, of the active ingredient(s).
• a compound of the present invention may be encapsulated for delivery in microcapsules, microparticles, or microspheres, prepared, for example, by coacervation techniques or by interfacial polymerization, for example, hydroxymethylcellulose or gelatin-microcapsules and poly(methylmethacylate) microcapsules, respectively, in colloidal drug delivery systems (for example, liposomes, albumin microspheres, microemulsions, nano-particles and nanocapsules) or in macro emulsions.
• colloidal drug delivery systems for example, liposomes, albumin microspheres, microemulsions, nano-particles and nanocapsules
• the invention also provides pharmaceutical packs or kits comprising one or more containers holding a compound of the present invention, or any composition comprising a compound of the present invention as described herein, including pharmaceutically acceptable salts and other forms of a compound of the present invention, in a pharmaceutically acceptable, stable form.
• optionally packaged with these packs and kits can be a notice, e.g., in a form prescribed by a governmental agency regulating pharmaceuticals or biological products, reflecting approval by the agency of the manufacture, use and/or sale of the product contained in the pack or kit for human administration (optionally specifying one or more approved treatment indications as described herein).
• novel 1-aryl-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanes of the invention may be prepared according to methods known to those skilled in the art, they may also be generated, for example, according to the exemplary reaction schemes set forth below. While these novel schemes employ various intermediates and starting materials, it is to be understood that the illustrated processes are also applicable to compounds having alternative structure, substituent patterns, or stereochemistry depicted in these schemes.
• Ar is a phenyl group substituted with two substituents independently selected from halogen, C 1-3 alkyl, C 2-4 alkenyl, C 2-4 alkynyl, halo(C 1-3 )alkyl, cyano, hydroxy, C 3-5 cycloalkyl, C 1-3 alkoxy, C 1-3 alkoxy(C 1-3 )alkyl, carboxy(C 1-3 )alkyl, C 1-3 alkanoyl, halo(C 1-3 )alkoxy, nitro, amino, C 1-3 alkylamino, and di(C 1-3 )alkylamino, an unsubstituted napthyl group or a napthyl group having 1-4 substituents independently selected from halogen, C 1-3 alkyl, C 2-4 alkenyl, C 2-4 alkynyl, halo(C 1-3 )alkyl, cyano,
• Reaction Scheme 1 generally sets forth an exemplary process for preparing 1-aryl-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane analogs from the corresponding 2-bromo-2-arylacetate or 2-chloro-2-arylacetate.
• the bromo or chloro acetate react with acrylonitrile to provide the methyl 2-cyano-1-arylcyclopropanecarboxylate, which is then reduced to the amino alcohol by reducing agents such as lithium aluminum hydride (LAH) or sodium aluminum hydride (SAH) or NaBH 4 with ZnCl 2 . Cyclization of the amino alcohol with SOCl 2 or POCl 3 will provide the 1-aryl-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane.
• LAH lithium aluminum hydride
• SAH sodium aluminum hydride
• NaBH 4 NaBH 4
• Reagents (a) NaOMe; (b) LiAlH 4 ; (c) SOCl 2 ; (d) POCl 3 ; (e) NaOH or NH 3 H 2 O Reagents: (a) CHCl 3 , NaOH; (b) SOCl 2 ; (c) MeOH; (d) NaBrO 3 , NaHSO 3
• Reaction Scheme 2 illustrates another exemplary process for transforming methyl 2-cyano-1-arylcyclopropanecarboxylate to a desired compound or intermediate of the invention.
• Hydrolysis of the cyano ester provides the potassium salt which can then be converted into the cyano acid.
• Reduction and cyclization of the 2-cyano-1-arylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid with LAH or LiAlH(OMe) 3 according to the procedure outlined in Tetrahedron 45:3683 (1989), will generate 1-aryl-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane.
• cyano-1-arylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid can be hydrogenated and cyclized into an amide, which is then reduced to 1-aryl-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane.
