US20050241048A1 - Protective helmet and relative method for its production - Google Patents

Protective helmet and relative method for its production Download PDF

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Publication number
US20050241048A1
US20050241048A1 US10/527,049 US52704905A US2005241048A1 US 20050241048 A1 US20050241048 A1 US 20050241048A1 US 52704905 A US52704905 A US 52704905A US 2005241048 A1 US2005241048 A1 US 2005241048A1
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
intermediate cap
cap
shock
protective helmet
internal
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Abandoned
Application number
US10/527,049
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English (en)
Inventor
Roberto Cattaneo
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Devi SpA
Original Assignee
Devi SpA
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Devi SpA filed Critical Devi SpA
Assigned to DEVI S.P.A. reassignment DEVI S.P.A. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: CATTANEO, ROBERTO
Publication of US20050241048A1 publication Critical patent/US20050241048A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A42—HEADWEAR
    • A42B—HATS; HEAD COVERINGS
    • A42B3/00—Helmets; Helmet covers ; Other protective head coverings
    • A42B3/04—Parts, details or accessories of helmets
    • A42B3/10—Linings
    • A42B3/12—Cushioning devices
    • A42B3/125—Cushioning devices with a padded structure, e.g. foam
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A42—HEADWEAR
    • A42C—MANUFACTURING OR TRIMMING HEAD COVERINGS, e.g. HATS
    • A42C2/00—Manufacturing helmets by processes not otherwise provided for

