US20060086486A1 - Heat exchanger, heat exchanger tube member, heat exchanger fin member and process for fabricating the heat exchanger - Google Patents

Heat exchanger, heat exchanger tube member, heat exchanger fin member and process for fabricating the heat exchanger Download PDF

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Publication number
US20060086486A1
US20060086486A1 US10/532,724 US53272405A US2006086486A1 US 20060086486 A1 US20060086486 A1 US 20060086486A1 US 53272405 A US53272405 A US 53272405A US 2006086486 A1 US2006086486 A1 US 2006086486A1
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Prior art keywords
mass
heat exchanger
tube
fin
heat exchange
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US10/532,724
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English (en)
Inventor
Takashi Sudo
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Resonac Holdings Corp
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Showa Denko KK
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Priority to US10/532,724 priority Critical patent/US20060086486A1/en
Assigned to SHOWA DENKO K.K. reassignment SHOWA DENKO K.K. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: SUDO, TAKASHI
Publication of US20060086486A1 publication Critical patent/US20060086486A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F1/00—Tubular elements; Assemblies of tubular elements
    • F28F1/10—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses
    • F28F1/12—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses the means being only outside the tubular element
    • F28F1/24—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses the means being only outside the tubular element and extending transversely
    • F28F1/32—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses the means being only outside the tubular element and extending transversely the means having portions engaging further tubular elements
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B39/00—Evaporators; Condensers
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K1/00—Soldering, e.g. brazing, or unsoldering
    • B23K1/0008—Soldering, e.g. brazing, or unsoldering specially adapted for particular articles or work
    • B23K1/0012—Brazing heat exchangers
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23F—NON-MECHANICAL REMOVAL OF METALLIC MATERIAL FROM SURFACE; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL; MULTI-STEP PROCESSES FOR SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL INVOLVING AT LEAST ONE PROCESS PROVIDED FOR IN CLASS C23 AND AT LEAST ONE PROCESS COVERED BY SUBCLASS C21D OR C22F OR CLASS C25
    • C23F13/00—Inhibiting corrosion of metals by anodic or cathodic protection
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23F—NON-MECHANICAL REMOVAL OF METALLIC MATERIAL FROM SURFACE; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL; MULTI-STEP PROCESSES FOR SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL INVOLVING AT LEAST ONE PROCESS PROVIDED FOR IN CLASS C23 AND AT LEAST ONE PROCESS COVERED BY SUBCLASS C21D OR C22F OR CLASS C25
    • C23F13/00—Inhibiting corrosion of metals by anodic or cathodic protection
    • C23F13/02—Inhibiting corrosion of metals by anodic or cathodic protection cathodic; Selection of conditions, parameters or procedures for cathodic protection, e.g. of electrical conditions
    • C23F13/06—Constructional parts, or assemblies of cathodic-protection apparatus
    • C23F13/08—Electrodes specially adapted for inhibiting corrosion by cathodic protection; Manufacture thereof; Conducting electric current thereto
    • C23F13/12—Electrodes characterised by the material
    • C23F13/14—Material for sacrificial anodes
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D1/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators
    • F28D1/02—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid
    • F28D1/04—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid with tubular conduits
    • F28D1/053—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid with tubular conduits the conduits being straight
    • F28D1/0535—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid with tubular conduits the conduits being straight the conduits having a non-circular cross-section
    • F28D1/05366—Assemblies of conduits connected to common headers, e.g. core type radiators
    • F28D1/05391—Assemblies of conduits connected to common headers, e.g. core type radiators with multiple rows of conduits or with multi-channel conduits combined with a particular flow pattern, e.g. multi-row multi-stage radiators
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F1/00—Tubular elements; Assemblies of tubular elements
    • F28F1/02—Tubular elements of cross-section which is non-circular
    • F28F1/022—Tubular elements of cross-section which is non-circular with multiple channels
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F1/00—Tubular elements; Assemblies of tubular elements
    • F28F1/10—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses
    • F28F1/12—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses the means being only outside the tubular element
    • F28F1/126—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses the means being only outside the tubular element consisting of zig-zag shaped fins
    • F28F1/128—Fins with openings, e.g. louvered fins
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F1/00—Tubular elements; Assemblies of tubular elements
    • F28F1/10—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses
    • F28F1/12—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses the means being only outside the tubular element
    • F28F1/24—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses the means being only outside the tubular element and extending transversely
    • F28F1/30—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses the means being only outside the tubular element and extending transversely the means being attachable to the element
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F19/00—Preventing the formation of deposits or corrosion, e.g. by using filters or scrapers
    • F28F19/004—Preventing the formation of deposits or corrosion, e.g. by using filters or scrapers by using protective electric currents, voltages, cathodes, anodes, electric short-circuits
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F19/00—Preventing the formation of deposits or corrosion, e.g. by using filters or scrapers
    • F28F19/02—Preventing the formation of deposits or corrosion, e.g. by using filters or scrapers by using coatings, e.g. vitreous or enamel coatings
    • F28F19/06—Preventing the formation of deposits or corrosion, e.g. by using filters or scrapers by using coatings, e.g. vitreous or enamel coatings of metal
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F21/00—Constructions of heat-exchange apparatus characterised by the selection of particular materials
    • F28F21/08—Constructions of heat-exchange apparatus characterised by the selection of particular materials of metal
    • F28F21/081—Heat exchange elements made from metals or metal alloys
    • F28F21/084—Heat exchange elements made from metals or metal alloys from aluminium or aluminium alloys
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F21/00—Constructions of heat-exchange apparatus characterised by the selection of particular materials
    • F28F21/08—Constructions of heat-exchange apparatus characterised by the selection of particular materials of metal
    • F28F21/089—Coatings, claddings or bonding layers made from metals or metal alloys
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F9/00—Casings; Header boxes; Auxiliary supports for elements; Auxiliary members within casings
    • F28F9/02—Header boxes; End plates
    • F28F9/0202—Header boxes having their inner space divided by partitions
    • F28F9/0204—Header boxes having their inner space divided by partitions for elongated header box, e.g. with transversal and longitudinal partitions
    • F28F9/0214—Header boxes having their inner space divided by partitions for elongated header box, e.g. with transversal and longitudinal partitions having only longitudinal partitions
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F9/00—Casings; Header boxes; Auxiliary supports for elements; Auxiliary members within casings
    • F28F9/02—Header boxes; End plates
    • F28F9/0219—Arrangements for sealing end plates into casing or header box; Header box sub-elements
    • F28F9/0224—Header boxes formed by sealing end plates into covers
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F9/00—Casings; Header boxes; Auxiliary supports for elements; Auxiliary members within casings
    • F28F9/02—Header boxes; End plates
    • F28F9/0246—Arrangements for connecting header boxes with flow lines
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F9/00—Casings; Header boxes; Auxiliary supports for elements; Auxiliary members within casings
    • F28F9/02—Header boxes; End plates
    • F28F9/0246—Arrangements for connecting header boxes with flow lines
    • F28F9/0251—Massive connectors, e.g. blocks; Plate-like connectors
    • F28F9/0253—Massive connectors, e.g. blocks; Plate-like connectors with multiple channels, e.g. with combined inflow and outflow channels
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K2101/00—Articles made by soldering, welding or cutting
    • B23K2101/04—Tubular or hollow articles
    • B23K2101/14—Heat exchangers
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D21/00—Heat-exchange apparatus not covered by any of the groups F28D1/00 - F28D20/00
    • F28D2021/0019—Other heat exchangers for particular applications; Heat exchange systems not otherwise provided for
    • F28D2021/0068—Other heat exchangers for particular applications; Heat exchange systems not otherwise provided for for refrigerant cycles
    • F28D2021/0073—Gas coolers
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D21/00—Heat-exchange apparatus not covered by any of the groups F28D1/00 - F28D20/00
    • F28D2021/0019—Other heat exchangers for particular applications; Heat exchange systems not otherwise provided for
    • F28D2021/008—Other heat exchangers for particular applications; Heat exchange systems not otherwise provided for for vehicles
    • F28D2021/0085—Evaporators
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F2220/00—Closure means, e.g. end caps on header boxes or plugs on conduits
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F2275/00—Fastening; Joining
    • F28F2275/04—Fastening; Joining by brazing

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to heat exchanges, such as condensers or evaporators for motor vehicle air conditioners for use with a chlorofluorocarbon refrigerant, gas coolers or evaporators for motor vehicle air conditioners for use with a CO 2 refrigerant, motor vehicle oil coolers and motor vehicle radiators, heat exchanger tube members, heat exchanger fin members and a process for fabricating the heat exchanger.