• Reagents (a) NaOMe; (b) KOH; (c) HCl; (d) LiAlH(OMe) 3 , or LAH, or SAH, then HCl; (e) H 2 /Pd or H 2 /Ni
• Reaction Scheme 3 discloses an alternative exemplary process for converting the methyl 2-cyano-1-arylcyclopropanecarboxylate to a desired compound or intermediate of the invention.
• the methyl 2-cyano-1-arylcyclopropanecarboxylate is reduced and cyclized into 1-aryl-3-aza-bicyclo[3.1.0]hexan-2-one, which is then reduced to 1-aryl-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane [Marazzo, A. et al., Arkivoc 5:156-169, (2004)].
• Reaction Scheme 4 provides another exemplary process to prepare 1-aryl-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane analogs.
• Reaction of 2-arylacetonitrile with ( ⁇ )-epichlorohydrin gives approximately a 65% yield of 2-(hydroxymethyl)-1-arylcyclopropanecarbonitrile (85% cis) with the trans isomer as one of the by-products [Cabadio et al., Fr. Bollettino Chimico Farmaceutico 117:331-42 (1978); Mouzin et al., Synthesis 4:304-305 (1978)].
• the methyl 2-cyano-1-arylcyclopropanecarboxylate can then be reduced into the amino alcohol by a reducing agent such as LAH, SAH or NaBH 4 with ZnCl 2 or by catalytic hydrogenation. Cyclization of the amino alcohol with SOCl 2 or POCl 3 provides the 1-aryl-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane.
• the cyclization of substituted 4-aminobutan-1-ol by SOCl 2 or POCl 3 into the pyrrolidine ring system has been reported previously [Armarego et al., J. Chem. Soc. [Section C: Organic] 19:3222-9 (1971); patent publication PL 120095 B2, CAN 99:158251).
• Reaction Scheme 5 provides an exemplary process for synthesizing the (1R,5S)-(+)-1-aryl-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanes. Using (S)-(+)-epichlorohydrin as a starting material in the same process described in Scheme 4 will ensure a final product with 1-R chirality [Cabadio, S. et al., Fr. Bollettino Chimico Farmaceutico 117:331-42 (1978)].
• Reaction Scheme 6 provides an exemplary process to prepare the (1S,5R)-( ⁇ )-1-aryl-3S-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanes. Using (R)-( ⁇ )-epichlorohydrin as a starting material in the same process described in Scheme 4 will ensure a final product with 1-S chirality [Cabadio, S. et al., Fr. Bollettino Chimico Farmaceutico 117:331-42 (1978)].
• Reaction Scheme 7 provides an alternative exemplary process for transforming the 2-(hydroxymethyl)-1-arylcyclopropanecarbonitrile to a desired compound or intermediate of the invention via an oxidation and cyclization reaction. Utilizing chiral starting materials (+)-epichlorohydrin or ( ⁇ )-epichlorohydrin will lead to the corresponding (+)- or ( ⁇ )-enantiomers and corresponding chiral analogs through the same reaction sequences.
• Reaction Scheme 8 provides an exemplary process for transforming the epichlorohydrin to a desired compound or intermediate of the invention via a replacement and cyclization reaction.
• the reaction of methyl 2-arylacetate with epichlorohydrin gives methyl 2-(hydroxymethyl)-1-arylcyclopropanecarboxylate with the desired cis isomer as the major product.
• the alcohol is converted into an OR 3 group such as —O-mesylate, —O-tosylate, —O-nosylate, —O-brosylate, —O-trifluoromethanesulfonate.
• OR 3 is replaced by a primary amine NH 2 R 4 , where R 4 is a nitrogen protection group such as a 3,4-dimethoxy-benzyl group or other known protection group.
• Nitrogen protecting groups are well known to those skilled in the art, see for example, “Nitrogen Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis”, John Wiley and Sons, New York, N.Y., 1981, Chapter 7; “Nitrogen Protecting Groups in Organic Chemistry”, Plenum Press, New York, N.Y., 1973, Chapter 2; T. W. Green and P. G. M. Wuts in “Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry”, 3rd edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, N.Y., 1999.