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a protective helmet, in particular for use in sports such as motorcycling, skiing, cycling, roller-ball skating, and other sports, of the type comprising an outer cap made of a synthetic rigid material, an internal lining for the comfort of the wearer and a shock-absorbing shell, generally consisting of a cap made of expanded material, situated between the external cap and the internal lining.
  • helmets for motorcycling comprising a series of overlapping layers made of different materials, each of which having a specific function
  • modern designed helmets normally envisage the use of an outer cap made of a synthetic rigid material, whose function is to prevent the intrusion of foreign bodies, in which a shock-absorbing shell is fixed, made of an expanded material and suitable for absorbing the energy of a possible impact.
  • a shock-absorbing shell is fixed, made of an expanded material and suitable for absorbing the energy of a possible impact.
  • the internal lining which does not necessarily extend for the whole surface of the shock-absorbing shell, is generally a foam (or expanded material) of a synthetic material and/or cotton velvet and can be fixed to the shock-absorbing shell either irremovably by means of glues or resins or detachably with hooking frames previously attached to the shock-absorbing shell made of expanded material, by means of gluing or insertion, and then sewn to the comfort lining. It is not always easy to fix said comfort lining or hooking frames to the shock-absorbing shell, due to the surface heterogeneity and poor compactness of the synthetic expanded materials.
  • An objective of the present invention is to provide a protective helmet, particularly suitable for motorcycling, or skiing, or cycling, to be used with rollerballs or skates, and various sporting activities in which high speed protection is required, which does not have the drawbacks mentioned above.
  • Another objective of the present invention is to provide a protective helmet of the type comprising an outer rigid cap, a shock-absorbing shell and an internal comfort lining, in which the latter can be easily removed and substituted.
  • a further objective of the present invention is to provide a protective helmet equipped with an internal surface for the hooking of the comfort lining which also acts as a support for a possible decoration.
  • Yet another objective of the present invention is to provide a protective helmet equipped with appendages, for example, with an aerodynamic function or for the protection of the user, which is easy to assemble.
  • the present invention also relates to a method for the production of a helmet which satisfies the objectives defined above.
  • the protective helmet according to the present invention comprises an outer rigid cap to which a shock-absorbing shell made of expanded material is internally fixed and an internal comfort lining for the user, in addition to at least one intermediate cap made of a non-expanded material situated between the inside of the shock-absorbing shell and the internal comfort lining.
  • the affixing of an intermediate cap made of a non-expanded material attached to the shock-absorbing shell and suitable for acting as an interface between the latter and the internal comfort lining has the purpose of enabling the simple attachment, possibly removable, of the comfort lining and at the same time allowing the inside of the helmet to be easily shaped and/or decorated.
  • the intermediate cap is made of a thermo-formable material selected from PET, PETG, polystyrene (polystyrene-EPS) and PC and is equipped with means for the temporary hooking of the internal comfort lining, such as hooking slits, Velcro® or clip-release buttons.
  • the decoration can be applied to the intermediate cap by means of adhesive labels or it can be directly printed on the intermediate cap, for example by means of screen printing.
  • the intermediate cap is shaped so as to have aeration channels and/or holes inside the helmet and it can extend outside the volume delimited by the outer helmet, thus forming an appendage which can have an aerodynamic function or coadjuvate and considerably improve the aeration flow inside the helmet and also provide further protection for the wearer.
  • FIG. 1 is a partial sectional view of a protective helmet according to the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is a partial view from below of the helmet of FIG. 1 ;
  • FIG. 3 is a block scheme of a method for the production of the helmet according to an aspect of the present invention.
  • the helmet 1 according to the present invention comprises an outer cap 2 made of a rigid thermoplastic material or composite fibres (for example Kevlar or aramidic fibres or glass fibres), to which a shock-absorbing shell 3 is internally attached, suitable for absorbing the kinetic energy of a possible impact, and an internal comfort lining, or padding 5 , whose function is to make the use of the helmet 1 comfortable for the wearer.
  • a rigid thermoplastic material or composite fibres for example Kevlar or aramidic fibres or glass fibres
  • a shock-absorbing shell 3 is internally attached, suitable for absorbing the kinetic energy of a possible impact
  • an internal comfort lining, or padding 5 whose function is to make the use of the helmet 1 comfortable for the wearer.
  • the shock-absorbing shell 3 is made of a synthetic expanded material, such as for example polystyrene (polystyrene-EPS), whereas the internal lining 5 can be made of a plastic foam, or cotton velvet or any other soft material which facilitates the use of the helmet 1 .
  • the outer cap 2 whose purpose is to prevent the intrusion of foreign bodies inside the helmet 1 , is normally made of PETG (polyethylene terephthalate glycol), PC (polycarbonate) or glass fibre.
  • the helmet 1 also comprises, according to the present invention, an intermediate cap 4 , made of a non-expanded material, situated between the shock-absorbing shell 3 and the comfort lining 5 , to act as an interface between these two elements of the helmet 1 .