  • heat exchanges such as condensers or evaporators for motor vehicle air conditioners for use with a chlorofluorocarbon refrigerant, gas coolers or evaporators for motor vehicle air conditioners for use with a CO 2 refrigerant, motor vehicle oil coolers and motor vehicle radiators, heat exchanger tube members, heat exchanger fin members and a process for fabricating the heat exchanger.
  • Known motor vehicle air conditioners for example, for use with a chlorofluorocarbon refrigerant comprise a pair of headers arranged in parallel as spaced apart from each other, parallel flat heat exchange tubes joined at their opposite ends to the headers, and a corrugated fin disposed in an air passage clearances between each pair of adjacent heat exchange tubes and brazed to the pair of heat exchange tubes.
  • the condenser is fabricated by preparing header members of aluminum or an aluminum alloy (hereinafter referred to as “aluminum” which includes both aluminum and aluminum alloy), tube members of aluminum, and fin members of a brazing sheet comprising a core of aluminum and claddings of aluminum brazing filler covering respective opposite surfaces of the core, and simultaneously brazing the header members, tube members and fin members.
  • heat exchangers have already been proposed in which the fins and the fillets formed at the brazed portions between the heat exchange tubes and the fins are given a base potential, and the fillets, fins and heat exchange tubes are made gradually nobler in potential in this order (see the publication of JP-A No. 1998-81931).
  • the sacrificial corrosion effect of the fillets prevents the heat exchange tubes from pitting, further preventing corrosion of the fins.
  • An object of the present invention is to overcome the above problem and to provide a heat exchanger wherein the fins can be prevented from separating from the heat exchange tubes.
  • the present invention provides a heat exchanger which comprises heat exchange tubes and fins each brazed to the heat exchange tube and wherein assuming that each of the heat exchange tubes has a potential A at a surface layer portion of an outer periphery thereof and a potential B at a portion thereof other than the surface layer portion, that each of the fins has a potential C, and that a fillet formed at the brazed portion between the heat exchange tube and the fin has a potential D, these potentials have the relationship of A ⁇ C ⁇ D ⁇ B.
  • the heat exchanger of the invention has the relationship of A ⁇ C ⁇ D ⁇ B in potential. This indicates the following. C is equal to or nobler than A in potential, D is equal to or nobler than C in potential, and B is nobler than D in potential.
  • the term “the surface layer portion of the outer periphery of the heat exchange tube” refers, for example, to the portion of the tube from the outermost surface to a depth of 0.15 mm.
  • the heat exchange tubes can of course be prevented from pitting, and the separation of the fin from the heat exchange tube can be suppressed. This permits the heat exchanger to maintain its heat exchange performance over a prolonged period of time.
  • the heat exchanger of the present invention may have the following potentials.
  • the potential A of the surface layer portion of the outer periphery of the heat exchange tube ⁇ 850 to ⁇ 800 mV
  • the potential B of the heat exchange tube at the portion thereof other than the surface layer portion ⁇ 710 to ⁇ 670 mV
  • the potential C of the fin ⁇ 850 to ⁇ 800 mV
  • the potential D of the fillet formed at the brazed portion between the heat exchange tube and the fin ⁇ 850 to ⁇ 800 mV.
  • the surface layer portion of the outer periphery of the heat exchange tube may be made from an Al alloy containing 0.3 to 0.6 mass % of Cu, 0.1 to 0.4 mass % of Mn and 1.0 to 7.0 mass % of Zn, and the balance Al and inevitable impurities;
  • the portion of the heat exchange tube other than the surface layer portion thereof may be made from an Al alloy containing 0.3 to 0.6 mass % of Cu and 0.1 to 0.4 mass % of Mn, and the balance Al and inevitable impurities;
  • the fin may be made from an Al alloy containing 0.9 to 2.8 mass % of Zn, 1.0 to 1.5 mass % of Mn and up to 0.15 mass % of Cu, and the balance Al and inevitable impurities;
  • the fillet formed at the brazed portion between the heat exchange tube and the fin may be made from an Al alloy containing 0.1 to 0.4 mass % of Cu, 0.05 to 0.3 mass % of Mn and up to 5 mass % of Zn, and the balance
  • the Zn content mentioned of the fillet includes 0 mass %. Since the heat exchange tube is brazed to the fin with a brazing material containing Si, the fillet formed at the brazed portion between the heat exchange tube and the fin of course contains Si. This Si produces no influence on the heat exchanger of the invention, and no reference is therefore herein made to the Si content. Incidentally, the Si content of the fillet is usually about 3.0 to about 13.0 mass %.
  • the surface layer portion of the outer periphery of the heat exchange tube is made from an Al alloy containing 0.3 to 0.5 mass % of Cu, 0.1 to 0.3 mass % of Mn and 2.0 to 3.0 mass % of Zn, and the balance Al and inevitable impurities.
  • the portion of the heat exchange tube other than the surface layer portion thereof is made from an Al alloy containing 0.3 to 0.5 mass % of Cu and 0.1 to 0.3 mass % of Mn, and the balance Al and inevitable impurities.
  • the fin is made from an Al ally containing 2.0 to 2.5 mass % of Zn, 1.1 to 1.3 mass % of Mn and up to 0.1 mass % of Cu, and the balance Al and inevitable impurities.
  • the Cu content mentioned of the fin includes 0 mass %.
  • the fillet formed at the brazed portion between the heat exchange tube and the fin is made from an Al alloy containing 0.2 to 0.3 mass % of Cu, 0.1 to 0.2 mass % of Mn and up to 3 mass % of Zn, and the balance Al and inevitable impurities.
  • the Zn content mentioned of the fillet includes 0 mass %.
  • the present invention provides a heat exchanger tube member for use in producing a heat exchanger comprising heat exchange tubes and fins each brazed to the heat exchange tube, the tube member comprising a tube member main body made from an Al alloy containing 0.3 to 0.6 mass % of Cu and 0.1 to 0.4 mass % of Mn, and the balance Al and inevitable impurities, and 2 to 8 g/m 2 of a Zn spray layer formed over the entire outer peripheral surface of the tube member main body.
  • the tube member main body is preferably made from an Al alloy containing 0.3 to 0.5 mass % of Cu and 0.1 to 0.3 mass % of Mn, and the balance Al and inevitable impurities.
  • the Zn spray layer is formed preferably in an amount of 2 to 6 g/m 2 .
  • the present invention provides a heat exchanger fin member for use in producing a heat exchanger comprising heat exchange tubes and fins each brazed to the heat exchange tube, the fin member comprising a core made from an Al alloy containing 0.9 to 2.8 mass % of Zn and 1.0 to 1.5 mass % of Mn, and the balance Al and inevitable impurities, and a cladding covering at least one surface of the core and made from an Al alloy brazing filler containing 0.1 to 0.4 mass % of Cu and 0.1 to 0.3 mass % of Mn and the balance Al and inevitable impurities.
  • the core is preferably made from an Al alloy containing 2.3 to 2.7 mass % of Zn and 1.1 to 1.3 mass % of Mn, and the balance Al and inevitable impurities.
  • the cladding is made from an Al alloy brazing filler containing 0.1 to 0.3 mass % of Cu and 0.1 to 0.3 mass % of Mn, and the balance Al and inevitable impurities.
  • the cladding is provided on one surface of the core preferably in a cladding ratio of 8 to 12%, more preferably 9 to 11%.
  • a heat exchanger embodying the invention and having the foregoing advantage can be fabricated by brazing the tube member described above to the fin member described above.