• the nitrogen protecting group When the nitrogen protecting group is no longer needed, it may be removed by methods well known in the art. This replacement reaction is followed by a cyclization reaction which provides the amide, which is then reduced into an amine by a reducing agent such as LAH. Finally the protection group is removed to yield the 1-aryl-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane analogs.
• Utilizing chiral (S)-(+)-epichlorohydrin as a starting material leads to the (1R,5S)-(+)-1-aryl-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane analogs with the same reaction sequence.
• the (R)-( ⁇ )-epichlorohydrin will lead to the (1S,5R)-( ⁇ )-1-aryl-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane analogs.
• Reaction Scheme 9 provides an exemplary process for transforming the diol to a desired compound or intermediate of the invention.
• Reduction of the diester provides the diol which is then converted into an OR 3 group such as —O-mesylate, —O-tosylate, —O-nosylate, —O-brosylate, —O-trifluoromethanesulfonate.
• OR 3 is replaced by a primary amine NH 2 R 6 , where R 6 is a nitrogen protection group such as a 3,4-dimethoxy-benzyl group or other protection groups known in the art (e.g., allyl amine, tert-butyl amine). When the nitrogen protecting group is no longer needed, it may be removed by methods known to those skilled in the art.
• Reaction Scheme 10 provides an exemplary process for resolving the racemic 1-aryl-3-aza-bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane to enantiomers.
• the resolution of amines through tartaric salts is generally known to those skilled in the art.
• O,O-Dibenzoyl-2R,3R-Tartaric Acid made by acylating L(+)-tartaric acid with benzoyl chloride
• racemic methamphetamine can be resolved in 80-95% yield, with an optical purity of 85-98% [Synthetic Communications 29:4315-4319 (1999)].
• Reaction Scheme 11 provides an exemplary process for the preparation of 3-alkyl-1-aryl-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane analogs. These alkylation or reductive amination reaction reagents and conditions are generally well known to those skilled in the art.
• R Me, Et, Propyl, i-propyl, cyclopropyl, i-butyl, etc.
• Enantiomers of compounds within the present invention can be prepared as shown in Reaction Scheme 12 by separation through a chiral chromatography.
• enantiomers of the compounds of the present invention can be prepared as shown in Reaction Scheme 13 using alkylation reaction conditions exemplified in scheme 11.
• Reaction Scheme 14 provides an exemplary process for preparing some N-methyl 1-aryl-3-aza-bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane analogs.
• the common intermediate N-methyl bromomaleide is synthesized in one batch followed by Suzuki couplings with the various substituted aryl boronic acids. Cyclopropanations are then carried out to produce the imides, which are then reduced by borane to provide the desired compounds.
• Reaction Scheme 15 provides an additional methodology for producing 1-aryl-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanes.
• Reaction Scheme 16 provides an additional methodology for producing 1-aryl-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanes.
• Reaction Scheme 17 provides an additional methodology for producing 1-aryl-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanes.
• Reaction Scheme 18 provides an additional methodology for producing 1-aryl-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanes. Utilizing chiral starting materials (+)-epichlorohydrin or ( ⁇ )-epichlorohydrin will lead to the corresponding chiral analogs through the same reaction sequences.
• Reaction Scheme 19 provides an additional methodology for producing 1-aryl-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanes.
• Reaction Scheme 20 provides an additional methodology for producing 1-aryl-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanes
• Reaction Scheme 21 provides an additional methodology for producing 3- and/or 4-substituted 1-aryl-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanes.
• Reaction Scheme 22 provides an additional methodology for producing 3- and/or 4-substituted 1-aryl-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanes.
• Reaction Scheme 23 provides an additional methodology for producing 3- and/or 2-substituted 1-aryl-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanes.
• Reaction Scheme 24 provides an additional methodology for producing 2- and/or 3-substituted 1-aryl-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanes.
• Reaction Scheme 25 provides an additional generic methodology for producing 1-aryl-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanes.
• Reaction Scheme 26 provides another generic methodology for producing 1-aryl-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanes.