  • said intermediate cap 4 which does not necessarily extend for the whole internal surface of the shell 3 and which can be variably shaped and cut, is to favour the fixing, possibly temporary, of the lining 5 inside the helmet 1 , and also to form a support for the production of a possible shaping inside the helmet 1 and/or for the internal decoration of the helmet itself 1 .
  • the intermediate cap 4 made of a non-expanded material, such as for example PET, PETG, polystyrene or PC, allows the producer to provide an optimal support for fixing hooking means 6 for the lining 5 , to the internal surface of the intermediate cap itself 4 and consequently to the outer region of the lining 5 .
  • the intermediate cap 4 allows the use of temporary hooking means 6 , such as for example hooking slits produced in the intermediate cap itself 4 , Velcro®, hooks, automatic pressure buttons (clips), or laces and rings, which proves to be particularly advantageous when the internal comfort lining 5 is intended to be made replaceable.
  • the possible rigidity and modeling simplicity of the intermediate cap 4 if this is made of PET or PETG or polystyrene or PC or any other thermo-formable plastic material, allows the inner surface of the cap itself 4 to be easily shaped and/or or decorated.
  • the intermediate cap 4 can also have the same function when it is made of fabric or artificial leather and also, when the thickness of the helmet 1 is to be reduced, when said cap is produced with an extremely limited thickness, even in the form of a film.
  • cap 4 it is alternatively or jointly possible to use acoustical materials or materials with high absorption capacities of the kinetic energy of an impact or multi-layer composite materials, in order to provide said intermediate cap 4 with specific technical characteristics.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates a partial plan view from below of a helmet 1 equipped with an intermediate cap 4 and internal comfort lining 5 which only partially extends within the internal surface of the cap 4 .
  • the latter conveniently made of a thermo-formable plastic material, has (see also FIG. 1 ) channels 7 , 7 a , 7 b and/or pass-through holes (indicated as circles arranged along the channels 7 a , 7 b ) which, by joining the area inside the intermediate cap 4 with the outer area 2 and surrounding environment, serve to increase the aeration inside the helmet 1 .
  • the internal surface of the cap 4 can be possibly decorated to give the inside of the helmet 1 the desired aesthetic appearance.
  • the intermediate cap 4 can be produced so as to extend outside the region delimited by the outer cap 2 , to act as a possible aerodynamic appendage or element for conveying internal air flows, or as a further protective element for the user.
  • the helmet 1 according to the present invention is produced by means of the following phases:
  • the fixing of the intermediate cap 4 to the shock-absorbing shell 3 can be effected by gluing (phase 105 of FIG. 3 ) or with mechanical fixing means, but it can also be effected by means of co-moulding (or in-mould moulding—sintering) of the shell made of an expanded material 3 on the intermediate cap 4 .
  • the intermediate cap 4 for example made of PETG or PET or polystyrene or PC
  • the granules of material to be expanded for forming the shock-absorbing shell for example polystyrene
  • the cap 4 together with the shell 3 is fixed, for example by insertion or by gluing, to the internal surface of the outer cap 2 .
  • the helmet 1 according to the present invention is produced by means of the following phases in succession:
  • the fixing (phase 105 ) of the intermediate cap 4 to the internal surface of the shock-absorbing shell 3 made of expanded material can also be effected by means of an adhesive tape, bi-adhesive tape or by hooking of the mechanical type, in addition to the abovementioned co-moulding technique.
  • the hooking means 6 can be temporary, such as strips of Velcro® glued onto the internal surface of the intermediate cap 4 and on outer regions of the comfort lining 5 , or slits situated on the intermediate cap 4 with clip-release or insertion hooking flaps on outer regions of the comfort lining 5 , or with automatic buttons or clips fixed to the intermediate cap 4 and comfort lining 5 .
  • the decoration phase 104 of the internal cap 4 can also be effected after the thermo-forming of the cap 4 itself, for example by means of printing or the gluing of adhesives.
  • the modeling of aeration channels and holes can be effected, according to other embodiments of the method according to the present invention, at any moment of the production phase of the intermediate cap 4 .
  • the decoration 104 of the internal cap 4 can also be effected, in the case of a cap made of a transparent material, on the outermost surface of the cap 4 itself, or that in contact with the shock-absorbing shell 3 or, as mentioned above, directly on the internal surface in contact with the comfort lining 5 .
  • the advantages can be clearly seen of the helmet 1 according to the present invention, or, thanks to the presence of the intermediate cap 4 made of a non-expanded material, the simple fixing of the comfort lining 5 to the inside of the helmet 1 , the possible easy modeling, for example by means of channels and holes to allow an effective aeration and/or decoration of the internal surface of the helmet 1 itself, and the possibility of temporarily hooking the comfort lining 5 , to enable substitution, to the intermediate cap 4 , as well as the use of the cap 4 as a useful aerodynamic appendage or as an aid for the aeration of the inside of the helmet, or as a further safety element for the user.
US10/527,049 2002-09-12 2003-09-11 Protective helmet and relative method for its production Abandoned US20050241048A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
IT001941A ITMI20021941A1 (it) 2002-09-12 2002-09-12 Casco di protezione e relativo metodo di realizzazione.
ITMI2002A001941 2002-09-12
PCT/EP2003/010204 WO2004023913A1 (en) 2002-09-12 2003-09-11 Protective helmet and relative method for its production