  • the present invention provides a vehicle having an air conditioner comprising a compressor, a condenser and an evaporator and adapted for use with a chlorofluorocarbon refrigerant, the condenser comprising the heat exchanger described above.
  • the present invention provides another vehicle having an air conditioner comprising a compressor, a condenser and an evaporator and adapted for use with a chlorofluorocarbon refrigerant, the evaporator comprising the heat exchanger described above.
  • FIG. 1 is a perspective view showing a condenser embodying the invention for use in motor vehicle air conditioners.
  • FIG. 2 is an enlarged view in section and showing a brazed portion of a refrigerant tube and a corrugated fin in the condenser of FIG. 1 .
  • FIG. 3 is an enlarged view in section and showing a tube member and a fin member before being brazed in a process or fabricating the condenser.
  • FIG. 4 is a perspective view partly broken away and showing the overall construction of an evaporator embodying the invention for use in motor vehicle air conditioners.
  • FIG. 5 is a view in vertical section, partly omitted and showing the same evaporator.
  • FIG. 6 is an exploded perspective view of a refrigerant inlet-outlet tank of the evaporator.
  • FIG. 7 is an exploded perspective view of a refrigerant turn tank of the evaporator.
  • FIG. 1 shows a condenser embodying the present invention for use in motor vehicle air conditioners
  • FIG. 2 shows on an enlarged scale the brazed portion between a refrigerant tube and a corrugated fin.
  • FIG. 3 shows a process for fabricating the condenser.
  • a condenser 50 for use in motor vehicle air conditioners wherein a chlorofluorocarbon refrigerant is used comprises a pair of headers 51 , 52 arranged in parallel and spaced apart from each other, parallel flat refrigerant tubes 53 (heat exchange tubes) made of aluminum extrudate and each joined at its opposite ends to the two headers 51 , 52 , corrugated aluminum fins 54 each disposed in an air passage clearance between the adjacent refrigerant tubes 53 and brazed to the adjacent tubes 53 , an inlet pipe 55 connected to the upper end of peripheral wall of the first 51 of the headers, an outlet pipe 56 connected to the lower end of peripheral wall of the second 52 of the headers, a first partition 57 provided inside the first header 51 and positioned above the midportion thereof, and a second partition 58 provided inside the second header 52 and positioned below the midportion thereof.
  • the refrigerant tube to be used may be an electro-resistance welded tube.
  • the number of refrigerant tubes 53 between the inlet pipe 55 and the first partition 57 , the number of refrigerant tubes 53 between the first partition 57 and the second partition 58 and the number of refrigerant tubes 53 between the second partition 58 and the outlet pipe 56 decreasing from above downward to provide groups of channels.
  • a refrigerant flowing into the inlet pipe 55 in a vapor phase flows zigzag through units of channel groups in the condenser before flowing out from the outlet pipe 56 in a liquid phase.
  • each of the corrugated fins 54 has a potential C
  • a fillet 59 formed at the brazed portion between the refrigerant tube 53 and the fin 54 has a potential D.
  • the potential A of the surface layer portion 53 a of the outer periphery of the refrigerant tube 53 is ⁇ 850 to ⁇ 800 mV
  • the potential B of the core 53 b of the tube 53 is ⁇ 710 to ⁇ 670 mV
  • the potential C of the corrugated fin 54 is ⁇ 850 to ⁇ 800 mV
  • the potential D of the fillet 59 is ⁇ 850 to ⁇ 800 mV.
  • the refrigerant tube 53 can be prevented from pitting, and marked corrosion of the fillet 59 is precluded to diminish the separation of the corrugated fin 54 from the tube 53 .
  • the surface layer portion 53 a of the outer periphery of the refrigerant tube 53 is made from an Al alloy containing 0.3 to 0.6 mass % of Cu, 0.1 to 0.4 mass % of Mn and 1.0 to 7.0 mass % of Zn, and the balance Al and inevitable impurities.
  • the core 53 b of the tube 53 is made from an Al alloy containing 0.3 to 0.6 mass % of Cu and 0.1 to 0.4 mass % of Mn, and the balance Al and inevitable impurities.
  • the Zn in the surface layer portion 53 a of the outer periphery of the refrigerant tube 53 has an effect to make the potential of the surface layer portion 53 a less noble to produce an increased potential difference between this portion and the core 53 b , thereby permitting sacrificial corrosion of the surface layer portion 53 a to give the tube 53 improved resistance to pitting corrosion. If the Zn content is less than 1.0 mass %, the metal fails to produce the above effect and to assure the tube 53 of resistance to pitting. When the content is in excess of 7.0 mass %, the surface layer portion 53 a undergoes excessive corrosion to release white powder or permit the separation of the corrugated fin 54 .
  • the Zn content of the surface layer portion 53 a should be 1.0 to 7.0 mass % and is preferably 2.0 to 3.0 mass %.
  • the Cu content of the portion 53 a is preferably 0.3 to 0.5 mass %, and the Mn content thereof is preferably 0.1 to 0.3 mass %.
  • the Cu in the core 53 b of the refrigerant tube 53 has an effect to give a noble potential to the core 53 b to increase the potential difference between the core and the surface layer portion 53 a , thereby permitting sacrificial corrosion of the surface layer portion 53 a to give the tube 53 improved resistance to pitting corrosion. If the Cu content is less than 0.3 mass %, the metal fails to produce the above effect and to assure the tube 53 of resistance to pitting. When the content is in excess of 0.6 mass %, the presence of Cu which is a nobler metal than Al permits sacrificial corrosion of Al to result in impaired self-resistance to corrosion.
  • the Cu content of the core 53 b should be 0.3 to 0.6 mass % and is preferably 0.3 to 0.5 mass %.
  • the Mn in the core 53 b has an effect to give a noble potential to the core 53 b to increase the potential difference between the core and the surface layer portion 53 b , thereby permitting sacrificial corrosion of the surface layer portion 53 a to give the tube 53 improved resistance to pitting corrosion. If the Mn content is less than 0.1 mass %, the metal fails to produce the above effect and to assure the tube 53 of resistance to pitting. When the content is in excess of 0.4 mass %, the refrigerant tube 53 will not be extrudable satisfactorily. Accordingly, the Mn content of the core 53 b should be 0.1 to 0.4 mass % and is preferably 0.1 to 0.3 mass %.
  • the corrugated fin 54 is made from an Al alloy containing 0.9 to 2.8 mass % of Zn, 1.0 to 1.5 mass % of Mn and up to 0.15 mass % of Cu, and the balance Al and inevitable impurities.
  • the Zn in the corrugated fin 54 has an effect to give the fin 54 a base potential approximate to the potential of the surface layer portion 53 a of the tube 53 or the fillet 59 . If the Zn content is less than 0.9 mass %, the fin 54 becomes noble in potential, permitting the fillet 59 to undergo sacrificial corrosion and to separate the fin 54 off. A Zn content in excess of 2.8 mass % gives the fin a base potential, permitting the fin 54 to undergo corrosion early to result in impair heat exchange performance. Accordingly, the Zn content of the corrugated fin 54 should be 0.9 to 2.8 mass %, and is preferably 2.0 to 2.5 mass %. The Mn in the fin 54 has an effect to assure the fin 54 of its own strength.
  • the fin 54 With less than 1.0 mass % of Mnpresent, the fin 54 will be insufficient in strength and is liable to deformation. Mn contents in excess of 1.5 mass % give the fin 54 excessive strength to make the fin material less amenable to forming. Accordingly, the Mn content of the corrugated fin 54 should be 1.0 to 1.5 Mass % and is preferably 1.1 to 1.3 mass %.
  • the Cu in the fin 54 lowers the self-corrosive properties of the tube 53 already mentioned and makes the potential of the fin 54 excessively nobler, consequently promoting the corrosion of the fillet 59 , so that the Cu content should be up to 0.15 mass %, and is preferably up to 0.1 mass %.
  • the fillet 59 formed at the brazed portion between the refrigerant tube 53 and the corrugated fin 54 is made from an Al alloy containing 0.1 to 0.4 mass % of Cu, 0.05 to 0.3 mass % of Mn and up to 5 mass % of Zn, and the balance Al and inevitable impurities.