• the reaction was quenched by adding the reaction mixture dropwise to cold water ( ⁇ 10° C.). This led to the formation of a slurry; the solid was dissolved on addition of ethyl acetate (500 mL). The organics were separated and aqueous re-extracted with ethyl acetate (1 L). The organics were again separated and washed with water (2 ⁇ 500 mL) and brine (2 ⁇ 500 mL), leading to the formation of an emulsion. The emulsion was separated after the addition of more water (500 mL) and ethyl acetate (500 mL).
• the solid was slurried in ethyl acetate (150 mL) and mixed with saturated aqueous NaHCO 3 solution (75 mL). The solid dissolved on addition of the base. The organics were separated and washed with water (2 ⁇ 200 mL) before drying over magnesium sulphate, filtering and concentrating in vacuo to give an oil (8.8 g). The oil was taken up in diethyl ether (9 mL) before being cooled to 0° C. At this point 1M HCl in ether (163 mL) was added carefully to the mixture to form the salt. The slurry was stirred for 30 mins at 0° C. before being filtered. The salt was then dried in the oven overnight at ambient temperature.
• the solid was slurried in ethyl acetate (150 mL) and mixed with saturated aqueous NaHCO 3 solution (75 mL). The solid dissolved on addition of the base. The organics were separated and washed with water (2 ⁇ 200 mL) before drying over magnesium sulphate, filtering and concentrating in vacuo to give an oil (8.9 g). The oil was taken up in diethyl ether (9 mL) before being cooled to 0° C. At this point 1M HCl in ether (165 mL) was added carefully to the mixture to form the salt. The slurry was stirred for 30 mins at 0° C. before being filtered. The salt was then dried in the oven overnight at ambient temperature.
• the imide above (15.6 g) was dissolved in THF (310 ml) and a solution of borane in THF (1M; 225 ml) was added with the temperature kept below 5° C. The solution was then heated to reflux for 4 h when TLC (20% ethyl acetate in hexane) indicated complete reaction. The solution was cooled to 0° C. and quenched by the addition of dilute HCl (6M; 200 ml) with the temperature kept below 110° C.
• the crude amine was added to a solution of maleic acid (2.3 g) in methanol (11.5 ml) and stored at ⁇ 20° C. overnight. The solid was filtered off, washed with methanol (2.5 ml) and dried at 45° C.
• step c of Reaction Scheme 14 provides a general procedure for synthesis of 3-aryl-1-methyl-pyrrole-2,5-diones.
• N-Methyl bromomaleimide (20 mL of a 0.5 M solution in 1,4-dioxane, 1.96 g net, 10 mmol), aryl boronic acid (11 mmol, 1.1 eq.), cesium fluoride (3.4 g, 22 mmol, 2.2 eq.) and [1,1′-bis-(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]palladium (II) chloride (0.4 g, 0.5 mmol, 5 mol %) were stirred at 40° C.
• trimethylsulphoxonium chloride (1.2 eq.) and sodium hydride (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 1.2 eq.) were suspended in THF (50 vol) and heated at reflux (66° C.) for 2 hours.
• the reactions were cooled to 50° C. and a solution of 1-methyl-3-(aryl)pyrrole-2,5-dione (1 eq.) in THF (10 mL) was added in one portion.
• the reactions were heated at 50° C. for between 2 and 4 hours and then at 65° C. for a further 2 hours if required (as judged by disappearance of starting material by TLC), and then cooled to room temperature.
• the acetate adduct was dissolved in 4:1 acetonitrile/triethylamine (100 mL), heated to 65° C. for 4 h, then concentrated in vacuo. The residue was dissolved in methylene chloride and filtered through a pad of silica gel (eluted with methylene chloride) to afford an additional 3.5 g of N-isopropylmaleimide. Total yield was 16.5 g of N-isopropylmaleimide (40%).
• the product mixture was taken up in ethyl acetate (70 mL) and the organic layer was separated. The aqueous was extracted with ethyl acetate (15 mL), and the combined organic solution was dried (MgSO 4 ), concentrated in vacuo, dissolved in methylene chloride, and loaded onto a silica gel column. The product was eluted with 3:1 methylene chloride/ethyl acetate to afford the intermediate hydroxymethylcyclopropylnitrile (887 mg, 65%) as a pale yellow viscous oil (3:1 syn/anti isomers by NMR). The compound was somewhat impure, but used as is.