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US20050241048A1 true US20050241048A1 (en) 2005-11-03

Family

ID=31986027

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US10/527,049 Abandoned US20050241048A1 (en) 2002-09-12 2003-09-11 Protective helmet and relative method for its production

Country Status (9)

Country Link
US (1) US20050241048A1 (it)
EP (1) EP1538935B1 (it)
CN (1) CN1688220A (it)
AT (1) ATE326876T1 (it)
AU (1) AU2003264294A1 (it)
DE (1) DE60305512T2 (it)
ES (1) ES2265118T3 (it)
IT (1) ITMI20021941A1 (it)
WO (1) WO2004023913A1 (it)

Cited By (19)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20100043127A1 (en) * 2008-08-20 2010-02-25 Wang ze-ping Infusion in-mould helmet
US8347419B1 (en) 2011-09-13 2013-01-08 Cleva Robert E Form-fitting protective headwear
US8458820B2 (en) 2011-09-13 2013-06-11 Robert E. Cleva Form-fitting protective headwear
US20130312152A1 (en) * 2012-05-23 2013-11-28 Warrior Sports, Inc. Two-way protective pad construction
US20140013492A1 (en) * 2012-07-11 2014-01-16 Apex Biomedical Company Llc Protective helmet for mitigation of linear and rotational acceleration
US8713717B2 (en) 2011-09-13 2014-05-06 Robert E. Cleva Protective athletic headwear with open top
US8789212B2 (en) 2011-09-13 2014-07-29 Robert E. Cleva Protective athletic headwear with open top
US20150000012A1 (en) * 2013-06-27 2015-01-01 Shoei Co., Ltd. Helmet
US8973171B2 (en) 2011-09-13 2015-03-10 Robert E. Cleva Form-fitting protective headwear
US20150157083A1 (en) * 2013-12-06 2015-06-11 Bell Sports, Inc. Multi-layer helmet and method for making the same
US9545127B1 (en) 2013-04-15 2017-01-17 Alan T. Sandifer Method for customizing and manufacturing a composite helmet liner
US10721987B2 (en) 2014-10-28 2020-07-28 Bell Sports, Inc. Protective helmet
US10834987B1 (en) * 2012-07-11 2020-11-17 Apex Biomedical Company, Llc Protective liner for helmets and other articles
US10874162B2 (en) 2011-09-09 2020-12-29 Riddell, Inc. Protective sports helmet
US10948898B1 (en) 2013-01-18 2021-03-16 Bell Sports, Inc. System and method for custom forming a protective helmet for a customer's head
USD927084S1 (en) 2018-11-22 2021-08-03 Riddell, Inc. Pad member of an internal padding assembly of a protective sports helmet
US11167198B2 (en) 2018-11-21 2021-11-09 Riddell, Inc. Football helmet with components additively manufactured to manage impact forces
US11213736B2 (en) 2016-07-20 2022-01-04 Riddell, Inc. System and methods for designing and manufacturing a bespoke protective sports helmet
US11399589B2 (en) 2018-08-16 2022-08-02 Riddell, Inc. System and method for designing and manufacturing a protective helmet tailored to a selected group of helmet wearers

Families Citing this family (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN102599674B (zh) * 2012-03-23 2014-07-09 上海工程技术大学 一种防护帽
FR2994061B1 (fr) * 2012-08-01 2015-03-27 Salomon Sas Casque de protection pour activite sportive
US10010127B1 (en) * 2017-06-29 2018-07-03 Bell Sports, Inc. Protective helmet with multi-density impact liners and method for same
CN107744206A (zh) * 2017-11-22 2018-03-02 国网内蒙古东部电力有限公司电力科学研究院 电力安全帽结构及制备方法
CN110179196A (zh) * 2019-05-31 2019-08-30 江苏大学 一种新型安全头盔