  • the Cu in the fillet 59 has an effect to give the fillet 59 a noble potential approximate to the potential of the surface layer portion 53 a of the tube 53 and the corrugated fin 54 and to prevent the separation of the fin 54 .
  • Cu contents less than 0.1 mass % fail to make the potential of the fillet 59 sufficiently noble, permitting corrosion of the fillet 59 to separate the fin 54 off.
  • the Cu content of the fillet 59 should be 0.1 to 0.4 mass %, and is preferably 0.2 to 0.3 mass %.
  • the Mn of the fillet 59 has an effect to give the fillet 59 a noble potential approximate to the potential of the surface layer portion 53 a of the tube 53 and the corrugated fin 54 and to prevent the separation of the fin 54 . If the Mn content is less than 0.05 mass %, the above-mentioned effect of the fillet 59 will not be fully available.
  • the Mn content of the fillet 59 should be 0.05 to 0.3 mass %, and is preferably 0.1 to 0.2 mass %. Because the Zn in the fillet 59 gives a base potential to the fillet 59 to promote the corrosion of the fillet 59 and separate the fin 54 off, the Zn content should be up to 5 mass %, and is preferably up to 3 mass %. As will be described later, the heat exchange tube 53 is brazed to the fin 54 with a brazing material containing Si, so that the fillet 59 of course contains Si. This Si produces no influence on the corrosion resistance of the condenser 50 , and the Si content will not be referred to in detail. Incidentally, the Si content of the fillet 59 is usually about 3.0 to about 13.0 mass %.
  • the potential A of the surface layer portion 53 a , the potential B of the core 53 b , the potential C of the corrugated fin 54 and the potential D of the fillet can be in the relationship of A ⁇ C ⁇ D ⁇ B, with the potential A ranging from ⁇ 850 to ⁇ 800 mV, the potential B from ⁇ 710 to ⁇ 670 mV, the potential C from ⁇ 850 to ⁇ 800 mV and the potential D from ⁇ 850 to ⁇ 800 mV.
  • the condenser 50 is fabricated in the following manner.
  • First prepared are a plurality of refrigerant tube members 60 (heat exchanger tube members), a plurality of corrugated fin members 61 , and a pair of aluminum header members (not shown) each having tube member inserting holes equal in number to the number of tube members 60 .
  • the refrigerant tube member 60 comprises a tubular main body 60 a made of an aluminum extrudate which is prepared from an Al alloy containing 0.3 to 0.6 mass % of Cu and 0.1 to 0.4 mass % of Mn, and the balance Al and inevitable impurities, and 2 to 8 g/m 2 of a Zn spray layer 60 b formed over the entire outer peripheral surface of the tubular main body 60 a.
  • the Cu in the tubular main body 60 s has an effect to give a noble potential to the core 53 b of the refrigerant tube 53 of the condenser 50 fabricated to increase the potential difference between the core and the surface layer portion 53 a , thereby permitting sacrificial corrosion of the surface layer portion 53 a to give the tube 53 improved resistance to pitting corrosion.
  • the Cu content is less than 0.3 mass %, the metal fails to produce the above effect and to assure the tube 53 made from the refrigerant tube member 60 of resistance to pitting.
  • the refrigerant tube 53 made of the tube member 60 will be impaired in self-resistance to corrosion.
  • the Cu content of the tubular main body 60 a should be 0.3 to 0.6 mass % and is preferably 0.3 to 0.5 mass %.
  • the Mn in the tubular main body 60 a has an effect to give a noble potential to the core 53 b of the refrigerant tube 53 of the condenser 50 to be fabricated to increase the potential difference between the core and the surface layer portion 53 b , thereby permitting sacrificial corrosion of the surface layer portion 53 a to give the tube 53 improved resistance to pitting corrosion. If the Mn content is less than 0.1 mass %, the metal fails to produce this effect and to assure the tube 53 of resistance to pitting.
  • the tubular main body 60 a When the content is in excess of 0.4 mass %, the tubular main body 60 a will not be extrudable satisfactorily. Accordingly, the Mn content of the main body 60 a should be 0.1 to 0.4 mass % and is preferably 0.1 to 0.3 mass %.
  • the Zn in the Zn spray layer 60 b diffuses into the outer peripheral surface of the tubular main body 60 a during brazing to be described below, exhibiting an effect to give a base potential to the surface layer portion 53 a of the refrigerant tube 53 to be made of the refrigerant tube member 60 , permitting sacrificial corrosion of this portion and preventing the tube 53 from pitting.
  • the spray layer is formed in an amount of less than 2 g/m 2 , this effect is unavailable, whereas if the amount is in excess of 8 g/m 2 , Zn will diffuse into the fillet 59 , giving a base potential to the fillet 59 and rendering the corrugated fin 54 liable to separate from the refrigerant tube 53 .
  • the Zn spray layer should be formed in an amount of 2 to 8 g/m 2 , preferably in an amount of 2 to 6 g/m 2 .
  • the corrugated fin member 61 comprises a core 61 a made from an Al alloy containing 0.9 to 2.8 mass % of Zn, 1.0 to 1.5 mass % of Mn and up to 0.03 mass % of Cu, and the balance Al and inevitable impurities, and a cladding 61 b covering each of opposite surfaces of the core 61 a and made from an Al alloy brazing filler containing 7.9 to 9.5 mass % of Si, 0.1 to 0.4 mass % of Cu and 0.1 to 0.3 mass % of Mn, and the balance Al and inevitable impurities.
  • the cladding 61 b is provided on one surface of the core 61 a in a ratio of 8 to 12%.
  • the cladding ratio is preferably 9 to 11%.
  • the Zn in the core 61 a of the corrugated fin member 61 produces an effect to control the potential of the corrugated fin 54 of the condenser 50 to be fabricated to a level approximate to the potential of the surface layer portion 53 a of the refrigerant tube 53 and the fillet 59 . If the Zn content is less than 0.9 mass %, an excessively nobler potential will be given to the corrugated fin 54 , whereas Zn contents over 2.8 mass % will lower the corrosion resistance of the fin 54 . Accordingly, the Zn content of the core 61 a should be 0.9 to 2.8 mass % and is preferably 2.3 to 2.7 mass %.
  • the Mn in the core 61 a produces an effect to increase the strength of the corrugated fin 54 to be made of the fin member 61 , whereas if the content is less than 1.0 mass %, the fin 54 will have an insufficient strength. If the content is over 1.5 mass %, difficulty will be encountered in forming the fin member 61 . Accordingly, the Mn content of the core 61 a should be 1.0 to 1.5 mass %, and is preferably 1.1 to 1.3 mass %.
  • the Cu in the core 61 a gives a noble potential to the corrugated fin 54 to be made of the fin material 61 and included in the condenser 50 fabricated, causes promoted sacrificial corrosion of the fillet 59 and impairs the self-resistance of the fin 54 to corrosion.
  • the Cu content should therefore be up to 0.03 mass %.
  • the cladding 61 b of the fin member 61 contains Si as an element required for the cladding 61 b to serve as a brazing material, and the Si content should be 7.9 to 9.5 mass %.
  • the Cu in the cladding 61 b has an effect to make the potential of the fillet 59 noble, whereas this effect is not available if the content is less than 0.1 mass %. Presence of more than 0.4 mass % of Cu permits intergranular corrosion to entail lower self-resistance to corrosion. Accordingly, the Cu content of the cladding 61 b should be 0.1 to 0.4 mass %, and is preferably 0.1 to 0.3 mass %.
  • the Mn in the cladding 61 b has an effect to make the potential of the fillet 59 noble, but if the content is less than 0.1 mass %, this effect is unavailable. When the content is in excess of 0.3 mass %, intergranular corrosion occurs to result in impaired self-resistance to corrosion. Accordingly, the Mn content of the cladding 61 b should be 0.1 to 0.3 mass %.
  • the pair of header members are then arranged as spaced apart, the refrigerant tube members 60 and corrugated fin members 61 are arranged alternately, and opposite ends of the tube members 60 are inserted into the tube member inserting holes of the header members.