• the product mixture was taken up in ethyl acetate (70 mL) and the organic layer was separated. The aqueous was extracted with ethyl acetate (15 mL), and the combined organic solution was dried (MgSO 4 ), concentrated in vacuo, dissolved in methylene chloride, and loaded onto a silica gel column. The product was eluted with 3:1 methylene chloride/ethyl acetate to afford the intermediate hydroxymethylcyclopropyl-nitrile (2 g, 30%) as a pale yellow viscous oil (3:1 syn/anti isomers by NMR).
• 1 H NMR shows a mixture of diastereomers ( ⁇ 3:1 cis/trans). The product was carried forward to reduction without further characterization.
• 1 H NMR 400 MHz, CDCl 3 , partial assignment) ⁇ 1.53-1.66 (m, 2H), 1.85-1.95 (m, 1H), 3.18 (br. s., 1H), 3.85-3.96 (m, 1H), 4.13-4.22 (m, 1H), 7.31-7.39 (m, 1H), 7.43-7.55 (m, 2H), 7.57-7.65 (m, 1H), 7.78-7.91 (m, 2H), 8.46-8.54 (m, 1H).
• the column was first eluted with 100% hexanes, changing the gradient to 9:1 hexanes:EtOAc, then 8:2 hexanes:EtOAc. Tubes containing the product were combined, concentrated, and dried on a high vacuum pump overnight to give the desired product.
• the compound was purified via column chromatography on silica ( ⁇ 100 g) eluting with 10% EtOAc-hexane and increasing to 20% EtOAc-hexanes. The desired fractions were combined, concentrated under reduced pressure, and dried to afford the desired product.
• Example XV E The product from Example XV E above was added to methanol and stirred at ambient temperature under Ar (g) in a 50 mL round-bottomed flask. Potassium borohydride was added portion-wise and the resulting suspension stirred overnight. A clear solution was obtained. The resulting solution was partitioned between EtOAc (10 mL) and water (10 mL). The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (2 ⁇ 10 mL) and the combined layers washed with brine (10 mL). The organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate for 2 hours and filtered, concentrated under reduced pressure, and dried for 1 hour to afford a solid.
• the solid was purified on a filterpad of 20 g of silica eluting with 4/1 hexanes/EtOAc (v/v), switching to 1/1 hexanes/EtOAc (v/v) upon collection of the major spot.
• Example XV F The compound from Example XV F above was added to DCM and triethylamine and cooled in an ice bath under Ar (g) with stirring. Methanesulfonyl chloride was added dropwise with stirring over 10 min, and the resulting suspension warmed to ambient temperature overnight. The resulting yellow solution was washed with water (2 ⁇ 10 mL) and the DCM layer dried over magnesium sulfate. The mixture was filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford a yellow oil. This oil was dissolved in 0.8 mL of DCM and cooled in an ice bath under Ar (g). To this was added 0.8 mL of TFA and the resulting solution was stirred at ambient temperature for 1 hour.
• the reaction mixture was quenched with addition to an aqueous ammonium chloride solution (0.5 g in 12 mL) and the contents stirred at ambient temperature for 30 min.
• the organic layer was separated, washed with brine (25 mL), dried (Na 2 SO 4 ), filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure.
• the oil was dried under high vacuum for 2 h to give a yellow oil.
• the combined organic layer was washed with brine (20 mL), dried (Na 2 SO 4 ), filtered, and concentrated and dried under high vacuum to give a light yellow oil.
• the liquid was purified by chromatography on silica (100 g), eluting first with 1% MeOH—CHCl 3 and gradually increasing the polarity to 2%, 3%, and finally to 5% MeOH—CHCl 3 . Tubes containing the desired product were combined, concentrated, and dried under high vacuum to afford the product as colorless liquid.
• the organic layer was dried over magnesium sulfate for 1 hour, filtered, concentrated, and dried.
• the brown tar was treated with 20 mL hexanes and placed in a freezer for 24 h.
• the resulting solid was warmed to ambient temperature and triturated with hexanes.