Citations (9)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3344433A (en) * 1965-08-30 1967-10-03 Sierra Eng Co Crash helmet
US3465363A (en) * 1968-07-01 1969-09-09 American Safety Equip Safety helmet sizing band
US3577562A (en) * 1969-10-01 1971-05-04 Mike C Holt Athletes{3 {0 protective helmet particularly football
US3729744A (en) * 1971-04-01 1973-05-01 Cougac Inc Protective helmet for football or the like
US3806950A (en) * 1972-03-23 1974-04-30 Curran J Bandage shock absorbers for safety helmets
US4432099A (en) * 1982-07-09 1984-02-21 Gentex Corporation Individually fitted helmet liner
US5014365A (en) * 1989-01-23 1991-05-14 Maxpro Helmets, Inc. Gas-fitted protective helmet
US5056162A (en) * 1990-06-07 1991-10-15 Kaiser Aerospace & Electronics Corporation Form-fitting, energy-absorbing material and method for making the same
US5269025A (en) * 1988-09-26 1993-12-14 Bell Bicycles, Inc. Reinforced expanded plastic helmet construction

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FR2340066A1 (fr) * 1976-02-09 1977-09-02 Sl France Casque de protection
FR2473855A1 (fr) * 1980-01-18 1981-07-24 Gallet Adrien Casque de protection
CH657760A5 (fr) * 1984-06-18 1986-09-30 Battelle Memorial Institute Casque de protection contre les impacts et procede de fabrication de ce casque.
DE69623901T2 (de) * 1995-10-23 2003-01-23 Honda Access Kk Den Kopf bedeckender Körper eines Helmes
DE69634862T2 (de) * 1995-10-30 2006-05-11 Shoei Co., Ltd. Sicherheitshelm und Kopfschutzvorrichtung dafür
DE29708899U1 (de) * 1997-05-21 1998-09-17 Schuberth Werk Kg Schutzhelm
JP3056177B2 (ja) * 1998-11-20 2000-06-26 株式会社アライヘルメット ヘルメット用衝撃吸収ライナーの成形方法
DE19935389C2 (de) * 1999-07-29 2002-12-05 Schuberth Werk Gmbh Schutzhelm und Verfahren zu seiner Herstellung
ITTV20000052A1 (it) * 2000-05-18 2001-11-19 Benetton Spa Struttura di protezione particolarmente per uso sportivo

Patent Citations (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3344433A (en) * 1965-08-30 1967-10-03 Sierra Eng Co Crash helmet
US3465363A (en) * 1968-07-01 1969-09-09 American Safety Equip Safety helmet sizing band
US3577562A (en) * 1969-10-01 1971-05-04 Mike C Holt Athletes{3 {0 protective helmet particularly football
US3729744A (en) * 1971-04-01 1973-05-01 Cougac Inc Protective helmet for football or the like
US3806950A (en) * 1972-03-23 1974-04-30 Curran J Bandage shock absorbers for safety helmets
US4432099A (en) * 1982-07-09 1984-02-21 Gentex Corporation Individually fitted helmet liner
US5269025A (en) * 1988-09-26 1993-12-14 Bell Bicycles, Inc. Reinforced expanded plastic helmet construction
US5014365A (en) * 1989-01-23 1991-05-14 Maxpro Helmets, Inc. Gas-fitted protective helmet
US5056162A (en) * 1990-06-07 1991-10-15 Kaiser Aerospace & Electronics Corporation Form-fitting, energy-absorbing material and method for making the same