  • a fluoride flux (having a composition similar to a eutectic composition of potassium fluoride and aluminum fluoride) was thereafter applied to these components.
  • the resulting assembly is heated to a predetermined temperature in a nitrogen gas atmosphere, whereby the refrigerant tube members 60 are brazed to the header members utilizing the brazing material layer on the header members, and each pair of adjacent refrigerant tube members 60 to the corrugated fin member 61 disposed therebetween at the same time utilizing the cladding 61 b of the fin member 61 .
  • a condenser 50 is fabricated for use in motor vehicle air conditioners.
  • the condenser and a compressor and evaporator provide a refrigeration cycle wherein a chlorofluorocarbon refrigerant is used and which is installed in a vehicle, such as a motor vehicle.
  • Refrigerant tube members 60 were produced each by extruding an alloy having the composition shown in Table 1 into a tubular main body 60 a and forming a Zn spray layer 60 b in an amount of 4 g/m 2 over the entire outer peripheral surface of the main body 60 a .
  • corrugated fin members 61 each comprising a core 61 a and a cladding 61 b covering each of opposite surfaces of the core 61 a , the core and the cladding having the respective compositions shown in Table 2.
  • the cladding ratio of the cladding 61 b on one surface of the core 61 a was 10%.
  • suitable header members were also prepared.
  • the refrigerant tube members 60 , corrugated fins 61 and header members were assembled in the same manner as in the foregoing embodiment, a fluoride flux (composition similar to a eutectic composition of potassium fluoride and aluminum fluoride) was applied to the assembly and the resulting assembly was heated to a predetermined temperature in a nitrogen gas atmosphere, whereby the refrigerant tube members 60 were brazed to the header members utilizing the brazing material layer on the header members, and each pair of adjacent refrigerant tube members 60 to the corrugated fin member 61 disposed therebetween at the same time utilizing the cladding 61 b of the fin member 61 .
  • a condenser 50 was fabricated for use in motor vehicle air conditioners,
  • Table 3 shows the composition and potential of the surface layer portion 53 a of the outer periphery of the refrigerant tube 53 of the condenser 50 , from the surface of the periphery to a depth of 0.15 mm, the composition and potential of the corrugated fins 54 , and the composition and potential of the fillets 59 formed by brazing.
  • the core 53 b of the refrigerant tube 53 of the condenser 50 had the same composition, as the tubular main body 60 a shown in Table 1 and before brazing, and had a potential of ⁇ 690 mV.
  • Refrigerant tube members were produced each by extruding JIS A1100 having the composition shown in Table 1 into a tubular main body of the same shape as in Example 1 and forming a Zn spray layer in an amount of 10 g/m 2 over the entire outer peripheral surface of the main body. Also produced were corrugated fin members each comprising a core and a cladding covering each of opposite surfaces of the core, the core and the cladding having the respective compositions shown in Table 2. In the corrugated fin, the cladding ratio of the cladding on one surface of the core was 10%.
  • a condenser for use in motor vehicle air conditioners was subsequently fabricated in the same manner as in Example 1 using the tube members, the corrugated fin members and suitable header members.
  • Table 3 shows the composition and potential of the surface layer portion of the outer periphery of the refrigerant tube of the condenser fabricated, from the surface of the periphery to a depth of 0.15 mm, the composition and potential of the corrugated fins after brazing, and the composition and potential of the fillets formed by brazing. After brazing, the portion of the tube other than the surface layer portion thereof had the same composition as JIS A1100 and a potential of ⁇ 730 mV.
  • Refrigerant tube members were produced each by extruding an alloy having the composition shown in Table 1 into a tubular main body of the same shape as in Example 1 and forming a Zn spray layer in an amount of 4 g/m 2 over the entire outer peripheral surface of the main body. Also produced were corrugated fin members each comprising a core and a cladding covering each of opposite surfaces of the core, the core and the cladding having the respective compositions shown in Table 2. In the corrugated fin, the cladding ratio of the cladding on one surface of the core was 10%.
  • a condenser for use in motor vehicle air conditioners was subsequently fabricated in the same manner as in Example 1 using the tube members, the corrugated fin members and suitable header members.
  • Table 3 shows the composition and potential of the surface layer portion of the outer periphery of the refrigerant tube of the condenser fabricated, from the surface of the periphery to a depth of 0.15 mm, the composition and potential of the corrugated fins after brazing, and the composition and potential of the fillets formed by brazing. After brazing, the portion of the tube other than the surface layer portion thereof had the same composition as given in Table 1 and a potential of ⁇ 690 mV.
  • Example 1 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2 for use in motor vehicle air conditioners were subjected to an acid environment corrosion test (40 days) and a salt-dry-wet-cold-heat cycle test (168 days).
  • Some refrigerant tubes were thereafter cut out from each condenser, and the corrugated fin was cut off at a location about 5 mm away from the brazed joint between the fin and each of the tubes (i.e., at a location about 5 mm upwardly away from the upper surface of the tube 53 in FIG. 2 ) to measure the length of the fin remaining brazed to the tube relative to the entire length of the brazed joint of the fin and the tube and to determine the fin joint remaining ratio.
  • Table 4 shows the result. TABLE 4 Fin joint remaining ratio (%) Salt-dry-wet-cold-heat Acid environment test cycle test Ex. 1 60-75 85-95 Comp. Ex. 1 0-5 0-5 Comp. Ex. 2 25-45 50-70
  • FIGS. 4 to 7 show an evaporator embodying the present invention for use in motor vehicle air conditioners.
  • the upper and lower sides and left-hand and right-hand sides of FIG. 4 will be referred to respectively as “upper,” “lower,” “left” and “right,” and the downstream side of an air passage clearance between each pair of adjacent heat exchange tubes in a group of heat exchange tubes (i.e., the direction indicated by an arrow X in FIG. 4 , and the right-hand side of FIG. 5 ) will be referred to as “front,” and the opposite side as “rear.”
  • an evaporator 1 for use in motor vehicle air conditioners wherein a chlorofluorocarbon refrigerant is used comprises a refrigerant inlet-outlet tank 2 of aluminum and a refrigerant turn tank 3 which are vertically spaced apart, and a heat exchange core 4 provided between the two tanks 2 , 3 .
  • the refrigerant inlet-outlet tank 2 comprises a refrigerant inlet header 5 positioned at the front side (downstream side with respect to the flow of air) and a refrigerant outlet header 6 positioned at the rear side (upstream side with respect to the flow of air).
  • the refrigerant turn tank 3 comprises a refrigerant inflow header 7 at the front side and a refrigerant outflow header 8 at the rear side.
  • the heat exchange core 4 comprises a plurality of heat exchange tube groups 11 , i.e., two groups 11 in the present embodiment, arranged as front and rear groups, each heat exchange group 11 comprising a plurality of heat exchange tubes 9 arranged side by side laterally, i.e., leftward or rightward, at a spacing.
  • a corrugated fin 12 is provided in an air passage clearance between each pair of adjacent heat exchange tubes 9 of each group 11 , as well as on the outer side of the heat exchange tubes 9 at each of the, left and right ends, and is brazed to the tubes.
  • An aluminum side plate 13 is disposed on the outer side of the fin 12 at each of the left and right ends and brazed to the fin 12 .
  • the heat exchange tubes 9 of the front group 11 have their upper and lower ends joined respectively to the inlet header 5 and the inflow header 7 .
  • the heat exchange tubes 9 of the rear group 11 have their upper and lower ends joined respectively to the outlet header 6 and the outflow header 8 .
  • the refrigerant inlet-outlet tank 2 comprises a platelike first member 14 made of an aluminum brazing sheet having a blazing material layer over opposite sides and having the heat exchange tubes 9 joined thereto, a second member 15 covering the upper side of the first member 14 and made from a bare member in the form of an aluminum extrudate, and aluminum caps 16 , 17 closing left and right end openings, respectively.
  • the first member 14 has front and rear curved portions 18 bulging downward at its center in the form of a circular arc of small curvature in cross section.
  • Each of the curved portions 18 has a plurality of tube inserting slits 19 elongated forward or rearward and arranged at a spacing laterally.