• the resulting powder was collected by vacuum filtration and dried under high vacuum for 24 h to afford a powder.
• a second crop could be collected by chromatography of the filtrate using 4/1 hex/EtOAc.
• the organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate for 2 hours and filtered, concentrated under reduced pressure, and dried for 1 hour to afford 0.523 g of a white sticky solid.
• the solid was purified on a filter pad of silica eluting with 4/1 hexanes/EtOAc (v/v), switching to 6/4 hexanes/EtOAc (v/v) upon collection of the major spot. The second (other) diastereomer was collected.
• the desired compound is pale oil; Yield: 0.328 g 49%;
• the undesired diastereomer is a white solid; Yield: 0.120 g 18%;
• This oil was dissolved in 0.8 mL of DCM and cooled in an ice bath under Ar (g). To this was added 0.8 mL of TFA and the resulting solution was stirred at ambient temperature for 1 hour. The solution was concentrated under reduced pressure, quenched with concentrated NaOH, and extracted with ether (2 ⁇ 10 mL). The organic extracts were combined and dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The oil was purified on a filter pad of silica eluting with 10/1 CHCl 3 /MeOH (v/v), to afford the desired free base.
• the mixture was poured into 4.9 mL of water containing 146 mg of ammonium chloride and stirred for 30 min. The layers were separated and the organic layer washed with brine (10 mL) and dried over sodium sulfate for 1 hour. The mixture was filtered, concentrated under reduced pressure, and dried under high vacuum to afford a yellow oil (488 mg). The oil was chromatographed on a filter pad of silica (12 g), eluting with 50/1 CHCl 3 /MeOH (v/v). The desired fractions were collected, concentrated, and dried to afford the desired compound as yellow oil.
• the mixture was filtered and the filtrate concentrated under reduced pressure, and dried under high-vacuum to afford 435 mg of an off-white wax.
• the wax was purified on 20 g of silica (230-400 mesh), eluting with 50/1 and gradient to 10/1 CHCl 3 /MeOH (v/v). Two desired sets of fractions was collected; each was concentrated under reduced pressure and dried under high vacuum.
• Top set To a vial was added 50 mg of the yellow oil obtained from the top set fractions as described above, 0.5 mL diethyl ether, and 0.12 mL 2N HCl in diethyl ether. A white precipitate appeared in minutes and the suspension was stirred at ambient temperature for one-half hour. The suspension was filtered, collected, and dried to afford 55 mg of a white solid.
• NE norepinephrine
• DA dopamine
• 5-HT serotonin
• the respective reference compound was tested concurrently with the test compounds in order to assess the assay suitability. It was tested at several concentrations (for IC 50 value determination). The assay was considered valid if the suitability criteria were met, in accordance with the corresponding Standard Operating Procedure.
• the compounds and related formulations and methods of the invention provide neurobiologically active tools for modulating biogenic amine transport in mammalian subjects. These subjects may include in vitro or ex vivo mammalian cell, cell culture, tissue culture, or organ explants, as well as human and other mammalian individuals presenting with, or at heightened risk for developing, a central nervous system (CNS) disorder, including neuropsychiatric disorders such as anxiety, or depression.
• CNS central nervous system
• neurobiologically active compositions comprising a multiple aryl-substituted, or combined multiple aryl- and aza-substituted, 1-aryl-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane of the invention are effective to inhibit cellular uptake of norepinephrine in a mammalian subject. In other embodiments, these compositions will effectively inhibit cellular uptake of serotonin in mammals. Other compositions of the invention will be effective to inhibit cellular uptake of dopamine in mammalian subjects.
• compositions of the invention will be effective to inhibit cellular uptake of multiple biogenic amine neurotransmitters in mammalian subjects, for example, norepinephrine and serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine, or serotonin and dopamine.
• the compositions of the invention are effective to inhibit cellular uptake of norepinephrine, serotonin and dopamine in mammalian subjects.
• neurobiologically active compositions of the invention surprisingly inhibit cellular reuptake of two, or three, biogenic amines selected from norepinephrine, serotonin and dopamine in a mammalian subject “non-uniformly” across an affected range of multiple biogenic amine targets.