Cited By (34)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20100043127A1 (en) * 2008-08-20 2010-02-25 Wang ze-ping Infusion in-mould helmet
US11311067B2 (en) 2011-09-09 2022-04-26 Riddell, Inc. Protective sports helmet
US10874162B2 (en) 2011-09-09 2020-12-29 Riddell, Inc. Protective sports helmet
US11503872B2 (en) 2011-09-09 2022-11-22 Riddell, Inc. Protective sports helmet
US8689365B2 (en) 2011-09-13 2014-04-08 Robert E. Cleva Form-fitting protective headwear
US8973171B2 (en) 2011-09-13 2015-03-10 Robert E. Cleva Form-fitting protective headwear
US8713717B2 (en) 2011-09-13 2014-05-06 Robert E. Cleva Protective athletic headwear with open top
US8789212B2 (en) 2011-09-13 2014-07-29 Robert E. Cleva Protective athletic headwear with open top
US20140223642A1 (en) * 2011-09-13 2014-08-14 Robert E. Cleva Protective athletic headwear with open top
US8898819B2 (en) 2011-09-13 2014-12-02 Robert E. Cleva Form-fitting protective headwear
US8347419B1 (en) 2011-09-13 2013-01-08 Cleva Robert E Form-fitting protective headwear
US8458820B2 (en) 2011-09-13 2013-06-11 Robert E. Cleva Form-fitting protective headwear
US8984670B2 (en) * 2011-09-13 2015-03-24 Robert E. Cleva Protective athletic headwear with open top
US9247778B2 (en) 2011-09-13 2016-02-02 Robert E. Cleva Form-fitting protective headwear
US20130312152A1 (en) * 2012-05-23 2013-11-28 Warrior Sports, Inc. Two-way protective pad construction
US20140013492A1 (en) * 2012-07-11 2014-01-16 Apex Biomedical Company Llc Protective helmet for mitigation of linear and rotational acceleration
US10834987B1 (en) * 2012-07-11 2020-11-17 Apex Biomedical Company, Llc Protective liner for helmets and other articles
US11889883B2 (en) 2013-01-18 2024-02-06 Bell Sports, Inc. System and method for forming a protective helmet for a customer's head
US10948898B1 (en) 2013-01-18 2021-03-16 Bell Sports, Inc. System and method for custom forming a protective helmet for a customer's head
US11419383B2 (en) 2013-01-18 2022-08-23 Riddell, Inc. System and method for custom forming a protective helmet for a customer's head
US9545127B1 (en) 2013-04-15 2017-01-17 Alan T. Sandifer Method for customizing and manufacturing a composite helmet liner
US11000089B2 (en) * 2013-06-27 2021-05-11 Shoei Co., Ltd. Helmet
US20150000012A1 (en) * 2013-06-27 2015-01-01 Shoei Co., Ltd. Helmet
US10362829B2 (en) * 2013-12-06 2019-07-30 Bell Sports, Inc. Multi-layer helmet and method for making the same
US11291263B2 (en) 2013-12-06 2022-04-05 Bell Sports, Inc. Multi-layer helmet and method for making the same
US11871809B2 (en) 2013-12-06 2024-01-16 Bell Sports, Inc. Multi-layer helmet and method for making the same
US20150157083A1 (en) * 2013-12-06 2015-06-11 Bell Sports, Inc. Multi-layer helmet and method for making the same
US10721987B2 (en) 2014-10-28 2020-07-28 Bell Sports, Inc. Protective helmet
US11638457B2 (en) 2014-10-28 2023-05-02 Bell Sports, Inc. Protective helmet
US11213736B2 (en) 2016-07-20 2022-01-04 Riddell, Inc. System and methods for designing and manufacturing a bespoke protective sports helmet
US11712615B2 (en) 2016-07-20 2023-08-01 Riddell, Inc. System and method of assembling a protective sports helmet
US11399589B2 (en) 2018-08-16 2022-08-02 Riddell, Inc. System and method for designing and manufacturing a protective helmet tailored to a selected group of helmet wearers
US11167198B2 (en) 2018-11-21 2021-11-09 Riddell, Inc. Football helmet with components additively manufactured to manage impact forces
USD927084S1 (en) 2018-11-22 2021-08-03 Riddell, Inc. Pad member of an internal padding assembly of a protective sports helmet

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
ATE326876T1 (de) 2006-06-15
AU2003264294A1 (en) 2004-04-30
DE60305512D1 (de) 2006-06-29
CN1688220A (zh) 2005-10-26
EP1538935A1 (en) 2005-06-15
EP1538935B1 (en) 2006-05-24
DE60305512T2 (de) 2006-12-21
WO2004023913A1 (en) 2004-03-25
ITMI20021941A1 (it) 2004-03-13
ES2265118T3 (es) 2007-02-01

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AS Assignment

Owner name: DEVI S.P.A., ITALY

Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:CATTANEO, ROBERTO;REEL/FRAME:016813/0744

Effective date: 20050224

STCB Information on status: application discontinuation

Free format text: ABANDONED -- FAILURE TO RESPOND TO AN OFFICE ACTION