  • the corresponding slits 19 of the front and rear curved portions 18 are in the same position with respect to the lateral direction.
  • the front edge of the front curved portion 18 and the rear edge of the rear curved portion 18 each have an upstanding wall 18 a formed integrally with the portion 18 and extending over the entire length of the member 14 .
  • a flat portion 21 of the first member 14 between the two curved portions 18 has a plurality of through holes 22 arranged at a spacing laterally.
  • the second member 15 is generally m-shaped in cross section, is opened downward and comprises front and rear two walls 23 extending laterally, a partition wall 24 provided between the two walls 23 centrally of the member 15 , extending laterally and dividing the interior of the tank 2 into front and rear two spaces, and two circular-arc walls 25 bulging upward and integrally connecting the upper end of the partition wall 14 to the upper ends of the respective front and rear walls 23 .
  • Opposite side edges of the second member 15 i.e., the lower edges of the front and rear walls 23 , are each integrally provided with a tube retaining lug 26 projecting inwardly of the header 5 or 6 and toward the first member 14 (downward) and extending over the entire length of the member 15 .
  • the front upper portion of the rear tube retaining lug 26 and a lower end portion of the partition wall 24 are integrally interconnected by a flow dividing resistance plate 27 over the entire length of the member 15 .
  • the rear portion of the plate 27 other than the left and right opposite end portions thereof is provided with refrigerant passage slots 28 A, 28 B as arranged longitudinally of the member 15 at a spacing.
  • the lower end of the partition wall 24 extends downward beyond the lower ends of the front and rear walls 23 and is integrally provided at its lower edge with a plurality of projections 24 a arranged at a spacing longitudinally of the member 15 and to be fitted into the respective through holes 22 of the first member 14 .
  • the projections 24 a are formed by cutting out specified portions of the partition wall 24 .
  • the caps 16 , 17 are each made from a bare member as by press work, forging or cutting and are provided on the lateral inner sides thereof with recessed portions to be fitted over the left ends and right ends of the first and second members 14 , 15 .
  • the right cap 17 has a refrigerant admitting opening 17 a communicating with the interior of the inlet header 5 and a refrigerant discharge opening 17 b communicating with the upper portion of the interior of the outlet header 6 above the resistance plate 27 .
  • Brazed to the right cap 17 is a refrigerant inlet-outlet member 29 made of aluminum and having a refrigerant inlet 29 a in communication with the admitting opening 17 a and a refrigerant outlet 29 b in communication with the discharge opening 17 b.
  • the projections 24 a of the second member 15 are inserted into the respective through holes 22 of the first member 14 , followed by crimping, whereby the upper ends of the front and rear upstanding walls 18 a of the first member 14 are caused to butt against the lower ends of the front and rear walls 23 of the second member 15 , with the front and rear inner faces of the two upstanding walls 18 a in contact with the front and rear outer faces of the tube retaining lugs 2 6 .
  • the two members 14 , 15 are brazed to each other in this state utilizing the brazing material layer of the first member 14 .
  • the two caps 16 , 17 are further brazed to the first and second members 14 , 15 with a brazing material sheet.
  • the refrigerant inlet-outlet tank 2 are fabricated.
  • the portion of the tank 2 positioned forwardly of the partition wall 24 of the second member 15 serves as the refrigerant inlet header 5
  • the portion of the tank positioned rearwardly of the wall 24 as the refrigerant outlet header 6 .
  • the outlet header 6 is divided by resistance plate 27 into upper and lower spaces 6 a , 6 b which are held in communication with each other by the refrigerant passage slots 28 A, 28 B.
  • the discharge opening 17 b of the right cap 17 communicates with the upper space 6 a of the outlet header 6 .
  • the refrigerant turn tank 3 comprises a platelike first member 31 made of an aluminum brazing sheet having a blazing material layer over opposite sides and having the heat exchange tubes 9 joined thereto, a second member 32 covering the lower side of the first member 31 and made from a bare member in the form of an aluminum extrudate, and aluminum caps 33 closing left and right end openings, respectively.
  • the refrigerant turn tank 3 has a top surface 3 a in the form of a circular arc in cross section so as to have the highest portion 34 at the center thereof with respect to the forward or rearward direction and to gradually extend downward from the highest portion 34 toward the front and rear opposite sides.
  • the front and rear side portions of the tank 3 have grooves 35 extending from the front and rear opposite sides of the highest portion 34 of the top surface 3 a to the front and rear opposite side surfaces 3 b and arranged at a spacing longitudinally of the tank 3 .
  • the first member 31 has a circular-arc cross section bulging upward at its center with respect to the forward or rearward direction and has walls 31 a extending downward from the front and rear opposite side edges of the member 31 integrally therewith over the entire length thereof.
  • the upper surface of the first member 31 is the top surface 3 a of the turn tank 3 , and the outer surfaces of the downward walls 31 a provide the front and rear side surfaces 3 b of the tank 3 .
  • the grooves 35 are formed in the front and rear sides of the first member 31 and extend from the highest portion 34 at its center with respect to the forward or rearward direction to the lower ends of the downward walls 31 a .
  • a tube inserting slit 36 extending forward or rearward is formed between each pair of adjacent grooves 35 in each of the front and rear portions other than the highest portion 34 in the center of the first member 31 .
  • the corresponding front and rear tube inserting slits 36 in each pair are in the same position with respect to the lateral direction.
  • the highest portion 34 of the first member 31 in its center with respect to the forward or rearward direction has a plurality of through holes 37 formed therein as arranged at a spacing laterally.
  • the first member 31 has its downward walls 31 a , grooves 35 , tube inserting slits 36 and through holes 37 formed at the same time by subjecting an aluminum brazing sheet to press work.
  • the second member 32 is generally w-shaped in cross section, is opened upward and comprises front and rear two walls 38 curved upward forwardly or rearwardly outward and extending laterally, a vertical partition wall 39 provided between the two wall 38 centrally of the member 32 , extending laterally and dividing the interior of the refrigerant return tank 3 into front and rear two spaces, and two walls 41 integrally connecting the lower end of the partition wall 39 to the lower ends of the respective front and rear walls 38 .
  • the front and rear side edges of the second member 32 i.e., the upper edges of the front and rear walls 38 , are each integrally provided with a tube retaining lug 42 projecting inwardly of the header 7 or 8 and toward the first member 31 (upward) and extending over the entire length of the member 32 .
  • the upper end of the partition wall 39 extends upward beyond the upper ends of the lugs 42 and is integrally provided at its upper edge with a plurality of projections 39 a arranged at a spacing laterally and to be fitted into the respective through holes 37 of the first member 31 .
  • Formed in the partition wall 39 between each pair of adjacent projections 39 a is a refrigerant passage cutout 39 b extending from the upper edge.
  • the projections 39 a and cutouts 39 b are formed by cutting out specified portions of the partition wall 39 .
  • the second member 32 is produced by integrally forming the front and rear two walls 38 , partition wall 39 , connecting walls 41 and tube retaining lugs 42 by extrusion, and thereafter forming the projections 39 a and cutouts 39 b by cutting the partition wall 39 .
  • the caps 33 are each made from a bare member as by press work, forging or cutting and are provided on the lateral inner sides thereof with recessed portions to be fitted over the left ends and right ends of the first and second members 31 , 32 .
  • the projections 39 a of the second member 32 are inserted into the respective through holes 37 , followed by crimping, whereby the lower ends of the front and rear downward walls 31 a of the first member 31 are caused to butt against the upper ends of the front and rear walls 38 of the second member 32 , with the front and rear inner faces of the two downward walls 31 a in contact with the front and rear outer faces of the tube retaining lugs 42 .
  • the two members 31 , 32 are brazed to each other in this state utilizing the brazing material layer of the first member 31 .
  • the two caps 33 are further brazed to the first and second members 31 , 32 with a brazing material sheet. In this way, the refrigerant return tank 3 are Fabricated.
  • the portion of the tank 3 positioned forwardly of the partition wall 39 of the second member 32 serves as the refrigerant inflow header 7 , and the portion of the tank positioned rearwardly of the wall 39 as the refrigerant outflow header 8 .