• the distinct double and triple reuptake inhibition activity profiles demonstrated herein for exemplary compounds of the invention illustrate the powerful and unpredictable nature of the subject, multiple aryl-substituted, and combined multiple aryl- and aza-substituted, compounds, and further evince the ability to follow the teachings of the present disclosure to produce, select, and employ other substituted 1-aryl-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanes according to the invention having distinct activity profiles to fulfill additional therapeutic uses within the invention for treating diverse CNS disorders.
• differential reuptake inhibition mediated by the compounds of the invention may yield a profile/ratio of reuptake inhibition activities for all three neurotransmitters, norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin, respectively, in reuptake inhibition profiles/ratios as exemplified in Table 3, selected from the following approximate inhibition profiles/ratios: (2:1:1); (3:10:1); (2:5:1); (12:1:5); (15:1:12); (3:8:5); (2:4:1); (3:1:2); and (2:4:1). Although these values are approximate, they will correlate in a measurable way with novel in vivo reuptake inhibition profiles/ratios as will be readily determined by those skilled in the art.
• neurobiologically active compositions of the invention inhibit cellular uptake of two, or three, biogenic amine neurotransmitters non-uniformly, for example by inhibiting uptake of at least one member of a group of transmitters including norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine by a factor of two- to ten-fold greater than a potency of the same composition to inhibit uptake of one or more different neurotransmitter(s).
• compositions of the invention comprising a multiple aryl-substituted, or combined multiple aryl- and aza-substituted, 1-aryl-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane, inhibit cellular uptake of serotonin by a factor of at least approximately two-fold, three-fold, five-fold, ten-fold or greater compared to a potency of the same composition to inhibit uptake of norepinephrine, dopamine, or both norepinephrine and dopamine.
• different 1-aryl-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanes of the invention inhibit cellular uptake of dopamine by a factor of at least approximately two-fold, three-fold, five-fold, ten-fold or greater compared to a potency of the composition for inhibiting uptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, or both norepinephrine and serotonin.
• the compositions described herein inhibit cellular uptake of norepinephrine by a factor of at least approximately two-fold, three-fold, five-fold, ten-fold or greater compared to a potency of the same composition for inhibiting uptake of serotonin.
• compositions are provided that inhibit cellular uptake of dopamine by a factor of at least approximately two-fold, three-fold, five-fold, ten-fold or greater compared to a potency of the composition for inhibiting uptake of serotonin.
• neurobiologically active compositions are provided that exhibit approximately equivalent potency for inhibiting cellular uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin, while at the same time inhibiting dopamine uptake by a factor of at least approximately two-fold, three-fold, five-fold, ten-fold or greater compared to a potency of the composition for inhibiting uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin.
• compositions of the invention exhibit approximately equivalent potency for inhibiting cellular uptake of serotonin and dopamine, while at the same time inhibiting norepinephrine by a factor of no greater than approximately half the potency for inhibiting uptake of serotonin and dopamine. In certain embodiments, compositions of the invention exhibit approximately equivalent potency for inhibiting cellular uptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine.
• Compounds of the invention that inhibit uptake of norepinephrine and/or, serotonin, and/or dopamine have a wide range of therapeutic uses, principally to treat CNS disorders, including various neuropsychiatric disorders, as described above.
• Certain CNS disorders contemplated herein will be more responsive to a compound of the invention that preferentially inhibits, for example, dopamine uptake relative to norepinephrine and/or serotonin uptake, as in the case of some forms of depression.
• Other disorders will be determined to be more responsive to compounds of the invention that more potently inhibit norepinenephrine reuptake relative to serotonin reuptake and dopamine reuptake.
• CNS disorders for example, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
• ADHD attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
• compounds of the invention that preferentially inhibit dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake relative to serotonin reuptake.
• ADHD attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
• the host of exemplary compounds described herein, which provide a range of reuptake inhibition profiles/ratios, will provide useful drug candidates for a diverse range of CNS disorders, and will effectively treat specific disorders with lower side effect profiles than currently available drugs.

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