  • the upper-end openings of the cutouts 39 b in the partition wall 39 of the second member 32 are closed with the first member 31 , whereby refrigerant passage holes 43 are formed.
  • the heat exchange tubes 9 of the front and rear groups 11 comprise aluminum extrudates, have a large width and are flat along the forward or rearward direction, and each have inside thereof a plurality of refrigerant channels extending longitudinally of the tube and arranged in parallel.
  • Each heat exchange tube 9 has an upper end portion thereof brazed to the first member 14 of the refrigerant inlet-outlet tank 2 utilizing the brazing material layer of the first member 14 , with its upper end inserted through the slit 19 of the first member 14 and with its upper end face in contact with the tube retaining lug 26 .
  • the lower end of the heat exchange tube 9 is inserted through the slit 36 of the first member 31 of the refrigerant turn tank 3 , with its lower end face in bearing contact with the tube retaining lug 42 , and in this state, a lower end portion of the tube is brazed to the first member 31 utilizing the brazing material layer of the member 31 .
  • the heat exchange tube 9 which is made of an aluminum extrudate, may alternatively comprise an aluminum electro-resistance welded tube which has an inner fin inserted therein to form a plurality of refrigerant channels.
  • the tube maybe made from a plate which is prepared from an aluminum brazing sheet coated with a brazing material layer over one side thereof by subjecting the coated side of the sheet to rolling work and which comprises two flat wall forming portions joined by a connecting portion, a side wall forming portion formed integrally with each of the flat wall forming portions and projecting upward from one side edge thereof opposite to the connecting portion, and a plurality of partition forming portions projecting upward from each flat wall forming portion integrally therewith and arranged at a spacing widthwise of the flat wall forming portion, by bending the plate to the shape of a hairpin at the connecting portion to cause the side wall forming portions to butt against each other and brazing the opposed portions of the plate to each other to form partition walls with the partition forming portions.
  • the corrugated fin 12 is made from an aluminum brazing sheet having a brazing material layer over opposite sides thereof by corrugating the sheet.
  • the fin has a plurality of louvers which are formed in portions thereof connecting ridges to furrows and which are arranged in parallel in the forward or rearward direction.
  • Each pair of aligned front and rear heat exchange tubes have the same corrugated fin 12 in common.
  • the width of the fin 12 in the forward or rearward direction is approximately equal to the distance from the front edge of the heat exchange tube 9 in the front group 11 to the rear edge of the tube 9 in the rear group 11 .
  • each of the corrugated fins 12 has a potential C
  • a fillet formed at the brazed portion between the heat exchange tube 9 and the fin 12 has a potential D.
  • these potentials A to D are in the ranges of: the potential A, ⁇ 850 to ⁇ 800 mV; the potential B, ⁇ 710 to ⁇ 670 mV; the potential C, ⁇ 850 to ⁇ 800 mV; and the potential D, ⁇ 850 to ⁇ 800 mV.
  • the alloy compositions of the surface layer portion and core of the heat exchange tube 9 and the alloy composition of the corrugated fin 12 are the same as in the refrigerant tube 53 and the corrugated fin 54 of the condenser 50 described.
  • the alloy composition of the fillet formed at the brazed portion between the tube 9 and the fin 12 is also the same as that of the fillet 59 formed at the brazed portion between the refrigerant tube 53 and the fin 54 of the condenser 50 .
  • the evaporator 1 is fabricated by tacking the components as assembled and collectively brazing all the components.
  • the heat exchange tube members of the assembly each comprise a tubular main body and a Zn spray layer formed over the entire outer peripheral surface of the tubular main body as is the case with the refrigerant tube members 60 for making the condenser 50 described.
  • the alloy composition of the tubular main body and the amount of Zn spray layer are the same as in the refrigerant tube member 60 of the condenser 50 .
  • the corrugated fin member of the assembly comprises a core and a cladding formed over each of opposite surfaces of the core.
  • the alloy compositions of the core and the cladding and the cladding ratio of the cladding are the same as in the corrugated fin member 61 of the condenser 50 .
  • the evaporator 1 provides a refrigeration cycle wherein a chlorofluorocarbon refrigerant is used, along with a compressor and a condenser, and is installed in vehicles, such as motor vehicles, for use in air conditioners.
  • heat exchangers are used as condensers or evaporators of air conditioners for use in vehicles, such as motor vehicles, which have a compressor, condenser and evaporator and wherein a chlorofluorocarbon refrigerant is used
  • the heat exchangers may by installed in motor vehicles for use as oil coolers or radiators.
  • the heat exchangers of the invention may be installed in vehicles, such as motor vehicles, for use as gas coolers or evaporators of air conditioners which have a compressor, gas cooler, intermediate heat exchanger, expansion valve and evaporator and wherein a CO 2 refrigerant is used.
  • the heat exchangers of the present invention are suitable, for example, for use as condensers, evaporators or the like of motor vehicle air conditioners wherein a chlorofluorocarbon refrigerant is used.
  • the heat exchanger tube member and heat exchanger fin member of the invention are suitable, for example, for use in producing the condensers, evaporators or the like of motor vehicle air conditioners wherein a chlorofluorocarbon refrigerant is used.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Geometry (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Heat-Exchange Devices With Radiators And Conduit Assemblies (AREA)
  • Air-Conditioning For Vehicles (AREA)
US10/532,724 2002-10-30 2003-10-28 Heat exchanger, heat exchanger tube member, heat exchanger fin member and process for fabricating the heat exchanger Abandoned US20060086486A1 (en)

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JP2002-315133 2002-10-30
JP2002315133 2002-10-30
US42892302P 2002-11-26 2002-11-26
US10/532,724 US20060086486A1 (en) 2002-10-30 2003-10-28 Heat exchanger, heat exchanger tube member, heat exchanger fin member and process for fabricating the heat exchanger
PCT/JP2003/013748 WO2004040038A1 (en) 2002-10-30 2003-10-28 Heat exchanger, heat exchanger tube member, heat exchanger fin member and process for fabricating the heat exchanger

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US (1) US20060086486A1 (de)
EP (1) EP1558788B1 (de)
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WO (1) WO2004040038A1 (de)

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US20090173485A1 (en) * 2007-11-30 2009-07-09 Ranga Nadig Fin tube assembly for air cooled heat exchanger and method of manufacturing the same
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US20100031698A1 (en) * 2008-08-05 2010-02-11 Showa Denko K.K. Heat exchanger
US20100078159A1 (en) * 2006-12-14 2010-04-01 Jae Hoon Kim Heat exchanger
US20110290458A1 (en) * 2008-11-28 2011-12-01 Bernd Gruenenwald Multi-layered aluminum strip for brazing, brazing component, manufacturing method and heat exchanger and use
US20120145365A1 (en) * 2009-06-24 2012-06-14 Naoki Yamashita Aluminum alloy heat exchanger and method of producing refrigerant tube used for the heat exchanger
EP2138798A3 (de) * 2008-06-23 2013-08-21 Behr GmbH & Co. KG Sammelkasten, insbesondere eines Wärmeübertragers eines Kraftfahrzeuges, und Wärmeübertrager, insbesondere Kondensator, eines Kraftfahrzeuges
US8776873B2 (en) 2010-03-31 2014-07-15 Modine Manufacturing Company Heat exchanger
WO2015061447A3 (en) * 2013-10-23 2015-07-23 Modine Manufacturing Comapny Heat exchanger and side plate
US20150219405A1 (en) * 2014-02-05 2015-08-06 Lennox Industries Inc. Cladded brazed alloy tube for system components
US20150361529A1 (en) * 2013-01-23 2015-12-17 Uacj Corporation Aluminum alloy clad material and heat exchanger that includes tube obtained by forming the clad material
US20160195335A1 (en) * 2013-07-08 2016-07-07 Mitsubishi Electric Corporation Laminated header, heat exchanger, air-conditioning apparatus, and method of joining a plate-like unit of a laminated header and a pipe to each other
US20170314879A1 (en) * 2014-10-29 2017-11-02 Fives Cryo Corrosion-resistant heat exchanger matrix and method of manufacturing such a matrix
US20210207901A1 (en) * 2018-05-21 2021-07-08 Uacj Corporation Aluminum alloy heat exchanger
AU2020400491B2 (en) * 2019-12-11 2022-10-13 Daikin Industries, Ltd. Heat exchanger, indoor unit for air-conditioner, and refrigeration device

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JP4804901B2 (ja) * 2005-01-26 2011-11-02 古河スカイ株式会社 熱交換器及び当該熱交換器用フィン材
JP5750237B2 (ja) * 2010-05-25 2015-07-15 株式会社Uacj アルミニウム合金製熱交換器の製造方法
EP2836783B1 (de) 2012-04-12 2019-06-05 Carrier Corporation Opferaluminiumrippen für den ausfallmodusschutz eines aluminium-wärmetauschers
DE102013208396A1 (de) * 2013-05-07 2014-11-13 Behr Gmbh & Co. Kg Wärmeübertrager
RU2576728C1 (ru) * 2015-03-24 2016-03-10 Общество с ограниченной ответственностью "ПО "Авто-Радиатор" Радиатор системы охлаждения двигателя внутреннего сгорания
US20170003089A1 (en) * 2015-07-03 2017-01-05 Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd Heat exchanger and air conditioner including the same
WO2017122999A1 (ko) * 2016-01-11 2017-07-20 성균관대학교산학협력단 열교환기용 알루미늄 핀재와 용가재 및 이를 포함하는 알루미늄 열교환기
KR102282585B1 (ko) * 2016-04-12 2021-07-28 주식회사 에스피텍 합금 조성과 합금 전위의 조절을 이용한 고내식 열교환기 시스템
JP2019070499A (ja) * 2017-10-11 2019-05-09 株式会社ケーヒン・サーマル・テクノロジー 熱交換器の製造方法
FR3080058B1 (fr) * 2018-04-16 2023-05-12 Constellium Neuf Brisach Tole de brasage multicouche

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Cited By (37)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US7250223B2 (en) * 2003-06-06 2007-07-31 Denso Corporation Aluminum heat exchanger excellent in corrosion resistance
US20050011636A1 (en) * 2003-06-06 2005-01-20 Haruhiko Miyachi Aluminum heat exchanger excellent in corrosion resistance
US7886811B2 (en) * 2003-11-14 2011-02-15 Showa Denko K.K. Evaporator and process for fabricating same
US20070084594A1 (en) * 2003-11-14 2007-04-19 Showa Denko K.K. Evaporator and process for fabricating same
US20050194119A1 (en) * 2004-02-23 2005-09-08 Denso Corporation Heat exchanger
US7210520B2 (en) * 2004-02-23 2007-05-01 Denso Corporation Heat exchanger
US20080041571A1 (en) * 2004-07-29 2008-02-21 Showa Denko K.K. Heat Exchange and Method of Manufacturing the Same
US7798205B2 (en) * 2004-07-29 2010-09-21 Showa Denko K. K. Heat exchanger and method of manufacturing the same
US20080190403A1 (en) * 2004-12-13 2008-08-14 Behr Gmbh & Co. Kg Device for Exchanging Heat for Gases Containing Acids
US9080500B2 (en) * 2004-12-13 2015-07-14 MAHLE Behr GmbH & Co. KG Device for exchanging heat for gases containing acids
US20090307907A1 (en) * 2006-10-24 2009-12-17 Gea Energietechnik Gmbh Method for Producing a Heat Exchanger
US8191256B2 (en) * 2006-10-24 2012-06-05 Gea Energietechnik Gmbh Method for producing a heat exchanger having a corrosion protection layer
US20100078159A1 (en) * 2006-12-14 2010-04-01 Jae Hoon Kim Heat exchanger
US8707722B2 (en) * 2006-12-14 2014-04-29 Kb Autotech Co., Ltd. Heat exchanger
US20090173485A1 (en) * 2007-11-30 2009-07-09 Ranga Nadig Fin tube assembly for air cooled heat exchanger and method of manufacturing the same
EP2138798A3 (de) * 2008-06-23 2013-08-21 Behr GmbH & Co. KG Sammelkasten, insbesondere eines Wärmeübertragers eines Kraftfahrzeuges, und Wärmeübertrager, insbesondere Kondensator, eines Kraftfahrzeuges
US20100031698A1 (en) * 2008-08-05 2010-02-11 Showa Denko K.K. Heat exchanger
US8176750B2 (en) * 2008-08-05 2012-05-15 Showa Denko K.K. Heat exchanger
US20110290458A1 (en) * 2008-11-28 2011-12-01 Bernd Gruenenwald Multi-layered aluminum strip for brazing, brazing component, manufacturing method and heat exchanger and use
EP2370229B1 (de) 2008-11-28 2019-04-17 MAHLE Behr GmbH & Co. KG Mehrschichtiges aluminiumband zum löten, lötbauteil, herstellungsverfahren und wärmetauscher und verwendung
US10926361B2 (en) * 2008-11-28 2021-02-23 Mahle International Gmbh Multi-layered aluminum strip for brazing, brazing component, manufacturing method and heat exchanger and use
US9440315B2 (en) * 2009-06-24 2016-09-13 Sumitomo Light Metal Industries, Ltd. Aluminum alloy heat exchanger and method of producing refrigerant tube used for the heat exchanger
US10307813B2 (en) 2009-06-24 2019-06-04 Sumitomo Light Metal Industries, Ltd. Aluminum alloy heat exchanger and method of producing refrigerant tube used for the heat exchanger
US20120145365A1 (en) * 2009-06-24 2012-06-14 Naoki Yamashita Aluminum alloy heat exchanger and method of producing refrigerant tube used for the heat exchanger
US8776873B2 (en) 2010-03-31 2014-07-15 Modine Manufacturing Company Heat exchanger
US20150361529A1 (en) * 2013-01-23 2015-12-17 Uacj Corporation Aluminum alloy clad material and heat exchanger that includes tube obtained by forming the clad material
US20160195335A1 (en) * 2013-07-08 2016-07-07 Mitsubishi Electric Corporation Laminated header, heat exchanger, air-conditioning apparatus, and method of joining a plate-like unit of a laminated header and a pipe to each other
US10054368B2 (en) * 2013-07-08 2018-08-21 Mitsubishi Electric Corporation Laminated header, heat exchanger, air-conditioning apparatus, and method of joining a plate-like unit of a laminated header and a pipe to each other
EP3060868A4 (de) * 2013-10-23 2017-05-31 Modine Manufacturing Company Wärmetauscher und seitenwand
WO2015061447A3 (en) * 2013-10-23 2015-07-23 Modine Manufacturing Comapny Heat exchanger and side plate
US10359238B2 (en) 2013-10-23 2019-07-23 Modine Manufacturing Company Heat exchanger and side plate
US20150219405A1 (en) * 2014-02-05 2015-08-06 Lennox Industries Inc. Cladded brazed alloy tube for system components
US20170314879A1 (en) * 2014-10-29 2017-11-02 Fives Cryo Corrosion-resistant heat exchanger matrix and method of manufacturing such a matrix
US10788274B2 (en) 2014-10-29 2020-09-29 Fives Cryo Corrosion-resistant heat exchanger matrix and method of manufacturing such a matrix
US20210207901A1 (en) * 2018-05-21 2021-07-08 Uacj Corporation Aluminum alloy heat exchanger
AU2020400491B2 (en) * 2019-12-11 2022-10-13 Daikin Industries, Ltd. Heat exchanger, indoor unit for air-conditioner, and refrigeration device
US11698213B2 (en) 2019-12-11 2023-07-11 Daikin Industries, Ltd. Heat exchanger, indoor unit for air-conditioner, and refrigeration device

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP1558788A1 (de) 2005-08-03
EP1558788A4 (de) 2012-01-18
CN100425939C (zh) 2008-10-15
WO2004040038A1 (en) 2004-05-13
AU2003274761A1 (en) 2004-05-25
KR20050050678A (ko) 2005-05-31
CN1711370A (zh) 2005-12-21
EP1558788B1 (de) 2014-01-01

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